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DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM Class Xi Unit 2 Exam

The document discusses the limitations of file systems and advantages of database management systems (DBMS). It provides examples of both file systems and DBMS. It then compares file systems and DBMS, noting that DBMS offers features like efficient data retrieval methods, data recovery processes, lower data inconsistency, and easy centralization that file systems lack. Key DBMS concepts discussed include metadata, database schema, data constraints, queries, SQL, different data models like relational, network and hierarchical, and relational database terminology.

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49 views4 pages

DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM Class Xi Unit 2 Exam

The document discusses the limitations of file systems and advantages of database management systems (DBMS). It provides examples of both file systems and DBMS. It then compares file systems and DBMS, noting that DBMS offers features like efficient data retrieval methods, data recovery processes, lower data inconsistency, and easy centralization that file systems lack. Key DBMS concepts discussed include metadata, database schema, data constraints, queries, SQL, different data models like relational, network and hierarchical, and relational database terminology.

Uploaded by

gooda6201
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We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

FILE SYSTEM

A file can be understood as a container to store data in a computer. Files can be stored
on the storage device of a computer system. Contents of a file can be texts, computer
program code, comma separated values (CSV), etc. Likewise, pictures, audios/videos,
web pages are also files. Files stored on a computer can be accessed directly and
searched for desired data.

What are the limitations of file system?

Following are some of the limitations of file system:


(A) Difficulty in Access
Files themselves do not provide any mechanism to retrieve data. Data
maintained in a file system are accessed through application programs. While
writing such programs, the developer may not anticipate all the possible ways in
which data may be accessed. So, sometimes it is difficult to access data in the
required format and one has to write application program to access data.
(B) Data Redundancy
Redundancy means same data are duplicated in different places
(files).Redundancy leads to excess storage use and may cause data
inconsistency also.
(C) Data Inconsistency
Data inconsistency occurs when same data maintained in different places do
not match.
(D) Data Dependence
Data are stored in a specific format or structure in a file. If the structure or
format itself is changed, all the existing application programs accessing that file
also need to be changed. Otherwise, the programs may not work correctly. This
is data dependency. Hence, updating the structure of a data file requires
modification in all the application programs accessing that file.

What is DBMS?
A database management system (DBMS) or database system, is a software
that can be used to create and manage databases. DBMS lets users to create a
database, store, manage, update/modify and retrieve data from that database
by users or application programs.
Some examples of open source and commercial DBMS include MySQL,
Oracle, PostgreSQL, SQL Server, Microsoft Access, MongoDB.

Features of DBMS
Here, are essential features of DBMS:

• A user-accessible catalog of data


• Transaction support
• Concurrency control with Recovery services
• Authorization services
• The value of data is the same at all places.
• Offers support for data communication
• Independent utility services
• Allows multiple users to share a file at the same time

What are the difference between file system and DBMS?

File System DBMS


A file system is a software that manages and DBMS or Database Management System is a
organizes the files in a storage medium. It controls software application. It is used for accessing,
how data is stored and retrieved. creating, and managing databases.
Storing and retrieving of data can’t be done DBMS is efficient to use as there are a wide
efficiently in a file system. variety of methods to store and retrieve data.
It does not offer data recovery processes. There is a backup recovery for data in DBMS.
Data inconsistency is low in a database
Data inconsistency is higher in the file system.
management system.
The centralization process is hard in File Centralization is easy to achieve in the DBMS
Management System. system.
It doesn’t offer backup and recovery of data if it is DBMS system provides backup and recovery of
lost. data even if it is lost.

Key concepts of DBMS

What is meta data?

Meta-data or Data Dictionary The database schema along with various


constraints on the data is stored by DBMS in a database catalog or dictionary,
called meta-data. A meta-data is data about the data.

What is Database Schema?

Database Schema is the design of a database. It is the skeleton of the


database that represents the structure (table names and their fields/columns),
the type of data each column can hold, constraints on the data to be stored (if
any), and the relationships among the tables.

What are data constraints?

Constraints are used to limit the type of data that can go into a table. This ensures
the accuracy and reliability of the data in the table. If there is any violation between
the constraint and the data action, the action is aborted. Constraints can be column
level or table level.
What is Query?

A query is a request to a database for obtaining information in a desired way.


Query can be made to get data from one table or from a combination of tables

MYSQL

It is freely available open source Relational Database Management System (RDBMS) that
uses Structured Query Language(SQL). In MySQL database , information is stored in
Tables. A single MySQL database can contain many tables at once and store thousands of
individual records.

SQL (Structured Query Language)

SQL is a language that enables you to create and operate on relational databases,
which are sets of relatedinformation stored in tables.

DIFFERENT DATA MODELS

A data model refers to a set of concepts to describe the structure of a database, and certain
constraints (restrictions)
that the database should obey.
Different Data Models:
1. Relational data model
2. Network data model
3. Hierarchical data model
1. Relational data model: In this model data is organized into tabular structures
called relations. A database may contain many relations providing a better
classification of data based on its nature and use. Multiple relations are then
linked/ associated together on some common key data values (foreign key).
2. Network Data Model: In this model data is represented by collections of records
and relationships among data are represented by links. A record is collection of
fields i.e. attributes, each of which contents only one data value.
3. Hierarchical data model: In this model records are organized as trees, data is
represented by collection of records connected to one another through links.

RELATIONAL DATABASE
A relational database is a collective set of multiple data sets organized by tables, records and
columns. Relational database establish a well-defined relationship between database tables.
Tables communicate and share information, which facilitates data search ability, organization
and reporting.
A Relational database use Structured Query Language (SQL), which is a standard user
application that provides an easy programming interface for database interaction.
RELATIONAL MODEL TERMINOLOGY

• Relation : A table storing logically related data is called a Relation.

• Tuple : A row of a relation is generally referred to as a tuple.

• Attribute : A column of a relation is generally referred to as an attribute.

• Atomicity : Each column assigned a unique name and must have atomic(indivisible) value i.e.
a value that can not be further subdivided.

• No duplicity: No two rows of relation will be identical i.e. in any two rows value in at least
one column must be different.

• All items in a column are homogeneous i.e.same data type.

• Degree : This refers to the number of attributes in a relation.

• Cardinality : This refers to the number of tuples in a relation.

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