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Lens & Mirror

The human eye allows us to see by allowing light to enter through the cornea and lens which focus the light onto the retina. The retina then converts the light images into electrical signals that are sent to the brain for processing. The eye contains structures like the iris, pupil, lens and retina that help with vision. Mirrors and lenses can form real or virtual images depending on whether light rays actually intersect after reflection or refraction. Concave mirrors and convex lenses form real images while plane and convex mirrors and concave lenses form virtual images. Defects in vision like myopia and hyperopia can be corrected using appropriate lenses.

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237 views8 pages

Lens & Mirror

The human eye allows us to see by allowing light to enter through the cornea and lens which focus the light onto the retina. The retina then converts the light images into electrical signals that are sent to the brain for processing. The eye contains structures like the iris, pupil, lens and retina that help with vision. Mirrors and lenses can form real or virtual images depending on whether light rays actually intersect after reflection or refraction. Concave mirrors and convex lenses form real images while plane and convex mirrors and concave lenses form virtual images. Defects in vision like myopia and hyperopia can be corrected using appropriate lenses.

Uploaded by

divya singh
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Lens/Mirror

1
What is Human Eye?
• The eye is an important and one of the most complex sense organs that we humans are
endowed with. It helps us in visualizing objects and also helps us in light perception, color
and depth perception. Besides, these sense organs are pretty much similar to cameras,
and they help us see objects when light coming from outside enters into them.

Structure of Human Eye


• A human eye is roughly 2.3 cm in diameter and is almost a spherical ball filled with some
fluid.
• Sclera: It is the outer covering, a protective tough white layer called the sclera (white part
of the eye).
• Cornea: The front transparent part of the sclera is called cornea. Light enters the eye
through the cornea.
• Iris: A dark muscular tissue and ring-like structure behind the cornea is known as the iris.
The colour of the iris actually indicates the colour of the eye.
• Pupil: A small opening in the iris is known as a pupil. Its size is controlled by the help of
iris. It controls the amount of light that enters the eye.
• Lens: Behind the pupil, there is a transparent structure called a lens. By the action of
ciliary muscles, it changes its shape to focus light on the retina. It becomes thinner to
focus distant objects and becomes thicker to focus nearby objects.
• Retina: It is a light-sensitive layer that consists of numerous nerve cells. It converts images
formed by the lens into electrical impulses. These electrical impulses are then transmitted
to the brain through optic nerves.
• Optic nerves: Optic nerves are of two types. These include cones and rods.
• Cones: Cones are the nerve cells that are more sensitive to bright light. They help in
detailed central and colour vision.
• Rods: Rods are the optic nerve cells that are more sensitive to dim lights. They help in
peripheral vision.
• At the junction of the optic nerve and retina, there are no sensory nerve cells. So no vision
is possible at that point and is known as a blind spot.

Mirror
• A mirror is an object that reflects the light in the same angle as it receives from the object.
Also, the angle of incident is equal to the angle of reflection in a mirror.
Plain Mirror
Concave Mirror
Convex Mirror
Plane Mirror
• The image obtained is virtual.
• The image is laterally inverted.
• The image is erect.
• The size of the image is the same as the size of the object.
• The distance between the image obtained is the same as
the distance between the object from the mirror.

Concave Mirror
• These are the spherical mirror that is curved inward and the
image obtained from these mirrors depend on the placement of
the object.

Placement of the object Image obtained


Placed at infinity Highly diminished, real and inverted

Placed beyond the center of curvature Diminished, real and inverted


Same size as that of the object, real
Placed at the center of curvature
and inverted
Placed between the center of
Enlarged, real and inverted
curvature and principle of focus

Placed at principle focus Highly enlarged, real and inverted

Placed between the principle of focus Image is obtained behind the mirror,
and the pole highly enlarged, virtual and erect

Image Formed By Concave Mirror

• Concave mirrors form both real and virtual images. When the concave mirror is placed
very close to the object, a virtual and magnified image is obtained and if we increase the
distance between the object and the mirror, the size of the image reduces and
real images are formed.
Uses of Concave Mirror
• The usage of a concave mirror is very common in many household devices and equipment
like shaving mirrors, flashlight, headlight etc. and bigger devices such as aircraft, telescope
etc.

Convex Mirror
• Image : Virtual, erect, and diminished images are always
formed with convex mirrors
• Depending on the focal length, the reflected image is
reduced in size but the field of view is more. This is very
useful for drivers as the blind spots are drastically reduced.
Convex mirrors are also called fish eye or diverging mirrors.

Uses of Convex Mirror


• The examples of convex mirrors are the mirrors used as rear side mirrors of vehicles,
optical instruments, calling bell, etc.

Lens
• A lens is a transmissive optical device that focuses or disperses a light beam by means of
refraction.
• Convex Lens
• Concave Lens
Convex Lens

• Convex lenses are converging lenses. They have the


ability to converge a parallel beam of light into a
point. This point is called the focal point of the
convex lens and the distance from the optical
centre to the focal point is called the focal length.
• The lens found in the human eye is a prime
example of a convex lens. Another common
example of a convex lens is the magnifying glass
that is used to correct Hypermetropia or long-
sightedness.

Use of Convex Lens


• Magnifying Glasses
• Camera
• Telescope
• Microscope
• Projector
• Hypermetropia
Concave Lens
• Concave lenses are diverging lenses, that is, they
spread out light rays that have been refracted
through it. They have the ability to diverge a
parallel beam of light.
• The image formed in a concave lens has the
following characteristics:
• A virtual image
• An upright image
• Small in size (i.e., smaller than the object)
• The image formed in a concave lens is always in
between the focal point and the optical centre.

Use of Concave Lens


• Peephole
• Flashlight
• Myopia
Defects of a Human Eye
Myopia
• Near-sightedness (myopia) is a common vision
condition in which you can see objects near to
you clearly, but objects farther away are
blurry.
• This condition can be corrected using a
concave lens.

Hyperopia
• Hypermetropia, sometimes called hyperopia, is the
term used to define being longsighted.
• A person with this eye defect can only see the
distant objects clearly compared to near objects.
This condition can be corrected using a convex lens.

Presbyopia
• Most experts believe presbyopia is caused by changes to the lens inside the eye. As people age,
the lens becomes harder and less elastic, making it more difficult for the eye to focus on close
objects. For centuries presbyopia was corrected with the use of bifocal eyeglasses.

Cataract
• This is an age-related condition caused due to the loss of transparency of the lens by erosion of
lens proteins. It usually results in blurry vision, cloudy lenses and can be corrected by replacing
the old lens with an artificial lens.

Mirror Formula

Lens Formula
Practice Question

The colour of the star is an indication of its:


(a) Distance from the earth
(b) Temperature
(c) Luminosity
(d) Distance from the sun

An optician prescribes a power = - 0.5 dioptre. The corresponding lens


must be a
a) convex lens of focal length 2 m
b) convex lens of focal length 50 cm
c) concave lens of focal length 2 m
d) concave lens of focal length 50 cm

For shaving, one uses-


(a) Concave mirror
(b) Plain mirror
(c) Convex mirror
(d) None of these

An air bubble in water will act like a:


(a) Convex mirror
(b) Convex lens
(c) Concave mirror
(d) Concave lens

The light with the shortest wavelength is


(a) Red
(b) Yellow
(c) Blue
(d) Violet
Question Answer
1 b
2 c
3 a
4 d
5 d

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