Colegio San Agustin- Bacolod

John Dave A. Abaño, MS Psy, LPT

Instructor

GEC 106
Colegio San Agustin- Bacolod GEC 106 | Art Appreciation

1. Analyze the different definitions of Art and

Humanities
2. Identify the different subjects and disciplines that
fall under the Humanities
3. Point out how the Humanities differ from the
Sciences

JOHN DAVE A. ABAÑO, MS Psy, LPT

GEC 106
 Colegio San Agustin- Bacolod GEC 106 | Art Appreciation

• Coined from the Latin word, "humanus and

humanitas" meaning humans., cultured and
refined
⚬ To be human is to show characteristics of
rationality, benevolence and care
⚬ To be cultured and refined is to show good
taste and manner indicative of good and
proper education
• The field of humanities provides human beings
opportunities to think critically and creatively, in
order to understand the values of cultures of the
world and to bring clarity to the future
(Standford Humanities Center, 2015)
JOHN DAVE A. ABAÑO, MS Psy, LPT
GEC 106
 Colegio San Agustin- Bacolod GEC 106 | Art Appreciation

• Humanities are academic disciplines that study

aspects of human society and culture. In the
Renaissance, the term contrasted with divinity
and referred to what is now called classics, mthe
main area of secular study in universities at that
time.

JOHN DAVE A. ABAÑO, MS Psy, LPT

GEC 106
 Colegio San Agustin- Bacolod GEC 106 | Art Appreciation

• Human nature is inherently good.

• Individuals are free and are capable of making
choices.
• Human potential for growth and development is
virtually unlimited
• Self-concept plays an important role in growth
and development
• Individuals have an urge for self-actualization
• Reality is defined by each person.
• Individuals have a responsibility to both
themselves and others
JOHN DAVE A. ABAÑO, MS Psy, LPT
GEC 106
 Colegio San Agustin- Bacolod GEC 106 | Art Appreciation

HUMANITIES

JOHN DAVE A. ABAÑO, MS Psy, LPT

GEC 106
 Colegio San Agustin- Bacolod GEC 106 | Art Appreciation

• Philosophy is a fundamental discipline within

the humanities that explores the nature of
knowledge, reality, existence, and the meaning
HUMANITIES of life.
• Four major branches: Metaphysics, Logic,
Epistemology, Ethics.
• Philosophy is an integral part of the humanities,
offering a rich and diverse exploration of
fundamental questions about reality,
knowledge, ethics, and human existence. It
provides a framework for critical thinking,
intellectual inquiry, and engaging with the
complexities of human experience.
JOHN DAVE A. ABAÑO, MS Psy, LPT
GEC 106
 Colegio San Agustin- Bacolod GEC 106 | Art Appreciation

• Literature is defined as written or oral works

that possess artistic merit and convey meaning
through various literary devices such as
language, imagery, symbolism, and narrative
HUMANITIES
structure.
• Literature serves as a means of
communication, reflection, and exploration of
human experiences, emotions, and ideas.
• Literature also plays a crucial role in preserving
and transmitting cultural heritage.
• Literature is an integral part of the humanities,
encompassing a diverse range of written works
that entertain, provoke thought, and transmit
JOHN DAVE A. ABAÑO, MS Psy, LPT cultural heritage.
GEC 106
 Colegio San Agustin- Bacolod GEC 106 | Art Appreciation

• Language can be defined as a system of

symbols, sounds, and rules that enables
individuals to convey meaning and share
information.
HUMANITIES
• encompasses both spoken and written forms,
allowing for the exchange of thoughts,
emotions, and experiences.
• Different languages carry unique cultural
nuances, values, and ways of understanding
the world.
• Language is a vital component of the
humanities, serving as a medium for
communication, expression, and cultural
JOHN DAVE A. ABAÑO, MS Psy, LPT identity.
GEC 106
 Colegio San Agustin- Bacolod GEC 106 | Art Appreciation

• Religion seeks to address fundamental

questions about the meaning and purpose of
life, the nature of the divine, and the
HUMANITIES relationship between humans and the sacred.
• often involves rituals, ceremonies, and
communal practices that foster a sense of
belonging, identity, and shared values within
religious communities.
• Religion as part of the humanities
encompasses the study and exploration of
various belief systems, rituals, and practices
that address fundamental questions about
human existence, ethics, and spirituality.
JOHN DAVE A. ABAÑO, MS Psy, LPT
GEC 106
 Colegio San Agustin- Bacolod GEC 106 | Art Appreciation

• Music involves the organization of sounds and

silences, utilizing elements such as melody,
harmony, rhythm, and timbre to create
HUMANITIES
meaning and evoke emotions.
• Music is often intertwined with other art forms,
such as dance, theater, and film, enhancing
storytelling, creating atmosphere, and
amplifying emotional impact.
• As part of humanities, music serves as a form
of artistic expression, cultural artifact, and
universal language that can evoke emotions,
convey narratives, and foster a sense of unity.
JOHN DAVE A. ABAÑO, MS Psy, LPT
GEC 106
 Colegio San Agustin- Bacolod GEC 106 | Art Appreciation

• History explores the social, political, economic,

and cultural dimensions of different time
HUMANITIES
periods, shedding light on the complexities and
dynamics of human societies.
• It aims to cultivate historical consciousness,
promoting an understanding of the present
through the lens of the past.
• It plays a crucial role in shaping collective
memory, identity, and the construction of
national and cultural narratives.

JOHN DAVE A. ABAÑO, MS Psy, LPT

GEC 106
 Colegio San Agustin- Bacolod GEC 106 | Art Appreciation

• Derived from the Latin term "ars" which means

skills, talent or ability.
• Art is taken from the Italian word "artis", which
means craftsmanship, skill, mastery of from,
inventiveness, and associations that exist
between form and ideas, between material and
technique. -A. Tan
• Art is the expression of creative skill and
imagination in different genres for appreciation
of beauty and emotional powers (Oxford Online
Dictionary)

JOHN DAVE A. ABAÑO, MS Psy, LPT

GEC 106
 Colegio San Agustin- Bacolod GEC 106 | Art Appreciation

• Art is a diverse range of human activities in

creating visual, auditory or performing artifacts
(artworks), expressing the author's imaginative,
conceptual ideas, or thechincal skills, intended to
be appreciated for their beauty or emotional
power

JOHN DAVE A. ABAÑO, MS Psy, LPT

GEC 106
 Colegio San Agustin- Bacolod GEC 106 | Art Appreciation

• Art is the expression of creative skill and

imagination in different genres for appreciation
of beauty and emotional powers (Oxford Online
Dictionary)
• Art is a diverse range of human activities in
creating visual, auditory or performing artifacts
(artworks), expressing the author's imaginative,
conceptual ideas, or thechincal skills, intended to
be appreciated for their beauty or emotional
power.

JOHN DAVE A. ABAÑO, MS Psy, LPT

GEC 106
 Colegio San Agustin- Bacolod GEC 106 | Art Appreciation

• Until 17th cecenturyart referred to any skill or

mastery and was not differentiated from crafts
or sciences. In modern usage after the 17th
century, where aesthetics considerations are
paramount, the fine arts are separated and
distinguished from acquired skills in general such
as the decorative or applied arts

JOHN DAVE A. ABAÑO, MS Psy, LPT

GEC 106
 Colegio San Agustin- Bacolod GEC 106 | Art Appreciation

• Art is that which brings life in harmony with the

beauty of the world.-Plato
• Art is an attitude of spirit, a state of mind-one
that demands its own satisfaction and fulfilling, a
shaping of matter to new and more significant
form. -John Dewey
• Art is the skillful arrangement or composition of
some common but significant qualities of nature
such as colors, sounds lines, movements, words,
stones, woods, etc. to express human feelings,
emotions, or thoughts in a perfect meaningful
and enjoyable way. -Panizo and Rustia
JOHN DAVE A. ABAÑO, MS Psy, LPT
GEC 106
 Colegio San Agustin- Bacolod GEC 106 | Art Appreciation

• The capacity to interpret and appreciate art

created by humans, either by actively engaging
with art tools and materials or by possessing
artworks for personal admiration and enjoyment.
• Involves the processes of acquiring knowledge or
comprehension about art, engaging in its
creation, and deriving pleasure from its
appreciation.

JOHN DAVE A. ABAÑO, MS Psy, LPT

GEC 106
 Colegio San Agustin- Bacolod GEC 106 | Art Appreciation

• Basis for crafting artworks

• Art subjects are diverse
• Any element depicted in the artwork, whether a
person, object, scene, or event

JOHN DAVE A. ABAÑO, MS Psy, LPT

GEC 106
 Colegio San Agustin- Bacolod GEC 106 | Art Appreciation

Representational or Objective Arts-

These are artworks that can be readily identified by
the majority of people.
e.g. painting, sculpture, graphic arts, literature and
theatre arts although some paintings and sculptures
have no subject
Music and dance may or not have subjects

JOHN DAVE A. ABAÑO, MS Psy, LPT

GEC 106
 Colegio San Agustin- Bacolod GEC 106 | Art Appreciation

Non-Representational or Non-Objective arts

Artworks that have no resemblance to any real
subject.
It is what it is
It appeals directly to the senses because of the
satisfying organization of its sensuous or expressive
elements
Some contemporary painters have shifted their
interest in the work of art as an object itself without
having to represent something or someone or a story
to tell
Almost but not all traditional sculptures and paintings
have subject while modern painting have none
JOHN DAVE A. ABAÑO, MS Psy, LPT
GEC 106
 Colegio San Agustin- Bacolod GEC 106 | Art Appreciation

A. Connecting Art to the Humanities

Art and the humanities are inseparable companions
on the journey of understanding human existence.
The humanities encompass disciplines like literature,
philosophy, history, and cultural studies, and art
serves as a visual and expressive counterpart. Both
delve into the depths of what it means to be human –
our thoughts, feelings, struggles, and triumphs. Just
as literature provides narratives, art offers visual
narratives that capture the essence of the human
experience.

JOHN DAVE A. ABAÑO, MS Psy, LPT

GEC 106
 Colegio San Agustin- Bacolod GEC 106 | Art Appreciation

B. Art Reflecting Human Experiences, Emotions,

and Culture
Art is a portal into the heart of human existence.
Through paintings, sculptures, music, dance, and
other artistic forms, we glimpse the spectrum of
human emotions and experiences. Think of Van
Gogh's "Starry Night," which reflects his emotional
turmoil, or Picasso's "Guernica," capturing the horrors
of war. Art encapsulates our joy, sorrow, love, and
pain, immortalizing them in ways that words alone
cannot achieve. Furthermore, art transcends time
and space, connecting us to cultures and traditions
across the world.
JOHN DAVE A. ABAÑO, MS Psy, LPT
GEC 106
 Colegio San Agustin- Bacolod GEC 106 | Art Appreciation

C. The Role of Art in Shaping Societal Beliefs and

Values
Art has a profound influence on societal beliefs and
values. Artists are often cultural commentators, using
their creations to challenge norms, provoke thought,
and advocate for change. Consider the role of music
during the civil rights movement or contemporary
artworks addressing environmental concerns. Art can
challenge oppressive ideologies, advocate for social
justice, and offer alternative perspectives, creating a
dialogue that shapes our collective consciousness.

JOHN DAVE A. ABAÑO, MS Psy, LPT

GEC 106
Colegio San Agustin- Bacolod GEC 106 | Art Appreciation

JOHN DAVE A. ABAÑO, MS Psy, LPT

GEC 106
Colegio San Agustin- Bacolod GEC 106 | Art Appreciation

JOHN DAVE A. ABAÑO, MS Psy, LPT

GEC 106
 Colegio San Agustin- Bacolod GEC 106 | Art Appreciation

Art is subjective Science is entirely objective.

To observe and define critically is difficult. For something to be scientifically accurate
That is because art is not confined by the laws and proven correct, there needs to be a host
of nature and physics, unlike science. There of studies and tests to overcome before
are no boundaries for an artist. being established as a scientific fact.

Art is highly conceptual Science is theoretical

Art does not need a theoretical basis to exist; it needs to be based upon some theory to
merely, the concept of art exists. That is why have some concrete ground to stand on.
art needs no proof because there are no And finally, scientific facts need to be proven
requirements for art. As long as there is a to be regarded as scientific facts.
concept, there is no way to disprove a piece
of art as otherwise.

Eden Gallery (2021). Art vs. Science. Retreived from: https://www.eden-gallery.com/news/art-vs-science

JOHN DAVE A. ABAÑO, MS Psy, LPT
GEC 106
 Colegio San Agustin- Bacolod GEC 106 | Art Appreciation

• Art and science have historically pushed the

boundaries of human belief and intellectual thought.
• Artists and scientists are often considered ahead of
their time and may face criticism or rejection for their
work.
• Both artists and scientists challenge established
beliefs and societal norms.
• Artists and scientists engage in creative roles,
developing original ideas and pushing frontiers.
• Examples of individuals who excelled in both art and
science include Nicéphore Niépce, Leonardo da Vinci,
Maria Sibylla Merian, Samuel Morse, Ralph Eugene
Meatyard, Anna Atkins, Santiago Ramón y Cajal, and
John James Audubon.
• Art and science are both attempts to comprehend
the world and our emotions, providing explanations
for them.
• Curiosity drives both art and science, fostering a
desire for discovery, critical thinking, and further
knowledge.
JOHN DAVE A. ABAÑO, MS Psy, LPT
GEC 106 Eden Gallery (2021). Art vs. Science. Retreived from: https://www.eden-
gallery.com/news/art-vs-science
Colegio San Agustin- Bacolod GEC 106 | Art Appreciation

• was a French inventor and pioneer in photography.

• known as the "father of photography" for his
significant contributions to the development of the
medium.
• created the world's first permanent photograph in 1826,
titled "View from the Window at Le Gras."
• - Niépce's work laid the foundation for advancements in
photography and modern photographic techniques.
• - His invention influenced both the artistic and scientific
exploration of photography.

JOHN DAVE A. ABAÑO, MS Psy, LPT

GEC 106
 Colegio San Agustin- Bacolod GEC 106 | Art Appreciation

View from the Window at Le Gras by Joseph Nicéphore Niépce (1826)

taken using a camera obscura and a pewter plate coated with bitumen of Judea, a light-sensitive material.
The image was etched onto the plate through a lengthy exposure time of several hours

JOHN DAVE A. ABAÑO, MS Psy, LPT

GEC 106
Colegio San Agustin- Bacolod GEC 106 | Art Appreciation

• Italian polymath, artist, scientist, and inventor.

• widely regarded as one of the most influential
figures in the history of arts and sciences.
• made significant contributions in various fields,
including painting, anatomy, physics, engineering,
mathematics, and biology.
• Leonardo designed innovative machines and
inventions, including a self-propelled cart, a
diving suit, and military devices.
• His scientific approach of observation,
experimentation, and documentation laid the
foundation for modern scientific methods.

JOHN DAVE A. ABAÑO, MS Psy, LPT

GEC 106
Colegio San Agustin- Bacolod GEC 106 | Art Appreciation

Mona Lisa

JOHN DAVE A. ABAÑO, MS Psy, LPT

GEC 106
Colegio San Agustin- Bacolod GEC 106 | Art Appreciation

The Last Supper

JOHN DAVE A. ABAÑO, MS Psy, LPT
GEC 106
Colegio San Agustin- Bacolod GEC 106 | Art Appreciation

JOHN DAVE A. ABAÑO, MS Psy, LPT

GEC 106
Liceria & Co. Brand Guidelines

Presentation By
Takehiro Kanegi

2024
Liceria & Co. Brand Guidelines

Introduct
History About
ion
Proper Packagin
Contact
Imagery g
Colegio San Agustin- Bacolod GEC 106 | Art Appriciation

A Brand Guideline is essentially an instruction manual

on how a brand should be communicated. It contains
the standards required to represent your brand
correctly both internally and externally.
Liceria & Co. Brand Guidelines

Liceria & Co. fashion was founded in 2014. Liceria &

Co. takes the Renaissance concept, which inspired
paintings and sculptures in the Renaissance era, as
the design concept displayed in their designs.
Liceria & Co. Brand Guidelines

Liceria & Co. is a fashion company that makes casual

clothes with the classic Renaissance concept. Liceria & Co.
is a fashion brand dedicated to using eco-friendly fabrics.
Liceria & Co. Brand Guidelines

The inspiration behind this brand logo is a classic

Renaissance-style illustration, which is the brand's aim
to emphasize the identity that describes this brand.
Liceria & Co. Brand Guidelines

Promotional Physical Assets Digital Assets

Liceria & Co. Brand Guidelines

For Headers

Your brand's communication can be greatly impacted Gabriel Sans

by the typefaces you select. You may attract the right For Sub-Headers
clients by using fonts that embody the principles of ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXY
your company. Zabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz123456
7890!@#$%^&*()
Liceria & Co. Brand Guidelines

Hex: 572519 Hex: 985d4f Hex: c4ac8e

Liceria & Co. fashion uses earthy color

tones and bold packaging that resembles Hex: d9d9d8 Hex: 000000

beauty and elegance and depicts

Renaissance characters.
Liceria & Co. Brand Guidelines

Brand imagery is the result of all the visuals that

represent your brand's identity. The images that
make up your brand's imagery can appear in a
variety of forms.
Liceria & Co. Brand Guidelines

Digital branding consists of a combination of

digital marketing and internet branding to
develop a brand online.
Liceria & Co. Brand Guidelines

Liceria & Co. packaging is simple and elegant. It is

easy to carry, can be re-filled, and is made from
high-quality materials.
Liceria & Co. Brand Guidelines

123-456-7890 @reallygreatsite [email protected]

 Lecture 2

ART
APPRECIATION

JOHN DAVE A. ABAÑO, MS PSY, LPT

Instructor
 ART APPRECIATION:
CREATIVITY, IMAGINATION,
AND EXPRESSION
• Art requires an artist's touch. Not everything
beautiful is true art. Art springs from human
creativity and expression. Nature's beauty,
like sunsets and mountains, isn't art as it's
not man-made. Even photos or sketches of
nature lack the artist's touch. Artwork can be
inspired by nature or other art, but artists
invent their forms.
• While not all are artists, everyone
appreciates art. When choosing shoes, we
assess options based on beauty and quality.
We recognize the difference between beauty
and mediocrity, good and poor quality. This
lets us play a role in art appreciation.
ART APPRECIATION
AS A WAY OF LIFE
• Jean-Paul Sartre, a famous philosopher,
saw art as a creative portrayal of the
world from a unique perspective,
stemming from human freedom
(Greene, 1995).
• Artworks hold their own beauty,
shaped by the artist's vision and meant
for viewers to see.
• Most people miss this beauty; only
those with a refined sense of
appreciation perceive art as intended.
• This lack of appreciation leads to
unnoticed artworks, underrated artists,
and missed opportunities.
• Developing art appreciation leads to
understanding an artwork's purpose and
recognizing its beauty.
• Developing a taste for fine and beautiful
things helps make intelligent choices,
considering both aesthetics and practicality.
• The demand for aesthetically valuable
things drives the evolution of art and its
forms.
• Visiting museums, galleries, theaters, and
art exhibitions enriches understanding and
offers rewarding experiences.
• Appreciating art enhances life regardless of
profession, leading to a more meaningful
existence.
 THE ROLE OF
CREATIVITY IN ART
MAKING
• Creativity involves thinking differently,
solving novel problems, blending
function and style, and enhancing life's
uniqueness.
• In art, creativity distinguishes one work
from another by being uncommon or
extraordinary.
• True creativity isn't mere imitation; it's
about bringing originality and personal
touch to a piece.
• Modern creativity can be tough due to
unintentional overlaps with existing
ideas globally.
• The "It's More Fun in the Philippines"
tourism ad faced allegations of
plagiarism from a Swiss slogan.
• Research is crucial to ensure originality
and prevent conflicts when pursuing
creative ideas.
ART AS A PRODUCT
OF IMAGINATION,
IMAGINATION AS A
PRODUCT OF ART
• Famous writers, painters, and musicians get
ideas from their minds, starting with
imagination.
• Albert Einstein highlighted the importance of
imagination, which goes beyond current
knowledge.
• Imagination is key to advancing and creating
bold, new, and better ideas.
• Artists' minds hold a gallery of both real and
imaginary artworks.
"Imagination is more important than knowledge. For knowledge
is limited to all we now know and understand, while imagination
embraces the entire world, and all there ever will be to know and
understand."
• Musicians create imaginary tunes in their
minds before turning them into reality.
• Imagination gives birth to reality through
artistic creation.
• Art also inspires imagination, seen in how
surroundings with art pieces boost creativity.
• Throughout history, humans have created art
for functional and joyous reasons.
• Early humans adorned caves and objects with
art for both function and beauty.
 ART AS AN
EXPRESSION
• Sometimes, you feel complex emotions that
can't be described with just one word.
• Expressing oneself is a way to release and
communicate these feelings (Collingwood,
1938).
• Emotions like excitement are best expressed
rather than contained.
• Philosopher Robin George Collingwood
emphasized artists express emotions, not
induce them.
• Expression explores personal emotions and
creates beauty from them.
• Expressing emotions differs from merely
describing them.
• Expressing emotions through art is
individualistic and freeing.
• Art reflects inner selves, not just external
influences.
• Many ways to express through art exist
VISUAL ARTS
 • Visual arts appeal to the sense of sight and
are mainly visual in nature.
• Artists create visual arts to reproduce what
they've seen as they perceived it.
• This category includes a broad range of art
forms, from paintings to sculptures to movies.
• Visual arts can also encompass performance
arts, theater, and applied arts.
• It's the most common art form that people
encounter in their daily lives.

Some mediums of visual arts include paintings,

drawings, letterings, printing,sculptures, digital
imaging, and more
FILM
• Film involves arranging still images to create
the illusion of movement.
• Filmmaking is both an art and an industry,
focusing on aesthetics, culture, and society.
• Films are made using techniques like motion-
picture cameras, animation, CGI, and more.
• Filmmaking aims to convey ideas, emotions,
and beauty to viewers.
• Complex elements like lighting, music,
effects, direction contribute to filmmaking's
artistry.
• Film festivals and awards have various
categories to acknowledge excellence in
filmmaking.
PERFORMANCE
ART
• Performance art involves live presentations
using the human body and other art forms.
• Elements include time, location, the
performer's body, and interaction with the
audience.
• It's intangible and can't be bought or traded
like other art forms.
 POETRY
PERFORMANCE
• Poetry is an art using words to express
emotions and ideas.
• Words are carefully chosen for clarity,
beauty, and evoking strong emotions.
• Poetry employs emotional, musical, and
spatial qualities beyond literal meanings.
• Delivery aspects like movements, tone,
volume enhance the artistic value.
• Poets can create works inspired by other art
forms, producing new art through poetry.
ARCHITECTURE
• Art creates beautiful things; architecture
makes beautiful buildings.
• Not all buildings are beautiful; some focus
only on functionality.
• Architecture requires a balance of lines,
forms, colors, and design.
• The Grand Theatre de Bordeaux is an
example where functionality and aesthetics
merge.
• Buildings need plan, construction, and design
to be considered architecture.
DANCE
• Dance involves rhythmic movements
synchronized with music.
• Debate exists whether dance is an art form,
but it's primarily seen as a form of expression.
• Dance allows free self-expression and
creativity.
• Choreography may have rules, but dancers
can create their own graceful movements.
• Artistic dance goes beyond set steps, letting
dancers invent their own beautiful motions.
LITERARY ART
• Literary artists use words, not other mediums
like paint or music, to express and convey
emotions.
• Being a writer doesn't automatically make
someone a literary artist.
• Literary art goes beyond ordinary forms of
writing (professional, academic, journalistic).
• It involves a unique style rather than
conforming to specific formats or norms.
• Works can be fiction or non-fiction (novels,
biographies, poems).
• Examples:
• "The Little Prince" by Antoine de Saint-
Exupery
• "Romeo and Juliet" by William Shakespeare.
THEATER
• Theater involves live performers before a live
audience.
• It presents real or imaginary events using
actors.
• Theater follows a script, distinct from literary
arts.
• Elements like acting, lighting, sound, music,
scenery, and props are crucial.
• These elements create a strong impact on the
audience.
• Viewer participation is significant in theater,
similar to performance art.
• Genres include drama, musical, tragedy,
comedy, and improvisation.
APPLIED ARTS
• Applied arts add style and design to
everyday items for better aesthetics.
• Artists enhance useful items with beauty,
charm, and comfort.
• Examples: industrial design, interior design,
fashion design, graphic design.
• Contrasted with fine arts, which focus on
aesthetics.
• Artists blend functionality and style by
exploring ideas, considering needs, and
choosing materials and techniques.
 Colegio San Agustin- Bacolod

Art
John Dave A. Abaño, MS Psy, LPT
Appreciation Instructor
INTRODUCTION
 Prehistoric Art
(~40,000–4,000 B.C.)
•

•
Ancient Art
4000 B.C. -A.D. 400
•

•
•
 •

•
•

Medieval Art
500-1400
 Renaissance Art
(1400-
• 1600)
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Mannerism
(1400-
1600)
•

•
 •
•

•
•

Rococo •

1699-
1780
 Neoclassicism
1750-
1850
•

•
Romanticism
(1780-
1850)
•

•
•

•
 •

•
•
•
•
•

Realism
(1848-
1900)
Art Nouveau
(1890-1910)
•

•
 •

Impressionism
(1865-1885)
 •

•
•

Post-Impressionism
(1885-1910)
 Fauvism
(1900-1935)
•

•
•
•
•
•
•

•
 Expressionism
(1905-1920)
•

•
 Cubism
(1907-1914)
•

•
•

•
 •

SURREALISM
1916–1950
 Abstract Expressionism
1940s–1950s
•

•
 Op Art
1950s-1960s
•

•
Pop Art
1950s–1960s
•

•
 •

Arte Povera
1960s
 Minimalism
1960s-1970s
•

•
 Conceptual Art
(1960s–1970s)
•

•
 Contemporary Art
1970-present
•

•
 Contemporary Art
1970-present
•

•
Colegio San Agustin- Bacolod

John Dave A. Abaño, MS Psy, LPT

Instructor
Colegio San Agustin- Bacolod GEC 106 | Art Appreciation

A rt h as h a d a g re a t nu m b er o f
di ff er e n t f u nc ti o ns th r o u gh o u t i ts
hi s t o ry, m ak i n g i ts p u r p os e di ffi c u l t
to ab s t r act o r q ua n ti fy t o a ny s i n gl e
c o nc e pt . T hi s d o es n ot i mp l y th a t t h e
p ur p os e o f a rt i s “ va g u e ” b u t t h a t i t
h as h a d ma ny un i q u e, di ffe r e nt
r ea s o ns fo r b e i ng c r e at e d . S om e o f
th e f u nc ti o n s o f a rt ar e p r ovi d e d i n
th e o ut l i n e b e l ow. T h e d i ff e r en t
p ur p os es o f a r t m ay be g r ou p e d
ac c o rd i n g t o th os e t h at a r e n o n -
mo ti v a t e d and t h ose that are JOHN DAVE A. ABAÑO, MS Psy, LPT
moti v ate d (Lévi -S tr a uss ) . GEC 106
 Colegio San Agustin- Bacolod GEC 106 | Art Appreciation

Art at this level is not an Art provides a way to

action or an object, but an e x p e r i e n c e o n e ’s s e l f i n
internal appreciation of relation to the universe.
balance and harmony This experience may often
(beauty), and therefore an come unmotivated, as one
aspect of being human appreciates art, music or
b e y o n d u t i l i t y. p o e t r y.

JOHN DAVE A. ABAÑO, MS Psy, LPT

GEC 106
Colegio San Agustin- Bacolod GEC 106 | Art Appreciation

D a Vi n c i ' s " T h e L a s t S u p p e r " s h o wc a s e s h a r mo n y

t hr ough balanc ed f igur es , ges t ur es , and ar c hit ec t ur e.
F l o wi n g l i n e s g u i d e t h e g a z e , c r e a t i n g u n i t y.
Me t i c u l o u s d e t a i l s h i g h l i g h t t h e h u ma n u r g e f o r v i s u a l
h a r mo n y i n a r t . JOHN DAVE A. ABAÑO, MS Psy, LPT
GEC 106
 Colegio San Agustin- Bacolod GEC 106 | Art Appreciation

Art provides a means to A r t i n d i ff e r e n t c u l t u r e s i s o f t e n

express the imagination in used for decoration or symbolism
nongrammatical ways that in rituals and performances.
are not tied to the formality Even though it doesn't have a
of spoken or written practical purpose,
language. Art provides a anthropologists recognize its
range of forms, symbols and important cultural meanings.
ideas with meanings that are These meanings come from many
malleable. generations and are linked to the
culture's beliefs.

JOHN DAVE A. ABAÑO, MS Psy, LPT

GEC 106
Colegio San Agustin- Bacolod GEC 106 | Art Appreciation

" S t a r r y N i g h t " b y Vi n c e n t v a n G o g h i s a g r e a t e xa mp l e o f ar t
s h o wi n g i ma g i n a t i o n . T h e p a i n t i n g ' s s wi r l i n g b r u s h s t r o k e s c r eat e a
d r e a m y n i g h t s k y wi t h s t a r s a n d a m o o n . I t g o e s b e yo n d r e al i t y,
r e f l e c t i n g v a n G o g h ' s i ma g i n a t i v e v i s i o n o f t h e c o s mo s . T h e c ol or s
a n d p a t t e r n s e v o k e e mo t i o n s t h a t wo r d s c a n ' t c a p t u r e , u r gi ng
JOHN DAVE A. ABAÑO, MS Psy, LPT
v i ewer s t o us e t heir imaginat ion t o under s t and it s s pec ial meaning.
GEC 106
Colegio San Agustin- Bacolod GEC 106 | Art Appreciation

A nc i ent E gypt ian f uner ar y ar t , lik e int r ic at e t omb paint ings and
s c u l p t u r e s , h a d r i t u a l i s t i c a n d s ymb o l i c f u n c t i o n s . T h e y g u i d ed t he
d e p a r t e d t h r o u g h t h e a f t e r l i f e , wi t h d e t a i l e d d e p i c t i o n s o f g o ds and
s ymb o l i c mo t i f s c o n v e yi n g c o mp l e x b e l i e f s . T h e s e a r t wo r k s wer e
v i t a l c o mp o n e n t s o f E g yp t i a n c u l t u r e , l i n k i n g t h e p h ys i c a l wor l d t o
t h e s p i r i t u a l r e a l m t h r o u g h t h e i r p r o f o u n d u n d e r s t a n d i n g o f l i f e and
death. JOHN DAVE A. ABAÑO, MS Psy, LPT
GEC 106
 Colegio San Agustin- Bacolod GEC 106 | Art Appreciation

Like other forms of Art may seek to bring about a

communication, it often has a particular emotion or mood, for
purpose aimed at someone the purpose of relaxing or
else. For instance, scientific e n t e r t a i n i n g t h e v i e w e r. T h i s i s
illustrations or maps are often the function of the art
forms of art for industries of Motion Pictures and
c o m m u n i c a t i o n . Ye t , a r t i s n ' t Vi d e o G a m e s .
limited to science – it can
also convey emotions and
feelings.

JOHN DAVE A. ABAÑO, MS Psy, LPT

GEC 106
Colegio San Agustin- Bacolod GEC 106 | Art Appreciation

" G u e r n i c a " b y P a b l o P i c a s s o e xe mp l i f i e s a r t a s c o mmu n i c a t i on.

D e p i c t i n g t h e h o r r o r s o f wa r i n r e s p o n s e t o t h e b o mb i n g of
G uer ni c a, t he paint ing' s c haot ic and abs t r ac t f or ms c onv ey t he pain
and anguish experienced by victims. It communicates the artist's
a n t i - wa r me s s a g e d i r e c t l y, t r a n s c e n d i n g l a n g u a g e t o e v o k e p ower f ul
emot ions in v iewer s . JOHN DAVE A. ABAÑO, MS Psy, LPT
GEC 106
 Colegio San Agustin- Bacolod GEC 106 | Art Appreciation

Art for political change. One Unlike the avant-garde

of the defining functions of movements, which wanted to
e a r l y t w e n t i e t h - c e nt u ry a r t e r a s e c u l t u r a l d i ff e r e n c e s i n
has been to use visual order to produce new universal
images to bring about values, contemporary art has
political change. Art enhanced its tolerance towards
movements that had this c u l t u r a l d i ff e r e n c e s a s w e l l a s i t s
goal—Dadaism, Surrealism, critical and liberating functions
Russian constructivism, and ( s o c i a l i n q u i r y, a c t i v i s m ,
A b s t r a c t E x p r e s s io n i s m , s u b v e r s i o n , d e c o n s t ru c t i o n …),
a m o n g o t h e r s — a re becoming a more open place for
c o l l e c t i v el y r e f e r r e d t o a s t h e research and experimentation.
a v a n t e - g a r de a r t s .
JOHN DAVE A. ABAÑO, MS Psy, LPT
GEC 106
Colegio San Agustin- Bacolod GEC 106 | Art Appreciation

" T h e F a m i l y o f M a n " b y E d wa r d S t e i c h e n e xe m p l i f i e s t h e r o l e of ar t
a s a " f r e e z o n e " t h a t c e l e b r a t e s c u l t u r a l d i ff e r e n c e s wh i l e
e mp h a s i z i n g s h a r e d h u ma n i t y. I t d e mo n s t r a t e s h o w c o n t e mp o r a r y
a r t c a n s e r v e a s a c a t a l ys t f o r c r i t i c a l t h i n k i n g , c u l t u r a l e x c h a n g e ,
a n d s o c i a l a c t i v i s m b y p r e s e n t i n g a g l o b a l p e r s p e c t i v e o n t he
human exper ienc e t hr ough t he medium of phot JOHN DAVE A. ABAÑO, MS Psy, LPT
ogr aphy.
GEC 106
 Colegio San Agustin- Bacolod GEC 106 | Art Appreciation

Art can be used to raise awareness

for a large variety of causes. A
While similar to art for
number of art activities were aimed at
political change, subversive
r a i s i n g a w a r e n e s s o f a u t i s m , c a n c e r,
or deconstructivist art may
h u m a n t r a ff i c k i n g , a n d a v a r i e t y o f
seek to question aspects of
other topics, such as ocean
society without any specific
c o n s e r v a t i o n, h u m a n r i g h t s i n D a r f u r,
political goal. In this case,
murdered and missing Aboriginal
the function of art may be
women, elder abuse, and pollution.
simply to criticize some
Tr a s h i o n , u s i n g t r a s h t o m a k e f a s h i o n ,
a s p e c t o f s o c i e t y.
practiced by artists such as Marina
DeBris is one example of using art to
raise awareness about pollution.

JOHN DAVE A. ABAÑO, MS Psy, LPT

GEC 106
Colegio San Agustin- Bacolod GEC 106 | Art Appreciation

" F o u n t a i n " b y Ma r c e l D u c h a mp s e r v e s a s a p a r a d i g ma t i c
ma s t e r p i e c e t h a t e mb o d i e s t h e i d e a o f a r t a s a t o o l f o r s o c i al
i nqui r y, s ubv er s i on, and c r it ic is m of s oc iet y. T hr ough it s pr ov oc at iv e
a c t o f p r e s e n t i n g a n o r d i n a r y o b j e c t a s a r t , t h e a r t wo r k c h a l l e n g e s
n o r m s , s t i m u l a t e s c r i t i c a l t h i n k i n g , a n d i n v i t e s v i e we r s t o q u e s t i o n
t he r ole of ar t and it s r elat ions hip t o s oc JOHN
iet y. DAVE A. ABAÑO, MS Psy, LPT
GEC 106
Colegio San Agustin- Bacolod GEC 106 | Art Appreciation

T h e A I D S Me mo r i a l Q u i l t e xe mp l i f i e s h o w a r t c a n b e a p o we r f ul t ool
f o r s o c i a l c h a n g e b y r a i s i n g a wa r e n e s s , f o s t e r i n g e m p a t h y, a n d
a d v o c a t i n g f o r a c a u s e . I t ' s a t e s t a me n t t o t h e a b i l i t y o f a r t t o
t r a n s c e n d i t s me d i u m a n d b e c o me a c a t a l ys t f o r me a n i n g f ul
conversations and actions around critical social issues.
JOHN DAVE A. ABAÑO, MS Psy, LPT
GEC 106
 Colegio San Agustin- Bacolod GEC 106 | Art Appreciation

Art is often utilized as a form of

Art is employed in art therapy by
propaganda, and thus can be used to
t h e r a p i s t s l i k e p s y c h o l o gi s t s . O n e
subtly influence popular conceptions
method, the Diagnostic Drawing
o r m o o d . I n a s i m i l a r w a y, a r t t h a t
Series, gauges a patient's emotions
tries to sell a product also influences
a n d p e r s o n a l i t y. T h e a i m i s h e a l i n g
mood and emotion. In both cases, the
through creative expression, not the
purpose of art here is to subtly
end art piece. The created art can
manipulate the viewer into a particular
reveal insights into the patient's
e m o t i o n a l o r p s y c h ol o g i c a l r e s p o n s e
problems and inform traditional therapy
toward a particular idea or object.
methods.

JOHN DAVE A. ABAÑO, MS Psy, LPT

GEC 106
Colegio San Agustin- Bacolod GEC 106 | Art Appreciation

" T h e B r o k e n C ol u mn " b y F r i d a K a h l o s e r v e s a s a p o i g n a n t e xampl e

o f h o w a r t c a n b e h a r n e s s e d f o r p s yc h o l o g i c a l a n d h e a l i ng
pur pos es . T hr ough her s elf - por t r ait , K ahlo engaged in a pr oc es s of
s e l f - d i s c o v e r y, e mo t i o n a l r e l e a s e , a n d p e r s o n a l e mp o we r ment ,
u l t i ma t e l y d e mo n s t r a t i n g t h e t h e r a p e u t i c p o t e n t i a l o f a r t i s t i c
expr es s ion. JOHN DAVE A. ABAÑO, MS Psy, LPT
GEC 106
Colegio San Agustin- Bacolod GEC 106 | Art Appreciation

" I Wa n t Yo u f o r U . S . A r m y" p o s t e r e xe m p l i f i e s h o w a r t c a n b e us ed
f o r p r o p a g a n d a p u r p o s e s , i n f l u e n c i n g e mo t i o n s , a t t i t u d e s , and
behav i or s . T hr ough it s manipulat ion of v is ual element s and
p e r s u a s i v e m e s s a g i n g , t h e p o s t e r e ff e c t i v e l y c a l l s f o r a c t i o n a n d
creates a sense of collective responsibility and allegiance to a
par t ic ular c aus e or idea. JOHN DAVE A. ABAÑO, MS Psy, LPT
GEC 106
 Colegio San Agustin- Bacolod GEC 106 | Art Appreciation

It has been argued that the ability of

the human brain by far exceeds what
w a s n e e d e d f o r s u r v i v al i n t h e
ancestral environment. One
e v o l u t i o n a r y p s y c h o l og y e x p l a n a t i o n
for this is that the human brain and
a s s o c i a t ed t r a i t s ( s u c h a s a r t i s t i c
ability and creativity) are the human
e q u i v a l e n t o f t h e p e a c o c k ’s t a i l . T h e
p u r p o s e o f t h e m a l e p e a c o c k ’s
e x t r a v a g a nt t a i l h a s b e e n a r g u e d t o b e
to attract females. According to this
theory superior execution of art was
e v o l u t i o n a r i ly i m p o r t a n t b e c a u s e i t
JOHN DAVE A. ABAÑO, MS Psy, LPT
attracted mates. GEC 106
Colegio San Agustin- Bacolod GEC 106 | Art Appreciation

Michelangelo's "David" serves as an example of how art could

p o t e n t i a l l y f u n c t i o n a s a f i t n e s s i n d i c a t o r, d r a wi n g p a r a l l e l s wi t h t he
i dea of t he peac oc k ' s t ail in ev olut ionar y ps yc hology. T he
ma s t e r p i e c e ' s di s p l a y o f s k i l l , a t t e n t i o n - g r a b b i n g q u a l i t i e s , c ul t ur al
s i g n i f i c a n c e , a n d s ymb o l i c a t t r i b u t e s a l l c o n t r i b u t e t o i t s p o t ent i al
r ol e as an i ndi c at or of des ir abilit y and genet ic f it nes JOHNs in itDAVE s c r eatA.or.ABAÑO, MS Psy, LPT
GEC 106
Colegio San Agustin- Bacolod

John Dave A. Abaño, MS Psy, LPT

Instructor
Purpose of Art

Art has had a great number of different functions throughout its history making its purpose difficult to
abstract or quantify to any single concept. This does not imply that the purpose of art is "vague" but that
it has had many unique different reasons for being created. Some of the functions of art are provided in
the outline below. The different purposes of art may be grouped according to those that are non-
motivated and those that are motivated (Levi-Strauss)

NON-MOTIVATED FUNCTION OF ART

1. Basic human Instinct for harmony, balance, rhythm.

Art at this level is not an action or an object, but an internal appreciation of balance and harmony
(beauty), and therefore an aspect of being human beyond utility

2. Experience of the mysterious

Art provides a way to experience one's self in relation to the universe This experience may often come
unmotivated as one appreciates art, music or poetry.

3. Expression of the Imagination

Art provides a means to express the imagination in nongrammatical ways that are not tied to the
formality of spoken or written language. Art provides a range of forms, symbols and ideas with
meanings that are malleable.

Starry Night

by Vincent van Gogh is a great example of art showing imagination. The painting's swirling brushstrokes
create a dreamy night sky with stars and a moon. It goes beyond reality, reflecting van Gogh's
Imaginative vision of the cosmos. The colors and patterns evoke emotions that words can't capture
urging viewers to use their imagination to understand its special meaning.

4. Ritualistic and Symbolic Functions

Art in different cultures is often used for decoration or symbolism In rituals and performances Even
though it doesn't have a practical purpose anthropologists recognize its Important cultural meanings
These meanings come from many generations and are linked to the culture's beliefs

Egyptian Funerary Art

MOTIVATED FUNCTION OF ART

1. Communication

Like other forms of communication, it often has a purpose aimed at someone else For instance scientific
illustrations or maps are forms of art for communication Yet art isn't limited to science - it can also
convey emotions and feelings

Guernica

Guernica of Pablo Picasso exemplifies an as communication. Depicting the horrors of war in response to
the bombing of Guernice the painting's chaotic and abstract forms convey the pain and
angusnexoenensed by victims it communicates the artist's anti-war message. Direct transcending
language to evoke powerful emotions in viewers

2. Art as Entertainment

Art may seek to bring about a entertaining the viewer This is often the function of the art industries of
Motion Pictures and particular emotion or mood, for the purpose of relaxing or Video Games

3.Art as Avante Garde

Art for political change. One of the defining functions of Russian constructivism and among others are
early twentieth-century art has been to use visual images to bring about political change. Art
movements that had this goal-Dadaism Surrealism. Abstract Expressionism collectively referred to as the
avante-garde arts.

4. Art as a "Free zone"

Unlike the avant-garde movements, which wanted to erase cultural differences in order to produce new
universal values, contemporary art has enhanced its tolerance towards cultural differences as well as its
subversion deconstruction) critical and liberating functions (social inquiry, activism becoming a more
open place for research and experimentation

The Family of Man

The Family of Man by Edward Stelenen exemplifies the role of art as a free zone that celebrates cultural
differences while emphasizing shared humanity demonstrates how.contemporary aut can serve as a
catalyst for critical thinking cultural exchange and social activismu, presenting a global perspective on
the human experience through the medium of photography

5.Art for social inquiry subversion and or anarchy

While similar to art for political change subversive or deconstructivist art may seek to question aspects
of society without any specific political goal in this case the function of art may be simply to criticize
some espect of society
6. Art for social causes

Art can be used to raise awareness for a large variety of causes. A number of art activities were aimed at
raising awareness of autism, cancer, human trafficking, and a variety of other topics, such as ocean
conservation, human rights in Darfur, murdered and missing Aboriginal women, elder abuse and
pollution Trashion using trash to make fashion, practiced by artists such as Marina DeBris is one example
of using art to raise awareness about pollution.

AIDS Memorial Quilt

The AIDS Memorial Quit exemplifies how art can be a powerful tool for social change by raising
awareness fostering empathy and advocating for a cause it's a testament to the ability of art to
transcend its medium and become a catalyst for meaningful conversations and actions around critical
social issues

7. Art for psychological and healing purposes

Art is employed in art therapy by therapists like psychologists One methon the Diagnostic Drawing
Series gauges a patient's emotions and personality The aim is healing through creative expression, not
the eno ant plece. The created art can reveal insights into the patient's problems and inform traditional
therapy methods.

The Broken Column

By Puda kallth serves as poignant example of how art can be harnessed for psychological and healing
purposes. Through her self portrait, Kahlo engaged a process of self discovery, emotional release on
personal empowerment ultimately demonstrating the therapeutic potential of artistic expression

8. Art for propaganda or commercialism

Art is often utilized as a form of propaganda and thus can be used to subtly influence popular
conceptions or mood in a similar way, art that tries to sell a product also influences mood and emotion.
In both cases, the purpose of art here is to subtly manipulate the viewer into a particular emotional or
psychological response toward a particular idea or object

9. Art as a fitness Indicator

It has been argued that the ability of the human brain by far exceeds what was needed for survival in
the ancestral environment One evolutionary psychology explanation for this is that the human brain
andassociated traits (such as artistic ability and creativity) are the human equivalent of the peacock's tail.
The purpose of the male peacock's extravagant tail has been argued to be to attract females. According
to this Theory superior execution of art was evolutionarily important because it attracted mates.
About us

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pellentesque. Vivamus consequat suscipit enim quis dictum.

Prehistoric Art (-40,000-4,000 B.C.)

• Origins of art history traced back to Prehistoric era.

• Earliest artifacts from Paleolithic era: rock carvings, engravings, imagery, sculptures, stone
arrangements. Art relied on natural pigments, stone carvings for representations.
• Representations of objects, animals, rituals from civilization's existence.
• Famous example: Paleolithic cave paintings in Lascaux, France.
• Discovered in 1940, estimated up to 20,000 years old.
• Depict large animals, vegetation from the area
• They used natural pigments. The cave itself is potent for imprinting images.

Ancient Art 4000 B.C.-A.D. 400

• Ancient art produced by advanced civilizations with established written languages.

• Civilizations include Mesopotamia, Egypt, Greece, Americas.
• Art medium varies by civilization, but purposes are similar storytelling, decoration of objects,
religious/symbolic imagery, displaying social status.
• Many works depict rulers, gods, goddesses
• One famous work: Code of Hammurabi from ancient Mesopotamia.
• Created around 1792 B.C.
• Stone tablet with Babylonian laws, image of King Hammurabi and god Shabash

Medieval Art 500-1400

• Middle Ages, also known as "Dark Ages, followed fall of Roman Empire in 476 A.D.
• Period marked by economic and cultural deterioration
• Early artwork reflects darkness with grotesque imagery and brutal scenes.
• Art centered around the Church.

• Over time, more sophisticated and decorated churches emerged

• Windows and silhouettes adomed with biblical subjects, classical mythology scenes.
• Emergence of illuminated manuscripts and Gothic architecture style.
• Influential art examples: Catacombs in Rome, Hagia Sophia in Istanbul, Lindisfame Gospels
(illuminated manuscript) Notre Dame cathedral (Gothic architecture)
Renaissance Art (1400-1600)

• Artistic style characterized by focus on nature, individualism, and human independence.

• Flourished in 15th and 16th centuries, paralleling social, economic changes and secularization.
• Renaissance reached height in Florence, Italy, supported by Medici family.
• Humanism emphasized, involving various beliefs and philosophies.
• Innovators Filippo Brunelleschi (designer), Donatello (sculptor).
• High Renaissance (1490-1527) produced influential artists: da Vinci, Michelangelo, Raphael
• Artists emphasized emotional expression, realism, attention to detail, human anatomy study.
• Linear perspective, lighting, shading used for depth
• Change after High Renaissance: clashes between Christian faith and humanism led to
Mannerism.

Mannerism (1400-1600)

• Mannerist artists emerged from ideals of Late Renaissance artists like Michelangelo, Raphael
• Mannerists focused on style, technique more than subject matter meaning.
• Characteristics graceful, elongated limbs, small heads, stylized features, exaggerated details.
• Resulted in complex, stylized compositions different from classical ideals of Renaissance.
• Notable Mannerist artists: Giorgio Vasari, Francesco Salviati, Domenico Beccafumi, Bronzino.
• Bronzino considered most important Mannerist painter in Florence during his time.

Rococo (1699-1780)

• Rococo originated in Paris.

• Encompassed decorative art, painting, architecture, and sculpture.
• Contrasted with Baroque's exuberance with a softer style of decorative art.
• Characterized by lightness and elegance.
• Focus on natural forms, asymmetrical design, and subtle colors.
• Prominent painters included Antoine Watteau and Francois Boucher.
• Artists used lighthearted treatments, rich brushwork, and fresh colors.
• Rococo style extended to silver, porcelain, and French furniture.
• Furniture featured curving forms, floral designs, and expressive use of gilt.

Neoclassicism 1750-1850

• Neoclassical period drew upon elements from classical antiquity.

• Discovery of archaeological ruins in Athens and Naples reignited interest in the past.
• Artists aimed to recreate great works of ancient art.
• Renewed interest in classical ideals of harmony, simplicity, and proportion.
• Neoclassical artists were influenced by classical elements, emphasizing idealism.
• They also included modern and historically relevant depictions in their works.
• Example: Italian sculptor Antonio Canova used classical elements in his marble sculptures,
avoiding artificiality.