Lecture: Bearing II

Rolling-Element Bearings
MEC3416 Machine Design

Dr Jing Fu (Clayton)
Dr Jen Nee Lim (Malaysia)
Rolling Element Bearings
307 208
Types of Bearings

More Rows for higher load To take axial loads

3
Type of Elements
• Spherical (Ball)
o Point Contact
• Cylindrical (or needle if L/D>4)
o Line Contact
o Some needle bearing have no inner race, shaft becomes inner race.

4
Roller Bearings
• Usually rings are separable. Integrated seals and shield not
appropriate.
• Single row, double row
• Radial, axial or mixed.

5
Type of Rolling Element Bearing
• Radial
o For radial loads.
• Thrust
o For axial loads.
• Angular contact/Tapered Radial Thrust
o For mix of axial and radial loads.

6
Deep Grove Ball Bearing
• Most common
• Primarily radial loads although some axial loads allowed.
• How to get the balls in? Figure 14.1b
• Allow small axial misalignment, 15’
• Nomenclature, Figure 14.1
• Bearings with loading groves allow more balls to be packed in,
more radial load but allows for smaller axial misalignment.

7
Nomenclature

8
Thrust Bearing

Thrust

9
How to get balls in?

10
Seals and shields
• Not separable after assembly, suitable for
use of seals and shields.
• Seals used to keep lubrication inside. Initial
lubrication can last the life of the bearing.
• Shields are used to keep out foreign
particles.

11
Journal Bearing vs Rolling Element
Journal Rolling Element

Suitable for High Speed Suitable for Low Speed

Friction high at high speed
Fatigue considerations
High Inertial of elements
Oil Film Contact Rolling Contact

High starting loads not ok,  and wear High starting loads, ok.
high

Larger axial size Larger radial size

Quiet Noisy
12
Bearing Manufacture
• Material
o High hardness, e.g. high-carbon chrome steel
o Heat treatment to produce favorable surface stress.
o Vacuum degassing of molten steel to remove inclusions.
• Tolerance
o Very crucial.
o Standards for ball bearing set by Annular Bearing Engineer’s Committee.
(ABEC)
o Range from ABEC1, ABEC5, ABEC7 and ABEC 9.
o Progressively tighter tolerance.

13
Focus
• We will focus on choosing (not designing or manufacturing) ball and
roller bearing.
• Mainly those take radial load and axial load are considered.
• Catalogues from bearing manufacturers have information on all the
various types.
• Can be found on internet or hard copies.

14
Bearing Selection (Size)
L – extra light
• See Table 14.1 2 – Light
• Bearing Basic Number, First number 3 - Medium
represents the size/load capacity L02
• Figure 14.11 show what all the symbols mean.

15
Dimensions

16
Table 14.1 (cont.) 17
Table 14.1 (cont.)
18
Bearing Failure
• Brinelling occurs when loads exceed the
elastic limit of the ring material (showing
indentations, and increase bearing vibration)
• Normal Fatigue failure
o Removal small discrete particles of material.
o Occur on the inner ring, outer ring, or balls.
o This type of failure is progressive, accompanied by
an increase in vibration

19 http://www.wilcoxon.com
Bearing Selection (Load)
• Consideration
o Static Load (Brinelling)
o Dynamic Load
o Operation Speed (Lubrication related)
• Follow manufacturers recommendation.
• Bearing Rated Capacity C (N or kN), for 90 X 106 Revolution Life
with 90 Percent Reliability
o If a bearing has rate capacity is C, such as 1 kN. With the actual load at 1
kN, the bearing life is expected to be 90 X 106 revolutions with 90 percent
reliability.

20
Table 14.2
Bearing Rated Capacities.
C, for 90 X 106 Revolution
Life with 90 Percent Reliability
(Continued on next slide.)

21
 22
Table 14.2 (cont.)
Bearing life requirement
• What if actual load ≠ rated capacity?

If you want to know the

L = Lr (C Fr )
3.33 life of the bearing for
this application

Creq = Fr (L LR )
0.3 If you want to know the
bearing capacity for this
application.

C = rated capacity, e.g. Table 14.2

Lr= Life of bearing at load C (90x106)
Fr= Radial load for this application

23
Radial Dynamic Load
If you want to know the

L = Kr Lr (C Fr Ka )
3.33 life of the bearing for
this application

Creq = Fr Ka (L Kr LR )
0.3 If you want to know the
bearing capacity for this
application.

C = rated capacity, e.g. Table 14.2

Lr= Life of bearing at load C (90x106)
Creq = Load required for this application
L=Life of this bearing for this application
Fr= Radial load for this application
Kr = Reliability factor, see Figure 14.13
Ka=Shock factor, Table 14.3
24
Reliability factor Kr

Figure 14.13
25
Application factor Ka

26
Axial + Radial Dynamic Load (complete model)

L = Kr Lr (C Fe Ka )
3.33

Creq = Fe Ka (L Kr LR )
0.3

* Fr has been replaced with Fe

Fr= Radial load
Fe=Effective load (considering both radial and axial loads)

See equation 14.3 and 14.4 for calculating Fe

On next page
27
Equivalent Load

𝛼 = 0° (radial ball bearings)

𝐹𝑡
For 0 < < 0.35, 𝐹𝑒 = 𝐹𝑟
𝐹𝑟 Ft – Thrust/Axial Load
𝐹𝑡 𝐹𝑡
𝐹𝑜𝑟 0.35 < < 10, 𝐹𝑒 = 𝐹𝑟 1 + 1.115 − 0.35 Fr – Radial Load
𝐹𝑟 𝐹𝑟
𝐹𝑡 Fe – Equivalent Load
𝐹𝑜𝑟 > 10, 𝐹𝑒 = 1.176𝐹𝑡
𝐹𝑟

𝛼 = 25° (angular ball bearings)

𝐹𝑡
For 0 < < 0.68, 𝐹𝑒 = 𝐹𝑟
𝐹𝑟
𝐹𝑡 𝐹𝑡
𝐹𝑜𝑟 0.68 < < 10, 𝐹𝑒 = 𝐹𝑟 1 + 0.870 − 0.68
𝐹𝑟 𝐹𝑟
𝐹𝑡
𝐹𝑜𝑟 > 10, 𝐹𝑒 = 0.911𝐹𝑡
𝐹𝑟

28
Suggested Bearing Design (Selection) Lives

29
Design Example

• Select a ball bearing for an industrial machine

• 8 hours a day at 1800 rpm
• Both radial and thrust loads
• Light to moderate loading, 30 90% reliability required
Ft / Fr = 1.25
Fe = 2.4 kN (radial bearing)
Fe = 1.8 kN (angular bearing)

From table K a = 1.5 etc.

Choose 30,000 hours

31
Design Example
Creq = Fe K a (L K r LR )
0.3

Choose 30,000 - hour life, Life in revolution :

1800 rpm  20,000 h  60 min/h = 3240  106 rev
K r = 1, Lr = 90 106 revolutions

Find Creq = (2.4)(1.5)(3240 / 90) 0.3 = 10.55 kN (radial bearing)

or 7.91 kN (angular bearing), Check database for the right bearings

32
Table 14.2a (p. 577)
Bearing Rated Capacities.
C, for 90 X 106 Revolution
Life with 90 Percent
Reliability
(Continued on next slide.)

33
34
For radial bearing, options will be L14, 211, 307
How about angular contact35 bearing?
Design Example (Bearing Life Prediction)

• Estimate the life for 90% reliability

• The reliability for 30,000 hour life

36
Design Example (Bearing Life Prediction)
L = K r Lr (C Fe K a )
3.33

= (1)(90  10 )(12 / 3.6)

6 3.33
= 4959  10 rev = 45,920 h
6

L = 30,000 hours = 3240  10 rev = K r Lr (C Fe K a )

6 3.33

K r = 0.65
reliability is 95%

37
Design Example (Cumulative Damage)
• What if varying loads?
• Miner’s rule - simple rule for fatigue failure under varying loads
• Each cycle (revolution) consume a part of total cycle life until
reaching 100%

n +n
1 2
+ n
3
+ ...... + n
k
=1
N N1 2 N 3 N k

• ni represent the number of cycles at specific stress level

• Ni represent the life (in cycles) at these stress levels.

38
Design Example (Cumulative Damage)

• Loading varies: 3,5 and 7 kN at 50 , 30 and 20

percent of the time
• Miner’s rule applies

n +n
1 2
+ n
3
+ ...... + n
k
=1
N N
1 2 N 3
39
N k
Design Example (Cumulative Damage)
For 207 bearing, C = 8.5 kN (90  106 and 90% reliability)

L = K r Lr (C Fe K a )
3.33

Fr = Fe = 3 kN and L = 2887 106 rev

Fr = Fe = 5 kN and L = 527 106 rev
Fr = Fe = 7 kN and L = 171.8 106 rev
suppose life time X min
500 X 300 X 200 X
+ + =1
2887  10 527  10 172  10
6 6 6

X = 524,436 min 40
Installation of rolling bearings
• Usually bearing is press-fitted on the shaft with shaft machining
dimensions given in catalogs
• Several common arrangements for securing the inner race to the
shaft where the shaft is to rotate with the inner race are shown:
Plate fastened
Lock nut
with screws
Snap ring

41
Bearing Design (Selection)
• Axial loads will always be present even when F.B.D. does not
show (e.g. vibration, gravity).
• Only one (and no more than one) bearing takes axial load in a
particular direction.
• Errors in machining and thermal expansion will not allow load to
be shared.
• Considering self-aligning ball bearing
o Allows for shaft misalignment and excessive deflection
o Two row of balls and a concave outer race.

42
Summary
• Geometry of roller element bearing
• Bearing selection: predict bearing life or choose bearing based on expected
life
• Cumulative damages - Miner’s rule

• References:
o Juvinall RC, Marshek KM. Fundamentals of machine component design. Hoboken, NJ:
John Wiley & Sons; 2019
o Budynas RG, Nisbett JK, Shigley JE. Shigley's mechanical engineering design. Boston:
McGraw-Hill; 2008.