1. The document discusses topics in quantum mechanics including: simple harmonic motion, raising and lowering operators, representations of quantum states, one-dimensional quantum systems like finite square wells and infinite square wells, and general concepts like linear operators, Hermitian operators, and the uncertainty principle.
2. Key equations are derived, such as the Hamiltonian for simple harmonic motion, expressions relating raising and lowering operators to wavefunctions, and the energy levels for infinite square wells.
3. Different pictures in quantum mechanics are distinguished, including the Schrodinger, Heisenberg, and interaction pictures. Equations of motion, merits, and demerits are compared for each picture.
1. The document discusses topics in quantum mechanics including: simple harmonic motion, raising and lowering operators, representations of quantum states, one-dimensional quantum systems like finite square wells and infinite square wells, and general concepts like linear operators, Hermitian operators, and the uncertainty principle.
2. Key equations are derived, such as the Hamiltonian for simple harmonic motion, expressions relating raising and lowering operators to wavefunctions, and the energy levels for infinite square wells.
3. Different pictures in quantum mechanics are distinguished, including the Schrodinger, Heisenberg, and interaction pictures. Equations of motion, merits, and demerits are compared for each picture.
1. The document discusses topics in quantum mechanics including: simple harmonic motion, raising and lowering operators, representations of quantum states, one-dimensional quantum systems like finite square wells and infinite square wells, and general concepts like linear operators, Hermitian operators, and the uncertainty principle.
2. Key equations are derived, such as the Hamiltonian for simple harmonic motion, expressions relating raising and lowering operators to wavefunctions, and the energy levels for infinite square wells.
3. Different pictures in quantum mechanics are distinguished, including the Schrodinger, Heisenberg, and interaction pictures. Equations of motion, merits, and demerits are compared for each picture.
1. The document discusses topics in quantum mechanics including: simple harmonic motion, raising and lowering operators, representations of quantum states, one-dimensional quantum systems like finite square wells and infinite square wells, and general concepts like linear operators, Hermitian operators, and the uncertainty principle.
2. Key equations are derived, such as the Hamiltonian for simple harmonic motion, expressions relating raising and lowering operators to wavefunctions, and the energy levels for infinite square wells.
3. Different pictures in quantum mechanics are distinguished, including the Schrodinger, Heisenberg, and interaction pictures. Equations of motion, merits, and demerits are compared for each picture.
University of Dhaka Course Title: Quantum Mechanics - I; Course No: TPG = 565
Simple Harmonic Motion
1. (a) Write down the Hamiltonian operator for a simple harmonic motion. (b) Starting from the following operators 1 a = √ (mωx + ipx ) 2mℏω 1 a† = √ (mωx − ipx ) 2mℏω (1)
(i) show that [a, a† ] = 1.
(ii) show that the hamiltonian operator of a simple harmonic motion is
H = ℏω (a† a + 1/2)
. (c) Using question above expression, obtain the relation En = (n + 1/2) ℏ ω . (d) Suppose that the normalized eigen ket for a linear harmonic oscillator has the form of |En+1 >= Cn+1 a† |En >. Evaluate the value of Cn+1 .
2. (a) The rising and lowering operators generate new solutions to the Schrodinger equation, but these new solutions are not correctly normalized. Thus a+ ϕn is proportional to ϕn+1 and a− ϕn is proportional to ϕn−1 , but we would like to know the precise constants. Use integration by parts and the Schrodinger equation to show that Z −∞ |a+ ϕn |2 dx = (n + 1)ℏω (2) ∞
and Z −∞ |a− ϕn |2 dx = nℏω (3) ∞ and hence p a+ ϕn = i (n + 1)ℏωϕn+1 (4) and √ a− ϕn = −i nℏωϕn−1 (5) (b) Write the Hamiltonian, a+ , and a− in matrix form. (c) Write the matrix form of x and p using the operator of a+ , and a− for simple harmonic oscillation.
Representations 3. Three pictures or representations (i) Schrodinger picture (ii) Heisenberg picture and (iii) Dirac or Interaction picture.
4. (a) Distinguish among the Schrödinger, Heisenberg and Interaction pictures.
(b) Find equations of motion in the Schrödinger, Heisenberg picture and Interaction pic- ture. (c) Describe briefly the merits and demerites of the three pictures.
1 One Dimensional Problems 5. Write down the Schrodinger equation for free particle. Solve it. Find the current density for free particle. Normalize the free particle wave equation. Find the energy.
6. Consider the finite square well
Vo for −a ≤ x ≤ a V (x) = (6) 0 for |x| > a
(i) Find the solution of the Schrodinger equation. (ii) Normalize it. (iii) Find the expec- tation value of position, momentum, and energy.
7. Consider the infinite square well
Vo for 0≤x≤a V (x) = (7) ∞ Othersise
(i) Write down the Schrodinger equation for it (ii) Solve the Schrodinger equation for this potential (iii) Normalize the wave function (iv) Find the energy (v) Draw the energy levels and wave functions (vi) Find < x >, < x2 >, < p >, < p2 >, < σx >, and < σp > for the nth stationary state infinite square well. Check that the uncertainty principle is satisfied (vii) Show that the wavefunctions are mutually orthogonal.
8. Consider the step function potential
0 if x ≤ a V (x) = (8) V0 if x > a
(a) Calculate the reflection coefficient, for the case E < V0 , and comment on the answer. (b) Calculate the reflection coefficient for the case E > V0 . (c) For a potential such as this that does not go back to zero to the right of the barrier, the transmission coefficient is not simply |F |2 /|A|2 , with A the incident amplitude and F the transmitted amplitude, because the transmitted wave travels at a different speed. Show that r E − V0 |F |2 T = (9) E |A|2 for E > V0 . What is T for E < V0 . (d) For E > V0 , calculate the transmission coefficient for the step potential, and check that T + R = 1.
9. Consider the wave function
ψ(x, t) = Ae−λ|x| e−iωt , (10) where A, λ, and ω are positive real constants. (a) Normalize ψ(x, t). (b) Determine the expectation values of x and x2 . (c) Find the standard deviation of x. Sketch the graph of |ψ|2 , as a function of x, and make the points << x > +σ > and << x > −σ > to illustrate the sense in which σ represents the spread in x. What would be the probability that the particle would be found outside this range.
10. A particle of mass m in the state
ψ(x, t) = Ae−λ|x| e−iωt , (11)
where A and a are positive real constants.
(i) Find A. (ii) For what potential energy function V(x) does ψ satisfy the Schrodinger equation? (iii) Calculate the expectation values of x, x2 , p, and p2 . (iV) Find σx and σp . Is there product consistent with the uncertainty principle.
11. What is linear operator? write down the properties of linear operators.
2 12. Define Hermitian operator. Show that the eigen value of Hermitian operator is real.
13. Show that px is an Hermitian operator but xpx is not a Hermitian operator.
14. If A and B are two operators such that [A, B] = iℏ, show that ∆A∆B ≥ ℏ2 , where ∆A and ∆B are the uncertainty of A and B, respectively.
15. Show that if two operators are Hermitian then their product is also Hermitian if they commute.
16. Determine the values of (i) [xn , px ] (ii) [vx , px ].
17. Write down the postulates of quantum mechanics.
18. Proof the generalized uncertainty principle, σA2 σB2 ≥ ( 2i1 < [Â, B̂] >)2 and hence prove the Heisenberg uncertainty principle if the first observable is position (Â = x) and the d second is momentum (B̂ = ℏi dx ).
