Computer Graphics MCQ (Multiple Choice Questions)

1. Which of the following statements define Computer Graphics?

a) It refers to designing plans
b) It means designing computers
c) It refers to designing images
d) None of the mentioned
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: Computer Graphics refers to designing or generating images using
computers.
2. Among the given scientists/inventor who is known as the father of Computer
Graphics?
a) Nikola Tesla
b) Ivan Sutherland
c) Ada Lovelace
d) Marie Curie
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: Ivan Sutherland is considered the father of Computer Graphics. He is the
inventor of an interactive graphics system called sketchpad in 1963.
3. Which of the following are the features of Computer Graphics?
a) Creation and deletion of images by computer only
b) Deletion and manipulation of graphical images by computer
c) Creation and manipulation of graphics by computer
d) Creation of artificial images by computer only
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: Creation and manipulation of graphics (artificial images) by computer are
the features of Computer Graphics.
4. Which of the following is a Computer Graphics type?
a) Raster and Vector
b) Raster and Scalar
c) Scalar only
d) All of the above
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: Vector graphics are computer-rendered visual art that follows a
mathematical formula. Raster images are made up of thousands of tiny pixels, making
them resolution-dependent and ideally suited for photo editing.
5. Which of the following plane is used for 2D transformations?
a) Three-dimensional plane
b) Two-dimensional plane
c) One-dimensional plane
d) Four-dimensional Plane
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: A two-dimensional plane is used for 2D transformations. Transformations
are useful for modifying an object’s position, size, orientation, and shape, among other
things.
6. Which of the following is a Computer Graphics Curve?
a) Bezier Curves
b) Implicit Curves
c) Explicit Curves
d) All of the above
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: A curve is made up of an unlimited number of points. Except for endpoints,
each point has two neighbors. Explicit, implicit, Bezier and parametric curves are the
three types of curves.
7. Who is the first user of computer graphics?
a) William Fetter
b) Ivan Edward Sutherland
c) Ada Lovelace
d) Nicholas Williams
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: In 1960s William Fetter used computer graphics to create cockpit drawing.
He along with Verne Hudson did research on computer graphics.
8. Which of the following is the purpose for using clipping in computer graphics?
a) copying
b) zooming
c) adding graphics
d) removing objects and lines
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: Clipping is a technique for removing objects, lines, and line segments that
are outside of the viewing pane. Several types of clippings are used in computer
graphics like:
 Point Clipping
 Line Clipping
 Area Clipping (Polygon)
 Curve Clipping
 Text Clipping
 Exterior Clipping

9. In a graphical system, an array of pixels in the picture are stored in which of the
following locations?
a) Frame buffer
b) Processor
c) Memory
d) All of the mentioned
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: The main purpose of using a framer buffer is to store pixels.
10. Curves in computer graphics is primarily used for which of the following function?
a) To draw different types of objects onto the screen
b) Zooming out a picture
c) Copying a picture
d) Zooming in a picture
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: We frequently need to draw several types of things onto the screen in
computer graphics. Objects are not always flat, and we must draw curves many times in
order to draw an object.
11. __________ types of translation are present in computer graphics.
a) 5
b) 3
c) 4
d) 6
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: There are three types of translation techniques in computer graphics: point
translation (which deals with a single point), line translation (which deals with a line), and
polygon translation (which deals with a polygon) (deals with a shape).
12. Bitmap is a collection of ____________ that describes an image.
a) pixels
b) algorithms
c) bits
d) colors
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: A bitmap is a set of pixels that make up an image. It’s a sort of computer
graphics that lets you store and show photographs on your computer.
13. Which of the following devices provides positional information to the graphics
system?
a) Pointing devices
b) Both Input devices and Pointing devices
c) Output devices
d) Input devices
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: Input devices provide positional information to the system they are often
called pointing devices.
14. Which of the following is defined as the number of pixels stored in the frame buffer of
a graphics system?
a) Resalution
b) Resolution
c) Depth
d) None of the mentioned
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: The Resolution is defined as the number of pixels.
15. Which of the following is a primary output device of a graphics system?
a) Printer
b) Scanner
c) Video monitor
d) Neither Scanner nor Video monitor
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: The video monitor is the commonly used output device since it displays the
images on the screen.
16. Which of the following is used in graphics workstations as input devices to accept
voice commands?
a) Speech recognizers
b) Touch panels
c) None of the mentioned
d) All of the mentioned
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: Speech recognizers allow users to issue voice commands.
17. What is the use of voice system input?
a) To enter data
b) To initiate graphics operation and also to enter data
c) To initiate graphics operation
d) None of the mentioned
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: The voice system input is utilized to start graphics operations or to enter
data.
18. Which of the following is defined as the process of elimination of parts of a scene
outside a window or a viewport?
a) editing
b) cutting
c) plucking
d) clipping
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: Clipping is the process of removing excess content from a project. Clipping
is a way of selectively enabling or disabling rendering activities within a defined region of
interest in computer graphics.
19. Which of the following is known as the window opened on the raster graphics screen
in which the image will be displayed?
a) Interface window
b) World window
c) World co-ordinate system
d) Screen co-ordinate system
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: In layman’s terms, it’s referred to as a graphical user interface (GUI). Users
can interact with electronic equipment by using graphical icons and visual indicators like
secondary notation.
20. Which of the following operations can be used to zoom in or out around any axis on
a three-dimensional object from its original position?
a) Rotation
b) Shearing
c) Scaling
d) Translation
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: Scaling is the process of changing or modifying the size of objects in
computer graphics. The object’s size can be increased or decreased via scaling.
21. Among the following process, which process is known as the elimination of parts of a
scene outside a window or a viewport?
a) editing
b) plucking
c) cutting
d) clipping
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: Clipping is the process of removing excess content from a project. Clipping
is a way of selectively enabling or disabling rendering activities within a defined region of
interest in computer graphics.
22. Viewing transformation is the process of mapping a world window in World
Coordinates to the Viewport.
a) False
b) True
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: The viewing transformation is a computer graphics procedure in which the
maps represent the perspective view of an object in world coordinates into the display
space of a physical device.
23. Which of the following is defined as the drawing of number of copies of the same
image in rows and columns across the interface window so that they cover the entire
window?
a) Zooming
b) Panning
c) Tiling
d) Roaming
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: ‘Tilling’ is the process of drawing several copies of the same image in rows
and columns across the interface window until the entire window is covered. In computer
graphics, the window remains static while the viewpoint is modified multiple times to
accomplish tiling.
24. How many axes do 3D graphics consist of?
a) Two axes
b) Three axes
c) Five axes
d) One axis
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: The x-axis, y-axis, and z-axis are the three axes that make up a three-
dimensional graphic. The length, breadth, and height of a three-dimensional object are
represented by these axes.
25. Which of the following is the most commonly used boundary representation for a 3-
dimensional graphics object?
a) Volume polygon
b) System polygon
c) Data polygon
d) Surface polygon
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: The most common border representation for a 3-D graphics item is a
surface polygon. This surface polygon encloses the object’s inside. A set of polygons is
maintained for a description of the object in this way of representation.
26. Which of the following is the process of digitizing a given picture definition into a set
of pixel-intensity for storage in the frame buffer?
a) Scan conversion
b) True color system
c) Encoding
d) Rasterization
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: The digitization of a picture definition into a collection of pixel-intensity for
storage in the frame buffer process is called scan conversion.
27. Which of the following is commonly known as frame buffer on a black and white
system with one bit per pixel?
a) Bitmap
b) Pix map
c) Multi map
d) All of the mentioned
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: The bit map frame buffer is always 1 bit per pixel.
28. Which of the following algorithm is a faster method for calculating pixel positions?
a) Parallel line algorithm
b) Mid-point algorithm
c) DDA line algorithm
d) Bresenham’s line algorithm
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: The fastest method DDA for calculating pixel positions is a faster method.
29. If the boundary is specified in a single color, and if the algorithm proceeds pixel by
pixel until the boundary color is encountered is known as ____
a) Parallel curve algorithm
b) Flood-fill algorithm
c) Scan-line fill algorithm
d) Boundary-fill algorithm
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: This algorithm proceeds outward pixel by pixel until the boundary color is
encountered.
30. Which of the following defines a pixel mask?
a) A string containing 1 and 0
b) A string containing 0 and 0
c) A string containing only 0’s
d) A string containing only 1;s
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: Inter-span spacing can be specified in a pixel mask that contains digits 1
and 0.
31. What does an aspect ratio mean?
a) Ratio of vertical points to horizontal points
b) Ratio of vertical points to horizontal points and horizontal points to vertical points
c) Number of pixels
d) Ratio of horizontal points to vertical points
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: The ratio of vertical points to horizontal points and horizontal points to
vertical points is known as an aspect ratio.
32. Which of the following is a correct abbreviation of DDA algorithm?
a) Data differential analyzer
b) Direct differential analyzer
c) Digital difference analyzer
d) Digital differential analyzer
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: DDA stands for the digital differential analyzer.
33. The Cohen-Sutherland algorithm divides the region into how many spaces?
a) 9
b) 8
c) 7
d) 6
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: The Cohen-Sutherland algorithm divides a two-dimensional space into 9
areas before determining the visible lines and sections of lines. The sections of interest
are seen in the central region.
34. The Cohen Sutherland algorithm is more efficient than the Liang-Barsky algorithm.
a) False
b) True
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: Because the Liang–Barsky clipping technique performs as much testing as
feasible before computing line crossings, it is significantly more efficient than other
algorithms.
35. Which of the following is used for 3D positioning and modeling, animation, and other
application?
a) Spac ball
b) Trackball
c) Space ball
d) All of the mentioned
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: A space ball is a 3D positioning device.
36. Which of the following can be used to determine the position on the data tablet?
a) Either Signal strength or coded pulse
b) Coded pulse
c) Signal strength
d) Strip microphones
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: Either Signal strength or coded pulse determines the position on the data
tablet.
37. Which of the following type of perspective projection is also called “Angular
Perspective”?
a) Four-Point
b) Three-point
c) One-point
d) Two-point
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: “Angular Perspective” is another name for Two-Point. The two vanishing
points on the line in a two-point perspective form an angle between them, which is why it
is also known as angular perspective.
38. Which of the following type of perspective projection is used in drawings of railway
lines?
a) Three-point
b) Two-point
c) One-point
d) Perspective projection is not used to draw railway lines
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: The One Point projection is commonly used to depict highways, railroad
tracks, and buildings. Only one vanishing point on the horizon line is present in a One-
Point perspective, which aids in the creation of railway tracks.
39. Which of the following representation represents a three-dimensional object?
a) Function
b) Point
c) Polygon
d) Equation
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: An equation representation can be used to represent a three-dimensional
entity. Three variables, x, y, and z, and four coefficients, A, B, C, and D, make up the
equation for a three-dimensional object.
40. Which part of a picture is considered and saved in exterior clipping?
a) We don’t consider the picture in exterior clipping
b) Picture which is outside the view window
c) Picture which is inside the view window
d) Picture which is on the edges of the view window
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: The image beyond the view window is examined and preserved throughout
the external cutting procedure. The portion of the image that is visible through the view
window is discarded. The external clipping method is the polar opposite of the text and
curve clipping methods.
41. Which of the following clipping process handles the clipping of strings?
a) Text Clipping
b) Exterior Clipping
c) Curve Clipping
d) Shape Clipping
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: Text Clipping is the technique that manages string clipping. It’s the method
for determining which parts of the string should be kept depending on their position in
the view window. Text Clippings come in a variety of forms, such as all or none
character clipping, all or none string clipping, and so on.
42. Which of the following algorithm can be used to clip a polygon in 3D space?
a) Vatti Clipping Algorithm
b) Polygon in 3D space cannot be clipped
c) Weiler Atherton Algorithm
d) Greiner Hormann Clipping Algorithm
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: Weiler Atherton Method is a 2D algorithm that may also be utilised in 3D
space. It is primarily utilised in 2D space, but with the help of Z-ordering, it can also be
used in 3D space. The Greiner Hormann Clipping algorithm and the Vatti Clipping
method only function in 2D space.
43. How is the line path on the polygon area for a 45% line?
a) Vertical
b) Horizontal
c) Centered
d) None of the mentioned
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: Only if a line is 45 percent is the line path centered on the polygon region.
44. Which of the following is defined as the sampling of object characteristics at a high
resolution and displaying the result at a lower resolution?
a) Anti-aliasing
b) Super-sampling or Post-filtering
c) Post-filtering
d) Super-sampling
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: By computing intensities and combining findings to create pixel intensities,
super-sampling is also known as Post-filtering.
45. Which of the following is the correct full form of the NLN line clipping algorithm?
a) Nicholai-Lee-Nicholl algorithm
b) Nicholl-Liang-Nicholl algorithm
c) Nicholl-Lee-Nicholl algorithm
d) Nicholai-Liang-Nicholl algorithm
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: The full form of the NLN clipping algorithm is the Nicholl-Lee-Nicholl
algorithm. It is a fast method of clipping.
46. ‘Skala’ is an example of which of the following type of clipping?
a) polygon clipping
b) line clipping
c) curve clipping
d) point clipping
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: Skala is a clipping procedure that can be used to clip a line or a line
segment against a rectangular window as well as a convex polygon. Its algorithm is
based on duality and homogeneous coordinates.
47. Which of the following is not a type of area sampling?
a) Point sampling
b) Weighted area sampling
c) Anti-aliasing
d) Unweighted area sampling
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: Weighted and unweighted area sampling are two methods of area
sampling that differ in terms of intensity proportionality. Unweighted area sampling is
also known as anti-aliasing, but point sampling is not a sort of area sampling.
48. In which of the following method, fixed pattern of a line is used to generate
characters?
a) Dot-matrix method
b) Bitmap method
c) Stroke method
d) Starbust method
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: A mixture of 24bit line segments is employed in the Starbust approach. It is
a character generating method in which only 24 strokes are defined for character
generation.
49. Which of the following stores the picture information as a charge distribution behind
the phosphor-coated screen?
a) Direct-view storage tube
b) Flat panel displays
c) 3D viewing device
d) Cathode ray tube
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: DVST saves the picture information behind the screen rather than updating
it.
50. Which of the following device is designed to minimize the background sound?
a) Joystick
b) Data glove
c) Microphone
d) Digitizers
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: The microphone is designed to minimize the background sound.

Chapterwise Multiple Choice Questions on Computer Graphics

1. Basic of Computer Graphics
2. Graphics Primitives
3. 2D Transformation and Viewing
4. 3D Transformation and Viewing
5. 3D Concepts and Object Representation
6. Illumination and Colour Models
7. Animations and Realism
1. Basic of Computer Graphics
The section contains multiple choice questions and answers on graphics hardware,
display and input devices.

 Graphics Hardware and Display Devices

 Input Devices – 2
 Input Devices – 1

2. Graphics Primitives
The section contains questions and answers on line filling algorithms, line and curve
attributes, color and grayscale levels, area fill attributes, bundled and character
attributes, character generation and area sampling.

 Line Filling Algorithms

 Bundled Attributes
 Line Attributes
 Character Attributes
 Curve Attributes
 Character Generation
 Color and Grayscale Levels
 Area Sampling
 Area Fill Attributes
3. 2D Transformation and Viewing
The section contains MCQs on 2d translation, rotation and scaling, matrix
representations, 2d transformations and reflection, 2d viewing, window to viewport
coordinate transformation, clipping operations, cohen-sutherland and liang barsky line
clipping, sutherland-hodgeman polygon clipping, polygon clipping algorithms, curve, text
and exterior clipping.

 2D Translation
 Clipping Operations
 2D Rotation
 Cohen-Sutherland Line Clipping
 2D Scaling
 Liang-Barsky Line Clipping
 Matrix Representations and Homogeneous
Coordinates  Nicholl-Lee-Nicholl Line Clipping

 Composite 2D Transformations  Line Clipping Using Non Rectangular Clip

Windows
 2D Reflection and Shear
 Sutherland-Hodgeman Polygon Clipping
 Transformations between Coordinate
Systems & Affine Transformations  Other Polygon Clipping Algorithms

 Two Dimensional Viewing  Curve, Text and Exterior Clipping – 1

 Window to Viewport Coordinate  Curve, Text and Exterior Clipping – 2

Transformation

4. 3D Transformation and Viewing

The section contains multiple choice questions and answers on 3d concepts, 3d
translation, rotation and scaling, 3d transformations and reflection, 3d viewing, parallel
and perspective projections, view volumes, parallel and perspective projection
transformations, 3d clipping and normalized view volumes.

 Three Dimensional Concepts

 Perspective Projections
 3D Translation and Scaling
 View Volumes & General Projection
 3D Rotation – 1 Transformation

 3D Rotation – 2  General Parallel Projection Transformations

 3D Reflection and Shear  General Perspective Projection

Transformations
 3D Composite Transformations
 3D Clipping
 Three Dimensional Viewing
 Normalized View Volumes
 Parallel Projections
5. 3D Concepts and Object Representation
The section contains questions and answers on polygon and quadric surfaces, tables,
blobby objects, spline representations and specifications, cubic spline interpolation
methods, bezier and b-spline curves and surfaces, solid geometry methods, bsp trees,
fractal geometry, particle systems, data sets visualization, editing structures, visible
surface detection algorithms and methods.

 Polygon Surfaces, Tables, Meshes & Plane

Equations  Constructive Solid Geometry Methods
 Quadric Surfaces, Superquadrics & Blobby  Octrees and BSP Trees
Objects
 Fractal Geometry
 Spline Representations & Specifications
 Particle Systems and Physically Based
 Cubic Spline Interpolation Methods Modeling
 Bezier Curves and Surfaces  Visualization of Data Sets
 B-Spline Curves and Surfaces  Visible Surface Detection Algorithms
 Beta Splines and Rational Splines  Visible Surface Detection Methods- Curved
 Conversion Between Spline and Sweep Surfaces
Representations  Structure Concepts and Editing Structures
 Displaying Spline Curves and Surfaces

6. Illumination and Colour Models

The section contains MCQs on modelling concepts, illumination models, hierarchical
modelling, transparency and shadowing, halftone patterns, polygon rendering and ray
tracing methods, radiosity lighting model, environmental mapping, light, standard
primaries, chromaticity diagram, color models, selection and its applications.

 Basic Modeling Concepts  Ray Tracing Methods

 Hierarchical Modeling with Structures  Space Subdivision Methods and Distributed

Ray Tracing
 Illumination and Light Sources
 Radiosity Lighting Model
 Basic Illumination Models
 Environment Mapping and Adding Surface
 Transparency and Shadows
 Light, Standard Primaries and Chromaticity
 Displaying Light Intensities Diagram
 Halftone Patterns and Dithering Techniques  Color Models
 Polygon Rendering Methods  Color Selection and Applications
7. Animations and Realism
The section contains multiple choice questions and answers on anti aliasing, graphic
user interfaces, input devices, functions and its modes, interactive picture construction
techniques, computer animation, key frame systems, controlling animation methods,
motion specifications, inquiry functions, light properties and intensities, dithering
techniques, curved surfaces, raycasting and wireframe methods.

 Anti Aliasing  Motion Specifications

 Graphical User Interfaces – Basics  Inquiry Functions
 Different Input Devices  Properties of Lights
 lnput Functions and Modes  Displaying Light Intensities
 lnteractive Picture Construction Techniques  Halftone Patterns and Dithering Techniques
 Computer Animation and Languages  Curved Surfaces & Visibility Detection
 Key Frame Systems Functions

 Methods of Controlling Animation  Raycasting and Wireframe Methods

1. Basic of Computer Graphics

Graphics Hardware and Display devices

1. Which devices provides positional information to the graphics system ?
a) Input devices
b) Output devices
c) Pointing devices
d) Both a and c
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: Input devices positional information to the system they often called pointing
devices.
2. The number of pixels stored in the frame buffer of a graphics system is known as
a) Resolution
b) Depth
c) Resalution
d) Only a
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: Number of pixels determines the resolution .
3. In graphical system, the array of pixels in the picture are stored in
a) Memory
b) Frame buffer
c) Processor
d) All of the mentioned
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: Frame buffer is mainly used to store pixels.
4. Heat supplied to the cathode by directing a current through a coil of wire is called
a) Electron gun
b) Electron beam
c) Filament
d) Anode and cathode
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: In CRT the filament is responsible for supply of power.
5. The maximum number of points that can be displayed without overlap on a CRT is
referred as
a) Picture
b) Resolution
c) Persistence
d) Neither b nor c
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: none.
6.________ stores the picture information as a charge distribution behind the phosphor-
coated screen.
a) Cathode ray tube
b) Direct-view storage tube
c) Flat panel displays
d) 3D viewing device
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: Instead of refreshing, DVST stores the picture information behind the
screen.
7. The devices which converts the electrical energy into light is called
a) Liquid-crystal displays
b) Non-emitters
c) Plasma panels
d) Emitters
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: Emissive displays are devices that convert electrical energy into light.
8. In which system, the Shadow mask methods are commonly used
a) Raster-scan system
b) Random-scan system
c) Only b
d) Both a and b
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: Raster-scan system uses shadow-mask method because they produce
wide range of colors.
9. The process of digitizing a given picture definition into a set of pixel-intensity for
storage in the frame buffer is called
a) Rasterization
b) Encoding
c) Scan conversion
d) True color system
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: The digitization process is called scan conversion.
10. Which display devices allows us to walk around an object and view it from different
sides.
a) Direct view storage tubes
b) Three-dimensional devices
c) Flat panel display devices
d) Plasma panel display devices
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: 3D display devices allows user to view the object from different sides.
11. In LCD, the refresh rate of the screen is
a) 60 frames/sec
b) 80 frames/sec
c) 30 frames/sec
d) 100 frames/sec
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: LCD screen is refreshed at 60 frames per second.
12. Random-scan system mainly designed for
a) Realistic shaded screen
b) Fog effect
c) Line-drawing applications
d) Only b
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: Random-scan system mainly designed for Line-drawing applications.
13. The primary output device in a graphics system is_________
a) Scanner
b) Video monitor
c) Neither a nor b
d) Printer
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: The video monitor is the commonly used output device.
14. On a black and white system with one bit per pixel, the frame buffer is commonly
called as
a) Pix map
b) Multi map
c) Bitmap
d) All of the mentioned
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: Bit map frame buffer is always 1 bit per pixel.
15. Aspect ratio means
a) Number of pixels
b) Ratio of vertical points to horizontal points
c) Ratio of horizontal points to vertical points
d) Both b and c
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: none.

Input Devices – 1
1. The most commonly used input device is
a) Mouse
b) Keyboard
c) Scanner
d) Printer
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: Keyboard is the most commonly used input device.
2. Which keys allows user to enter frequently used operations in a single key stroke?
a) Function keys
b) Cursor control keys
c) Trackball
d) Control keys
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: Function keys are used to access frequently used areas.
3. ________ are used to measure dial rotations.
a) Potentiometers
b) Volta meter
c) Parameter
d) Only a
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: Potentiometer measures the dial rotations.
4. The device which is used to position the screen cursor is
a) Mouse
b) Joystick
c) Data glove
d) Both a and c
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: A mouse is small hand-held box used to position the screen cursor.
5. _________ is used for detecting mouse motion.
a) Optical sensor
b) Rollers on the bottom of mouse
c) Both a and b
d) Sensor
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: Rollers and optical sensors are used to record the amount and direction of
movement.
6. Trackball is
a) Two-dimensional positioning device
b) Three- dimensional positioning device
c) Pointing device
d) None of the mentioned
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: Trackball is two-dimensional positioning device.
7. Space ball provide________ degree of freedom.
a) 10 degree
b) 6 degree
c) 8 degree
d) 12 degree
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: Space ball provide 6 degree of freedom.
8. Which is the ball that can be rotated with the fingers or palm of the hand?
a) Space ball
b) Trackball
c) Only a
d) Both b and c
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: Trackball is a ball that can be rotated with the fingers or palm of the hand.
9. ________ is used for 3D positioning and modeling, animation and other application.
a) Space ball
b) Trackball
c) Spac ball
d) All of the mentioned
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: Space ball is a 3D positioning device.
10. Potentiometers mounted at the base of the joystick measures
a) The amount of movement
b) The direction
c) Position
d) Resolution
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: Potentiometers mounted at the base of the joystick measures the amount
of movement.
11. Pressure-sensitive joysticks are also called
a) Non movable stick
b) Joystick
c) Isometric joystick
d) None of the mentioned
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: None.
12. Which is the device that is constructed with the series of sensors that detects hand
and finger motion?
a) Digitizers
b) Data glove
c) Joystick
d) Track ball
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: Data glove senses, detects hand and finger motion.
13. A common device for drawing, painting, or interactively selecting coordinate
positions on an object is a
a) Image scanner
b) Digitizers
c) Data glove
d) Touch panels
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: Digitizers can be used for drawing, painting and selecting positions.
14. Which device is used to input two-dimensional coordinates by activating a hand
cursor on a flat surface?
a) Graphic tablet
b) Data tablet
c) Only b
d) Both a and b
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: Graphic tablet are also called data tablet.
15. ___________ can be used to determine the position on the data tablet.
a) Strip microphones
b) Signal strength
c) Coded pulse
d) Either Signal strength or coded pulse
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: Either Signal strength or coded pulse determine the position on the data
tablet.

Input Devices – 2
1. __________ allows screen positions to be selected with the touch of a finger.
a) Touch panels
b) Image scanner
c) Light pen
d) Mouse
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: None.
2. What is the disadvantage of the light pen?
a) It’s shape
b) They cannot detect positions
c) Accurate reading
d) Cannot detect positions within black areas
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: light pen requires special implementations and sometimes gives false
reading due to background lighting in a room.
3. ________ is used in graphics workstation as input devices to accept voice
commands.
a) Touch panels
b) Speech recognizers
c) Only a
d) All of the mentioned
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: Through speech recognizers user can give voice commands.
4. What voice the use of voice system?
a) To initiate graphics operation
b) To enter data
c) Neither a nor b
d) Both a and b
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: The voice system input can be used to initiate graphics operations or to
enter data.
5. When a voice command is given, the system searches the _____________for a
frequency-pattern match.
a) Memory
b) Input data
c) Dictionary
d) Hard disk
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: System searches the dictionary for frequency pattern matching.
6. The device which is designed to minimize the background sound is
a) Microphone
b) Digitizers
c) Data glove
d) Joy stick
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: Microphone is designed to minimize the background sound.
7. The quality of a picture obtained from a device depends on
a) Dot size
b) Number of dots per inch
c) Number of lines per inch
d) All of the mentioned
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: quality depends on these attributes.
8. Which of the following device is not the input device?
a) Trackball and space ball
b) Data glove
c) Only d
d) Impact printers
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: printer is an output device.
9. Which device contains thumbwheel, trackball and a standard mouse ball?
a) Z mouse
b) Joystick
c) Mouse
d) Trackball
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: These 3 buttons are the Z mouse features.
10. Virtual reality, CAD, and animations are the application of
a) Z mouse
b) Digitizers
c) Data tablets
d) Image scanners
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: Application of Z mouse includes virtual reality, CAD, and animations.

2. Graphics Primitives

Line Filling Algorithms

1. The Cartesian slope-intercept equation for a straight line is
a) y = m.x + b
b) y = b.x + m
c) y = x.x + m
d) y = b + m.m
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: Equation for a straight line is y = m.x + b.
2. For lines with slope magnitude |m|<1, ?x can be_________
a) A set corresponding vertical deflection
b) A set proportional to a small horizontal deflection voltage
c) Only a
d) All of the mentioned
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation:?x can be a set proportional to a small horizontal deflection voltage only if
slope magnitude |m| < 1.
3. On raster system, lines are plotted with
a) Lines
b) Dots
c) Pixels
d) None of the mentioned
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: Using pixels lines can be plotted.
4. Expansion of line DDA algorithm is
a) Digital difference analyzer
b) Direct differential analyzer
c) Digital differential analyzer
d) Data differential analyzer
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: DDA stands for digital differential analyzer.
5. Which algorithm is a faster method for calculating pixel positions?
a) Bresenham’s line algorithm
b) Parallel line algorithm
c) Mid-point algorithm
d) DDA line algorithm
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: The DDA is a faster method for calculating pixel positions.
6. The disadvantage of lineDDA is
a) Time consuming
b) Faster
c) Neither a nor b
d) None of the mentioned
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: The DDA algorithm takes more time than other algorithm.
7. An accurate and efficient raster line-generating algorithm is
a) DDA algorithm
b) Mid-point algorithm
c) Parallel line algorithm
d) Bresenham’s line algorithm
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: Bresenham’s line algorithm is a very efficient and accurate algorithm.
8. In Bresenham’s line algorithm, if the distances d1 < d2 then decision parameter Pk
is______
a) Positive
b) Equal
c) Negative
d) Option a or c
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: If d1 < d2 then the decision variable is always negative.
9. Which is the best line algorithm to balance the processing load among the
processers?
a) Parallel line algorithm
b) DDA line algorithm
c) Bresenham’s line algorithm
d) Position Bresenham’s line algorithm
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: If there are ‘n’ processes then this algorithm divides it into number of
partitions and generates line segments.
10. The algorithm which uses multiple processors to calculate pixel positions is
a) Midpoint algorithm
b) Parallel line algorithm
c) Bresenham’s line algorithm
d) All of the mentioned
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: In Parallel line algorithm each processors calculates pixel positions.
11. Coordinate references in the polyline function are stated as
a) Relative coordinate values
b) Absolute coordinate values
c) Current position
d) Real coordinate values
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: Coordinate references in the polyline function are stated as absolute
coordinate values.
12. To apply the midpoint method, we define
a) ?circle(x, y)= x 2+ y 2-? r?2
b) ?circle(x, y)= x+ y 2-? r?2
c) ?circle(x, y)= x 2– y 2-? r?2
d) ?circle(x, y)= x2+ y 2-? z?2
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: None.
13. _______ is defined as set of points such that the sum of the distances is same for all
points.
a) Ellipses
b) Lines
c) Circles
d) Only a
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: Ellipses is defined as set of points.
14. If the boundary is specified in a single color, and if the algorithm proceeds pixel by
pixel until the boundary color is encountered is called
a) Scan-line fill algorithm
b) Boundary-fill algorithm
c) Flood-fill algorithm
d) Parallel curve algorithm
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: This algorithm proceeds outward pixel by pixel until the boundary color is
encountered.
15. If we want to recolor an area that is not defined within a single color boundary is
known as
a) Boundary-fill algorithm
b) Parallel curve algorithm
c) Flood-fill algorithm
d) Only b
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: We can paint such areas by replacing a specified interior color.
 Line Attributes
This section of our 1000+ Computer Graphics multiple choice questions focuses on Line
Attributes.
1. The basic attributes of a straight line segment are
a) Type
b) Width
c) Color
d) All of these
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: Type, width and colors are the basic attributes of line.
2. A dashed line could be displayed by generating_________.
a) Inter dash spacing
b) Very short dashes
c) Botha a and b
d) A or B
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: The inter dash spacing that is equal to the length of the solid sections
displays dashed line.
3. A dotted line can be displayed by generating
a) Very short dashes with spacing equal to and greater than dash size
b) Very long dashes with spacing equal to or greater than dash size
c) Very short dashes with spacing equal to and greater than dash size
d) Dots
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: Very long dashes with spacing equal to or greater than dash size can
displays dotted line.
4. Which of the following is not a line-type?
a) Dashed line
b) Dark line
c) Dotted line
d) Only b
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: Except dark line those are the types of the line.
5. In an application program, to set line-type attributes the following statement is used.
a) SetLinetype(lt)
b) setLinetype(lt)
c) SETLINETYPE(lt)
d) SETLINE()
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: None.
6. The algorithm which displays line-type attributes by plotting pixel spans is
a) Raster line algorithm
b) Raster scan algorithm
c) Random line algorithm
d) Random scan algorithm
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: Raster line algorithm displays line-type attributes.
7. Pixel mask means
a) A string containing only 1;s
b) A string containing only 0’s
c) A string containing 1 and 0
d) A string containing 0 and 0
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: Inter span spacing can be specified in a pixel mask that contains digits 1
and 0.
8. A heavy line on a video monitor could be displayed as
a) Adjacent perpendicular lines
b) Adjacent parallel lines
c) Both a and b
d) Neither a nor b
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: A heavy line displayed as adjacent parallel lines, while pen plotter might
require pen changes.
9. To set the line-width attribute the following command is used.
a) SETLINEWIDTHSCALEFACTOR (lw)
b) Setlinewidth()
c) Setlinewidthscalefacto (lw)
d) setLineWidthScaleFactor (lw)
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: setLineWidthScaleFactor (lw) function can be used to set line-width
attribute.
10. The parameter to “setLineWidthScaleFactor (lw) “function specifies?
a) Standard width
b) Relative width of the line
c) Thickness of the line
d) All of the mentioned
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: The positive value to lw indicates the relative width of the line.
Standard width, if Value=1
Thickness, if value>1.
11. We can adjust the shape of the line ends to give them a better appearance by using
a) Line spacing
b) More dots
c) Line caps
d) Round cap
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: Line caps are obtained by adjusting the end points of the line.
12. Thick line drawn with
a) Butt caps
b) Round caps
c) Projecting square caps
d) All of the mentioned
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: None.
13. We set the line-color value in PHIGS with the function
a) setPolylineColorIndex (lc)
b) setline Color()
c) SETPOLYLINECOLORINDEX (lc)
d) Only b
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: The setPolylineColorIndex (lc) function is used to set the line color.
14. If the angle between 2 connected line segments is very small then ________ can
generate a long spike that distorts the appearance of the polyline.
a) Miter join
b) Round join
c) Bevel join
d) None of the mentioned
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: Miter join provides long spikes that distort the appearance of the polyline.
15. A line drawn in the background color is
a) Visible
b) Invisible
c) Visible or Invisible
d) Only b
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: A line drawn in the background color is always invisible because both are
same color.

Curve Attributes
1. The basic parameter to curved attributes are
a) Type
b) Width
c) Color
d) All of the mentioned
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: Type, width and colors are the basic parameters to curved attributes.
2. Raster curves of various widths can be displayed using
a) Horizontal or vertical spans
b) Horizontal spans
c) Vertical spans
d) Horizontal and vertical spans
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: Raster curves of various widths can be displayed using Horizontal or
vertical spans.
3. If the magnitude of the curve slope is lesser than 1, then
a) We can plot horizontal spans
b) We can plot vertical spans
c) Only b
d) All of the mentioned
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: if slope magnitude<1 then we can plot vertical spans Magnitude > 1 then
we can plot vertical spans.
4. If the slope magnitude is 1, then circles, ellipse and other curves will appear
a) Thick
b) Thinnest
c) Big
d) Rough
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: The magnitude value 1 displays thinnest curves, circles and ellipses.
5. One of the method for displaying thick curves is
a) Curve slope
b) Curve width
c) Curve cap
d) Only c
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: This method fills the area b/w 2 parallel curves, whose separation
distance=desired width.
6. The pixel masks for implementing line-type options are also used in the following
algorithm to generate dashed and dotted patterns.
a) Raster line algorithm
b) Raster scan algorithm
c) Raster curve algorithm
d) Random curve algorithm
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: Raster curve algorithm generates dashed and dotted patterns.
7. We can generate the dashes in the various octants and the circle path with vertical
path using
a) Circles
b) Circle symmetry
c) Circle simmetry
d) Curve slope
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: Circle symmetry generates dashes in the various octants, but we must shift
the pixel positions to maintain the correct sequence.
8. The function of the pixel mask is
a) To display dashes and inter dash spaces according to the slope
b) To display curved attributes
c) To display the thick curves
d) None of these
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: None.
9. If we want to display constant-length dashes, then we need to do the following.
a) We need to adjust the number of pixels plotted in each dash
b) We need to adjust the number of dots
c) We must use line-type functions
d) Neither a nor c
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: Number of pixels plotted in each dash, will displays constant-length
dashes.
10. The curves displayed with a rectangular pen will be
a) Thinner
b) Thicker and magnitude slope is 1
c) Thicker and magnitude slope >1
d) B or C
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: None.

Color and Grayscale Levels

1. The color options are numerically coded with the following values.
a) Ranging from 0 through the positive integer
b) Ranging from 0 to 1
c) Ranging from 0 to -0
d) Only c
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: Color options can have any value from 0 to any positive number.
2. In color raster system, the number of color choices available depends on
a) colors in frame buffer
b) Amount of storage provided per pixel in frame buffer
c) RGB color
d) Neither a nor b
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: The amount of storage provided per pixels in frame buffer provides verity
range of colors.
3. The color code “000” is for
a) White
b) Black
c) Blue
d) Green
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: All zero means it is black color (the mixture of red, green and blue).
4. Color information can be stored in
a) Main memory
b) Secondary memory
c) Graphics card
d) Frame buffer
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: The frame buffer is a space that is used to store the color information.
5. Whenever a particular color code is specified in an application program, the
corresponding binary value is placed in?
a) Color look-up table
b) Directly in frame buffer
c) a or b
d) Video lookup table
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: With the direct storage scheme, the binary values of color are stored in
frame buffer.
6. The range that specifies the gray or grayscale levels is
a) The value range from -1 to 1
b) The value range from 0 to -1
c) The value range from 0 to 1
d) Any one of the above
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: Any value ranging from 0 to 1 can specify grayscale levels.
7. With 3 bits per pixel, we can accommodate 8 gray levels. If we use 8 bits per pixel
then what is the value of gray levels?
a) 18 gray levels
b) 128 gray levels
c) 256 gray levels
d) No color
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: 8 bits per pixel means 2 power 8 i.e. 256.
8. With the display intensity corresponding to a given color index ci calculated as
a) Intensity=0.5[max(r, g, b)+ max(r, g, b)]
b) Intensity=0.5[min(r, g, b)+ min(r, g, b)]
c) Intensity=0.5[max(r, g, b)- max(r, g, b)]
d) Intensity=0.5[min(r, g, b)+ max(r, g, b)]
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: None.
9. A user can set color-table entries in a PHIGS application program with the function
a) setColourRepresentation (ws, ci, colorptr)
b) setColorRepresentation (ws, ci, colorptr)
c) setColour (ws, ci, colorptr)
d) setColourRepresentation ()
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: By using setColourRepresentation (ws, ci, colorptr) we can set the color-
table.
10. If any intensity input value near 0.33 would be stored as the binary value 1 in the
frame buffer, then it displays
a) Dark green color
b) Light gray color
c) Dark gray color
d) White or black
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: The intensity value 0.0 and 1 for black white respectively, and it is 0.33 for
dark gray and 0.67 for light gray.

Area Fill Attributes

1. A basic fill style is selected in a PHIGS program with the function
a) setInteriorStyle (fs)
b) setStyle (fs)
c) SetfillStyle (fs)
d) setInteriorStyleIndex (fs)
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: We can select the basic fill style by using setInteriorStyle (fs).
2. Which one is not a type of basic fill styles?
a) Hollow
b) solid color
c) Pattern
d) Dark
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: Dark fill is not a type of basic fill style, rest of them is the basic fill styles.
3. The process of filling an area with rectangular pattern is called
a) Tiling
b) Linear fill
c) Tint-fill
d) Soft-fill
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: Rectangular fill pattern is called tiling or tiling pattern.
4. The algorithm which repaints an area that was originally painted by merging a
foreground color F and background color B where F!=B.
a) Tint fill
b) Flood fill
c) Linear soft-fill
d) Boundary fill
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: Linear soft-fill algorithm used to repaint the area.
5. The fill color that is combined with the background color is known as
a) Soft fill
b) Tint fill
c) Both a and b
d) None
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: soft fill is also called tint fill.
6. Hatch fill procedures are implemented to draw
a) Single hatching
b) Cross hatching
c) Either a or b
d) Only b
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: This procedure is used to draw either single or cross hatching.
7. When 2 background colors B1 and B2 are mixed with foreground color F, the resulting
pixel color P is
a) P=t0*F+t1*B1+(1-t0-t1)B2
b) P=t0*F-t1*B1+(1-t0-t1)B2
c) P=t0*F+t1*B1+(1+t0+t1)B2
d) Only a
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: None.
8. The operator that is used for combining a fill pattern with a background pattern is
a) AND operator
b) OR operator
c) X-OR operator
d) All of these
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: The pattern and background colors can be combined using Boolean
operators.
9. Hollow areas are displayed using only the
a) Boundary outline
b) Line-drawing routine
c) Hatched patterns
d) Closed poly line
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: Using boundary outline the hollow areas can be displayed.
10. Options for filling a defined region include a choice between__________
a) Solid color or a pattern fill
b) Choices for particular colors and pattern
c) Both a and b
d) None
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: The filling options can be applied to polygon region and areas can be
painted using various brush styles, colors, and transparency parameters.

Bundled Attributes
1. The function which references a single attribute that specifies how a primitive is to be
displayed with that attribute setting is called
a) Individual attribute
b) Unbundled attribute
c) Bundled attribute
d) A or B
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: Individual attribute are also known as unbundled attribute.
2. A particular set of attribute values for a primitive on each output device is chosen by
specifying appropriate table index is known as?
a) Individual attribute
b) Unbundled attribute
c) Bundled attribute
d) A or B
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: Bundle attributes specifies group of attribute values. And these values can
be bundled into the workstation table.
3. A table for which, a primitive defines groups of attribute values to be used when
displaying that primitive on a particular output device is called
a) Bundle table
b) Index table
c) Both a and b
d) None of these
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: None.
4. The choice between a bundled attribute or an unbundled attribute is made by
a) Setting switch
b) Setting bundle table
c) Index table
d) Only a
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: By setting switch the user can change their choice between bundled
attribute or an unbundled attribute.
5. Entries in the bundle table for line attributes are set using the function
a) Setlineattributes ()
b) setPolylineRepresentation (ws, li, lt, lc)
c) setPolylineRepresentation()
d) only a
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: Entries in the bundle table for line attributes are set using the function
setPolylineRepresentation (ws, li, lt, lc).
6. A poly-line that is assigned a table index value of 3 would be displayed using
a) Dashed line
b) Dotted line
c) Same index
d) All of the mentioned
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: Using dashed line at half thickness the index value of 3 would be displayed.
7. Table entries for bundled area-fill attributes are set using the function
a) setInteriorRepresentation (ws, fi, fs, pi, fc)
b) SetInteriorRepresentation ()
c) Only b
d) Both a and b
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: The function setInteriorRepresentation (ws, fi, fs, pi, fc) can be used to set
the bundled area-fill attributes.
8. The choice between a bundled attribute or an unbundled attribute is made by switch
called?
a) Aspect flag
b) Aspect ratio
c) Aspect source flag
d) Aspect destination flag
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: We can chose any one of the above attributes by setting switch for each of
the attributes.
9. We can check the attribute values by
a) Stating the name of the attribute in the inquiry function
b) Setting attribute values
c) Only a
d) Neither a nor b
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: We can check the attribute values by stating the name of the attribute in the
inquiry function.
10. A particular text index value is chosen with the function
a) setTextIndex()
b) settextindex(ti)
c) SetTextIndex(ti)
d) setTextIndex(ti)
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: The function setTextIndex(ti) is used to chose the particular text index
value.

Character Attributes
1. Which of the following is the basic attribute of a character?
a) Font
b) Size and color
c) Orientation
d) All of the mentioned
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: Font, size, color and orientation are the basic attribute of a character.
2. Attribute can be set for
a) Entire character strings
b) Individual characters defined as marker symbol
c) Neither a nor b
d) Both a and b
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: Character attributes can be set to text as well as marker symbols defined
as individual characters.
3. A particular font and associated styles can be set using the function
a) setTextfont (tf)
b) setfont (tf)
c) setFont (tf)
d) setTextFont()
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: The function setTextfont (tf) can be used to set the font and its style. Where
“tf” specifies the available fonts style.
4. When a character string is to be displayed, the which color is used to set the pixel
value in frame buffer?
a) White color
b) Current color
c) Black color
d) Any color
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: The current color is used to set the pixel value corresponding to the
character shape and positions.
5. The Character size is specified by
a) Printers
b) Compositors
c) Frame buffer
d) Both a and b
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: The Character size is specified by printers and compositors in points where
1 point is 0.013837 inch.
6. The distance between the bottom-line and the top-line of the character body is
a) Same for all character
b) Different for all character
c) Same for some character
d) Different for some character
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: The distance between the bottom-line and the top-line of the character
body is always same for all the characters.
7. The width of the text or character can be set using the function
a) setCharacterExpansionFactor (cw)
b) SetCharacterExpansionFactor (cw)
c) setCharacterFactor (cw)
d) setCharacterExpansionfactor (cw)
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: In this function the parameter cw (character-width) sets the width of the
character.
8.__________ is a single character that can be displayed in different colors and in
different sizes.
a) String
b) Marker symbol
c) Only a
d) Symbols
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: A marker symbols can be displayed in any colors and in any size.
9. A function that allows the user to select a particular character to be as marker symbol
is
a) setmarkertype (mt)
b) setMarkersymbol(mt)
c) setMarkerType (mt)
d) SETMARKER()
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: None.
10. The orientation for a displayed character string is set according to, which of the
following function?
a) Setcharacterupvector()
b) setcharacterUpvector(upvect)
c) setCharacterUpVector(upvec)
d) only b
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: According to the direction of the character up vector, the orientation for a
displayed character string is set.

Character Generation
1. Which of the following is a video editing tool that produces an animated text which can
be inserted into video streams?
a) Character generator
b) Title generator
c) Video generator
d) Animation generator
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: Character generator also called as CG in video editing is the software or
hardware that produces animated text video streams.
2. Is it possible to have hardware as character generator?
a) True
b) False
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: Character generators can be both hardware or software. Hardware
character generators are used in television studios and video editing suites, whereas
software CG(s) are used in animation.
3. Which type of character generators are used in television production studios?
a) Hardware character generators
b) Software character generators
c) Both Hardware and software character generators can be used
d) Title generators are used
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: Generally, only Hardware character generators are used in television
studios. They provide a key signal. While the compositing vision mixer can use an alpha
channel to determine which areas of the CG video are translucent.
4. Why aren’t camcorder CG used more frequently in the titler market?
a) They don’t record for longer time period
b) They use a background of video for title super imposition
c) They have low storage capacity
d) They are not economically feasible
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: They have 2 drawbacks, first is that you have to give titles as you shoot
and second, they have very low capacity in comparison to others.
5. How many Methods of character generations are there?
a) 2
b) 3
c) 4
d) 5
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: There are three methods. Those 3 methods are Stroke method, Bitmap
method and Starbust method. Each of them has different types of function.
6. Which method of character generation is also called Dot-matrix method?
a) Stroke method
b) Bitmap method
c) Starbust method
d) There isn’t that type of method
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: Bitmap method is also called a dot-matrix method as it uses arrays of dots
for character generation. These dots are the points for an array whose size is fixed.
7. In which method, graph is used in form of line to line?
a) Stroke method
b) Bitmap method
c) Starbust method
d) Dot-matrix method
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: In Stroke method, graph is drawn in the form of line by line. Line drawing
algorithm DDA follows this method for line drawing.
8. In which method, fixed pattern of a line is used to generate characters?
a) Stroke method
b) Bitmap method
c) Starbust method
d) Dot-matrix method
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: In Starbust method, a combination of 24bit line segment is used. It is a
method in which there is a particular pattern where only 24 strokes are defined for
character generation.
9. Which method has the poorest character quality?
a) Stroke method
b) Bitmap method
c) Starbust method
d) Dot-matrix method
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: Character quality is poor in Starbust method and is worse for curved
characters. Whereas in Bitmap method and stroke method, it is very good as they use
new technologies.
10. Character generators can produce _________________
a) Different type size but same fonts
b) Same type size but different fonts
c) Same type size and fonts
d) Different type size and fonts
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: Character generators can produce different type sizes and fonts depending
on the requirement. You can alter the type, size as well as colour of fonts too using
character generators.
11. Font colours can be changed using character generators.
a) True
b) False
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: Simple systems offer eight colours: black, white, yellow, red, magenta,
blue, cyan and green. More sophisticated systems offer millions of colours.
 Area Sampling
1. We can think a line as a _____________________ in the grid.
a) Parallelogram
b) Rectangle
c) Circle
d) Triangle
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: A line can be viewed as a rectangle of defined thickness. It covers a
desired area in the grid. Even the thinnest horizontal line has a thickness of one pixel.
2. Line should set an intensity of only a single pixel in a column to black.
a) True
b) False
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: A line should not set an intensity of a single pixel in a column to black, but
rather should contribute some amount of intensity to each pixel in the column, whose
area it intersects.
3. A signal can also be represented as ____________________
a) Amplitude domain
b) Signal domain
c) Frequency domain
d) Phase domain
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: The signal can also be represented as a frequency domain, that is why we
may represent it as a sum of two different sine waves.
4. What is lower bound on the sampling rate known as?
a) Syquist rate
b) Nyquist rate
c) Hartley rate
d) Sampling rate
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: Sampling theory tells us that a signal can be reconstructed by its samples.
The original signal is sampled at a frequency larger than twice. This sampling rate is
called Nyquist rate.
5. The equal area in area sampling contributes _______________
a) Equal intensity
b) Greater intensity
c) Lower intensity
d) Area is not dependent on the intensity
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: The equal area contributes to equal intensity in area sampling. Only the
total amount of overlapped area matters, regardless of the distance between the pixel’s
centre.
6. Which of the following is NOT a type of area sampling?
a) Weighted area sampling
b) Unweighted area sampling
c) Anti-aliasing
d) Point sampling
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: Weighted and unweighted area sampling are types of area sampling
classified on the basis of proportionality of intensity. Anti-aliasing is another name of
unweighted area sampling whereas, point sampling is not a type of area sampling.
7. The technique of setting the intensity proportional to the amount of area covered is
used in weighted area sampling.
a) True
b) False
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: The technique of setting the intensity proportional to the amount of area
covered is used in unweighted area sampling. This technique produces noticeably better
results than others.
8. What happens to intensity if an area of overlapping increases?
a) Intensity remains same
b) Intensity decreases
c) Intensity increases
d) Can’t say anything
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: When the line covers pixel completely the intensity is a maximum while
when the line doesn’t touch the pixel the intensity is zero. Hence we can say, the
intensity is directly proportional to the overlapping area.
9. What is the effect of weighted area sampling on adjacent pixels?
a) Intensity is increased
b) Intensity is decreased
c) Contrast is increased
d) Contrast is decreased
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: The net effect of weighted area sampling is to decrease the contrast of
adjacent pixels. This gives a lot of help in order to provide smooth transactions.
10. What is the name of the effect that causes different signals to become
indistinguishable?
a) Aliasing
b) Anti-aliasing
c) Sampling
d) Staircase effect
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: When the resolution is too low, visual stair-stepping of edges occurs in an
image. That effect is called aliasing.

3. 2D Transformation and Viewing

2D Translation
This section of our 1000+ Computer Graphics multiple choice questions focuses on 2D
Translation.
1. A translation is applied to an object by
a) Repositioning it along with straight line path
b) Repositioning it along with circular path
c) Only b
d) All of the mentioned
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: A translation is applied to an object by repositioning it along with straight
line path from one location to another.
2. We translate a two-dimensional point by adding
a) Translation distances
b) Translation difference
c) X and Y
d) Only a
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: We can translate 2D point by adding translation distances dx and dy.
3. The translation distances (dx, dy) is called as
a) Translation vector
b) Shift vector
c) Both a and b
d) Neither a nor b
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: The translation distances (dx, dy) from its original position is called as
translation vector or shift vector.
4. In 2D-translation, a point (x, y) can move to the new position (x’, y’) by using the
equation
a) x’=x+dx and y’=y+dx
b) x’=x+dx and y’=y+dy
c) X’=x+dy and Y’=y+dx
d) X’=x-dx and y’=y-dy
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: By adding translation distance dx and dy to its originsl position (x, y) we
can obtain a new position (x’, y’).
5.The two-dimensional translation equation in the matrix form is
a) P’=P+T
b) P’=P-T
c) P’=P*T
d) P’=p
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: The 2D translation equation is P’=P+T.
6. _________ is a rigid body transformation that moves objects without deformation.
a) Rotation
b) Scaling
c) Translation
d) All of the mentioned
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: Translation a rigid body transformation that moves objects without
deformation.
7. A straight line segment is translated by applying the transformation equation
a) P’=P+T
b) Dx and Dy
c) P’=P+P
d) Only c
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: A straight line segment is translated by applying the transformation
equation P’=P+T to each of line endpoints.
8. Polygons are translated by adding __________ to the coordinate position of each
vertex and the current attribute setting.
a) Straight line path
b) Translation vector
c) Differences
d) Only b
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: None.
9. To change the position of a circle or ellipse we translate
a) Center coordinates
b) Center coordinates and redraw the figure in new location
c) Outline coordinates
d) All of the mentioned
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: By translating the center coordinates and redraw the figure in new location
we can change the position of a circle or ellipse.
10.The basic geometric transformations are
a) Translation
b) Rotation
c) Scaling
d) All of the mentioned
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: These are the basic geometric transformations and other transformations
are reflection and shear.

2D Rotation
1. A two dimensional rotation is applied to an object by
a) Repositioning it along with straight line path
b) Repositioning it along with circular path
c) Only b
d) Any of the mentioned
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: A two dimensional rotation is applied to an object by repositioning it along
with circular path.
2. To generate a rotation , we must specify
a) Rotation angle ϴ
b) Distances dx and dy
c) Rotation distance
d) All of the mentioned
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: Generate a rotation, we must specify rotation angle ϴ of the rotation point
or pivot point which the object is to be rotated.
3. Positive values for the rotation angle ϴ defines
a) Counterclockwise rotations about the end points
b) Counterclockwise translation about the pivot point
c) Counterclockwise rotations about the pivot point
d) Negative direction
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: A positive value for the rotation angle ϴ defines counterclockwise rotations
about the pivot point.
4. The rotation axis that is perpendicular to the xy plane and passes through the pivot
point is known as
a) Rotation
b) Translation
c) Scaling
d) Shearing
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: The rotation transformation is also described as a rotation about a rotation
axis that is perpendicular to the xy plane and passes through the pivot point.
5. The original coordinates of the point in polor coordinates are
a) X’=r cos (Ф +ϴ) and Y’=r cos (Ф +ϴ)
b) X’=r cos (Ф +ϴ) and Y’=r sin (Ф +ϴ)
c) X’=r cos (Ф -ϴ) and Y’=r cos (Ф -ϴ)
d) X’=r cos (Ф +ϴ) and Y’=r sin (Ф -ϴ)
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: The original coordinates of the point in polor coordinates are X’=r cos (Ф
+ϴ) and Y’=r sin (Ф +ϴ).
6. The two-dimensional rotation equation in the matrix form is
a) P’=P+T
b) P’=R*P
c) P’=P*P
d) P’=R+P
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: The 2D translation equation is P’=R*P.
7. ________ is the rigid body transformation that moves object without deformation.
a) Translation
b) Scaling
c) Rotation
d) Shearing
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: Rotation is the rigid body transformation that moves object without
deformation.
8. An ellipse can also be rotated about its center coordinates by rotating
a) End points
b) Major and minor axes
c) Only a
d) None
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: None.

2D Scaling
1. The transformation that is used to alter the size of an object is
a) Scaling
b) Rotation
c) Translation
d) Reflection
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: Scaling is used to alter the size of an object.
2. The two-dimensional scaling equation in the matrix form is
a) P’=P+T
b) P’=S*P
c) P’=P*R
d) P’=R+S
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: The 2d scaling equation is P’=S*P.
3. Scaling of a polygon is done by computing
a) The product of (x, y) of each vertex
b) (x, y) of end points
c) Center coordinates
d) Only a
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: Scaling of a polygon is done by computing the product of (x, y) of each
vertex with scaling factor sx and sy to produce the transformation coordinates ( Xnew,
Ynew).
4. If the scaling factors values sx and sy < 1 then
a) It reduces the size of object
b) It increases the size of object
c) It stunts the shape of an object
d) None
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: If the scaling factors values sx and sy < 1 then it reduces the size of object.
5. If the scaling factors values sx and sy are assigned to the same value then
a) Uniform rotation is produced
b) Uniform scaling is produced
c) Scaling cannot be done
d) Scaling can be done or cannot be done
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: When sx and sy are assigned the same value then uniform scaling is
produced that maintains relative object proportions.
6. If the scaling factors values sx and sy are assigned to unequal values then
a) Uniform rotation is produced
b) Uniform scaling is produced
c) Differential scaling is produced
d) Scaling cannot be done
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: Unequal values for sx and sy results in differential scaling that is often used
in design applications.
7. The objects transformed using the equation P’=S*P should be
a) Scaled
b) Repositioned
c) Both a and b
d) Neither a nor b
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: The objects transformed using the equation P’=S*P should be scaled and
repositioned.
8. We control the location of a scaled object by choosing the position is known as
a) Pivot point
b) Fixed point
c) Differential scaling
d) Uniform scaling
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: None.
9. If the value of sx=1 and sy=1 then
a) Reduce the size of object
b) Distort the picture
c) Produce an enlargement
d) No change in the size of an object
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: sx=sx=1 does not change the size of the object.
10. The polygons are scaled by applying the following transformation.
a) X’=x * Sx + Xf(1-Sx) and Y’=y * Sy + Yf(1-Sy)
b) X’=x * Sx + Xf(1+Sx) and Y’=y * Sy + Yf(1+Sy)
c) X’=x * Sx + Xf(1-Sx) and Y’=y * Sy – Yf(1-Sy)
d) X’=x * Sx * Xf(1-Sx) and Y’=y * Sy * Yf(1-Sy)
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: The polygons are scaled by applying the transformation X’=x * Sx + Xf(1-
Sx) and Y’=y * Sy + Yf(1-Sy).

Matrix Representations and Homogeneous Coordinates

1.The matrix representation for translation in homogeneous coordinates is
a) P’=T+P
b) P’=S*P
c) P’=R*P
d) P’=T*P
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: The matrix representation for translation is P’=T*P.
2. The matrix representation for scaling in homogeneous coordinates is
a) P’=S*P
b) P’=R*P
c) P’=dx+dy
d) P’=S*S
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: The matrix representation for scaling is P’=S*P.
3. The matrix representation for rotation in homogeneous coordinates is
a) P’=T+P
b) P’=S*P
c) P’=R*P
d) P’=dx+dy
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: The matrix representation for rotation is P’=R*P.
4. What is the use of homogeneous coordinates and matrix representation?
a) To treat all 3 transformations in a consistent way
b) To scale
c) To rotate
d) To shear the object
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: To treat all 3 transformations in a consistent way, we use homogeneous
coordinates and matrix representation.
5. If point are expressed in homogeneous coordinates then the pair of (x, y) is
represented as
a) (x’, y’, z’)
b) (x, y, z)
c) (x’, y’, w’)
d) (x’, y’, w)
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: If point are expressed in homogeneous coordinates then we add 3rd
coordinate to the point (x, y), that is represented as (x’, y’, w).
6. For 2D transformation the value of third coordinate i.e. w=?
a) 1
b) 0
c) -1
d) Any value
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: For 2D we have (x, y, 1) i.e. w=1.
7. We can combine the multiplicative and translational terms for 2D into a single matrix
representation by expanding
a) 2 by 2 matrix into 4*4 matrix
b) 2 by 2 matrix into 3*3
c) 3 by 3 matrix into 2 by 2
d) Only c
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: We can combine the multiplicative and translational terms for 2D into a
single matrix representation by expanding 2 by 2 matrix representation into 3 by 3.
8. The general homogeneous coordinate representation can also be written as
a) (h.x, h.y, h.z)
b) (h.x, h.y, h)
c) (x, y, h.z)
d) (x,y,z)
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: The general homogeneous coordinate representation can also be written
as (h.x, h.y, h).

Composite 2D Transformations
1. Two successive translations are___________________
a) Multiplicative
b) Inverse
c) Subtractive
d) Additive
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: Successive translations are additive.
P’= T(tx1, ty1) .[T(tx2, ty2)] P
= {T(tx1, ty1). T(tx2, ty2)}.P
Or T(tx1, ty1). T(tx2, ty2) = T(tx1+tx2 , ty1 + ty2).
2. Two successive translations are not commutative.
a) True
b) False
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: According to commutative property, the order does not matter. Same as in
the case of successive translations. Hence we can say that two successive translations
are commutative.
3. General pivot point rotation can be expressed as _____________________
a) T(zr,yr).R(θ).T(-zr,-yr) = R(xr,yr,θ)
b) T(xr,yr).R(θ).T(-xr,-yr) = R(xr,yr,θ)
c) T(xr,yr).R(θ).T(-xr,-yr) = R(zr,yr,θ)
d) T(xr,yr).R(θ).T(-xr,-yr) = R(xr,yr,Q)
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: Since the first two parameters are in 2D, hence only ‘x’ and ‘y’ can be
variable along with ‘θ’. In other options, there is one more parameter ‘z’.
4. Which of the following is NOT correct? (A, B and C are matrices)
a) A.B = B.A
b) A.B.C = (A.B).C = A.(B.C)
c) C(A+B) = C.A + C.B
d) 1 A = A 1
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: Matrix multiplication does not commute. We cannot switch the order of the
factors and expect to end up with the same result. Hence, A.B ≠ B.A.
5. Reflection about the line y=0, the axis, is accomplished with the transformation matrix
with how many elements as ‘0’?
a) 8
b) 9
c) 4
d) 6
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: The matrix used for reflection about y=0 is an identity matrix with 6 ‘0’s and
two ‘1’s and one element as ‘-1’.
6. Which transformation distorts the shape of an object such that the transformed shape
appears as if the object were composed of internal layers that had been caused to slide
over each other?
a) Rotation
b) Scaling up
c) Scaling down
d) Shearing
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: Two common shearing transformations are the type of transformation that
shift coordinate x values coordinate y values. In shear transformation, the transformed
shape appears as if the object were composed of internal layers that had been caused
to slide over each other.
7. Transpose of a column matrix is________________
a) Zero matrix
b) Identity matrix
c) Row matrix
d) Diagonal matrix
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: Transpose of a matrix is a matrix which is made by interchanging the rows
and columns of the original matrix. Hence the transpose of column matrix is row matrix
and vice versa.
8. Reversing the order in which a sequence of transformations is performed may affect
the transformed position of an object.
a) True
b) False
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: As we know that, matrix transformations are not commutative and the order
of transformation matters. So it will affect the position of the object.
9. Which one of the following is the correct notation of a matrix with ‘m’ rows and ’n’
columns?
a) m + n
b) m – n
c) m x n
d) m/n
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: m x n represents a matrix with ‘m’ number of rows and ‘n’ number of
columns, while others are just arithmetic operations which can be done on 2 matrices.
10. How many minimum numbers of zeros are there in ‘3 x 3’ triangular matrix?
a) 4
b) 3
c) 5
d) 6
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: In a triangular matrix, all entries, either above or below the diagonal are
zero. So in case of ‘3 x 3’ matrix, there should be minimum 3 elements as 0.

2D Reflection and Shear

1. In a rotation, by how much angle is the object rotated?
a) 45 degree
b) 90 degree
c) 180 degree
d) 360 degree
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: Reflection is the mirror image of the original object. It rotates the object
1890 degrees. The left side image is formed into right side and vice versa.
2. Reflection is a special case of rotation.
a) True
b) False
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: Reflection is a special case of rotation of 180° about a line in xy plane
passing through the origin.
3. If two pure reflections about a line passing through the origin are applied successively
the result is ___________________
a) Pure rotation
b) Quarter rotation
c) Half rotation
d) True reflection
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: When we apply reflection one time, it rotates the image by 180 degrees.
So, if we repeat it 2 times the total reflection will be of 360 degrees.
4. What is the determinant of the pure reflection matrix?
a) 1
b) 0
c) -1
d) 2
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: The pure reflection matrix is:
[T] = | 1 0 |
| 0 -1|
So, the determinant will be = (1) (-1) – (0) (0) = 0.
5. Which of the following is NOT true?
Image formed by reflection through a plane mirror is_______________
a) of same size
b) same orientation
c) virtual
d) is at same distance from the mirror
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: In the image formed by reflection through a plane mirror, the right is turned
into left and left is turned into right, hence changing the orientation. So the image formed
by reflection through a plane mirror is not of the same orientation.
6. Which of the following represents shearing?
a) (x, y) → (x+a, y+b)
b) (x, y) → (ax, by)
c) (x, y) → (x cos(θ)+y sin(θ), -x sin(θ)+y cos(θ))
d) (x, y) → (x+ay, y+bx)
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: The first one represent translation, the second one represents scaling, third
one rotation and the last one is representing shearing.
7. If a ‘3 x 3’ matrix shears in X direction, how many elements of it are ‘1’?
a) 2
b) 3
c) 6
d) 5
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: The ‘3 x 3’ matrix which shears in ‘x’ direction will have total 9 elements, 3
of which are ‘1’, 5 zeroes and 1 variable in an upper triangle which is the scaling factor.
8. If a ‘3 x 3’ matrix shears in Y direction, how many elements of it are ‘0’?
a) 2
b) 3
c) 6
d) 5
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: The ‘3 x 3’ matrix which shears in ‘y’ direction will have total 9 elements, 3
of which are ‘1’, 5 zeroes and 1 variable in a lower triangle which is the scaling factor.
9. Shearing is also termed as ________________
a) Selecting
b) Sorting
c) Scaling
d) Skewing
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: In the case of shear only one coordinate changes its coordinates and other
preserves its values, that’s why it is also called skewing.
10. Shearing and reflection are types of translation.
a) True
b) False
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: Shearing and reflection are not types of translation. They are types of
transformation. Even translation is also a type of transformation.
11. Which of this is compulsory for 2D reflection.
a) Reflection plane.
b) Origin
c) Reflection axis
d) Co-ordinate axis.
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: Reflection axis is the axis with respect to which reflection is done. In 3D, it
is reflection plane rather than reflection axis.

Transformations between Coordinate Systems and Affine

Transformations
1. A ___________ is a system which uses one or more numbers, or coordinates, to
uniquely determine the position of a point.
a) co-ordinate system
b) binary-system
c) vector-system
d) euclid geometry
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: A coordinate system is a system which uses one or more numbers, or
coordinates, to uniquely determine the position of a point. It also determines the other
geometric elements on a manifold on Euclid space.
2. Which of the co-ordinate represents X co-ordinate in (6,8,9)?
a) 6
b) 8
c) 9
d) 0
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: In a co-ordinate system, any position of a point is denoted as (x,y,z). Where
x denotes the perpendicular distance of the point from the x-axis. Hence x is the X co-
ordinate.
3. Which of the co-ordinate represents Y co-ordinate in (6,8,9)?
a) 6
b) 8
c) 9
d) 0
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: In a co-ordinate system, any position of a point is denoted as (x,y,z). Where
y denotes the perpendicular distance of the point from the y-axis. Hence y is the Y co-
ordinate.
4. Which of the co-ordinate represents Z co-ordinate in (6,8,9)?
a) 6
b) 8
c) 9
d) 0
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: In a co-ordinate system, any position of a point is denoted as (x,y,z). Where
z denotes the perpendicular distance of the point from the z-axis. Hence z is the Z co-
ordinate.
5. _______________ and ___________ are two types of transformations.
a) quadratic, cubic
b) variable, affine
c) linear, quadratic
d) linear, affine
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: Linear and affine transformations are two different types of transformations
of matrices. In linear, points are in vector space but in affine, points are in affine space.
6. Adding points to a vector give a vector.
a) True
b) False
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: Adding a vector to a point gives a point, but Subtracting points gives a
vector.

7. Which of the following properties are preserved in affine transformation?

a) co-linearity
b) convexity
c) concavity
d) parallelism
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: The col-linearity, convexity and parallelism of bunch of points are
conserved in affine transformations but any 3 or more points which are concave can turn
parallel, so we can say concavity is not conserved.
8. Ratio of length along a line is preserved in affine transformations.
a) True
b) False
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: The ratio of length gets preserved, for example, distinct collinear points
x1,x2,x3. The ratio of x1x2 and x2x3 is same as that of f(x1)f(x2) and f(x2)f(x3).
9. Which co-ordinates allow common vector operations such as translation, rotation,
scaling and perspective projection to be represented as a matrix by which the vector is
multiplied.
a) vector co-ordinates
b) 3d co-ordinates
c) affine co-ordinates
d) homogenous co-ordinates
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: The function of homogenous co-ordinates is to allow common vector
operations such as translation, rotation, scaling and perspective projection to be
represented as a matrix by which the vector is multiplied.
10. For orthonormal basis, which of these is correct?
a) M-1 = Mt
b) M-1 = Mt
c) M = M
d) Mt = I
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: Due to the effect of similitude and similarity transform, the inverse is equal
to the transpose. So, we can say that M-1 = Mt.

Two Dimensional Viewing

1. A view is selected by specifying a sub-area of the __________ picture area.
a) half
b) total
c) full
d) quarter
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: We consider a formal mechanism of view, that is, which part of the picture
is to be displayed. That’s why we select a view by specifying a sub-area of the total
picture area.
2. Co-ordinates are ranging according to the screen resolution.
a) True
b) False
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: When we display a scene, only those objects which have a particular
window are displayed. So for that mechanism to work, co-ordinates are made to range
themselves according to the screen resolution.
3. Any convenient co-ordinate system or Cartesian co-ordinates which can be used to
define the picture is called ___________
a) spherical co-ordinates
b) vector co-ordinates
c) viewport co-ordinates
d) world co-ordinates
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: World Coordinate Systems (WCS) are the type of coordinate systems
which describe the physical coordinates associated with a data array, such as sky
coordinates. It is also used to denote wavelengths of a spectrum and to draw
astronomical images.
4. Which of the following co-ordinates are NOT used in 2d viewing transformation?
a) modelling co-ordinates
b) viewing co-ordinates
c) vector co-ordinates
d) device co-ordinates
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: Vector co-ordinates are used to denote vectors which are physical
quantities having magnitude as well as direction. In 2d viewing transformations-
Modelling co-ordinates, viewing co-ordinates, Normalised co-ordinates and Device co-
ordinates are used.
5. The process of elimination of parts of a scene outside a window or a viewport is called
_____________
a) cutting
b) plucking
c) clipping
d) editing
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: Clipping is the process of cutting out extra material. In the context of
computer graphics, clipping is a method to selectively enable or disable rendering
operations within a defined region of interest.
6. For a 2d transformation viewing, in how many ways a clipping algorithm can be
applied?
a) 3
b) 2
c) 1
d) 5
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: Clipping algorithm can be applied in two ways for 2d transformation
viewing. Two ways in which clipping algorithms can be applied are- 1) world co-ordinate
clipping. 2) viewport clipping.
7. Which of the following is NOT a type of clipping algorithm used on the raster system?
a) line clipping
b) point clipping
c) area clipping
d) solid clipping
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: Since clipping is done in 2 dimensional viewing and solid is a 3 dimensional
object so clipping algorithm can’t be applied on a solid object. Instead of solid clipping,
there is another type of clipping algorithm known as curve clipping.
8. For a point to be clipped, which of the following conditions must be satisfied by the
point?
a) xwmin < x < xwmax
b) xwmin = x = xwmax
c) xwmin > x > xwmax
d) ywmin = y = ywmax
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: A point P(x,y) is NOT clipped if x is more than the minimum value of x and
less than the maximum value of x. Mathematically, it can be written as “xwmin ≤ x ≤
xwmax“.
9. For a point to be clipped, which of the following conditions must be satisfied by the
point?
a) ywmin < y < ywmax
b) ywmin > y > ywmax
c) ywmin = y = ywmax
d) xwmin < x < xwmax
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: A point P(x,y) is NOT clipped if y is more than the minimum value of y and
less than the maximum value of y. Mathematically, it can be written as “ywmin ≤ y ≤ ywmax“.
10. Which type of clipping is used to clip character strings?
a) text clipping
b) line clipping
c) sentence clipping
d) word clipping
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: Text clipping is the algorithm which is used to clip character strings. It
depends on the methods which are used to generate original characters.
11. In polygon clipping, line clipping algorithms can be used.
a) True
b) False
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: Polygon is a two dimensional shape formed by straight lines. So we can
conclude, polygon’s basic components are lines, hence line clipping algorithm can be
used for polygon clipping.

Window to Viewport Coordinate Transformation

1. The object space or the space in which the application model is defined is called
____________
a) World co-ordinate system
b) Screen co-ordinate system
c) World window
d) Interface window
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: World Coordinate System also called as WCS is any coordinate systems
that describe the physical coordinates associated with a data array. They also used for
an astronomical image, or for determining the wavelength scale for a spectrum.
2. What is the name of the space in which the image is displayed?
a) World co-ordinate system
b) Screen co-ordinate system
c) World window
d) Interface window
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: The coordinate system of the screen is a Cartesian coordinate system. The
origin (0,0) is at the top left of the screen. Point is denoted by (x,y), where x is x co-
ordinate and y is y co-ordinate.
3. What is the rectangle in the world defining the region that is to be displayed?
a) World co-ordinate system
b) Screen co-ordinate system
c) World window
d) Interface window
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: The world window specifies which part of the window needs to be drawn. It
also defines which part of the window should be drawn and which part outside the
window should not be drawn and should be clipped away.
4. The window opened on the raster graphics screen in which the image will be
displayed is called _____________
a) World co-ordinate system
b) Screen co-ordinate system
c) World window
d) Interface window
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: In common words, it is termed as a Graphic user interface. It allows users
to interact with electronic devices through graphical icons and visual indicators such as
secondary notation.
5. The process of mapping a world window in World Coordinates to the Viewport is
called Viewing transformation.
a) True
b) False
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: The viewing transformation is the operation of computer graphics in which
the maps are the perspective view of an object in world coordinates into a physical
device’s display space.
6. The scale factor of viewport transformation for x co-ordinate is ________
a) Sx = (svmax – svmin)/ (swmax – swmin)
b) Sx = (svmax – svmin)/ (swmax + swmin)
c) Sx = (svmin – svmax)/ (swmax – swmin)
d) Sx = (svmax + svmin)/ (swmax – swmin)
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: The mapping or transformation involves developing formulas that start with
a point in the world window, say (xw, yw). The formula is used to produce a
corresponding point in viewport coordinates, say (xv, yv). So after keeping it proportional
in ‘x’ co-ordinate, we get, (svmax– svmin)/ (swmax – swmin).
7. The scale factor of viewport transformation for x co-ordinate is ________
a) Sy = (svmax + svmin)/ (swmax + swmin)
b) Sy = (svmax – svmin)/ (swmax + swmin)
c) Sy = (svmax – svmin)/ (swmax – swmin)
d) Sy = (svmax + svmin)/ (swmax – swmin)
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: The mapping or transformation involves developing formulas that start with
a point in the world window, say (xw, yw). The formula is used to produce a
corresponding point in viewport coordinates, say (xv, yv). So after keeping it proportional
in ‘y’ co-ordinate, we get, (svmax – svmin)/ (swmax – swmin).
8. Panning is a technique in which users can change the size of the area to be viewed in
order to see more detail or less detail.
a) True
b) False
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: The technique in which users can change the size of the area to be viewed
in order to see more detail or less detail is called ‘Zooming’. Panning means sliding the
camera.
9. Drawing of number of copies of the same image in rows and columns across the
interface window so that they cover the entire window is called ____________
a) Roaming
b) Panning
c) Zooming
d) Tiling
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: Drawing of number of copies of the same image in rows and columns
across the interface window so that they cover the entire window is called ‘tilling’. To
achieve tiling in computer graphics, the window remains static and the viewport is
changed many times.
10. By changing the dimensions of the viewport, the _________ and ___________ of
the objects being displayed can be manipulated.
a) Number of pixels and image quality
b) X co-ordinate and Y co-ordinate
c) Size and proportions
d) All of these
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: By changing the dimensions of the viewport, the size and proportions of the
objects being displayed can be manipulated, this leads to the zooming effect of the
image by successively mapping different dimensioned clipping windows on a fixed sized
viewport.

Clipping Operations
1. What is the primary use of clipping in computer graphics?
a) adding graphics
b) removing objects and lines
c) zooming
d) copying
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: The primary use of clipping in computer graphics is to remove objects,
lines, or line segments that are outside the viewing pane.
2. A polygon can be clipped using clipping operations.
a) True
b) False
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: A polygon can also be clipped by specifying the clipping window.
Sutherland Hodgeman polygon clipping algorithm is used for polygon clipping.
3. Which vertex of the polygon is clipped first in polygon clipping?
a) top right
b) bottom right
c) bottom left
d) top left
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: In polygon clipping, first the polygon is clipped against the left edge of the
polygon window to get new vertices of the polygon. So, it is the top left which is clipped
first.
4. How many methods of text clipping are there?
a) 5
b) 4
c) 3
d) 2
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: There are three methods for text clipping which are −
1) All or none string clipping 2) All or none character clipping 3) Text clipping.
5. A bitmap is collection of ___________________ that describes an image.
a) bits
b) colors
c) algorithms
d) pixels
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: A bitmap is a collection of pixels that describe an image. It is a type of
computer graphics that the computer uses to store and display pictures.
6. We can change the size or resize the bitmap image.
a) True
b) False
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: We can’t resize the bitmap image. When the bitmap image is resized, the
image pixels get distorted. It is one of the main disadvantages of the bitmap.
7. In line clipping, the portion of line which is _____________ of window is cut and the
portion that is _____________ the window is kept.
a) outside, inside
b) inside, outside
c) exact copy, different
d) different, an exact copy
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: Line clipping follows the same algorithm that is in the case of point clipping.
So, in line clipping also, we will cut the portion of the line which is outside of the window
and keep only the portion that is inside the window.
8. ‘Skala’ is an example of which type of clipping?
a) curve clipping
b) point clipping
c) polygon clipping
d) line clipping
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: Skala is a type of clipping operation which can be used for a line or line-
segment clipping against a rectangular window, as well as against a convex polygon. Its
algorithm is based on homogenous co-ordinates and duality.
9. ‘Vatti’ clipping algorithm is used in _________________
a) curve clipping
b) point clipping
c) polygon clipping
d) line clipping
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: Vatti is used in polygon clipping. It allows clipping of any number of
arbitrarily shaped subject polygons. It can also be used to clip any number of arbitrarily
shaped polygons.
10. The process of removal of hidden surfaces is termed as _______________
a) clipping
b) copying
c) culling
d) shorting
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: An area which is related to the visible surface determination (VSD) is called
culling. ‘Viewing frustum culling’ and ‘Backface culling’ are examples of some culling
algorithms.

Cohen-Sutherland Line Clipping

1. Cohen-Sutherland clipping is an example of _________________
a) polygon clipping
b) text clipping
c) line clipping
d) curve clipping
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: It is a type of algorithm which is used for line clipping or in other words it is
line clipping algorithm. Other examples of line clipping algorithms are a Liang-Barsky
algorithm and Cyrus-Beck algorithm.
2. The Cohen-Sutherland algorithm divides the region into _____ number of spaces.
a) 8
b) 6
c) 7
d) 9
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: The Cohen-Sutherland algorithm divides a two-dimensional space into 9
regions and then efficiently determines the lines and portions of lines that are visible.
The portions are visible in the central region of interest.
3. What is the name of the small integer which holds a bit for the result of every plane
test?
a) setcode
b) outcode
c) incode
d) bitcode
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: A small integer holding a bit for the result of every plane test failed in
clipping is termed as outcode. Primitives may be trivially rejected if the bitwise of all its
vertices outcodes is non zero.
4. An outcode can have ____ bits for two-dimensional clipping and ____ bits for three-
dimensional clipping.
a) 4,6
b) 6,8
c) 2,4
d) 1,3
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: The outcode will have 4 bits for two-dimensional clipping, or 6 bits in the
three-dimensional case. The first bit is set to 1 if the point is above the viewport. The bits
in the 2D outcode represent: top, bottom, right, left.
5. The centre region of the screen and the window can be represented as________
a) 0000
b) 1111
c) 0110
d) 1001
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: In any co-ordinate system, the origin is the centre of the various axis and is
represented as (0,0). So in this case also the origin, or the centre of the window, will be
represented as 0000.
6. The Cohen–Sutherland algorithm can be only be used on a rectangular clip window.
a) True
b) False
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: The Cohen–Sutherland algorithm can be used only on a rectangular clip
window. For other convex polygon clipping windows, use the Cyrus–Beck algorithm.
7. If both codes are 0000, (bitwise OR of the codes yields 0000) line lies
__________________ the window.
a) completely outside
b) half inside half outside
c) completely inside
d) can’t say anything
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: To perform the trivial acceptance and rejection tests, we extend the edges
of the window to divide the plane of the window into the nine regions. If both codes are
0000 and 1111, (bitwise OR of the codes yields 0000) line lies completely inside the
window and outside the window respectively.
8. The 4-bit code of top-left region of the window is ____________
a) 1001
b) 1100
c) 0101
d) 1010
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: The sequence for reading the codes’ bits is LRBT (Left, Right, Bottom,
Top). Since it is in the top-left corner of the window, hence its code will be 1001.
9. The 4-bit code of bottom-right region of the window is ____________
a) 1001
b) 0101
c) 1010
d) 0110
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: The sequence for reading the codes’ bits is LRBT (Left, Right, Bottom,
Top). Since it is in the bottom-right corner of the window, hence its code will be 0110.
10. If the logical AND of the endpoint codes is NOT zero, the line can be trivially
accepted.
a) True
b) False
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: Once the codes for each endpoint of a line are determined, the logical AND
operation of the codes determines if the line is completely outside of the window. If the
logical AND of the endpoint codes is not zero, the line can be trivially rejected and if it is
zero, then only it is accepted.
11. The logical ______ of the endpoint codes determines if the line is completely inside
the window.
a) AND
b) OR
c) NOT
d) NOR
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: The logical OR of the endpoint codes determines if the line is completely
inside the window. If the logical OR is zero, the line can be trivially accepted. For
example, if the endpoint codes are 0000 and 0000, the logical OR is 0000 – the line can
be trivially accepted.

Liang-Barsky Line Clipping

1. Liang–Barsky algorithm is a __________ clipping algorithm.
a) circle
b) text
c) line
d) pixel
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: Liang–Barsky algorithm is a line clipping algorithm. The Liang–Barsky
algorithm uses the parametric equation of a line for clipping operations.
2. The ideas of the Liang-Barsky algorithm are the same with which algorithm?
a) Cyrus Beck algorithm
b) Liam-Chopsky algorithm
c) Cohen Sutherland algorithm
d) All have the same
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: The ideas for clipping line of Liang-Barsky and Cyrus-Beck are the same.
The only difference is Liang-Barsky algorithm has been optimized for an upright
rectangular clip window.
3. Liang Barsky algorithm can be used to clip 3-D lines.
a) True
b) False
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: Liang Barsky algorithm can be used for 1-D lines, 2-D lines, and 3-D line
clipping. This algorithm can be used for line clipping of 4-D lines too.
4. This algorithm uses the ____________ equations for a line and solves four
inequalities.
a) linear
b) quadratic
c) cubic
d) parametric
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: This algorithm uses the parametric equations for a line and solves four
inequalities to find the range of the parameter for which the line is in the viewport.
5. The Liang-Barsky algorithm is more efficient than the Cohen Sutherland algorithm.
a) True
b) False
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: Liang–Barsky clipping algorithm does as much testing as possible before
computing line intersections, hence it is much more efficient than others.
6. When the line is parallel to the boundaries then what is the value of p k?
a) pk < 0
b) pk > 0
c) pk = 0
d) pk = 1
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: When pk < 0 line starts exceeding the boundary while if p k > 0 line is
bounded inside the boundary. When the line is parallel then p k = 0.
7. Which type of arithmetic is used in Liang Barsky algorithm?
a) simple arithmetic operations
b) floating point arithmetic
c) fixed point arithmetic
d) logarithmic operations
View Answer
Answer:b
Explanation: Liang and Barsky have created an algorithm that uses floating-point
arithmetic but finds the appropriate endpoints with at most four computations with use of
parametric equations.
8. When pk < 0, then the line is ___________
a) parallel to the boundaries
b) exceeding the boundaries
c) bounded inside the boundaries
d) can’t say
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: When pk < 0 line starts exceeding the boundary while if p k > 0 line is
bounded inside the boundary. When the line is parallel then p k = 0.
9. How many inequalities are solved in this algorithm?
a) 3
b) 2
c) 1
d) 4
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: Liang-Barsky line clipping algorithm solves 4 inequalities to find the range
of the parameter for which the line is in the intersection with the rectangle.
10. What is the relative speed improvement over Cohen-Sutherland algorithm for 2-D
lines?
a) 40%
b) 50%
c) 70%
d) 36%
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: The relative speed improvement over Sutherland-Cohen algorithm are: –
36% for 2D lines, 40% for 3D lines, 70% for 4D lines.

Nicholl-Lee-Nicholl Line Clipping

1. Cohen Sutherland clipping algorithm computes _______ number of intersections than
NLN line clipping.
a) more
b) less
c) same
d) can’t be predicted
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: One of the problems common to both the Cohen-Sutherland and the Liang-
Barsky algorithm is that more intersections are computed than necessary.
2. Liang-Barsky clipping algorithm computes _______ number of intersections than NLN
line clipping.
a) more
b) less
c) same
d) can’t be predicted
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: One of the problems common to both the Cohen-Sutherland and the Liang-
Barsky algorithm is that more intersections are computed than necessary.
3. What is full form of NLN line clipping algorithm?
a) Nicholl-Liang-Nicholl algorithm
b) Nicholai-Liang-Nicholl algorithm
c) Nicholai-Lee-Nicholl algorithm
d) Nicholl-Lee-Nicholl algorithm
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: The full form of NLN clipping algorithm is Nicholl-Lee-Nicholl algorithm. It is
a fast method of clipping.
4. A polygon can be clipped by using the Nicholl-Lee-Nicholl algorithm.
a) True
b) False
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: The Nicholl–Lee–Nicholl algorithm is a fast line clipping algorithm that
reduces the chances of clipping a single line segment multiple times.
5. The area around the clipping window is divided into a number of different
______________
a) pixels
b) squares
c) areas
d) lines
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: The area around the clipping window is divided into a number of different
areas, depending on the position of the initial point of the line to be clipped.
6. In how many areas the initial point should be present?
a) 3
b) 5
c) 2
d) 8
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: The initial point should be in three predetermined areas; so that the line
may have to be translated or rotated to bring it into the desired region.
7. These areas are given names depending on the location of ___________________
a) endpoints
b) initial points
c) intermediate points
d) intersection points
View Answer
Answer:b
Explanation: These areas are then designated as L, LT, LB, or TR, depending on the
location of the initial point.
8. What is the denotation of a ray if it intersects the top boundary?
a) L
b) T
c) P
d) B
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: T – ray intersects top boundary; LT – ray intersects left and top boundary.
9. What is the denotation of a ray if it intersects the top and right boundary?
a) RT
b) TR
c) LR
d) LT
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: R – ray intersects right boundary; TR – ray intersects top and right
boundary.
10. The division of area is affected by the position of endpoints.
a) True
b) False
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: The regions are determined by the property that, no matter where in the
region the second point (endpoint) is, the segment will have to be intersected with the
same boundaries of the window.

Line Clipping Using Non Rectangular Clip Windows

1. Which method of clipping is based on duality?
a) Skala
b) Sutherland clipping
c) Liam Barsky method
d) NLN clipping
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: Skala is a method of clipping whose algorithm is based on homogeneous
coordinates and duality.
2. Which method of clipping is used against convex polygon?
a) Lg N clipping algorithm
b) Skala
c) NLN clipping
d) Sutherland clipping
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: Skala can be used for a line or line-segment clipping against a rectangular
window, as well as against a convex polygon.
3. Which algorithm classifies vertices against the given line?
a) P algorithm
b) NLN clipping algorithm
c) Skala
d) O algorithm
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: O algorithm classifies vertices against the given line in the implicit form p:
ax + by + c = 0. Another name of O algorithm is Lg N algorithm.
4. O algorithm is also known as __________________
a) Lg N algorithm
b) Lg P algorithm
c) Lg M algorithm
d) Lg O algorithm
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: Another name of O algorithm is Lg N algorithm. This algorithm classifies
vertices against the given line in the implicit form p: ax + by + c = 0.
5. Which type of search can be applied to O algorithm?
a) interpolation search
b) binary search
c) simple search
d) hexadecimal search
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: Binary search can be applied to O algorithm which leads to run-time
complexity.
6. O algorithm is simple and easy to implement.
a) True
b) False
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: Skala is simple and easy to implement whereas O algorithm shows run
time complexity.
7. The polygon is assumed to be _____________ and vertices are ordered clockwise or
anti-clockwise while applying line clipping algorithms.
a) cylindrical
b)concave
c) plane
d) convex
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: The polygon is assumed to be convex and vertices are ordered clockwise
or anti-clockwise while applying line clipping algorithms. Anti-convex polygons are not
used.
8. A plane duality is a map from a ______________________ to its dual plane.
a) projective plane
b) incident plane
c) parallel plane
d) reference plane
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: A plane duality is a map from a projective plane C = (P, L, I) to its dual
plane C∗ = (L, P, I); which preserves incidence.
9. Fast clipping algorithm is an example of ____________ clipping algorithm.
a) text
b) polygon
c) line
d) curve
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: Line clipping is the process of removing lines or portions of lines outside an
area of interest and fast clipping algorithm is an example of line clipping algorithm.
10. Fast clipping algorithm has similarities with Liam Barsky algorithm.
a) True
b) False
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: Fast clipping algorithm has similarities with Cohen–Sutherland. The start
and end positions are classified by which portion of the 9-area grid they occupy, in both
of the algorithms.

Sutherland-Hodgeman Polygon Clipping

1. Sutherland-Hodgeman clipping is an example of_________________ algorithm.
a) line clipping
b) polygon clipping
c) text clipping
d) curve clipping
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: The Sutherland–Hodgman algorithm is used for clipping polygons. Cohen-
Sutherland is line clipping algorithm.
2. How many polygons are used in this method?
a) 4
b) 3
c) 2
d) 1
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: Two polygons are used in this algorithm namely clip polygon and subject
polygon.
3. Only vertices from the subject polygon that are on the _______________ are
selected.
a) lower half
b) boundary
c) opaque side
d) visible side
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: Only vertices from the subject polygon which are on the visible side are
selected and rest of the vertices are clipped.
4. The process is repeated iteratively for each clip polygon side, using the output list
from one stage as the input list for the next.
a) True
b) False
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: The process is repeated iteratively for each clip polygon side, using the
output list from one stage as the input list for the next. When the process is completed, a
new polygon is generated.
5. We can correctly clip a polygon by processing the polygon boundary as a whole
against each ___________
a) side wall
b) top edge
c) window edge
d) bottom edge
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: We can correctly clip a polygon by processing the polygon boundary as a
whole against each window edge which can be accomplished by processing all polygon
vertices against each rectangle.
6. How many edges of the clipping are/is present in 2D?
a) 1
b) 2
c) 3
d) 4
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: If the algorithm is done in 2D, we have 4 edges of the clipping area. Left
edge, right edge, top edge and bottom edge.
7. If we used Left->Right->Up->Bottom, the final output will be the vertex list outputted
by the ___________ edge.
a) left edge
b)right edge
c) top edge
d) bottom edge
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: If we used Left->Right->Up->Bottom, the final output will be the vertex list
outputted by the bottom edge. The final result is given by the last edge which is a bottom
edge in this case.
8. If the subject polygon is concave at vertices outside the clipping polygon, the new
polygon may have coincident edges.
a) True
b) False
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: If the subject polygon was concave at vertices outside the clipping polygon,
the new polygon may have coincident edges. The result will be the same in case of
overlapping edges too.
9. In a convex polygon, each of the interior angles is less than ____degrees.
a) 90
b) 180
c) 360
d) 45
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: A convex polygon is a simple polygon in which no line segment between
two points on the boundary ever goes outside the polygon and interior angles are less
than 180 degrees.
10. One of the drawbacks of Sutherland- Hodgeman algorithm is that it can’t produce
____________ areas.
a) connected
b) multiple
c) discrete
d) circular
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: The Sutherland-Hodgeman algorithm is not able to produce connected
areas. For connected areas, Weiler-Atherton Algorithm is used.

Other Polygon Clipping Algorithms

1. How many types of basic polygons are present?
a) 4
b) 2
c) 10
d) 5
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: There are two types of basic polygons present. They are concave polygons
and convex polygons. In a concave polygon at least one angle should be greater than
180. In a convex polygon all the angles should be less than 180.
2. A polygon can be a figure whose all edges are not connected with another edge.
a) True
b) False
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: In a polygon, all lines are connected. Lines can be a combination of edges
and vertices, which together form a polygon. It is a 2-dimensional shape made by
connecting multiple straight lines.
3. Which of the following part of a polygon is considered in a polygon clipping algorithm?
a) Part which is both inside and outside the window
b) Part which is outside the window
c) Part which is inside the window
d) Part which is neither inside nor outside the window
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: Polygon clipping is a process in which we only consider the part which is
inside the view pane or window. We will remove or clip the part that is outside the
window.
4. Which of the following polygon clipping algorithm can be used to clip a filled area?
a) Sutherland Hodgman Clipping Algorithm
b) Weiler Atherton Clipping Algorithm
c) Vatti Clipping Algorithm
d) Greiner Hormann Clipping Algorithm
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: Weiler Atherton Clipping algorithm helps us to clip a filled area. The filled
area may be a convex polygon or concave polygon. This algorithm was introduced to
identify the visible surfaces. This algorithm helps to create individual polygons in some
cases.
5. In Weiler Atherton Clipping Algorithm which of the following is consider to clip a
polygon?
a) Polygon edges and Window boundaries
b) Polygon Vertices
c) Polygon Edges
d) Window boundaries
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: In the Weiler Atherton algorithm, we consider the view pane boundaries
instead of edges and vertices of the polygon to clip a polygon. Points very close to the
edge of the other polygon may be considered as both in and out until their status can be
confirmed after all the intersections have been found and verified but this increases the
complexity.
6. Which of the following algorithm can be used to clip a self-intersecting polygon?
a) Greiner Hormann Clipping Algorithm
b) Weiler Atherton Clipping Algorithm
c) Vatti Clipping Algorithm
d) Both Vatti and Greiner Hormann Clipping Algorithm
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: To clip a self-intersecting polygon we can use the Vatti Clipping Algorithm
as well as the Greiner Hormann Clipping Algorithm. Polygons with holes can also be
clipped using these algorithms. Algorithms like Sutherland-Hodgman and Weiler-
Atherton cannot perform clipping on a self-intersecting polygon.
7. Vatti Clipping Algorithm uses the sweep line approach to clip a polygon.
a) True
b) False
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: The Vatti Clipping algorithm uses the sweep line approach to clip a
polygon. In scan line approach the selected polygon is selected and placed upon
imaginary horizontal lines that passes through the polygons every vertex and divides the
polygon on different parts.
8. Greiner Hormann Clipping Algorithm is more efficient than the Vatti Clipping
Algorithm.
a) True
b) False
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: The Greiner Hormann Clipping Algorithm works better than the Vatti
Clipping Algorithm. It can work on self-intersecting polygons as well as non-convex
polygons but it cannot work upon polygons having common edges.
9. Which of the following algorithm can be used to clip a polygon in 3D space?
a) Weiler Atherton Algorithm
b) Vatti Clipping Algorithm
c) Greiner Hormann Clipping Algorithm
d) Polygon in 3D space cannot be clipped
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: The algorithm that can be used in 3D space as well is Weiler Atherton
Algorithm. It is mostly used in 2D space but can be used in 3D space with the help of Z-
ordering. The Vatti Clipping algorithm and Greiner Hormann Clipping algorithm only
works on 2D space.
10. Which of the following clipping algorithm is based upon the “inside” of a polygon
based on the winding number?
a) Sutherland Hodgman Clipping Algorithm
b) Weiler Atherton Clipping Algorithm
c) Vatti Clipping Algorithm
d) Greiner Hormann Clipping Algorithm
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: The Greiner Hormann Clipping algorithm is based upon the “inside” of a
polygon based on the winding number. The winding number of a closed curve in the
plane around a given point is an integer representing the total number of times that
curve travels counter clockwise around the point. The algorithm considers regions with
odd winding number to be inside the polygon.

Curve, Text and Exterior Clipping – 1

1. Which of the following can be first used to test for overlap of a curve with the clipping
window?
a) Edges of the curve
b) The centre of the curve
c) The bounding rectangle for the curve
d) Tangents to the curve
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: The bounding rectangle for the curve can be used to test for overlap of the
curve with the clipping window. We can use the regular polygon clipping on the basis of
the condition that is fulfilled if the bounding rectangle for the curve comes inside the
viewing window or not.
2. Which of the following step is taken if the bounding rectangle for the curve is
completely inside the viewing window?
a) Full curve is discarded
b) Full curve is saved
c) The bounding rectangle cannot be fully inside the viewing window
d) A clipping operation is performed on the curve
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: If the bounding rectangle for the curve is completely inside the viewing
window then we save the full curve as the full curve would also be inside the viewing
window and there is no need to perform a clipping operation.
3. Which of the following step is taken if the bounding rectangle for the curve is
completely outside the viewing window?
a) Full curve is discarded
b) Full curve is saved
c) The bounding rectangle cannot be fully inside the viewing window
d) A clipping operation is performed on the curve
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: If the bounding rectangle for the curve is completely outside the viewing
window then we discard the full curve as the full curve would also be outside the viewing
window and there is no need to perform a clipping operation.
4. Which of the following condition is fulfilled if a circle is completely outside the viewing
window?
a) Xc + R = XLEFT
b) Xc + R > XLEFT
c) Xc + XLEFT < R
d) Xc + R < XLEFT
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: The condition that is fulfilled if a circle is completely outside the viewing
window is Xc + R < XLEFT. Where, Xc denotes the position of circles centre on the x axis, R
is the radius of circle and Xleft is the position of the left most edge of the viewing window
on x axis.
5. Which of the following set of conditions is fulfilled if a circle is completely outside the
viewing window?
a) Yc – R < Ytop
Yc + R > Ybottom
b) Yc – R > Ytop
Yc + R < Ybottom
c) Yc – R < Ytop
Yc + R < Ybottom
d) Yc – R > Ytop
Yc + R > Ybottom
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: The set of conditions that is fulfilled if a circle is completely outside the
viewing window is –
Yc – R > Ytop : This condition is fulfilled if a circle is completely outside and above the
viewing window.
Yc + R < Ybottom : This condition is fulfilled if a circle is completely outside and below the
viewing window.
Here, Yc is the position of centre of circle on y axis. R is the radius of the circle. Ytop and
Ybottom is the position of the top and bottom edge of the viewing window on the y axis
respectively,
6. Which of the following is used to adjust the shape of Bezier curve?
a) Control points
b) End points
c) Knots
d) Convex Hull
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: The control points are used to adjust the shape of a Bezier curve. A Bezier
curve is always determined by its control points which are denoted by P0 to Pn, where n
is the degree of curve which tells the shape of the curve. The first and last control points
of a Bezier curve are its endpoints.
7. Which of the following curve is formed with polynomial sections satisfying specified
continuity conditions?
a) Bezier Curve
b) Spline Curve
c) Both Bezier and Spline Curves
d) Neither Bezier nor Spline Curve
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: A Spline Curve is formed with polynomial sections satisfying continuity
conditions at the boundary of the pieces. We specify a spline curve by giving a set of
control points which indicates the general shape of the curve.
8. A hull is a line that connects the control points of a curve.
a) True
b) False
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: A hull is a line that connects all the control points of a curve. The shape of
the curve is always inside the shape of the hull. In geometry, the convex hull or convex
envelope of a shape is the smallest convex set that contains it.
9. Which of the following clipping process handles the clipping of strings?
a) Curve Clipping
b) Shape Clipping
c) Exterior Clipping
d) Text Clipping
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: The process that handles the clipping of strings is Text Clipping. It is the
process that decides which part of the string is to be kept based on their position in the
view window. There are different types of Text Clippings like all or none character
clipping, all or none string clipping etc.
10. In which of the following text clipping method do we only include the strings that are
entirely inside the view window?
a) All or none string clipping
b) All or none character clipping
c) Text clipping
d) We don’t consider the strings that are inside the view window
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: The text clipping method that only include the strings that are entirely inside
the view window is all or none string clipping. In this method if the whole string is inside
the view window then only the string is saved otherwise it is discarded.

Curve, Text and Exterior Clipping – 2

1. Clipping in computer graphics is primarily used for which of the following function?
a) Zooming In a picture
b) Copying a picture
c) Removing objects and lines from a picture
d) Zooming out a picture
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: The process of clipping in computer graphics is primarily used for removing
objects and lines from a picture. It is used to decide which part of the image is to be
shown and which has to be discarded from the frame.
2. Which of the following is defined as a rectangular space in which the world definition
of region is displayed?
a) Screen coordinate system
b) View window
c) World coordinate system
d) World window
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: View window is defined as a rectangular space in which the world definition
of region is displayed. In the process of clipping anything that is completely inside the
view window is saved, anything which is completely outside is discarded and if anything
lies on the window’s boundary then it is clipped.
3. In which of the following text clipping method do we only include the characters of a
string that are entirely inside the view window?
a) All or none string clipping
b) All or none character clipping
c) Text clipping
d) We don’t consider the character that are inside the view window
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: All or none character clipping is the process that is used to include only the
characters of a string that are entirely inside the view window. It discards any character
of a string that is either fully or partially outside the view window.
4. In which of the following text clipping method do we clip only a part of a characters of
a string that is partially outside the view window?
a) All or none string clipping
b) All or none character clipping
c) Text clipping
d) We don’t clip the character that is partially inside the view window
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: In Text Clipping we consider only those characters that are fully inside the
view window. If some portion of the character is outside the view window then we will
remove those portion that is entirely outside the window and if any character is lying on
the view pane boundary, then we will remove those portion that is outside the window
boundary.
5. In exterior clipping which part of a picture is considered and saved?
a) Picture which is inside the view window
b) Picture which is on the edges of the view window
c) Picture which is outside the view window
d) We don’t consider the picture in exterior clipping
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: In the process of exterior clipping the picture which is outside the view
window is considered and saved. The portion that is inside the view window is
discarded. The exterior clipping process works opposite to the text clipping and curve
clipping process.
6. Which of the following is not a use of exterior clipping?
a) It is used for displaying properly the pictures which overlap each other
b) It is used in the concept of overlapping windows
c) Used in designing and displaying of the number of maps and charts
d) It is used in clipping text inside the view window
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: Exterior Clipping is not used for clipping text inside the view window. Text
Clipping is used for clipping anything related to text. Exterior Clipping is mainly used for
displaying properly the pictures which overlap each other and for advertising and
publishing purposes.

4. 3D Transformation and Viewing

Three Dimensional Concepts

1. How many axes does a three-dimensional graphics consists of?
a) One axis
b) Two axes
c) Three axes
d) Six axes
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: A three-dimensional graphics consists of three axes namely the x axis, the
y axis and the z axis. These axes simulate the length, width and height of a 3-
dimensional object.
2. Which of the following is the most commonly used boundary representation for a 3-D
graphics object?
a) Data polygon
b) Surface polygon
c) System polygon
d) Volume polygon
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: Surface polygon is the most commonly used boundary representation for a
3-D graphics object. The object’s interior is enclosed by this surface polygon. In this
method of representation, set of polygons are stored for description of the object.
3. A three-dimensional object can be represented using which of the following
representation?
a) Equation
b) Function
c) Point
d) Polygon
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: A three-dimensional object can be represented by using an equation
representation. The equation for a 3-dimensional object contains 3 variables x, y and z
and 4 coefficients A, B, C and D.
4. Which of the following equation correctly represent a 3 D plane?
a) Ax + By + Cz = 1
b) Ax + By + Cz = 0
c) Ax + By + Cz + D = 1
d) Ax + By + Cz + D = 0
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: The equation that correctly represent a 3 D plane is Ax + By + Cz + D = 0.
Where x, y, z is any point on the plane, and the coefficients A, B, C, and D are constants
describing the spatial properties of the plane.
5. Which of the following transformations are most common that are applied on three-
dimensional objects?
a) Translation
b) Scaling
c) Rotation
d) Translation, Scaling, Rotation
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: Most common transformations that are applied on three-dimensional
objects are Translation, Scaling and Rotation. Translation refers to moving of an object
from its original position. Scaling refers to zooming in or out the size of an object.
Rotation refers to rotating an object about its axis.
6. How many types of projections are present in 3 D graphics?
a) 2
b) 3
c) 5
d) 7
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: In 3 D graphics there are 5 types of projections namely – Parallel
Projection, Orthographic Projection, Oblique Projection, Isometric Projection and
Perspective Projection.
7. Which of the following refers to the shapes created by union, intersection and
difference of given shapes?
a) Wire frame model
b) Composite transformation
c) Constructive solid geometry methods
d) Destructive solid geometry methods
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: Constructive solid geometry methods refers to the shapes created by
union, intersection and difference of given shapes. In a constructive solid geometry
approach, a solid model of an object is created by using the three-dimensional
geometric entities, known as primitives.
8. Which of the following refer to a model that represent all the dimension of an object
external as well as internal?
a) Wire frame model
b) Constructive solid geometry methods
c) Composite transformation
d) Destructive solid geometry methods
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: Wire frame model is used to represent all the dimension of an object
external as well as internal. The wireframe model is made by connecting all the vertices
of an object by either a straight line or a curve. In this model every vertex is connected
with each other.
9. In which of the following, the projection plane is intersected by all three x, y and z
axes at the same distances?
a) Cabinet projection
b) Perspective projection
c) Isometric projection
d) Cavalier projection
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: isometric projection is a projection where the projection plane intersects
each coordinate axis in the coordinate system at an equal distance. In this projection
parallelism of lines are preserved but their angles are not preserved.
10. Which of the following constitutes of subcategories of Perspective Projection?
a) Cavalier projection, Cabinet Projection
b) One point, Two point, Three point
c) Front projection, Top projection, Side projection
d) Orthographic projection, Oblique projection
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: The Perspective Projection consists of – One point, Two point, Three point.
One point perspective projection is simple to draw. Two point perspective projection
gives better impression of depth. Three point perspective projection is most difficult to
draw.

3D Translation and Scaling

1. Which of the following operation can be applied on a 3 D object to move it along any
axis from its original position?
a) Translation
b) Scaling
c) Rotation
d) Shearing
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: The process of translation is applied to move a point along a specified axis
from its original position in the coordinate plane. Translation of a point adds a constant
vector to that point to move it from its original place.
2. If a point (x, y, z) is to be translated by an amount dx, dy and dz respectively, then
what will be the value of the new translated points (x1, y1, z1)?
a) x1 = x
y1 = y
z1 = z
b) x1 = dx
y1 = dy
z1 = dz
c) x1 = x + dx
y1 = y + dy
z1 = z + dz
d) x1 = x – dx
y1 = y – dy
z1 = z – dz
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: If point (x, y, z) is to be translated by amount dx, dy and dz to a new
location (x1, y1, z1) then new coordinates can be obtained by adding dx to x, dy to y and
dz to z as:
x1 = dx + x
y1 = dy + y
z1 = dz + z
3. In the equation x1 = dx + x; which part of the equation is called as the translation
factor?
a) x1
b) dx
c) x
d) dx + x
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: In the equation x1 = dx + x; dx, is the translation factor, i.e. the amount by
which the point will be translated. x is the original point. x1 is the coordinate of the point
after translation.
4. If the original point P = (5, 7, 3) and the translation factor, T = (-2, -1, 3), then what will
be the value of the final point P1?
a) P1 = (7, 8, 6)
b) P1 = (3, 6, 0)
c) P1 = (7, 8, 0)
d) P1 = (3, 6, 6)
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: The new coordinates can be obtained by adding dx to x, dy to y and dz to z
as:
x1 = dx + x ; y1 = dy + y ; z1 = dz + z
So, P1 = (5+(-2), 7+(-1), 3+3)
P1 = (3, 6, 6)
5. How many different types of translation are present in computer graphics?
a) 1
b) 2
c) 3
d) 4
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: In computer graphics, there are 3 types of translation techniques namely –
the point translation (deals with a single point), the line translation (deals with a line) and
the polygon translation (deals with a shape).
6. Which of the following matrix equation is correct for 3 D translation?
a) x1[y1]=z11100Tx[010Ty]001Tz0001x0[y0]z01

b) x1[y1]=z111001[010Tx]001Ty000Tzx0[y0]z01

c) x1[y1]=z11100Tx[010Ty]001Tz0001x0[y0]z01

d) x1[y1]=z11000Tx[010Ty]010Tz1000x0[y0]z01
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: The correct matrix equation for 3 D translation is –
x1[y1]=z11100Tx[010Ty]001Tz0001x0[y0]z01
First matrix is for the final point, second matrix is for the translation factor and the Third
matrix is for the original point.
7. Which of the following operation can be applied on a 3 D object to zoom it in or out
about any axis from its original position?
a) Translation
b) Scaling
c) Rotation
d) Shearing
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: In computer graphics, scaling is a process of modifying or altering the size
of objects. Scaling may be used to increase or reduce the size of object.
8. What will be the value of new co-ordinates if the old co-ordinates are (X0 = 2, Y0 = 0,
Z0 = 4) and the scaling factor is (Sx = 2, Sy = 1, Sz = 3)?
a) (X1 = 4, Y1 = 1, Z1 = 7)
b) (X1 = 0, Y1 = -1, Z1 = 1)
c) (X1 = 1, Y1 = 0, Z1 = 4/3)
d) (X1 = 4, Y1 = 0, Z1 = 12)
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: The new co-ordinates would be – (X1 = 4, Y1 = 0, Z1 = 12)
Applying the scaling equations, we have-
X1 = X0 x Sx = 2 x 2 = 4
Y1 = Y0 x Sy = 0 x 1 = 0
Z1 = Z0 x Sz = 4 x 3 = 12
9. Which of the following matrix equation is correct for 3 D scaling of an object?
a) x1[y1]=z11Sx000[0Sy00]00Sz00001x0[y0]z01

b) x1[y1]=z11Sx001[0Sy10]01Sz01000x0[y0]z01

c) x1[y1]=z10Sx000[0Sy00]00Sz00001x0[y0]z00

d) x1[y1]=z11000Sx[00Sy0]0Sz001000x0[y0]z01
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: The correct matrix equation for 3 D scaling of an object is –
x1[y1]=z11Sx000[0Sy00]00Sz00001x0[y0]z01
First matrix is for the final point, second matrix is for the scaling factor and the third
matrix is for the original point.
10. If Scaling factor is lesser than 1 then the object size is increased.
a) True
b) False
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: The scaling factor of an object is used to determine whether the object is to
scaled up or scaled down. If the scaling factor of the object is greater than 1 then the
object is increased in scale and if the scaling factor of the object is lesser than 1 then the
object is decreased in scale.
 3D Rotation – 1
1. Which of the following operation can be applied on a 3 D object to rotate it about any
axis from its original position?
a) Translation
b) Scaling
c) Rotation
d) Shearing
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: The process of rotation is applied on a 3 D object to rotate it about any axis
from its original position. The rotation of the object can be in clockwise direction or in
anti-clockwise direction. We must specify the angle of rotation and the rotational point
while performing the rotation transformation.
2. The positive value of the pivot point rotates an object in which of the following
position?
a) Clockwise
b) Anti-Clockwise
c) Both Clockwise and Anti-Clockwise
d) Neither Clockwise nor Anti-Clockwise
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: An object can be rotated in two ways – either clockwise or anticlockwise. If
the rotation value of pivot point of the object is positive then the object is rotated in anti-
clockwise direction and if the rotation value of pivot point of the object is negative then
the object is rotated in clockwise direction.
3. Which of the following matrix equation is correct for 3 D rotation around x axis?
a) x1[y1]=z111000[0cosθ−sinθ0]0sinθcosθ00001x0[y0]z01

b) x1[y1]=z111000[0cosθsinθ0]0−sinθcosθ00001x0[y0]z01

c) x1[y1]=z111000[0sinθ−cosθ0]0cosθsinθ00001x0[y0]z01

d) x0[y0]=z011000[0cosθ−sinθ0]0sinθcosθ00001x1[y1]z11
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: The correct matrix equation for 3 D rotation around x axis is –
x1[y1]=z111000[0cosθ−sinθ0]0sinθcosθ00001x0[y0]z01
First matrix is for the final point, second matrix is the rotation matrix for x axis and the
third matrix is for the original point.
4. Which of the following matrix equation is correct for 3 D rotation around y axis?
a)x1[y1]=z11cosθ0sinθ1[1011]−sinθ0cosθ01000x0[y0]z01

b) x1[y1]=z11sinθ0sinθ0[0100]−cosθ0cosθ00001x0[y0]z01

c) x1[y1]=z11cosθ0sinθ0[0100]−sinθ0cosθ00001x0[y0]z01
d) x1[y1]=z10cosθ0sinθ0[0100]−sinθ0cosθ01110x0[y0]z00

View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: The correct matrix equation for 3 D rotation around x axis is –
x1[y1]=z11cosθ0sinθ0[0100]−sinθ0cosθ00001x0[y0]z01
First matrix is for the final point, second matrix is the rotation matrix for y axis and the
third matrix is for the original point.
5. Which of the following matrix equation is correct for 3 D rotation around z axis?
a) x1[y1]=z11sinθ−cosθ00[cosθsinθ00]00100001x0[y0]z01

b) x1[y1]=z11cosθ−sinθ11[sinθcosθ11]00010010x0[y0]z01

c) x1[y1]=z10cosθ−sinθ00[sinθcosθ00]00101110x0[y0]z00

d) x1[y1]=z11cosθ−sinθ00[sinθcosθ00]00100001x0[y0]z01

View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: The correct matrix equation for 3 D rotation around x axis is –
x1[y1]=z11cosθ−sinθ00[sinθcosθ00]00100001x0[y0]z01
First matrix is for the final point, second matrix is the rotation matrix for z axis and the
third matrix is for the original point.
6. Every vertex in a polygon is rotated with the same rotation angle.
a) True
b) False
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: When we apply 3 D rotation on any three dimensional polygon then the
polygon is rotated by shifting every vertex using the same rotational angle. When the
object is rotated, then every point of the object is rotated by the same angle.
7. Which of the following equation is correct for the new Y co-ordinate if an object
undergoes 3D rotation around x axis?
a) Ynew = Yold x cosθ – Zold x sinθ
b) Ynew = Yold x sinθ – Zold x cosθ
c) Ynew = Yold x cosθ + Zold x sinθ
d) Ynew = Yold x sinθ + Zold x cosθ
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: The correct equation for the new Y co-ordinate if an object undergoes 3D
rotation around x axis is – Ynew = Yold x cosθ – Zold x sinθ.
When the matrix form for 3D rotation around x axis is expanded then we get the
following equations – Xnew = Xold; Ynew = Yold x cosθ – Zold x sinθ; Znew = Yold x
sinθ + Zold x cosθ.
8. Which of the following equation is correct for the new Z co-ordinate if an object
undergoes 3D rotation around y axis?
a) Znew = Yold x cosθ + Xold x sinθ
b) Znew = Yold x cosθ – Xold x sinθ
c) Znew = Yold x sinθ + Xold x cosθ
d) Znew = Yold x sinθ – Xold x cosθ
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: The correct equation for the new Y co-ordinate if an object undergoes 3D
rotation around x axis is – Znew = Yold x cosθ – Xold x sinθ.
When the matrix form for 3D rotation around x axis is expanded then we get the
following equations – Xnew = Zold x sinθ + Xold x cosθ; Ynew = Yold; Znew = Yold x
cosθ – Xold x sinθ

3D Rotation – 2
1. Which of the following equation is correct for the new Z co-ordinate if an object
undergoes 3D rotation around x axis?
a) Znew = Yold x sinθ – Zold x cosθ
b) Znew = Yold x sinθ + Zold x cosθ
c) Znew = Yold x cosθ – Zold x sinθ
d) Znew = Yold x cosθ + Zold x sinθ
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: The correct equation for the new Z co-ordinate if an object undergoes 3D
rotation around x axis is – Znew = Yold x sinθ + Zold x cosθ.
When the matrix form for 3D rotation around x axis is expanded then we get the
following equations – Xnew = Xold; Ynew = Yold x cosθ – Zold x sinθ; Znew = Yold x
sinθ + Zold x cosθ.
2. Which of the following equation is correct for the new X co-ordinate if an object
undergoes 3D rotation around y axis?
a) Xnew = Zold x cosθ – Xold x sinθ
b) Xnew = Zold x cosθ + Xold x sinθ
c) Xnew = Zold x sinθ – Xold x cosθ
d) Xnew = Zold x sinθ + Xold x cosθ
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: The correct equation for the new X co-ordinate if an object undergoes 3D
rotation around y axis is – Xnew = Zold x sinθ + Xold x cosθ
When the matrix form for 3D rotation around y axis is expanded then we get the
following equations – Xnew = Zold x sinθ + Xold x cosθ; Ynew = Yold; Znew = Yold x
cosθ – Xold x sinθ
3. Which of the following equation is correct for the new X co-ordinate if an object
undergoes 3D rotation around z axis?
a) Xnew = Xold x cosθ – Yold x sinθ
b) Xnew = Xold x cosθ + Yold x sinθ
c) Xnew = Xold x sinθ – Yold x cosθ
d) Xnew = Xold x sinθ + Yold x cosθ
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: The correct equation for the new X co-ordinate if an object undergoes 3D
rotation around z axis is – Xnew = Xold x cosθ – Yold x sinθ
When the matrix form for 3D rotation around z axis is expanded then we get the
following equations – Xnew = Xold x cosθ – Yold x sinθ; Ynew = Xold x sinθ + Yold x
cosθ; Znew = Zold
4. Which of the following equation is correct for the new Y co-ordinate if an object
undergoes 3D rotation around z axis?
a) Ynew = Xold x sinθ – Yold x cosθ
b) Ynew = Xold x sinθ + Yold x cosθ
c) Ynew = Xold x cosθ – Yold x sinθ
d) Ynew = Xold x cosθ + Yold x sinθ
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: The correct equation for the new Y co-ordinate if an object undergoes 3D
rotation around z axis is – Ynew = Xold x sinθ + Yold x cosθ
When the matrix form for 3D rotation around z axis is expanded then we get the
following equations – Xnew = Xold x cosθ – Yold x sinθ; Ynew = Xold x sinθ + Yold x
cosθ; Znew = Zold.
5. What will be the final coordinates after rotation of the point P(5, 5, 5) at 90° about Z-
axis?
a) (5, -5, -5)
b) (-5, -5, -5)
c) (-5, 5, 5)
d) (5, -5, 5)
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: According to the equations –
Xnew = Xold x cosθ – Yold x sinθ = 5 x 0 – 5 x 1 = -5
Ynew = Xold x sinθ + Yold x cosθ = 5 x 1 + 5 x 0 = 5
Znew = Zold = 5
6. What will be the final coordinates after rotation of the point P(2, 3, 7) at 90° about X-
axis?
a) (2, -7, -3)
b) (-2, -7, -3)
c) (-2, 7, 3)
d) (2, -7, 3)
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: According to the equations –
Xnew = Xold = 2
Ynew = Yold x cosθ – Zold x sinθ = 3 x 0 -7 x 1 = -7
Znew = Yold x sinθ + Zold x cosθ = 3 x 1 + 7 x 0 = 3
 3D Reflection and Shear
1. Which of the following transformation is a rotation where angle of rotation is 180°?
a) Rotation
b) Shearing
c) Reflection
d) Translation
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: Reflection is a kind of rotation where the angle of rotation is 180 degree.
The reflected object is always formed on the other side of mirror. The laws of reflection
are also applicable on the newly formed object and the original object.
2. How many types of reflection is possible in a 3-dimensional environment?
a) 1
b) 3
c) 6
d) 9
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: There are three different types of reflections that are possible in a 3-
dimensional environment. These reflections are relative to XY plane, reflection relative to
YZ plane and reflection reflective to ZX plane.
3. Which of the following matrix equation is correct for 3 D reflection relative to XY
plane?
a) x1[y1]=z111000[0100]00−100001x0[y0]z01

b) x1[y1]=z101000[0100]00−100001x0[y0]z00

c) x1[y1]=z11−1000[0100]00100001x0[y0]z01

d) x1[y1]=z111000[0−100]00100001x0[y0]z01
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: The correct matrix equation for 3 D reflection relative to XY plane is –
x1[y1]=z111000[0100]00−100001x0[y0]z01
First matrix is for the final point, second matrix is the reflection matrix for XY plane and
the third matrix is for the original point.
4. Which of the following matrix equation is correct for 3 D reflection relative to YZ
plane?
a) x1[y1]=z101000[0100]00−100001x0[y0]z00

b) x1[y1]=z111000[0100]00−100001x0[y0]z01

c) x1[y1]=z111000[0−100]00100001x0[y0]z01
d) x1[y1]=z11−1000[0100]00100001x0[y0]z01
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: The correct matrix equation for 3 D reflection relative to YZ plane is –
x1[y1]=z11−1000[0100]00100001x0[y0]z01
First matrix is for the final point, second matrix is the reflection matrix for YZ plane and
the third matrix is for the original point.
5. Which of the following matrix equation is correct for 3 D reflection relative to XZ
plane?
a) x1[y1]=z101000[0100]00−100001x0[y0]z00

b) x1[y1]=z111000[0−100]00100001x0[y0]z01

c) x1[y1]=z101000[0−100]00100001x0[y0]z00

d) x1[y1]=z11−1000[0100]00100001x0[y0]z01
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: The correct matrix equation for 3 D reflection relative to XZ plane is –
x1[y1]=z111000[0−100]00100001x0[y0]z01
First matrix is for the final point, second matrix is the reflection matrix for XZ plane and
the third matrix is for the original point.
6. Given a 3D shape with coordinates A(6, 4, -2), B(5, -3, 6), C(2, 1, -5) and D(-2, 4, 7),
what will be the new coordinates if the shape undergoes 3D reflection relative to XZ
plane?
a) A(-6, -4, -2), B(-5, -3, -6), C(-2, -1, -5), D(-2, -4, -7)
b) A(6, 4, 2), B(5, 3, 6), C(2, 1, 5), D(2, 4, 7)
c) A(6, 4, 2), B(-5, 3, -6), C(-2, -1, 5), D(2, 4, -7)
d) A(6, -4, -2), B(5, 3, 6), C(2, -1, -5), D(-2, -4, 7)
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: The newly formed coordinates would be – A(6, -4, -2), B(5, 3, 6), C(2, -1, -
5), D(-2, -4, 7)
For 3D reflection relative to XZ plane –
Xnew = Xold; Ynew = -Yold; Znew = Zold
So, A(6, 4, -2) = A(6, -4, -2)
B(5, -3, 6) = B(5, 3, 6)
C(2, 1, -5) = C(2, -1, -5)
D(-2, 4, 7) = D(-2, -4, 7)
7. Which of the following transformation can be used to change the shape of a 3D object
in any particular axis?
a) Scaling
b) Rotation
c) Shearing
d) Translation
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: The Shearing transformation is used to change the shape of a 3 D object in
any specified axis. In shearing, the position of the object remains same but its shape
gets changed. The shape of the object can be changed with respect to the X or Y or Z
axis or any combination of these three.
8. Which of the following matrix equation is correct for 3D shearing in X axis?
a) x1[y1]=z111000[Shy100]Shz0100001x0[y0]z01

b) x1[y1]=z101000[Shy100]Shz0100001x0[y0]z00

c) x1[y1]=z111000[0100]ShyShz100001x0[y0]z01

d)x1[y1]=z111000[010Shy]001Shz0001x0[y0]z01
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: The correct matrix equation for 3D shearing in X axis is –
x1[y1]=z111000[Shy100]Shz0100001x0[y0]z01
First matrix is for the final point, second matrix is the shearing matrix for X axis and the
third matrix is for the original point.
9. Which of the following matrix equation is correct for 3D shearing in Y axis?
a) x1[y1]=z111ShxShz0[0100]00100001x0[y0]z01

b) x1[y1]=z111000[0100]0Shz100Shx01x0[y0]z01

c) x1[y1]=z111Shx00[0100]0Shz100001x0[y0]z01

d) x1[y1]=z101Shx00[0100]0Shz100000x0[y0]z00
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: The correct matrix equation for 3D shearing in Y axis is –
x1[y1]=z111Shx00[0100]0Shz100001x0[y0]z01
First matrix is for the final point, second matrix is the shearing matrix for Y axis and the
third matrix is for the original point.
10. Which of the following matrix equation is correct for 3D shearing in Z axis?
a) x1[y1]=z111000[0100]Shx010Shy001x0[y0]z01

b)x1[y1]=z1110ShxShy[0100]00100001x0[y0]z01

c) x1[y1]=z1010Shx0[01Shy0]00100001x0[y0]z00

d)x1[y1]=z1110Shx0[01Shy0]00100001x0[y0]z01
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: The correct matrix equation for 3D shearing in Z axis is –
x1[y1]=z1110Shx0[01Shy0]00100001x0[y0]z01
First matrix is for the final point, second matrix is the shearing matrix for Z axis and the
third matrix is for the original point.

3D Composite Transformations
1. What does composite transformations means?
a) Transformations that can be done in sequence
b) Transformations that cannot be done in sequence
c) Transformations that can be done simultaneously
d) Transformations that cannot be done simultaneously
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: Composite transformations are transforms that may be done in sequence,
hence they can be concatenated. Here we compose two or more than two
transformations together and calculate a resultant transformation matrix by multiplying all
the corresponding transformation matrix conditions with each other.
2. A normal scaling operation also moves the object being scaled from its original points.
a) True
b) False
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: It is true that the normal scaling operation also moves the object being
scaled from its original points. As an object scale from its original points its size
increases due to which its end points changes and it moves from its original position.
3. In terms of a line, which of the following means fixed point scaling?
a) Both endpoints of the line remains same even after scale
b) Both endpoints of the line changes after scaling
c) One endpoint of the line remains same after scaling
d) The line can be scaled only till a fixed point
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: Fixed point scaling refers to one endpoint of the line remains same even
after scaling. If we scale a line from both its endpoints then it changes its position so, to
keep an endpoint same we only scale the line with respect to only one of the endpoint.
4. Which of the following is the first step in composite transformation performed to scale
a line with a fixed end point?
a) Changing the position of the line so that the origin and the line’s endpoint overlaps
b) Keeping the origin same and scaling the line with respect to the origin
c) Changing the position of the line so that the endpoint and the fixed endpoint of the line
overlaps
d) Keeping the end point same and scaling the line with respect to the endpoint
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: The first step in composite transformation performed to scale a line with a
fixed endpoint is to translating the line so that its end coincides with the origin. After this
step only that endpoint is scaled which is not on the origin and then the non-scaled
endpoint is translated back to its original position.
5. Composite transformations increases the number of operations performed in a series
of transformation.
a) True
b) False
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: Composite transformation decreases the number of operations performed
in a series of transformation. The resultant matrix is obtained by only multiplying the
given two matrices whereas in simple transformations every single point of an object has
to be multiplied with the given matrix which increases the operations.
6. What should be sequence of transformations that are required to perform rotation of
an object around an arbitrary point?
a) Inverse Translation, Rotation, Translation
b) Scaling, Translation, Rotation
c) Translation, Rotation, Inverse Translation
d) Rotation, Translation, Scaling
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: The sequence of transformations that are required to perform rotation of an
object around an arbitrary point is – Translation, Rotation, Inverse Translation.
First the object is translated to origin, then it is rotated and then inverse translated back
to its original point.

Three Dimensional Viewing

1. Which of the following process is analogous to creating a view of a three dimensional
scene?
a) Making a painting
b) Taking a photograph
c) Recording a sound
d) Editing a picture
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: Taking a photograph is the most analogous to creating a view of a three
dimensional scene because both of them involves similar steps to complete the process
like viewing orientation, camera position and size of clipping window.
2. How many steps are involved in converting the world coordinates of a scene to device
coordinates?
a) 2
b) 3
c) 5
d) 7
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: A total of 5 steps are involved in converting the world coordinates of a
scene to the device coordinates. These includes – Modelling Transformation, Viewing
Transformation, Projection Transformation, Normalization Transformation and clipping
and Viewport Transformation.
3. Which of the following step involves in placing the object into appropriate position
within the scene using their world coordinates?
a) Modelling Transformation
b) Viewing Transformation
c) Projection Transformation
d) Viewport Transformation
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: Modelling Transformation involves in placing the object into appropriate
position within the scene using their world coordinates. In this step the shape of
individual objects in a scene is constructed within the modelling coordinate and are
placed into appropriate positions within the world coordinates.
4. Which of the following step involves converting viewing coordinates of a scene to the
coordinate position on the projection plane?
a) Modelling Transformation
b) Viewing Transformation
c) Projection Transformation
d) Viewport Transformation
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: Projection Transformation involves converting viewing coordinates of a
scene to the coordinate position on the projection plane. This process involves mapping
of the object point onto its image at the projection plane.
5. The Viewing plane or the projector is set up in which of the following position?
a) Perpendicular to x and aligned with y, z
b) Perpendicular to y and aligned with x, z
c) At origin
d) Perpendicular to z and aligned with x, y
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: The viewing plane or the projector is set up in the direction perpendicular to
z and aligned with x, y. These viewing coordinates describes a 3D object with respect to
a viewer. The viewing plane also includes the view reference point which is the origin of
the viewing plane.
6. Look vector points towards the direction in which the camera is looking.
a) True
b) False
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: Look vector points towards the direction in which the camera is looking. It
has three degrees of freedom and can be any vector in 3-space. Up vector is used to
determine how the camera will be rotated around the look vector.
7. Which of the following formula is used for converting world coordinates to the viewing
coordinates?
a) M WC, VC = R z x R y x R z x T
b) M WC, VC = R x ⋅ R y ⋅ R z ⋅T
c) M WC, VC = R z ⋅ R y ⋅ R z ⋅Tx . Ty. Tz
d) M WC, VC = R z ⋅ R y ⋅ R z ⋅T
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: The formula that is used for converting world coordinates to the viewing
coordinates is – M WC, VC = R x ⋅ R y ⋅ R z ⋅T
It is the dot product of the rotation vectors done in x, y and z direction as well as the
translation vector that is used to convert the world coordinates to the viewing
coordinates.
8. Which of the following is defined as mapping of a point P(x, y, z) onto its image P’(x’,
y’, z’) in the projection plane?
a) Mapping
b) Transformation
c) Clipping
d) Projection
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: Projection is defined as mapping of a point P(x, y, z) onto its image P’(x’, y’,
z’) in the projection plane. Projection can be divided into two broad categories – parallel
projection and perspective projection.

Parallel Projections
1. The planar geometric projections can be divided into how many categories?
a) 2
b) 3
c) 4
d) 5
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: The planar projections can be divided into 2 broad categories. These are
Parallel Projection and Perspective Projection.
2. The Parallel Projection can be divided into how many categories?
a) 6
b) 8
c) 2
d) 5
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: Parallel Projection can be mainly divided into two parts – Orthographic
Projection and Oblique Projection. Orthographic projection can be further divided into –
Top, Front, Side and Axonometric. Oblique Projection can be further divided into –
Cavalier and Cabinet.
3. Which types of lines are used to transform coordinate points to the view plane in
parallel projection?
a) Intersecting Lines
b) Parallel Lines
c) Perpendicular Lines
d) Bisecting Lines
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: Coordinate position are transformed to the view plane along parallel lines.
A parallel projection preserves relative proportion of objects, but does not give us a
realistic representation of the object.
4. Which type of parallel projection has projection vectors perpendicular to the viewing
plane?
a) Axonometric Projection
b) Orthographic Projection
c) Oblique Projection
d) Perspective Projection
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: In orthographic projection, the projection vectors are perpendicular to the
viewing plane. Orthographic projection is used to produce the front, side, and top views
of an object.
5. Which type of parallel projection has projection vectors not perpendicular to the
viewing plane?
a) Oblique Projection
b) Perspective Projection
c) Axonometric Projection
d) Cabinet Projection
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: In oblique projection, the projection vectors are not perpendicular to the
viewing plane. Angles and lengths are preserved for faces parallel the plane of
projection. „ Preserves 3D nature of an object
6. Which of the following orthographic parallel projection is called as a plan view?
a) Front
b) Side
c) Rear
d) Top
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: Top orthographic projection is called as plan view. Front, rear and side
orthographic projections of an object are called as the elevations.
7. The Axonometric parallel projection can be divided into how many sub categories?
a) 2
b) 3
c) 4
d) 5
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: The Axonometric parallel projection can be divided into 3 main
subcategories. These are – Isometric parallel projection, Dimetric parallel projection and
trimetric parallel projection.
8. Oblique parallel projection preserves the 3 D nature of the object.
a) True
b) False
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: In oblique parallel projection the 3 D nature of the object remains
preserved. The angles, distances and the parallel lines in the plane are projected
accurately. In oblique projection, projections are not perpendicular to the viewing plane.
9. In cabinet projection, what is the projected length of the lines that are perpendicular to
the viewing plane?
a) Same length as the original
b) Double the length of the original
c) Half the length of the original
d) Projected length does not depend on the original length
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: In cabinet projection, the projected length of the lines that are perpendicular
to the viewing plane is half the length of the original. It gives a more realistic view of the
object than the cavalier projection.
10. Which of the following is the correct set of equations for oblique parallel projection?
a) xp = x + z (L1 + cosθ)
yp = y + z (L1 + sinθ)
b) xp = x + z(L1sinθ)
yp = y + z(L1cosθ)
c) xp = x – z(L1cosθ)
yp = y – z(L1sinθ)
d) xp = x + z(L1cosθ)
yp = y + z(L1sinθ)
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: The set of equations that is correct for oblique parallel projection is –
xp = x + z(L1cosθ)
yp = y + z(L1sinθ)
where, xp and yp are projected coordinates. (x, y, z) are the original coordinates. L1 is the
length between the object and the view plane and θ is the angle with the horizontal
direction of the projection plane.

Perspective Projections
1. In which of the following projection, the object size differs when look from different
distances?
a) Parallel Projection
b) Cavalier Projection
c) Perspective projection
d) Cabinet Projection
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: In perspective projection, the size of the image differs when look from
different distances. This happens due to the size of image is inversely proportional to the
distance between the projection plane and the centre of projection.
2. What is the distance of centre of projection from the projection plane in perspective
projection?
a) There is an infinite distance
b) There is a finite distance
c) Point of projection lies on the projection plane itself
d) Distance between centre of projection and projection plane cannot be told
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: In Perspective Projection the centre of projection is at finite distance from
projection plane. This projection produces realistic views but does not preserve relative
proportions of an object dimensions.
3. Perspective projection can be divided into how many categories?
a) 3
b) 4
c) 5
d) 6
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: Perspective projection can be divided into three parts. These are One-point
perspective, Two-point perspective and Three-point perspective.
4. In perspective projection, what happens to the size of the image when the object
moves far from the projection plane?
a) There is no change in size of image
b) Size of image gets bigger
c) Size of image gets smaller
d) There is no image in perspective projection
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: In perspective projection, images of distant object are smaller than images
of objects of same size that are closer to projection plane. More we increase the
distance from the centre of projection, smaller will be the object appear.
5. In perspective projection, which of the following is the point where all lines will appear
to meet?
a) Projectors
b) Projection Plane
c) Point of Projection
d) Vanishing Point
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: In Perspective projection, Vanishing point is the point where all lines
appear to meet at some point in the view plane. Classification of perspective projection
is on basis of vanishing points, vanishing point is a point where projection line intersects
view plane.
6. Which of the following type of perspective projection is used in drawings of railway
lines?
a) One-point
b) Two-point
c) Three-point
d) Perspective projection is not used to draw railway lines
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: The One Point projection is mostly used to draw the images of roads,
railway tracks, and buildings. A One Point perspective contains only one vanishing point
on the horizon line which helps in the making of railway tracks.
7. Which of the following type of perspective projection is also called as “Angular
Perspective”?
a) One-point
b) Two-point
c) Three-point
d) Four-Point
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: Two Point is also called “Angular Perspective.” A Two Point perspective
contains two vanishing points on the line, the two points make a angle in between them
which is why it is also called as angular perspective.
8. In perspective projection, at which of the following point the eyes of the observer are
located?
a) Vanishing Point
b) Perspective Point
c) Observer Point
d) Station Point
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: A station point is the location from which an artist intends the observer to
view an artwork or picture. It is where the eyes of the observer are located. In
photography, the station point is the location of the camera when it captures a picture.
9. How many axis intersects with the projection plane in the three-point perspective
projection?
a) One
b) Two
c) Three
d) No axis intersects the projection plane
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: In three point perspective projection, three axis intersects with the
projection plane. This type of projection has 3 different vanishing points. Every axis
intersects the projection plane and none of the axis is parallel to the plane.
 View Volumes and General Projection Transformation
1. Which of the following parameters determines how much of the scene is caught in a
film while photography?
a) Distance of camera from scene
b) Size of scene
c) Type of lens
d) Angle of camera
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: The parameter which determines how much of the scene is caught in a film
while photography is the type of lens. A wide angle lens takes in more of the scene than
a regular lens. The wide angle lens also requires less distance from the scene compared
to the regular lens.
2. View volumes is setup using which of the following parameter?
a) Window boundaries
b) Window edges
c) World coordinates
d) Projection window
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: The view volume of a scene is defined using the window boundaries. View
volume of a scene is the volume until which the objects in a scene are visible. If they are
outside that specified volume then they are clipped.
3. Which of the following parameter defines the size of the view volume of a scene?
a) Window boundaries
b) Size of the window
c) Type of Projection
d) Window edges
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: Size of the view volume of a scene depends upon the size of the window.
The greater the size of the window, the farther will be its window boundaries which in
turn ultimately increases the view volume.
4. Which of the following parameter defines the shape of the view volume of a scene?
a) Window boundaries
b) Size of the window
c) Type of Projection
d) Window edges
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: Shape of the view volume of a scene depends upon the type of projection
used to generate the display. For a parallel projection, shape of view volume forms an
infinite parallelepiped. For a perspective projection, the view volume is-a pyramid with
apex at the projection reference.
5. How can an infinite view volume be changed into a finite view volume?
a) By changing the length of window boundaries
b) By changing the angle of projection
c) By changing the size of the window
d) By specifying positions for one or two additional boundary planes
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: An infinite view volume can be changed into a finite view volume by
specifying positions for one or two additional boundary planes. These z,-boundary
planes are referred to as the front-plane and back-plane of the viewing volume. The front
and back planes are parallel to the view plane at specified-positions zfront and zback.
6. Front and back clipping planes allows us to clip the scene from view volume on the
basis of which parameter?
a) Length
b) Breadth
c) Depth
d) Height
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: Front and back clipping planes allow us to eliminate parts of the scene from
the viewing operations based on depth. We can then pick out parts of a scene that we
would like to view and exclude objects that are front or behind the part that we want to
look at.
7. In perspective projection, we can use the front clipping plane to take out which of the
following object that are close to the view plane?
a) Large Objects
b) Small Objects
c) Near Objects
d) Far Objects
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: In a perspective projection, we can use the front clipping plane to take out
large objects close to the view plane that can project into unrecognizable sections within
the view window. Similarly, the back clipping plane can he used to cut out objects far
from the projection reference point that can project to small blocks on the output.

8. Animations and Realism

Anti Aliasing
1. The distortion of information due to low-frequency sampling is known as
a) Sampling
b) Aliasing
c) Inquiry function
d) Anti-aliasing
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: The distortion of information is called aliasing.
2. To avoid losing information from periodic objects we need
a) Sampling frequency twice
b) Nyquist sampling frequency
c) Both a or b
d) Neither a nor b
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: Because nyquist sampling frequency means sampling frequency twice.
3. Nyquist sampling frequency formula is
a) fs=2fmax
b) fs=2fmin
c) fs=fmax
d) fs=fmin
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: None.
4. The sampling of object characteristic at a high resolution and displaying the result at a
lower resolution is called?
a) Super-sampling
b) Post-filtering
c) Anti-aliasing
d) a or b
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: Super-sampling is also called Post-filtering by computing intensities and
combines results to obtain the pixel intensities.
5. Anti-aliasing by computing overlap areas is referred to as
a) Area-sampling
b) Super-sampling
c) Pixel phasing
d) Only b
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: The intensity of pixel as a whole is determined without calculating sub-pixel
intensity.
6. Area-sampling is also known as
a) Pre-filtering
b) Pixel phasing
c) Post-filtering
d) Anti-aliasing
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: None.
7. Raster objects can also be anti-aliased by shifting the display location of pixel areas is
known as
a) Super-sampling
b) Pixel shaping
c) Pixel phasing
d) Any of these
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: This technique is applied by micro-positioning the electron beam in relation
to object geometry.
8. If we want to use more intensity levels to anti-alias the line, then
a) We increase the number of sampling positions
b) We decrease the number of sampling positions
c) We increase the number of pixels
d) Only c
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: We increase the number of sampling positions across each pixel to use
more intensity levels.
9. The procedure that increases the number of intensity levels for each pixel to total
number of sub-pixels is
a) Area-sampling
b) Anti-aliasing
c) Super-sampling procedure
d) Only c
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: The super-sampling procedure increases the number of intensity levels for
each pixel to total number of sub-pixels.
10. For a 45% line, the line path is________ on the polygon area.
a) Horizontal
b) Centered
c) Vertical
d) Any of these
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: The line path is centered on the polygon area only if a line is 45%.
11. An array of values specifying the relative importance of sub-pixel is referred
as________ of sub-pixel weights.
a) Sub-mask
b) Mask
c) Pixel phasing
d) Pixel weighting
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: None.
12. The technique that is more accurate method for anti-aliasing lines is
a) Filtering
b) Area-sampling
c) Super-sampling
d) None
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: In this technique we can imagine a continuous weighting surface covering
the pixel.
13. Super-sampling methods can be applied by
a) Sub-dividing the total area
b) Determining the number of sub-pixels inside the area
c) Both a and b
d) Only b
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: Super-sampling methods can be applied by sub-dividing the total area and
determining the number of sub-pixels inside the area boundary.
14. Another method for determining the percentage of pixel area within a boundary is
a) Mid-print algorithm
b) Mid-point algorithm
c) Pixel intensity
d) By using inquiry functions
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: This algorithm selects the next pixel along a line by determining which of 2
pixels is closer to the line between 2 pixels.
15. What is the use of Coherence techniques along and between scan lines?
a) To simplify the calculations
b) To determine the area edges
c) To find polygon region
d) To correct interior area
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: Coherence techniques are used along and between scan lines to simplify
the calculations.