DRUG STUDY

NAME Deluvio, Donne Louis Raphael D COURSE Pharmacology CONCEPT Endocrine

SECTION BSN 2B PRESENTED TO Mr. Ronald Jayson E. Torres, RN SUBMITTED ON September 9&16, 2023

Name of Drug Mechanism of Action Indication Contraindication Side Effects Adverse Effects Nursing Responsibilities
Generic Name Metformin works by Metformin is primarily 1.Renal Impairment: 1.Gastrointestinal Distress: Gastrointestinal System: Assessment:
Metformin decreasing glucose utilized in the treatment Metformin is primarily Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, 1. Nausea - Gather a thorough medical
production in the liver, and management of type 2 excreted through the and abdominal discomfort 2. Vomiting history, including renal and hepatic
Brand Name enhancing insulin diabetes mellitus. It plays a kidneys. In individuals with are common, especially 3. Diarrhea function.
Glucophage sensitivity in peripheral crucial role in controlling renal impairment or when initiating treatment. 4. Abdominal discomfort - Assess the patient's current
tissues, and reducing blood sugar levels through dysfunction, there's an These symptoms may medications to identify potential
Drug Class glucose absorption in the several mechanisms: increased risk of metformin improve over time. Metabolism and Nutrition: interactions.
Biguanide gastrointestinal tract. It accumulation, potentially 5. Lactic acidosis (rare but - Evaluate the patient's
also improves cellular 1.Blood Glucose Control: leading to lactic acidosis. In 2.Taste Disturbance: Some serious) knowledge and understanding of
Route of Administration uptake and utilization of Metformin improves insulin severe renal impairment or individuals may experience diabetes and metformin.
Usually oral (tablet or glucose, ultimately sensitivity, reducing the end-stage renal disease, a metallic taste in the Hematologic System: - Monitor for symptoms of
extended-release tablet) lowering blood sugar amount of glucose metformin is generally mouth. 6. Vitamin B12 deficiency diabetes (e.g., polyuria, polydipsia,
levels. produced by the liver and contraindicated. with long-term use weight loss).
Dosage enhancing the uptake of 3.Decreased Vitamin B12 - Assess baseline vital signs and
Dosage can vary based on Onset: Typically, within 1 to glucose by peripheral 2.Liver Dysfunction: Absorption: Long-term use Skin: laboratory values, including blood
the condition being 3 hours after oral tissues. This helps regulate Patients with significant of metformin may be 7. Skin reactions (redness, glucose and renal function.
treated, individual administration. blood sugar levels. liver disease may associated with reduced itching) Diagnosis:
response, and specific Peak Action: Usually experience altered drug vitamin B12 absorption, - Nursing diagnoses may include,
formulation. Common around 2 to 4 hours after 2.Weight Management: It is metabolism, potentially potentially leading to Central Nervous System: but are not limited to:
dosages for diabetes ingestion. often associated with affecting the clearance of deficiency over time. 8. Metallic taste in the - Risk for Imbalanced Nutrition:
treatment range from 500 Duration: The effects can modest weight loss, which metformin. Periodic monitoring of mouth More Than Body Requirements
mg to 2000 mg per day, last for approximately 12 to is beneficial for individuals vitamin B12 levels is related to gastrointestinal side
taken with meals. 24 hours, depending on the with type 2 diabetes, as 3.Heart Failure: Metformin recommended. Endocrine System: effects.
Extended-release formulation (immediate- weight control is a key may exacerbate heart 9. Hypoglycemia (especially - Deficient Knowledge related to
formulations may have release or extended- aspect of managing the failure in certain 4.Lactic Acidosis: While when combined with other medication management.
different dosing schedules. release). condition. individuals. Healthcare rare, it's a serious side diabetes medications) Planning:
The exact dosage should be providers need to assess effect that can occur, - Develop a plan to address
determined by a healthcare the risk-benefit ratio particularly in individuals

1
 DRUG STUDY GENERIC NAME Metformin | Insulin BRAND NAME Glucophage | Humalog DRUG CLASS Biguanide | Antidiabetic

Name of Drug Mechanism of Action Indication Contraindication Side Effects Adverse Effects Nursing Responsibilities

professional based on the Pharmacokinetics (ADME) 3.Cardiovascular Benefits: carefully in patients with with renal impairment. Renal System: potential side effects and ensure
patient’s needs. Absorption: Metformin is Some studies suggest that pre-existing heart Symptoms include 10. Renal impairment (in medication adherence.
absorbed in the metformin may have conditions. weakness, severe muscle rare cases) - Set goals for glycemic control in
gastrointestinal tract after cardiovascular benefits pain, trouble breathing, collaboration with the healthcare
oral administration, beyond its glucose- 4.Dehydration and Surgery: and unusual sleepiness. team.
primarily in the small lowering effects, such as Conditions associated with Immediate medical - Educate the patient on the
intestine. improving lipid profiles and dehydration, such as severe attention is necessary if importance of regular monitoring
reducing the risk of infections, surgery, or other these symptoms occur. and reporting of symptoms.
Distribution: It distributes cardiovascular events. illnesses, can increase the - Establish a plan for follow-up
into tissues, with minimal risk of lactic acidosis. 5.Hypoglycemia: Although assessments and laboratory
binding to plasma proteins. 4.Polycystic Ovary Metformin is often metformin alone doesn't monitoring.
The drug is not known to Syndrome (PCOS): temporarily discontinued in usually cause Intervention:
accumulate in tissues. Metformin is sometimes these situations. hypoglycemia, it can occur - Administer metformin as
prescribed for women with if the drug is combined prescribed, ensuring adherence to
Metabolism: Metformin PCOS to help regulate 5.Contrast Media: with other diabetes the medication schedule.
undergoes minimal menstrual cycles, manage Metformin should be medications that lower - Educate the patient on proper
metabolism in the liver; the insulin resistance, and temporarily stopped before blood sugar. medication administration and
majority of the drug is improve fertility. the administration of potential side effects.
excreted unchanged. iodinated contrast media 6.Skin Reactions: Some - Provide dietary counseling,
5.Prevention of Type 2 for imaging procedures, as individuals may experience emphasizing the importance of
Excretion: The kidneys play Diabetes: In certain cases, there's a risk of lactic skin reactions, such as consistent carbohydrate intake.
a key role in excreting especially when lifestyle acidosis. It can be resumed redness or itching. - Monitor for signs of
metformin, with modifications are not after ensuring normal renal hypoglycemia or other adverse
approximately 90% of the sufficient, metformin may function. effects.
drug being eliminated be used for the prevention - Encourage regular physical
through urine. The of type 2 diabetes in activity and lifestyle modifications.
unchanged drug is actively individuals with pre- Evaluation:
transported into the urine, diabetes. - Assess the patient's response to
leading to its removal from metformin in terms of glycemic
the body. control.
- Evaluate the patient's
Reference: Cite your resources understanding of medication
using APA format.
management and lifestyle
modifications.
________ _______
_____ __________ ______ _________ _______

NAME Deluvio, Donne Louis Raphael D. COURSE Pharmacology CONCEPT Endocrine 2

 DRUG STUDY GENERIC NAME Metformin | Insulin BRAND NAME Glucophage | Humalog DRUG CLASS Biguanide | Antidiabetic

Name of Drug Mechanism of Action Indication Contraindication Side Effects Adverse Effects Nursing Responsibilities

Generic Name Humalog, a brand name for Insulin is mainly used to 1.Hypoglycemia Risk: 1.Hypoglycemia: 1.Hypoglycemia (General): Assessment:
Insulin insulin lispro, is a rapid- manage diabetes: - Caution: Potential for Symptoms: Shakiness, Organ System: Central - Baseline Assessment:
acting insulin. Its low blood sugar, especially sweating, dizziness. nervous system. - Gather patient history,
Brand Name mechanism of action 1.Type 1 Diabetes: Vital for in those prone to Prevention: Proper dosage Effects: Headache, including diabetes type, duration,
Humalog involves promoting glucose those who don't produce hypoglycemia. and timing. dizziness, confusion. and previous insulin use.
uptake by cells, inhibiting insulin. 2.Injection Site Reactions: 2.Local Injection Site - Assess the patient's
Drug Class glucose production in the 2.Type 2 Diabetes: 2. Allergies or Sensitivities: Symptoms: Redness, Reactions: understanding of insulin therapy
Antidiabetic agent (insulin) liver, and reducing the Employed when other - Caution: Care needed swelling, or itching at the Organ System: Skin. and ability to self-administer.
release of glucagon. This medications aren't for individuals with known injection site. Effects: Redness, swelling,
Route of Administration helps regulate blood sugar sufficient. insulin allergies or Management: Rotate itching. - Ongoing Assessment:
Subcutaneous injection levels by facilitating the sensitivities. injection sites and practice 3.Hypokalemia (General): - Monitor blood glucose levels
cellular uptake of glucose. It helps regulate blood proper injection Organ System: regularly.
Dosage The rapid onset of action sugar levels after meals 3. Renal and Hepatic techniques. Cardiovascular system. - Assess for signs of
Dosage varies based on makes it effective for (postprandial) and Impairment: 3.Weight Gain: Effects: Irregular hypoglycemia (shakiness,
individual needs, and it’s managing postprandial between meals (basal). - Caution: Adjustments Explanation: Some heartbeats, muscle sweating) and hyperglycemia
crucial to follow the glucose levels. Insulin is also used during necessary for kidney or individuals may experience weakness. (excessive thirst, frequent
specific recommendations pregnancy for gestational liver issues affecting insulin weight gain with insulin 4.Weight Gain (General): urination).
provided by a healthcare diabetes and can address metabolism. therapy. Organ System: Metabolic - Evaluate injection sites for any
professional. Onset: Typically around 15 emergency situations like 4.Hypokalemia: and endocrine systems. local reactions.
minutes. high potassium levels. 4. Drug Interactions: Symptoms: Low potassium Effects: Increased body
Peak Action: Occurs within Administered through - Caution: Concurrent levels may occur. weight. Diagnosis:
1 to 2 hours after injections or insulin pumps, medications impacting Monitoring: Regular 5.Allergic Reactions - Diagnose Potential Nursing
administration. it plays a key role in blood sugar may require monitoring and potential (General): Diagnoses:
Duration: The effects last preventing diabetes-related insulin dose modifications. supplementation. Organ System: Immune - Risk for unstable blood
for about 3 to 4 hours. complications. 5.Allergic Reactions: system. glucose levels.
5. Hypokalemia: Symptoms: Rash, itching, Effects: Rash, itching, - Ineffective self-health
Pharmacokinetics (ADME) - Caution: Monitoring or swelling. swelling. management related to lack of
1.Absorption: needed, as insulin can Seek Medical Attention: knowledge about insulin therapy.
Definition: How the drug worsen low potassium Severe reactions require
gets into the bloodstream. levels. immediate medical Planning:
Example: Taking a pill or attention. - Develop a Care Plan:
getting an injection. 6. Pregnancy: - Set goals for maintaining
2.Distribution: - Caution: Insulin dosage target blood glucose levels.
Definition: How the drug adjustments may be - Establish an education plan for
the patient on insulin self-

NAME Deluvio, Donne Louis Raphael D. COURSE Pharmacology CONCEPT Endocrine 3

 DRUG STUDY GENERIC NAME Metformin | Insulin BRAND NAME Glucophage | Humalog DRUG CLASS Biguanide | Antidiabetic

Name of Drug Mechanism of Action Indication Contraindication Side Effects Adverse Effects Nursing Responsibilities

moves from the necessary during administration and recognizing

bloodstream to tissues. pregnancy. signs of hypo/hyperglycemia.
Example: Spreading from
blood to organs. 7. Adrenal Insufficiency: Intervention:
3.Metabolism: - Caution: Higher insulin - Medication Administration:
Definition: How the body doses may be needed in - Administer insulin according to
changes the drug. individuals with adrenal the prescribed schedule.
Example: Liver breaking insufficiency. - Teach the patient proper
down the drug. injection techniques and site
4.Excretion: Careful consideration of rotation.
Definition: How the body these factors and open
eliminates the drug. communication with - Patient Education:
Example: Kidneys removing healthcare providers are - Provide information on diet,
the drug through urine. crucial for safe insulin use. exercise, and the importance of
adhering to the prescribed insulin
Reference: Cite your resources regimen.
using APA format.
- Educate on recognizing and
managing hypoglycemia and
hyperglycemia.

Evaluation:
- Assess Effectiveness:
- Evaluate blood glucose levels
to ensure they are within the
target range.
- Monitor patient's ability to
self-manage insulin therapy and
recognize complications.

Assessment Findings to Watch Out

For:
- Hypoglycemia: Sweating,
shakiness, confusion.
- Hyperglycemia: Excessive thirst,
frequent urination, fatigue.

NAME Deluvio, Donne Louis Raphael D. COURSE Pharmacology CONCEPT Endocrine 4

 DRUG STUDY GENERIC NAME Metformin | Insulin BRAND NAME Glucophage | Humalog DRUG CLASS Biguanide | Antidiabetic

Name of Drug Mechanism of Action Indication Contraindication Side Effects Adverse Effects Nursing Responsibilities

NAME Deluvio, Donne Louis Raphael D. COURSE Pharmacology CONCEPT Endocrine 5