JARAMOGI OGINGA ODINGA UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND

TECHNOLOGY
A FIELD ATTACHMENT REPORT UNDERTAKEN AT FARASI LANE
SITE LOCATED AT LOWER KABETE IN PARTIAL FULLFILMENT
FOR THE AWARD OF BACHELORS DEGREE IN CONSTRUCTION
MANAGEMENT.
SCHOOL: ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

DEPARTMENT: CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT

UNIT NAME: INDUSTRIAL REPORT

NAME: MUANGE NICKSON KITHONGA

REG NO. T131/0033/2020

TASK: INDUSTRIAL ATTACHMENT REPORT

[MAY – AUGUST 2023]
DECLARATION.
I hereby declare that this report is my original work carried out at Twiga construction company
site required for the award of Degree in Construction Management, under the guideline of
company supervisor Eng. Alfred Ndai, and that the information contained in this document has
been obtained under accepted codes of ethics and conducts as stipulated by the academic
institution. As required by these codes, I also declare that I have written the report based on
truth and cited all activities and duties I undertook while on attachment which commenced on
22/05/2023.
Name: Muange Nickson Kithonga
Reg No. T131/0033/2020

Signature………………………………………... Date……………………………………………

DECLARATION BY SUPERVISOR
This report has been submitted with my approval as the supervisor of Jaramogi Oginga Odinga
of Science and Technology.

Sign…………………………………………... Date………………………………
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
I wish to acknowledge the following for their support during my attachment. I would not have
made it without their support and commitment:
The Almighty God for giving me good health and strength that enabled me to do this
attachment. Am also grateful to my family for their unending support both financially,
spiritually and psychologically during this attachment period.
Twiga construction company for giving me a chance to be attached in their organization. It is
through their spirit of commitment and support that has made this attachment a success. May
you continue powering people for better lives.
I wish to sincerely thank my supervisor Dr. Arch. Eng. Rauf for his guidance throughout my
attachment period. Giving me light in which way to go, enabled me to emerge victorious. Thank
you and God Bless.
To my immediate supervisor at my place of work Alfred Ndai who gave me time off to be able
to do my attachment, your support has generously contributed to my success and I can’t thank
you enough.
To the rest of the staff in Twiga department whom I worked closely with and helped me to
learn and understand the daily operations of site activities, it is through your tireless effort in
guiding me that I was able to practically learn a lot: James Mungai, Massify construction,
Jaisham construction etc. Thank you and God Bless.
ABSTRACT
The overall purpose of this field attachment is to put all the theoretical work I learnt in class
into exercise and to expose me to construction management issues and know site roles as a
construction manager. I was attached at Farasi Lane site where I became exposed to both
substructure and superstructure activities, electrical activities, plumbing works, structural
works, masonry works, formwork activities as well as roofing and level taking using dumpy
level, laser level and hosepipe.
DEDICATION
First, I want to dedicate this report to my family and friends for their unending support and
encouragement to the final stage of attachment. I also recognize my classmates for their
support, motivation and encouragement throughout the attachment period.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
DECLARATION…………………………………………………………………………….…………………. (i)
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT……………………………………………………………………………………… (ii)
ABSTRACT…………………………………………………………………………………………………….…. (iii)
DEDICATION…………………………………………………….………………………………………………. (iv)
CHAPTER ONE……………………………………………………………………………….…………………. (1)
Introduction………………………………………………………………. (1.0)
Objectives of an attachment………………………………………. (1.1)
Benefits to students…………………………………………………... (1.2)
CHAPTER TWO………………………………………………………………………………………………… (2)
Industrial attachment site……………………………………………. (2.0)
Brief history of establishment………………………………………. (2.1)
Address of establishment……………………………………………… (2.2)
Objective of establishment…………………………………………… (2.3)
Company vision …………………………………………………………... (2.4)
Company mission…………………………………………………………. (2.5)
CHAPTER THREE……………………………………………………………………………………………… (3)
Background of the project…………………………………………… (3.0)
Description of design and construction………………………... (3.1)
Orientation of the site……………… (3.1.1)
Sub – structural works ……………... (3.1.2)
Super -structural works………………. (3.1.3)
CHAPTER FOUR………………………………………………………………………………………………... (4)
Knowledge gained……………………………………………………… (4.0)
Challenges encountered ……………………………………………. (4.1)
SUMMARY……………………………………………………………………………………………………... (5)
CONCLUSION…………………………………………………………………………………………………. (6)
RECOMMENDATION………………………………………………………………………………………. (7)
REFERRENCE…………………………………………………………………………………………………… (8)
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
Field attachment is a field -based practical training that prepares trainees for task they are
expected to perform on completion of training. It’s carried out by staff and students of the
university where the university is responsible for the safety of its staff, students and others are
exposed of their activities. The main intention is to expose students to the practical world (Hands
on) enabling them to relate techniques theoretically learn into real-life problem-solving situations
hence my involvement as a student. While the students are given placement, the university in
collaboration with the field of organization makes sure that the student(s) is assessed. This is
done to appraise the student’s potential, abilities, strength and weaknesses. Finally, marks are
awarded to students.

1.1 OBJECITIVES OF THE ATTACHMENT

Industrial attachment create opportunity for the student at the job market after
completion.
• It is therefore required of every student to undergo industrial attachment in his/her
three- or four-year programme and also abreast themselves with knowledge about the
job market.
• The purpose of the industrial attachment is to assist student at work under new
working
environment and supervision.
• It enables student to know how to relate well with co-workers and not as an
individual.
• It also enables student to have a clearer view of what is really done in the companies
and the gap between industry and academia.

1.2 BENEFITS TO STUDENTS

 Apply their technical knowledge and engineering methods to a real-life
situation
 Experience what it’s like to work in a professional organization.
 To increase interpersonal skills on how to interact with other stakeholders
in construction industry.
 Witness the functioning and organization of business and companies.
CHAPTER TWO

2.0 INDUSTRIAL ATTACHMENT SITE

I was attached at a construction company: Twiga construction company limited in Nairobi.

2.1 BRIEF HISTORY OF ESTABLISHMENT

Twiga Construction Limited was a company established in 1969. The company firm comprises
of directors, construction manager, finance manager, site manager and administration manager.
From construction manager to project surveyor, for finance manager is divided to accountant
clerks, administration and revenue accountant. Site manager branched to supervisors.

2.2 ADDRESS OF THE ESTABLISHMENT

Twiga Construction Limited P.o Box 43151 – 0100 Nairobi.

2.3 OBJECTIVE OF ESTABLISHMENT

 To execute civil projects as contracted by client.
 To supply construction materials and equipment.
 To ensure safety to its workers.

2.4 COMPANY VISION

To be a model of excellent in all engineering services.

2.5 COMPANY MISSION

To develop lasting client relationships by providing exceptional stakeholder value in an
environment of trust, professionalism and respect through consistent high quality and timely
service delivery, holding in high esteem safety precautions and legal regulations.
CHAPTER THREE
3.0 BACKGROUND OF THE PROJECT
The proposed Twin Masionette was started on 20th November 2022 is set to be completed on
May 2024. Besides a Twin Masionette is personal dwelling place for a given family and
which is set to be complete and functional by May 2024.

3.1DESCRIPTION OF DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION.

3.1.1 Orientation of the site.
When I reported the first assignment commenced with introduction to the staff and personnel
working there, then going round to the existing projects and the location of other proposed
projects which were yet to start. Afterwards I was given protective gears.

3.1.2 Sub – structural works.

 Excavation of trenches
Excavation means the removal of earth to form cavity in the ground. The excavation was on a
reduce level to form a level surface on which to build. The excavation of the footing depth
(column bases) was 1800mm to 2000mm on the lower and upper soil level respectively. The
width of the trenches was established on profile board that had been fixed from the setting out as
shown in the architectural working drawing. The line was tied on the nails which were fixed
600mm apart on the profile board and extended across each wall as indicated in the drawing and
the depth of the trench was 1000mm. Excavations were done using human labors since the
excavation done was for the store and guard houses thus no machine was needed. Control of
excavation depth was done by dumpy level and staff.

 Foundation
A foundation is the lower part of the structure that supports the weight of the structure and
transfers the load to underlying soil or rock. Foundation transfers and spreads the loads from a
structure's column and wall into the ground such that the load bearing capacity of the soil is not
exceeded otherwise, excessive settlement may occur resulting in damage to the building. Its main
function and requirements are:
1. To transmit and distribute the total load of the structure to a larger area of
underlying support.
2. To prevent differential settlement of the structure.
3. To provide stability to the structure. Foundations are classified as shallow
and deep foundations.
 The type of foundation we used was the pad foundation because the soil had sufficient bearing
capacity of 100kN/m3. Equipment used for the excavation includes Digger, shovel, wheel
barrow, pick axe, hoe etc.

Foundation wall being constructed on the other side reinforcement is being placed on top of the
blinding (50mm).
  Blinding
A blinding is a thin layer of concrete placed before reinforcements are laid for foundation. It has
a minimum thickness of 50mm. Concrete blinding is the process of pouring a thin layer of
concrete on a newly excavated foundation. The purpose of this is to seal in underlying material
and prevent dust and mud from interfering with the structure. The trenches were light blinded
using a concrete mix ratio of
1:4:7, with a thickness of 50mm. The application of this weak concrete was to reduce surface
voids or to provide a clean and dry working surface.

 Column bases and column and column starter reinforcement.

Concrete is a material which is strong in compression but weak in tension, if its tensile strength
is exceeded cracks will occur resulting in a weak and unstable foundation. In order to provide
tensile resistance, we introduce in the concrete foundation reinforcement to resist all tensile
forces induced in the foundation. The foundation type utilized in this site was pad foundation, the
pads base was constructed according to the position of pad base which was specified by the
design of the pad base, the two different pad bases were incorporated as shown in the structural
drawing. The two-pad foundation base type had the following dimensions:
Base Type 1 size (1800 ×1800) mm where the bottom reinforcement bars were comprised of
8Y16 bars (main bars) running from longitudinal direction of the pad base and 10Y16 bars
(distribution bars) were place over running transverse to the main bars with 200mm spacing
forming (200 × 200) mm square like mat mesh. Concrete cover (biscuit) reinforcement was
provided using cement sand mortal were placed below the bottom reinforcement in order to
prevent bars from having direct contact to soil which may lead to corrosion of the bars.
Base Type 2 size (1500 × 1500) mm where bottom reinforcement was comprised of 9Y16 bars
(main bars) and 9Y12 bars (distribution bars) spacing at 200mm.

 Formwork for pad base

Due to the nature of the soil, which made it difficult for easy excavation of the trenches, wooden
formwork was prepared outside the trenches by cutting marine plywood to the required height
and length and specified by the design of pad base as indicated in the structural drawing.

 Concrete casting for pad footing

Mix ratio of 1:2:4 (concrete grade 20), the batching of concrete was done using cubic box (300 ×
300 × 300mm) size that is; length(L), breath(B) and height(H) as batching medium, nevertheless
concrete mixer machine was used to prepare the mix to ensure proper and complete mix is done.
The prepared concrete (fresh concrete) was poured into reinforcement pad footing formwork. A
vibrator machine was used to enhance expelling of air spaces hence maximum strength, leveling
the already vibrated concrete was done using wooden rammer and the mason’s trowel.

 Curing of column bases

Curing started immediately 24 hours after the concrete was placed. The concrete was cured with
adequate water to ensure that maximum strength is reached and improve its durability. It also
plays a role in the maintenance of desired moisture and temperature conditions both at depth and
near the surface of the concrete.

 Foundation block work

Foundation columns had been installed earlier so it was easier for the masons to set the blocks
accurately. Rope, plumb bob and Engineering Square was used to make sure the blocks were
straight and aligned. Hollow sand Crete 9 inches (450×225×225) blocks were used and the
cement mortar mixture o1:6 (that is: one part of cement to 6 parts of fine aggregate) with
adequate water to enhance a firm bond of the blocks.
A 10mm full bed of mortar was spread out using masons’ trowel and the first course of blocks
were then laid on the on the mortar. After the forming of the first blocks on foundation, block
work continued up to damp proof course (DPC).

 Casting of column starters

After the foundation block work was finished, some formwork for columns had to be erected at
respective points with marine board to obtain the exact dimensions of the columns (200X200)
mm. A number of column starters were cast to DPC (Damp Proof Course) level using a mix ratio
of 1:1:2(i.e.1 part of cement to 1 part of fine quarry sand to 2 parts of coarse aggregates). The
batching and mixing process was well monitored and the fresh concrete was placed in the
formwork and vibrated with a concrete vibrator machine to expel air spaces and enhance proper
compaction thus better strength.

 Back filling and compaction

Backfilling is the process of refilling a trench or other excavations with the soil dug out of it.
Backfilling was done after the foundation walls was built on both sides of the walls
simultaneously at certain levels and compact until it is full. Also, for the bed of the floor it was
filled using the previously excavated materials and recommended materials by the consultants.
The foundation was backfilled by human labor and it was compacted to a 150mm thickness
using a hand driven diesel-powered compactor. Water was sprinkled to completely expel air
spaces to avoid cases of settlement.

 Hardcore placement and sand filling

Hardcore was placed after the soil was compacted. Hardcore strengthens or solidifies the base
which the German concrete will sit on, thereby resisting pressure of dead and live loads on the
ground floor. The size of the hardcore placed was approximately 300mm size. After the
placement of hardcore was finally completed, fine sand was used to fill the spaces in between the
hardcore.

 Application of a Damp-Proof Material (DPM)

Damp Proof Material is a membrane material applied to prevent moisture transmission from the
ground into the floor and the wall through capillary action. It was done by spreading a
polyethylene sheet above the hardcore layer before placing the reinforcement (BRC).

 Ground floor slab reinforcement

A British Reinforcement Concrete (BRC) wire mesh of 6mm diameter spaced at (200×200) mm
was used to reinforce the ground floor slab by spreading it on the damp proof membrane with
concrete cover of around 40mm under.

 Ground floor casting

The ground floor was casted using a concrete mix ratio of 1:2:4 (1 part of cement to 2 parts of
fine quarry sand to 4 part of coarse aggregate) with adequate water. A diesel-powered concrete
Mixer was used for mixing the concrete. The wet mixed concrete was placed at 150mm thick and
vibrated using a vibrator machine to enhance high strength and remove air spaces. a wooden
tapper was also used in compacting the concrete to make the concrete denser and maintain top
part level.

 Ground floor curing

Curing started 24 hours immediately after concrete was placed in a span of 28 days as per
instruction to enhance maximum strength of the slab.

3.1.3 Super - structural works

  Lapping
This is overlapping two bars side by side to up to the design length. The lapping length was
taken as 30 multiplied by the diameter of the reinforcing bars. The bar size used in this lapping
was D20.

 Column extension reinforcement

After the casting of the ground floor slab, the column extensions reinforcements were fixed
accordingly.

 Column kicker formwork/concrete work

Column kicker is a small concrete step used at the bottom of columns or walls to make sure that
corrects coordinates of columns or walls are maintained between floor slabs. They are placed
around a column reinforcement to enhance placement of column formwork faster as we only
have to put the formwork against the kicker. The formwork was made for the kicker using 8-4-1-
1 wooden plywood and their height were around 100mm. A concrete mix of 1:1:2 (1 part of
cement to 1 part of fine quarry sand to 2 parts of coarse aggregate). Later after 24hrs the
formwork was removed and curing done.

 Column formwork
Formwork molds the concrete to the desired size and shape and controls its position and
alignment. It is a temporary structure and supports its own weight. Marine plywood formwork
was used for the square columns of 200 x 200mm. The column formwork was attached against
the concrete kicker and braced properly using 4x4 inches pieces of wood. With the use of plumb
bob and tape the column formwork was properly set in its desirable specifications.

 Column concrete casting

Before concrete was poured into the column formwork, spacers of around 25mm we set to ensure
that the reinforcement bars are off formwork. Also, water cement mixture was poured into the
formwork mixed with cold bond was placed, this was done to ensure that concrete bonds
properly with the column reinforcement as well as the kicker. A class 25 of concrete with
adequate water was used. A vibrator machine was used to ensure that concrete attains maximum
density and to avoid segregation. Later (after 24hrs) the formwork was removed and the concrete
column was cured with adequate water.

 Levelling
Points of levels were taken using the laser level. That is, determining the highest point of the slab
and from it you measure a certain height e.g. 1500mm which is run round the walls using the
levelling machine.
The slab was not level at all points due to some poor workmanship during casting.

Laser level machine for taking levels hence uniformity of work.

Dumpy level for level checking mostly on the formwork and after reinforcement work is done
to make sure the levels are as required before casting work commences.
  First floor formwork setting
After determining the point of level for the slab, the formwork setting for the slab began. Setting
the trapas (600 x 900) at around 1860mm from the 1500mm level. With the help of the structural
drawings, as per structural engineer details, we were able to consider the points of beams,
upstand and down stand beams which were mostly specified at 600 by 200 for normal beams and
600 by 300 for upstand and down stand beams.
To enhance uniformity of the top of trapas (formwork) where the reinforcement will be placed, it
was done using a dumpy level and a staff.

Formwork setting.
  First floor beam and slab reinforcement
Beams and slabs are structural elements which help to withstand loads by resisting against
bending. Reinforcements were provided in the beams and slabs to resist tensile stresses due to
bending and shear. Stirrups help to resist the shear forces acting on the beams. The sizes,
numbers, and diameter of bar used and even the spacing between the bars are based on the span
of the slab and the load that particular area of the building will be subjected to. The slab
comprises of main and distribution bars, the main bars are employed to guarantee the resistance
needed by the structure as a whole to support the design load while the distribution bars act as
lateral bars and they add strength in the tensile areas. We provided top and bottom reinforcement
for the slab; the top reinforcement takes care of the cracking at the surface of the slab while the
bottom reinforcement is provided to resist tensile stresses.
The reinforcements were placed as near to the outside as possible with sufficient cover of
concrete to prevent the steel bars from corrosion and provide a high degree of fire resistance. The
top and bottom reinforcement were separated using horse bench of 150mm high. After the
formwork for the first-floor slab was prepared and levels checked, the massify construction
engineer began to install the beams in accordance to the specification from the structural design.
The top and bottom reinforcements of the slab were both Y12 spaced at 100mm bottom and
200mm top.
The reinforcement for the beams used were of varying sizes, for example, Reinforced beam 11
with a specification of 450 x 200 11T802, Reinforced bean 6A was an upstand bean of 600 x 300
to have 47T1002A located on grid 10 etc. The structure had 30 beams all together. After
analyzing each and every detail as per structural engineers drawing, the beams were properly
installed, and the column extensions were fixed.
Slab beam reinforcement.
Structural drawing for slab beam details(reinforcement).

 First floor casting (beams and slab)

After the fixing of formwork and reinforcement for beams and slabs were completed, inspections
done, everything approved and the levels confirmed to avoid sagging which can be a problem
when doing finishes, the casting work started. A concrete mix of 1:2:4:1 (1 part of cement to 2
parts of fine quarry sand to 4 parts of coarse aggregate to 1 part of river sand) with adequate
water. A vibrator machine was used to force the trapped air out of concrete mix leaving the final
product a more compact and a level slab hence high strength. The side panel for the outer part of
the slab were removed after 24 hours of casting and the concrete was cured with adequate water.
The cast slab was cured for 28 days using clean water. The curing was done to increase strength
and concrete durability. The new casted slab was poured with a fine quarry sand washed to
entrap water within the slab and hence improving the strength quality.
 Slab beam casting in line with pouring cold bond on the previously casted area to enhance the
fresh concrete adhere to the other casted area and strengthen the joint.
As the concrete is being poured, the vibrator is used to force the trapped air out of the mixture
leaving the final product a more compact and level slab.
On contrary some parts of the slab the fresh concrete mix was poured on hollow pots. The
hollow pots were spaced at intervals of 120mm. the hollow pots were of 390mm length and a
230mm height covered with a 70mm wet concrete mix.

Hollow pots setting

  Staircase
A staircase is a set of steps or flight leading from one floor to another. Stairs could be
constructed by timbers, stone/concrete (reinforced). Each stair consists of horizontal portion or
tread connected to the front part known as the Riser. The going in a stair is the horizontal
distances between the faces of two consecutive risers. While the riser of a step is the vertical
distance between the tops of two consecutive treads.

 Staircase formwork/Reinforcement work

The flight form work was first fixed at a pitch of 30° to the ground floor. The flight form work
from the ground terminated at the landing, after which it continued all the way to the first floor, it
was supported by steel scaffolds and were braced both sides to enhance better support when
casting will be done. The width of the landing was 1000mm as well as the staircase and the
formworks for the risers were fixed after the placement of the staircase reinforcements. The
height of the riser was 150mm while that of the going was 300mm. The starter bars for the
staircase were fixed when placing hardcore for the ground floor. It was bent at an angle of
30°which was the pitch of the staircase. The staircase comprised of main and distribution bars.
Y16 bars were used as the main bars while Y12 bars were used as distribution bars; they were
spaced at 200mm Centre to Centre. For the beam, four Y16 bars were used while Y10 was used
for the stirrups and spaced at 150mm Centre to Centre.

Setting risers for staircase(1000mm)

  Staircase casting
After the form work and reinforcement for the staircase was completed and due inspection by the
team of consultants and everything approved, casting work was done. Concrete was carefully
placed on the staircase form work and reinforcement to avoid destroying the risers. The concrete
mix ratio used for the casting of the staircase was 1:2:4 with adequate water for binding and it
was properly vibrated using the vibrator machine. 24 hours after the casting, the formwork for
the riser was removed and curing done as per instructions

CHAPTER FOUR

4.0 KNOWLEDGE GAINED

At the completion of the three (3) months Students Industrial Work Experience, I acquired
experience in the following areas:
 Setting out of a Structure. E.g. using the 3-4-5 method.
 Interpretation of Structural Drawings and architectural drawings.
 Engineering related software like AutoCAD.
 Quantifying materials and scheduling of construction materials.
 Taking Levels using a Laser level, Dumpy level and a Hose pipe.
 Site Supervision/Inspection.

4.1 CHALLENGES ENCOUNTERD

The challenges encountered in the course of the training include:
 Quite difficulties comparing what is learnt in the classroom to the practical work on the
field.
 Contradiction between what is taught in the school and what happens on the field.
 Transportation challenges in terms of stress in getting car from home to work.
 Works were sometime overloaded on attaché.
 Not much workers to assist attaché.
 Lack of well-established canteen for trainees at an affordable cost

SUMMARY
All in all, the experience was a very wonderful one. I developed a good working
condition/relationship with the staff and my supervisor as I had learned from my level
industrial training and I also had a wonderful time in putting what had learned in class into
 practice. I was able to familiarize myself with new ideas and aspects in the industry. Now I
have finalized my attachment period, I will be able to balance between theories I learnt at
school with the practical experience that I gained in the Organization.

CONCLUSION
As an undergraduate of University of Jaramogi, I would like to say that this training program is
an excellent opportunity for us to get to the ground level and experience the things that we would
have never gained through going straight into a job. I am grateful to the University as well as the
organization for giving me this opportunity.
The main objective of the industrial training is to provide an opportunity to undergraduates to
identify, observe and practice how engineering is applicable to the real industry. It is not only to
get experience on technical practices but also to observe management practices and to interact
with fellow staff.
It is at some point easy to work with sophisticated machines, but not with people. I feel I got
maximum out of that experience. Also, I learnt the way of work in an organization, the
importance of being punctual, importance of maximum commitment not forgetting the
importance of team spirit. In any great engineering challenge, my opinion is that I have gained a
lot of knowledge needed to be successful.

RECOMMENDATION
Serious supervision to the workers and students, the organization should increase and ensure
more supervision over the employees in order to work effectively and also eliminate workers
who relax, work lazily and perform actively after seeing the supervisors. The management of
Twiga should also carry out job enlargement and enrichment such that it mitigates the conflict
amongst the employees for roles and tasks. This will ensure good relations between the
supervisors and subordinates at the organization.
The attachment encourages the University to carry out constant supervision and monitoring of
students during the attachment training so as to encourage them to perform the duties fully and
also accurately. This also puts a close link between the academic supervisors and the field
supervisors so as to foster appropriate assessment of what the attaché is doing in the field.
The organization should continue giving attachment placements to as many students as they can
because some miss this experience which is also important requirement to the university due to
the fact that they failed to get the placements.
 REFFERENCES
Twiga Construction Company Limited Site Engineer.
Alfred Ndai.
[email protected]
209-214.Kartam K. Bouz. R. 1998. Fatalities and Injuries in the Kuwaiti Construction Industry.
AccidentAnalysis and Prevention. 30(6): 805-814.Kometa, S.T., Olomolaiye, P. Harris, 19