Department of Transportation

Metro Manila Subway Project (MMSP) Phase 1

Environmental Performance Report and Monitoring Plan
Volume 1 Main Report
Project Number: MNLD19050
Document Number: R19-17
10 July 2019
 Metro Manila Subway Project (MMSP) Phase 1
Environmental Performance Report and Monitoring Plan

Quality information
Prepared by Checked by Approved by

AECOM EIA Team Richard Andal / Kathleen Anne Cruz Alfred Lalu

Revision History
Revision Revision date Details Authorized Name Position

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 Metro Manila Subway Project (MMSP) Phase 1
Environmental Performance Report and Monitoring Plan

Prepared for:
Department of Transportation
Sergio Osmeña Road, Clark Freeport
Mabalacat, Pampanga

Prepared by:

AECOM Philippines Inc.

14th Floor, Bonifacio Stopover Corporate Center
2nd Ave. corner of 31st St., Bonifacio Global City, Fort Bonifacio,
Taguig City, Philippines 1634
www.aecom.com

© 2019 AECOM Philippines, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

This document has been prepared by AECOM Philippines Consultants Corp. (“AECOM”) for sole use of
our client (the “Client”) in accordance with generally accepted consultancy principles, the budget for fees
and the terms of reference agreed between AECOM and the Client. Any information provided by third
parties and referred to herein has not been checked or verified by AECOM, unless otherwise expressly
stated in the document. No third party may rely upon this document without the prior and express written
agreement of AECOM.
 Metro Manila Subway Project (MMSP) Phase 1
Environmental Performance Report and Monitoring Plan

Table of Contents
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY .......................................................................................................... 1
Project Fact Sheet ................................................................................................................... 1
EIA Process Documentation ..................................................................................................... 3
EIA Summary ....................................................................................................................... 11
INTRODUCTION.................................................................................................................... 35
Background ......................................................................................................................... 35
Proponent............................................................................................................................ 35
EPRMP Report Structure ....................................................................................................... 35

No table of figures entries found.

 Metro Manila Subway Project (MMSP) Phase 1
Environmental Performance Report and Monitoring Plan

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

Project Fact Sheet

About the Project

The Department of Transportation (DOTr) in partnership w ith the Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) is proposing to construct
the Metro Manila Subw ay Project (MMSP). This railw ay project is part of the Build Build Build Program of the current Philippine administration.

This project has a total alignment length of 36 km running from its proposed depot Valenzuela City and to the proposed NAIA Terminal 3
Station and the interoperability area betw een the proposed FTI station and the Bicutan PN R Station. The project w as giv en its Env ironmental

Compliance Certificate (ECC) last October of 2017, Annex ES.1-1. How ev er, due to a fault line discov ered near the Cay etano Station, the
alignment w as shifted aw ay from the fault line and thus w as required to amend its ECC.

Including the additional components, the MMSP cov ers the follow ing key components:

• Fifteen (15) subw ay stations including their corresponding;

o Construction y ards; and

o Shield machine bases
• Underground sections in-betw een the stations;

• Valenzuela Depot;
• Interoperability area betw een FTI Station and Bicutan PNR Station; and
• Interconnections such as w alkw ays, public utility v ehicle (PUV) bay s, etc.
The additional key components:

• Three (3) new subw ay stations;

o Law ton East, Law ton West and NAIA Terminal 3 Stations
• The underground tunnels in-betw een the new stations; and
• The interoperability area betw een FTI Station and Bicutan PNR Station.

Name of the Project

Metro Manila Subw ay Project (MMSP) Phase 1

Project Proponent
Department of Transportation (DOTr)

Project Locations
Valenzuela City Quezon City

• Barangay Ugong • Barangay Talipapa

• Barangay Tandang Sora
Makati City
• Barangay Bagong Pagasa
• Barangay East Rembo
• Brgy . Project 6
Taguig City
• Barangay Piny ahan
• Barangay Fort Bonifacio
• Barangay Bagumbuhay
• Barangay Western Bicutan
• Barangay Blueridge A
• Barangay St. Ignatius

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 Metro Manila Subway Project (MMSP) Phase 1
Environmental Performance Report and Monitoring Plan

Pasig City • Barangay Bay anihan

• Barangay Ugong • Barangay White Plains

• Barangay San Antonio • Barangay Santo Cristo
• Barangay Oranbo • Barangay Tandang Sora

• Barangay Kapitoly o • Barangay Malay a

• Barangay Sikatuna Village

Pasay City
• Barangay East Kamias
• Barangay 183
• Barangay Quirino 2A
Parañaque City
• Barangay Quirino 3A
• Barangay San Martin de Porres
• Barangay Milagrosa
• Barangay Merv ile
• Barangay Project 6

Nature of the Project

Railw ay Project w ith Depot

Total Alignment Length

36 km

Previous ECC

ECC CO 1709-0017 (Issued: 25 October 2017)

Project Components
Retained Old Alignment Components New Alignment Components
• Valenzuela Depot • Kalay aan Station
• Quirino Highw ay Station o Underground Tunnel Betw een Kalay aan Station and
o Underground Tunnel Betw een Quirino Highw ay Station Bonifacio Global City Station
and Tandang Sora Station • Bonifacio Global City Station
• Tandang Sora Station o Includes the construction y ards and shield machine
o Underground Tunnel Betw een Tandang Sora Station and bases for the aforementioned stations and
North Av enue Station underground tunnels
• North Av enue Station o Underground Tunnel Betw een Bonifacio Global City
o Underground Tunnel Betw een North Av enue Station and Station and Law ton East Station

Quezon Av enue Station • Law ton East Station

• Quezon Av enue Station o Underground Tunnel Betw een Law ton East Station
o Underground Tunnel Betw een Quezon Av enue Station and Law ton West Station

and East Av enue Station • Law ton West Station

• East Av enue Station o Underground Tunnel Betw een Law ton West Station
o Underground Tunnel Betw een East Av enue Station and and FTI Station

Anonas Station o Underground Tunnel Betw een Law ton West Station
• Anonas Station and NAIA Terminal 3 Station
o Underground Tunnel Betw een Anonas Station and • NAIA Terminal 3 Station (Tw o Alignment Options for this

Katipunan Station Station)

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 Metro Manila Subway Project (MMSP) Phase 1
Environmental Performance Report and Monitoring Plan

• Katipunan Station • FTI Station

o Underground Tunnel Betw een Katipunan Station and o Alignment Betw een FTI Station and Bicutan PNR
Ortigas North Station Station for interoperability w ith the North South
• Ortigas North Station Commuter Railw ay (NSCR) Project
o Underground Tunnel Betw een Ortigas North Station and • Includes the construction y ards and shield machine bases

Ortigas South Station for the aforementioned stations and underground tunnels
• Ortigas South Station
o Underground Tunnel Betw een Ortigas South Station and

Kalay aan Station

Indicative Project Cost

PhP 356,964.17 Million

Proponent Address
Sergio Osmeña Road, Clark Freeport, Mabalabat, Pampanga

Proponent Representative

Atty . Arthur P. Tugade, DOTr Secretary

Proponent Contact Details

(632) 790-8300

EIA Process Documentation

Process Brief

The ECC amendment and the EIA process undergone for the MMSP w as conducted in accordance w ith Philippine EIA legislation:
• Presidential Decree 1586 (PD 1586)
• DENR Administrativ e Order No. 15 Series of 2017 (DAO 2017-15)

• DENR Administrativ e Order No. 30 Series of 2003 (DAO 2003-30)

• DENR Administrativ e Order No. 09 Series of 2001 (DAO 2001-09)
• EMB Memorandum Circular No. 005 Series of 2014 (EMB MC 2014-005)

• EMB Memorandum Circular No. 002 Series of 2010 (EMB MC 2010-002)

Based on the project screening guideline in EMB MC 2014-005, the proposed project is an Env ironmentally Critical Project that is located in
a non-Env ironmentally Critical Area. The amendment of the ECC of the MMSP w ill require the conduct of an Env ironmental Performance
Report and Monitoring Plan (EPRMP) and its submission to Env ironmental Management Bureau – Central Office (EMB-CO)

EIA Preparer

AECOM Philippines Inc.

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 Metro Manila Subway Project (MMSP) Phase 1
Environmental Performance Report and Monitoring Plan

Study Team Composition

EIA Preparer
Role/Specialization Name
Registration No.

Project Director/EIA Specialist/Peer Rev iew er Kathleen Anne Cruz IPCO-164

Project Manager/Team Leader/EIA Specialist Richard Andal IPCO-158

Deputy Team Leader/Water Quality Specialist/EIA Specialist Danielle Danica Solis

Geologist/Geohazard Specialist Allan Mandanas IPCO-145

Terrestrial Wildlife Specialist/Terrestrial Ecology Lead Michael de Guia IPCO-272

Terrestrial Vegetation Specialist/ Aquatic Ecology Specialist Danielle Dominique Deborde

Hy drologist Rene Cruz

Air Quality Specialist, GHG, Climate Change Specialist Aquinas Hy acinth Toledo IPCO-144

Noise Specialist Rosette Kassandra Dumat-ol

Vibration Specialist Chun Hin Neo Cheung

Traffic Impact Assessment Specialist/Cost Benefit Analy sis Specialist Jedd Carlo Ugay

Traffic Impact Assessment Specialist/Cost Benefit Analy sis Specialist Jecco Louie Dela Cruz

Socio-Economics Specialist/Social Impact Assessment Specialist Wilfrido Palarca

Env ironmental Risk Assessment Specialist Richard Andal IPCO-158

EIA Study Schedule

EIA Schedule 2017

Activity Schedule Venue / Area

Field studies

Site surv ey January to July 2017 Entire MMSP alignment

Landscape surv ey May 5, 2017 Depot site in Brgy . Ugong, Valenzuela

Flora surv ey April 28, July 5-18 Depot site in Brgy . Ugong, Valenzuela and all proposed
stations

Ground v ibration measurements March 27 – May 4, 2017 MMSP alignment locations

Surface w ater quality sampling March 1, 2017 All riv ers along the MMSP alignment

Ambient air quality sampling Dry season (March 27 – May 3, MMSP alignment locations
2017)

Wet season (July 10 – 27, 2017)

Noise measurements March 27 – May 3, 2017 and July MMSP alignment locations
10 – 27, 2017

Historical/Cultural heritage May 18, 2017 BGC, Taguig City

Consultation1

IEC meetings w ith LGUs for pre-scoping December 6, 2016 – March 18, Quezon City , Caloocan City , Valenzuela City , Taguig
activ ity to introduce MMSP 2017 City , Makati City , Pasig City and Parañaque City

1
Full details included in Annex ES.1-1

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 Metro Manila Subway Project (MMSP) Phase 1
Environmental Performance Report and Monitoring Plan

Stakeholders’ consultation meetings for March 9 – April 17, 2017 Makati City , Taguig City , Pasig City , Quezon City ,
env ironmental consideration and public Parañaque City and Valenzuela City
scoping

Public consultation for RAP May 15 – 24, 2017 San Antonio, Blue Ridge, Bagumbuhay , Piny ahan, St.

Ignatius, Talipapa, Tandang Sora

April 18 – May 2, 2017 Quezon City , Makati City , Parañaque City , Pasig City ,
Taguig City , Valenzuela City

June 5 – July 21, 2017 Bagumbuhay , Bay anihan, Blueridge, Kapitoly o,

Merv ille, Oranbo, San Antonio, St Ignatius, Ugong,

Bagong, Piny ahan, West Rembo, Quezon City , Makati

City , Parañaque City , Pasig City , Taguig City ,
Valenzuela City

Public Hearings

Public hearing – Pasig City , Makati City , Sept 5, 2017 10th Flr. Kalay aan Hall, SM Aura Office Tow er, Taguig
Taguig City and Parañaque City City
Public hearing – Quezon City Sept 6, 2017 3rd Flr., EPWMD Conference Room, Quezon City Hall

Public hearing – Valenzuela City Sept 7, 2017 Roliing Hills Resort, Brgy . Ugong, Valenzuela City

ECC Granted October 25, 2017 DENR- EMB Central Office

EIA Schedule 2019

Activity Schedule Venue / Area

Consultation

IEC activ ities – Stakeholder October 8 – 9, 2018 Training Room, Action Center, Brgy . Dalandanan,

consultation meetings Valenzuela City

IEC activ ities – social preparation May 16 – June 3, 2019 City Planning of Taguig, City Planning and Engineering of

and scoping activ ities Pasay , Pasay Barangay 183, City Planning of Parañaque,
Taguig Barangay s (Bicutan and Fort Bonifacio) and
Parañaque Barangay s (San Martin De Porres)

Perception surv ey s May 30 and June 4, 2019 Pasay City , Taguig City and Parañaque City

Public Scoping July 1, 2019 Cov ered courts of United Hills Village, corner of Atis St.

and Narra St, Parañaque

Technical Scoping July 17, 2019 EMB Central Office

Field studies

Ambient air quality and noise June 20-23, 2019 NAIA Terminal 3, Sitio Fort Bonifacio Health Center and Dr

sampling Arcadio Santos National High School

Wildlife surv ey s June 29 – 30 and July 6 – 7, 2019 Bonifacio Global City , Law ton West and East and FTI

Perception surv ey s May 30-31 and June 3, 2019 Barangay 183, Villamor (Pasay City ), Barangay Fort
Bonifacio (Taguig City ) and Barangay San Martin de
Porres (SMDP) (Parañaque City )

Vegetation surv ey s June 18 – 20 and July 21, 2019 Bonifacio Global City , Law ton West and East and FTI

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 Metro Manila Subway Project (MMSP) Phase 1
Environmental Performance Report and Monitoring Plan

Traffic surv ey s July 5 and July 8, 2019 NAIA Terminal 3 and FTI

Vibration surv ey s July 4 – 7, 2019 Shrine of St. Therese of the Child Jesus, American Manila
Cemetery and Administration building of United Hill Village

Technical Scoping July 16, 2019 DENR – EMB Central Office

Submission of EPRMP to DENR for July 26, 2019 DENR – EMB Central Office
Procedural Screening

Public Hearings

Public Hearing – Taguig City August 30, 2019 (AM) Taguig

Public Hearing – Pasay City August 30, 2019 (PM) Pasay

Public Hearing - Parañaque City September 2, 2019 Parañaque

ECC completion September 30, 2019 DNER – EMB Central Office

Study Area

This EPRMP w ill assess the env ironmental impacts and mitigations of the project throughout its 36 km alignment. How ev er, particular focus
w ill be giv en to the new shifted alignment. The succeeding presents a summary of the project components and the new components resulting

from the shifting of the alignment.

As a w hole, the alignment MMSP cov ers the follow ing key components:

• Fifteen (15) subw ay stations including their corresponding;

o Construction y ards; and
o Shield machine bases

• Underground sections in-betw een the stations;

• Valenzuela Depot;
• Interoperability area betw een FTI Station and Bicutan PNR Station; and

• Interconnections such as w alkw ays, public utility v ehicle (PUV) bay s, etc.

EIA Methodology

The methodologies employ ed for the EIA are in accordance w ith the study guidelines stated in the Procedural Manual for DAO 2003-30 and
the requirements set forth by the EIA Rev iew Committee during the Technical Scoping Meeting for the ECC application process.

Module Methodology Source of Information / Data

Land Use and Rev iew and analy sis of secondary data on • Comprehensiv e Land Use Plans
Classification land use of the proposed project area

Georeferenced, digitized, generate and • Open Source Satellite imageries (Google Earth,

ov erlaid on Project Dev elopment using Open Street Map)

Geographic Information Sy stem and
ground truthing. Ex tract lad cov er data

using GIS

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 Metro Manila Subway Project (MMSP) Phase 1
Environmental Performance Report and Monitoring Plan

Geology , Geomorphology Assessment of geohazard susceptibility • Academic studies and reports from the Philippine
and Geomorphology using secondary data, slope gradient Institute of Volcanology and SEPRMPmology
analy sis v ia ArcMap (v .10) softw are and (PHIVOLCS)

historical earthquake records

• Geological Hazard Maps released by PHIVOLCS,

Mines and Geoscience Bureau (GMB) and National

Operational Assessment of Hazards of the
Univ ersity of the Philippines.

Rev iew of historical geology of the project • National Mapping Resource Information
area Administration (NAMRIA) base maps

Pedology Rev iew and analy sis of secondary data on • Env ironmental Performance Report and Monitoring
soil ty pes of the proposed project area Plan(EPRMP) for Metro Manila Subw ay Project
(MMSP; Phase 1)

• Carating, R., Galanta, R., & Bacatio, C. (2014). The

Soils of the Philippines. (A. Hartemink, Ed.)

Madison, Wisconsin, USA: Springer.

• BSWM. (2019, July ). Soil types of the Philippines.

(B. o. Management, Producer) Retriev ed from
Geoportal Philippines: http://w w w.geoportal.gov .ph/

Terrestrial Ecology Rev iew and analy sis of secondary data on • Env ironmental Performance Report and Monitoring
terrestrial ecology of the proposed project Plan(EPRMP) for Metro Manila Subw ay Project
area (MMSP; Phase 1)

Transect w alk and w alk-through surv ey • DENR Administrativ e Order No. 2017 – 11;
Updated National List of Threatened Philippine
Density , frequency and dominance
Plants and Their Categories
calculation
• Republic of the Philippines - Congress of the

Philippines. Wildlife Act – Republic Act No. 9147

(2001). Metro Manila.

• International Union for Conserv ation of Nature

(IUCN) Red List of Threatened Species 2019

• AECOM. 2018 Rapid Site Assessment of Filinv est

City as Part of LEED Accreditation Process.

• Bajarias, A. (2016). A Field Guide to Flight:

Identify ing Birds on Three School Grounds (pp. 1-

142). Quezon City : Ateneo de Manila Univ ersity

Press.

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 Metro Manila Subway Project (MMSP) Phase 1
Environmental Performance Report and Monitoring Plan

• Birds of the Philippines - Ay ala Alabang Birds.

Retriev ed 25 July 2019, from
https://w w w.tonjiandsy lv iasbirdlist.com/Birds-By-

Location/Ay ala-Alabang-Birds/

• Cuy egkeng, A., Fav is, A., Gotangco, K., & Tan, M.
(2014). Ateneo de Manila Univ ersity Sustainability
Report - July 2014.

• de Guia, M. 2018 (unpublished). Bird Watching

Observ ations near the northern perimeter fence of

Forbes Park

• The Conv ention on International Trade of

Endangered Species of Flora and Fauna| CITES.
(2019). Retriev ed 25 July 2019, from
https://w w w.cites.org/eng/disc/species.php

• Vallejo, B., Aloy a, A., Ong, P., Tamino, A., &

Villasper, J. (2008). Spatial Patterns of Bird

Div ersity and Abundance in an Urban Tropical
Landscape: The Univ ersity of the Philippines (UP)
Diliman Campus. Science Diliman, 20(1), 1-10.

Hy drology and Rev iew of secondary hy drologic data • Hy dro-meteorological and hy drological monitoring
Hy drogeology data from the Philippine Atmospheric, Geophy sical,

and Astronomical Serv ices Administration

(PAGASA);

• Groundw ater av ailability map from Mines and

Geosciences Bureau (MGB);

• Data from the NWRB;

• Data from the MMSP EPRMP (2017);

• Data from av ailable Comprehensiv e Land Use

Plans (CLUP) of cities that w ill be trav ersed by the

MMSP;

• NWRB permit grantees data and

• Data from other published technical information.

Water Quality Rev iew of secondary w ater quality data • Water quality monitoring data from DENR for
Tullahan Riv er, San Juan Riv er, Paranaque Riv er,

and Maricaban Creek;

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 Metro Manila Subway Project (MMSP) Phase 1
Environmental Performance Report and Monitoring Plan

• Water quality monitoring data from the Pasig Riv er

Rehabilitation Commission;

• Data from the MMSP EPRMP (2017);

• Data from av ailable Comprehensiv e Land Use

Plans (CLUP) of cities that w ill be trav ersed by the
MMSP; and

• Data from other published technical information.

Water quality sampling and analy sis using • Completed as part of MMSP EPRMP (2017)
AS/NZS 5667.1:1998 and US EPA (2007)
standards

Aquatic Ecology Rev iew and analy sis of secondary data on • Modified Visual Stream Assessment Protocol: A
aquatic ecology of the proposed project Field Guide. Magbanua et al. (2013)
area
• The use of a Stream Visual Assessment Protocol to
determine ecosy stem integrity in an urban
w atershed in Puerto Rico. de Jesús-Crespo, R., &

Ramirez, A. (2011).

• Australian riv er assessment sy stem: AusRiv AS

phy sical assessment protocol. Parsons, et al.
(2002)

Visual stream habitat field surv ey

Climate and Meteorology Analy sis of w eather station data • PAGASA Climate and Agrometeorological Data
Section (2018) Normals and Ex tremes from NAIA

Terminal 3 and Science Garden Sy noptic Weather

Stations

Analy sis of general climate • Climate Classification of the Philippines first

established by Coronas (Coronas, 1920) and

slightly modified by PAGASA (Flores & Balagot,
1969; Kintanar, 1984)

• Tropical Cy clone Frequency Map (The Manila

Observ atory )

Wind analy sis using Windrose PRO PAGASA Climate and Agrometeorological Data
Section (2018) 30-y ear Daily Wind Data from NAIA

Terminal 3 and Science Garden Sy noptic Weather

Stations

Analy sis of Climate Change Projections in • PAGASA Climate Change Projections (2011)

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 Metro Manila Subway Project (MMSP) Phase 1
Environmental Performance Report and Monitoring Plan

Metro Manila

Greenhouse Gas GHG Inv entory Calculations • Calculations based on the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for

Assessment National Greenhouse Gas Inv entories, the Principles

of GHG Accounting and Reporting in the
Greenhouse Gas Protocol, and ISO 14064:2006

Parts 1 and 2

Comparison to Philippine and global • Computed GHG emissions w ere compared to the
emissions global and Philippine Emissions data from:

o Climate Change 2014: Impacts, Adaptation,

and Vulnerability . Part A: Global and

Sectors; Aspects. Contribution of Working

Group II to the Fifth Assessment Report of
the Intergov ernmental Panel on Climate

Change

o Climate Change 2014: Mitigation of Climate

Change. Contribution of Working Group III

to the Fifth Assessment Report of the
Intergov ernmental Panel on Climate Change

o Philippines. Second National

Communication to the United Nations

Framew ork Conv ention on Climate Change

Air Quality Rev iew of baseline ambient air quality • Baseline ambient air data w ere rev iew ed and

collected from the project’s prev ious EPRMP

conducted by Delta Tierra Consultants, Inc. (2017)

Primary sample collection of TSP, PM 10 , • The additional ambient air quality sampling w as

SO2 , and NO2 for additional sites performed w ith reference to the ambient air
sampling protocols and analy tical procedures
specified in DAO 2000-81 (Implementing Rules and

Regulations (IRR) of the Philippine Clean Air Act of

1999):

o TSP – High v olume, grav imetric;

o PM 10 – High v olume w ith PM 10 inlet,

grav imetric

o SO2 – Gas Bubbler – Colorimetric

Pararosaniline

o NO2 – Gas Bubbler – Griess-Saltzman

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 Metro Manila Subway Project (MMSP) Phase 1
Environmental Performance Report and Monitoring Plan

Noise Rev iew of baseline noise measurements • Baseline noise data w ere rev iew ed and collected
from the project’s prev ious EPRMP conducted by
Delta Tierra Consultants, Inc. (2017)

Primary noise measurements for new sites • Noise lev els w ere measured using a sound lev el
meter meeting the requirements of IEC 61672-1

Socio-economics and Rev iew of secondary socio-economic data • Comprehensiv e Land Use Plans (CLUPs) of host
Demographics municipalities / NCR Regional Dev elopment Plan
Conduct of IEC, focus group discussions
(FGDs) and key informant interv iew s (KIIs) • Socio-Economic Profiles

Conduct of social perception surv ey • Official w ebsites (e.g. host LGUs)

Env ironmental Risk Determination of Lev el of Cov erage • Annex 2-7e DAO 2003-30
Assessment
Determination of Risk Lev els • Risk Matrix

EIA Summary

Summary of Baseline Characterization

The schedule of activ ities conducted for the EIA of the Project is presented below .

Baseline Information Key Findings and Conclusions

Land Cov er The w hole region of Metro Manila is classified under the Land Cov er ty pe of Built-up areas and
Arable lands crops mainly cereals and sugar. Parts of the MMSP alignment trav erse across the
land classification of Arable lands (7.5%) w hile majority of the alignment falls under the Built-up

zone classification (74%).

Land Use The identified Land Use of the MMSP disturbance footprint are Residential (40%), Mix ed Use
(17%), and Commercial (16%). This is based from the consolidated Zoning Plans from the
different cities w hich w ill be affected by the project.
Land Utilization Upon v isual inspection of the Google Earth images, it can be concluded based from this study

that the MMSP Components (construction y ard, underground station box es, and the
interconnection betw een stations) that the actual land use in the ground w ould mostly affect
Commercial lands and Institutional zones, in general. The area of the proposed depot can be

generalized as an Industrial zone. While, the FTI Station is w ithin the Medium -density
Residential zone.

Protected Area The nearest declared Protected Areas (PAs) from the MMSP is the Ninoy Aquino Parks and
Wildlife Center (NAPWC), w hich is around 740 meters southw est north-east aw ay from MMSP,
and the Las Piñas-Parañaque Critical Habitat and Ecotourism Area (LPPCHEA) w hich is around

5.3 km south-w est aw ay from MMSP. The MMSP has no significant influence to both declared
PAs.

Impact to the Land Use The impact of the MMSP during pre-construction w ould be the displacement of the residents
w ithin the Residential zones especially in the construction the env isioned transportation hub in

FTI Station. Also, rights-of-w ay of the v illages (entrance and ex it) along East Serv ice Road

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 Metro Manila Subway Project (MMSP) Phase 1
Environmental Performance Report and Monitoring Plan

w ould be a possible impact alongside w ith the potential v ehicular traffic congestion during

construction of the project. Furthermore, during the earl stage of the operation, the v ehicular
traffic w ould be displaced to the other roads/routes. The dev elopment of a Station w ithin the
v icinity of McKinley West Village (Law ton East Station) w ill be a threat to the amenities (e.g.

solemnity and priv acy of the place; and v iew v alue from the real estate properties) w ould
eminent. Though, it is ex pected that land v alues w ould rise near the alignment of the project.
Topography The MMSP alignment is located w ithin the Central Plateau region of Metropolitan Manila, w ith
elev ations ranging from 6 – 54 masl and slope gradients of 0 – 8 %.

Hy drogeologic Setting The MMSP alignment w ill cross at least 11 riv ers and creeks, including m ajor riv ers like the

Pasig Riv er, San Juan Riv er and the Tullahan Riv er.
Geody namic Setting The MMSP alignment is located w ithin a sEPRMPmically activ e region of the Philippines

affected by activ e subduction (Manila Trench), fault mov ement (West Valley Fault), and Recent
v olcanism (Taal Caldera, Mt. Pinatubo and Laguna Caldera).

Local Geology The MMSP track w ill burrow through mostly Guadalupe Formation tuff underlain w ith up to 10
m residual soil along its alignment.
The Vs30 model from PHIVOLCS show s that the East Av enue to Ortigas Stations has shear-
w av e velocities ranging from 760 – 1500 m/sec, indicating NHERP Site Class B (rock) condition.
The rest of the alignment has Vs30 ranging from 360 – 760 m/s, indicating Class C (hard soil)

condition.

Structures The MMSP alignment has been designed to av oid the know n trace of the West Valley Fault.
The alignment is closest to this fault along the segment from Ugong Norte to Capitol Commons
in Pasig, w ith distances of 150 – 700 m. Initial borehole scan results show presence of structural
defects such as joints, fractures, shears, etc. in each surv ey ed hole, indicating that the

foundation is lay ered and non-massiv e.

SEPRMPmic Hazards The MMSP alignment may ex perience ground shaking of 0.371 – 0.662 g caused by a
Magnitude 7.2 mov ement of the West Valley Fault. This is equiv alent to PEPRMP Intensity VIII
(i.e. Very Destructiv e) shaking. Other potential strong earthquake generators are the East Valley

Fault, Laguna – Banahaw Fault, Philippine Fault Zone (Infanta Segment) and the undetermined
source of the 1863 Manila earthquake.
Probabilistic SEPRMPmic Hazard Assessment, as presented in the Philippine Earthquak e

Model by PHIVOLCS, show 0.35 – 0.5 g shaking along the MMSP alignment w ith a 10%
probability of ex ceedance in 50 y ears (i.e. 500-y ear return period). 0.45 – 0.7 g shaking along
the alignment is predicted to hav e 5% probability of ex ceedance in 50 y ears (i.e. 2,500-y ear

return period).
The MMSP alignment av oids the know n trace of the West Valley Fault, so ground rupture
resulting from its mov ement is unlikely along the track. How ev er, unmapped buried splay s of
the fault may possibly be encountered w hile drilling.

The MMSP alignment is founded on soil that is generally not susceptible to liquefaction. The
ex ception is along the Pasig Riv er crossing, w hich is highly susceptible to liquefaction.
Most of the MMSP alignment lies w ithin areas that are not susceptible to earthquake-induced

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 Metro Manila Subway Project (MMSP) Phase 1
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landslide, ex cept for segments betw een the Katipunan Av enue in Pasig and McKinley Parkway

in Taguig.
The MMSP alignment is not susceptible to tsunami due to its distance (3.8 km at the NAIA T3
Station and 1.9 km from the Bicutan Interconnection) and elev ation (13 and 37 masl,

respectiv ely ) from the coast.

Pedology The soils along the Depot to Ortigas South Station belong to the Nov aliches series, ex cept for
the Katipunan Station w hich is underlain w ith Marikina series soil. From the Kalay aan Station
dow n to the NAIA T3 Station and Bicutan Interconnection, the soil cov er belongs to the

Guadalupe soil series. Both Nov aliches and Guadalupe series soils are deriv ed from Guadalupe
Formation tuffs (Diliman Tuff member), w hile the Nov aliches series soil dev eloped from alluv ial
deposits w ithin the Marikina Valley .

Mass Mov ements The MMSP alignment is located in areas that are not generally susceptible to landslide. A higher
susceptibility rating (i.e. Low ) is giv en to significant portions of the proposed alignment w ithin

Quezon City , from Quirino Highw ay Station dow n to Katipunan Station. The proposed stations
in Pasig—Ortigas North Station and Ortigas South Station, also are w ithin an area of Low
rainfall-induced landslide susceptibility . The southern segment, from Kalay aan Station to FTI

Station are not susceptible to landslide.

The Depot is the component of the MMSP most susceptible to subsidence, as show n in the
PSInSAR map indicating local subsidence in that area due to ex tensiv e groundw ater ex traction.

Hy drological Hazards The MMSP alignment is located on areas that hav e generally No to Low flooding susceptibility,

ex cept along portions that intersect riv ers and creeks w here flooding susceptibility can be
Moderate to High. Almost the entire segment from Ortigas North Station dow n to NAIA T3 and
Bicutan are located in areas that hav e Low susceptibility to flooding.

The MMSP alignment is not susceptible to coastal hazards such as storm surge, tsunami and
sea lev el rise resulting from climate change or coastal subsidence due to its distance (3.8 km
at the NAIA T3 Station and 1.9 km from the Bicutan Interconnection) and elev ation (13 and 37
masl, respectiv ely ) from the coast.

Volcanic Hazards The MMSP alignment can be affected by strong ground shaking, resulting from ex plosiv e

eruptions of Taal Volcano. Being largely underground, it is not susceptible to ashfall.

Land Cov er and Terrestrial Tw o unique land cov er ty pes were identified from the most recent land cov er map from NAMRIA,
Vegetation Community Structure w hich includes (1) built-up areas and (2) arable lands for crops. Based on the v egetation surveys
(EPRMP 2017 and additional studies (2019), v egetation communities w ere mainly comprised of

arborescent species interspersed in the remaining green spaces in the NCR.

Flora Species Inv entory EPRMP (2017)

Recorded a total of 217 plant species belonging to 88 genera and 69 Families along the
proposed 13 stations and train depot. Tax a richness w ere as follow s: 86 species of trees, 43
species of herbs, 39 species of shrubs, 16 species of climbers, 13 species palms, 12 species
of fodder grasses, 3 species of ferns, 2 species of erect bamboos, one (1) species of sedge,

one (1) species of pandan, and one (1) species of orchid.

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Additional Assessment (2019)

A total 98 morpho-species in 82 genera and 36 Families w ere recorded along the four (4)

transects. Dominant families w ere Fabaceae (13 species), Moraceae (10 species), Arecaceae
(6 species), and My rtaceae (5 species). The most frequently occurring species w ere
Pterocarpus indicus (Narra; 272 indiv iduals), Swietenia macrophylla (Big leafed mahogany ; 97

indiv iduals), Terminalia catappa (Talisai; 77 indiv iduals), Albizia saman (Akasya; 66 individuals),
and Delonix regia (Fire tree; 35 indiv iduals).

Endemicity and Conserv ation EPRMP (2017)

Status of Plants
Of the 217 species, only three (3) species w ere Philippine endemic, namely Ficus ulmifolia (Is-
is), Artocarpus blancoi (Antipolo), and Caryota mitis (Pugahang Sui). Six ty -three species
(29%) w ere considered indigenous/nativ e to the Philippines, w ith ex isting natural distributions

ex tending bey ond the region. The remaining 151 species (70%) are all introduced/ex otic.

A total of nine (9) species w ere categorized under IUCN 2019 and DAO 2017-11. Notew orthy

among the list w ere Adonida merrillii (Manila palm), Dypsis lutescens (Butterfly palm),
Hyophorbe lagenicaulis (Champagne palm), Pterocarpus indicus (Narra), Vitex parviflora
(Molav e), Swietenia macrophylla (Big leafed mahogany ), Artocarpus blancoi (Antipolo), Ficus

ulmifolia (Is-is), and Nephelium lappaceum (Rambutan).

Additional Assessment (2019)

Of the 98 morpho-species, only four (4) species w ere endemic to the Philippines. These include

Ficus balete (Balete), Ficus pseudopalma (Niog-niogan) and Ficus ulmifolia (Is-is). The other
endemic species is a Batanes-endemic gy mnosperm called Podocarpus costallis (Arius). There
w ere eight (8) species recorded that are classified as threatened under the updated national list
of threatened Philippine plants and their categories (DAO 2017-11) and/or the IUCN Red list of

threatened species (2019-1). These are Podocarpus costalis (Arius), Pterocarpus indicus
(Narra), and Ficus ulmifolia (Is-is). Podocarpus costalis (Arius), an endemic species from
Batanes is categorized as endangered under DAO 2017-11 and IUCN 2019-1. Pterocarpus

indicus (Narra) is categorized as endangered in IUCN 2019-1 and v ulnerable in DAO 2017-11.
Lastly , Ficus ulmiforlia (Is-is), an endemic species recorded during opportunistic surv ey is
categorized as v ulnerable under IUCN 2019-1.

Density , Frequency and Summary of the computed species div ersity index values for EPRMP (2017) and the

Dominance of Plants additional assessment (2019) are presented in the tables below :

EPRMP (2017) and Additional Assessment (2019)

Station Div ersity Index (H)

Quirino Highw ay Station 2.57

Tandang Sora Station 1.23

North Av enue Station 2.33

Quezon Av enue Station 2.07

East Av enue Station 2.31

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Katipunan Av enue Station 2.39

Ortigas North Station 2.21

Ortigas South Station 2.18

Kalay aan Av enue Station 0.89

Bonifacio Global City Station 0.00

FTI Station 2.57

Transect 1 (T1) 3.35

Transect 2 (T2) 0.97

Transect 3 (T3) 1.93

Transect 4 (T4) 2.17

Vulnerability to Climate Change of Ex pected sporadic increases in terms of ambient temperatures and ex treme w eather conditions
Plants (i.e., high precipitation ev ents, strong ty phoon-mediated w inds, intense irradiance) in the coming
decades could potentially impact the optimal grow th rate, mortality rate, and surv iv al rate of
v arious tree species found w ithin and near the surv ey ed areas.

Hy drology and Hy drogeology – The entire MMSP project site is located w ithin the Manila Bay Catchment Area, and straddles
Drainage sy stem of the project sev en catchments that form part of the Pasig-Marikina-Laguna de Bay Basin. The Laguna de

Bay Basin is one of the four major riv er basins of the Manila Bay Catchment Area.

The sev en catchments trav ersed by the MMSP alignment include the Tullahan Riv er

Catchment, San Juan Riv er Catchment, Marikina Riv er Catchment, Pasig Riv er Catchment,
Pateros Riv er Catchment, Paranaque Riv er Catchment, and Muntinlupa Riv er Catchment. The
alignment w ill cross at least 9 riv ers/creeks, albeit underground, ex cept for the unnamed creek
that w ill be directly crossed by the Quirino Highw ay Station.

Flooding The MMSP alignment trav erses areas along Metro Manila that hav e moderate to high flooding
susceptibility . These areas include the Valenzuela Depot, Quirino Highw ay Station, Tandang
Sora Station, Quezon Av enue Station, East Av enue Station, Katipunan Station, Anonas Station,
Law ton East Station, Law ton West Station, and FTI Station.

Groundw ater Env ironment The area trav ersed by the MMSP consists of Class I (B) and Class I (C) aquifers. Class I (B)

aquifers are fairly ex tensiv e and productiv e aquifers w ith moderate to high permeability w hile
Class I (C) aquifers are considered local and less productiv e aquifers, w ith w ell y ields mostly
about 2 L/s but as high as 20 L/s in some sites.

A total of 46 deep w ells hav e been granted by the NWRB w ithin a 1 km radius of the MMSP
realignment site. As per the NWRB w ater listing, the static w ater lev el and draw dow n of
deepw ells w ith av ailable pumping test data located w ithin the 1 km radius of the subway

alignment ranged from 21.31 to 141.73 meters below ground lev el (mbgl) and 5.30 to 21.34
mbgl.

Water Users Metro Manila’s w ater supply is prov ided by the Manila Water Company , Inc. (MWCI), and
May nilad Water Serv ices, Inc. (MWSI). Indiv idual houses in Metro Manila not connected to

MWCI’s or MWSI’s distribution sy stem hav e their ow n w ells or get their w ater from communal

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w ells. A w alkthrough surv ey of some of the host communities of the MMSP ex pansion site in

Taguig City and Pasay City identified at least 20 perennial w ells w ith approx imate depths
ranging from 9 to 20 m (based on information from w ell ow ners). These w ells are used by
residents for domestic purposes such as drinking (boiled prior to consumption), cooking,

bathing, and cleaning.

Surface w ater quality Tullahan Riv er, San Juan Riv er, Pasig Riv er, and Maricaban Creek are currently heavily polluted
and hav e poor w ater quality , w ith elev ated concentrations of BOD, DO, phosphates, and fecal
coliform that ex ceed the DAO 2016-08 Class C WQG

Groundw ater quality Water from the tw o groundw ater deep w ells sampled during the 2017 EPRMP meet the PNSDW

ex cept for fecal coliform lev els in the Valenzuela City deepw ell. Both deep w ells are rarely used
by the community and are used only as a back up source of w ater supply (Delta Tierra
Consultants, Inc., 2017).

Water quality - Ex isting sources of Sources of pollution that contribute to the degradation of Tullahan Riv er, San Juan Riv er, Pasig
pollution Riv er, Maricaban Creek and Paranaque Riv er include solid w astes from domestic, commercial,

and industrial activ ities, and w astew ater discharges from households, commercial/institutional
establishments, and industries

Aquatic ecology • Maricaban Creek

Channel flow across the w aterw ay is apparently low . Coupled w ith altered stream

channel as a result of built-up concrete structures (i.e., perimeter w alls, concrete ledges,
bank reinforcements), hav ing reduced channel flow entails less av ailable microhabitat for
resident aquatic biota. stream v elocity and depth regime is somehow complex , as

ev idenced by the mix ture of slow -deep and slow -shallow areas. Bank stability is good
due to the observ able bank strengthening components from both banks. Observ ed bank
v egetativ e zone w as relativ ely good. Notable riparian species include different v arieties
of figs (Ficus sp.) along the majority of the creek margin, w hich are important food

sources for v arious insect and pollinator species thriv ing in the area. Sediment deposition
w as not common for the most part of the creek and canopy cov er w as variable. Overall,
stream health in Maricaban Creek falls under the poor condition rating.

• Don Galo Creek

Low gradient stream courses through a highly residential area, w ith characteristic bank
fortification structures along the entire surv ey ed stream channel. Channel flow w as

relativ ely good and comparativ ely higher in that the v olume of w ater present in the
channel reaches the majority of the stream cross-sectional area. Sparse v egetation
communities w as interspersed along the margins of the creek, as the bank v egetativ e
zone w idth is reduced as a result of the construction of concrete-enriched stream banks.
Canopy cov er w as relativ ely fair and could be attributable to the patchy distribution and
dispersed orientation of the v egetation species in the immediate riparian buffer, w hereas
the v egetation zone w idth w as low . Ov erall, the stream health in Don Galo Creek falls
under the poor condition rating.

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General Climate • The project site is in an area classified as Ty pe I based on the Modified Coronas’

Classification. This climate ty pe is characterized as hav ing tw o pronounced seasons: dry

from Nov ember to April and w et during the rest of the y ear. Max imum rain period is from
June to September.

Monthly Rainfall
• The total monthly raindfall at the PAGASA sy noptic w eather station in NAIA Terminal 3
ranges from 4 mm (March) to 418.4 mm (August). The total annual rainfall amounts to
1,767.90 mm w ith an annual number of rainy day s of 105 day s or approx imately 29% of

the y ear. The rainfall in the PAGASA sy noptic w eather station in Science Garden w ere
higher. The total rainfall ranges from 14.6 mm (February ) to 504.2 mm (August) w ith a
total annual rainfall of 2,574.30 mm. The annual number of rainy day s is 151,
corresponding to 41.4% of the y ear.
• The highest daily rainfall recorded at the NAIA Terminal 3 w as 472.4 mm on July 20, 1972.
For the PAGASA Science Garden w eather station. The highest daily rainfall w as 455.0

mm on September 26, 2009 during Ty phoon Ondoy (International name Ketsana)

Temperature
• At NAIA Terminal 3, the mean temperatures ranged from 26.1 °C (January ) to 29.7 °C
(May ), w ith an annual av erage mean temperature of 27.8 °C. Although the temperature
ranges (difference betw een max imum and minimum temperatures) are higher in Science
Garden, the av erage annual mean temperature is similar (27.7 °C). The coldest month is
January (25.7 °C) w hile May is the hottest (29.7 °C). In both w eather stations,
temperatures are usually higher the MAM period and low er during the DJF period.
• The highest temperature recorded in NAIA Terminal 3 w as 38.2 °C on May 18, 1969, w hile
the coldest w as 14.6°C on February 1, 1962. At the PAGASA Science Garden, the highest

temperature w as 38.5 °C on May 14, 1987, w hile the coldest w as 14.9 °C on March 1,
1963

Relativ e Humidity • The annual av erage relativ e humidity are 76% (NAIA Terminal 3) and 78% (Science
Garden). August and September are the most humid months w ith av erage relativ e
humidity of 76% and 79%, respectiv ely , w hile the month of April is the least humid at 67%

in both w eather stations.

Wind
• Long-term w ind data indicate that the av erage w ind speeds in NAIA Terminal 3 and
PAGASA Science Garden ranges from approx imately 2.2 m/s to 3.2 m/s, and 1.9 m/s to
2.3 m/s, respectiv ely . Based on the Beaufort Wind Force Scale, these w ind speeds are
classified as ‘light breeze.’
• Wind rose analy sis of the 30-y ear daily w ind data at the PAGASA sy noptic w eather station

in NAIA Terminal 3 show s that the prev alent w ind direction is to the w est, east, and
southeast directions. The w ind directions are to the east and southeast directions during
the months of October to April and starts to shift to the w est in May , lasting until September.

At the PAGASA sy noptic w eather station in Science Garden, the w ind direction throughout
the y ear is predominantly to the north. From October to April, the predominant w ind
direction is to the north, and shifts to the south and southw est directions from May to

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September. These characteristics are consistent w ith the tw o principal airstreams that

dominate the Philippines: the Northeast Monsoon (Amihan) w hich prev ails from October
to April and the Southw est Monsoon (Habagat) w hich is prev alent from May to September.
• Poly nomial trend analy sis show s that the av erage monthly w ind speed in NAIA Terminal 3

based on the 1989 to 2018 dataset is highest during the MAM season and low est in SON.
In Science Garden, the w indspeeds w ere highest during the JJA season and low est during
the DJF season.

Tropical Cy clone • The project site is in an area trav ersed by 24 tropical cy clones in 12 y ears (tw o tropical

cy clones per y ear)

Climate Change Projection for • The simulations indicate that for the medium-range emission scenario, rainfall is ex pected
Rainfall to decrease during the dry seasons (DJF and MAM) and increase during the w et seasons
(JJA and SON) in both time-slices, making the dry season drier and the w et season w etter.

Climate Change Projection for • The results of the simulation show that ambient mean temperatures hav e an increasing
Temperature trend in 2020 and 2050 from the baseline. For the medium-range emission scenario, the

temperature w ill range from 27.1 °C to 29.9 °C in 2020 and 29.3 to 30.9 °C 2050. In both
2020 and 2050 time slices, MAM is projected to be the w armest season ev ery year.

Global Greenhouse Gas Profile • Total anthropogenic GHG emissions hav e continued to increase ov er 1970 to 2010 w ith
larger absolute decadal increases tow ard the end of this period.
• CO2 emissions from fossil fuel combustion and industrial processes contributed about 78%
of the total GHG emission increase from 1970 to 2010, w ith a similar percentage

contribution for the period 2000-2010.

• About half of cumulativ e anthropogenic CO2 emissions betw een 1750 and 2010 have
occurred in the last 40 y ears.
• Annual anthropogenic GHG emissions hav e increased by 10,000 million tonnes of CO 2 -e
betw een 2000 and 2010, w ith this increase directly coming from energy supply (47%),
industry (30%), transport (11%), and buildings (3%) sectors. Accounting for indirect
emissions raises the contributions of the buildings and industry sectors.
• Globally , economic and population grow th continue to be the most important driv ers of
increases in CO2 emissions from fossil fuel combustion. The contribution of population
grow th betw een 2000 and 2010 remained roughly identical to the prev ious three decades,
w hile the contribution of economic grow th has risen sharply .
• The IPCC Fifth Assessment Report (AR5) estimated that the w orldw ide anthropogenic
greenhouse gas emissions totaled nearly 49 billion tonnes of CO 2 -e in 2010.

Philippine Greenhouse Gas Profile • An inv entory of GHG emissions conducted in 2000 show ed that the Philippines emitted
approx imately 21.767 million tonnes of CO2 -e (including LULUCF 2 ).

• The Philippine GHG emissions in the y ear 2000 due to fuel consumption w as estimated to
be at 69.67 million tonnes of CO2 –e (ex cluding LULUCF 6 )

2 Land Use, Land Use Change, and Forestry- is the subset of Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land Use ( AFOLU) emissions and removals of GHGs related to direct

human-induced land use, land-use change and forestry activities excluding agricultural emissions and removals

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Particulate Pollutants
• The 24-hour ambient air quality monitoring along the MMSP’s alignment ranges from 57.5
µg/NCM (Station A1) to 204.3 µg/NCM (Station A13) during the dry season, and 51

µg/NCM (Station A14) to 521 µg/NCM (Station A1). All ambient air quality monitoring
stations are w ithin their DAO 2000-81 NAAQGV (230 µg/NCM) ex cept for Stations A1
(521 µg/NCM), A2 (248 µg/NCM) and A10 (265 µg/NCM). Based on Annex A of DAO

2000-81. The ambient air quality along the Project’s alignment in terms of TSP is ‘good’ to
‘acutely unhealthy .’
• The 1-hour TSP in the three stations w ere 25 µg/NCM, 31 µg/NCM, and 32 µg/NCM,
respectiv ely . All monitoring stations are w ithin the DAO 2000-81 NAAQS (300 µg/NCM).

• PM 10 concentrations ranged from 37.2 µg/NCM (Station A6) to 81.4 µg/NCM (Station A13)
during the dry season and 25.2 µg/NCM (Station A14) to 209 µg/NCM (Station A1) during
the w et season in the stations along the MMSP. All ambient air quality monitoring stations
are w ithin their DAO 2000-81 NAAQGV (150 µg/NCM) ex cept for Stations A1 (209
µg/NCM), A2 (191 µg/NCM), and A12 (193 µg/NCM). Based on Annex A of the DAO
2000-81, the ambient air quality in the stations along the MMSP alignment in terms of PM 10
is ‘good’ to ‘unhealthy to sensitiv e groups.’
• The 1-hour PM 10 concentrations in Stations AN1, AN2, and AN3 w here 19 µg/NCM, 21
µg/NCM, and 25 µg/NCM, respectiv ely . All stations are w ithin the DAO 2000-81 NAAQS
(200 µg/NCM).

Gaseous Pollutants
• The 24-hour NO2 concentrations in all monitoring stations ranged from 15.7 µg/NCM
(Station A1) to 37.3 µg/NCM (Station A11) during the dry season and 4.5 µg/NCM (Station

A3) to 86 µg/NCM (Station A10) during the w et season. All stations w ere w ithin the DAO
2000-81 NAAQGV (150 µg/NCM).
• The1-hour NO2 concentrations in Stations AN1, AN2, and AN3 w ere 17 µg/NCM, 64

µg/NCM, and 20 µg/NCM, respectiv ely . All stations are w ithin the DAO 2000-81 NAAQS
(260 µg/NCM). Annex A of DAO 2000-81 has no prescribed index for NO2 concentrations
below 1,220.5 µg/NCM.

• The concentrations of 24-hour SO2 ranged from below detection limit (<4 µg/NCM)
(Stations A9 and A13) to 5.3 µg/NCM (Station A1) during the dry season and below
detection limit (<4 µg/NCM) (Stations A2, A3, A4, A5, A7, A9, A11, AN1, and AN2) to 17.1
µg/NCM (Station A1) during the w et season. All stations are w ithin the DAO 2000-81

NAAQGV (180 µg/NCM). Based on Annex A of the DAO 2000-81, the ambient air quality
in the monitoring stations along the MMSP alignment is ‘good.’
• The 1-hour SO2 concentrations w ere 16 µg/NCM, 20 µg/NCM, and 23 µg/NCM,

respectiv ely . All stations are w ithin the DAO 2000-81 NAAQS (340 µg/NCM).

Lead and Ozone • Lead (Pb) and Ozone (O3 ) w ere monitored for the dry season in 2017 in Stations A1, A5,
A6, A9, A11, and A13. The concentrations of Pb and O 3 w ere undetected in all monitoring
stations and below the DAO 2000-81 NAAQGV for Pb (1.5 µg/NCM) and O3 (140 µg/NCM)

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Ex isting Sources of Pollutants

• TSP and PM 10 are generated w hen fossil fuel is consumed by v ehicles. In addition, fugitive
emissions of these particulate pollutants are released into the env ironment through w heel

entrained dusts from roads. Dust kicked up by v ehicles traveling on roads may make up
33% of air pollution. Road dust consists of deposits of v ehicle ex hausts and industrial
ex hausts, particles from tire and brake w ear, dust from pav ed roads or potholes, and dust

from construction sites. Road dust is a significant source contributing to the generation
and release of particulate matter into the atmosphere. Control of road dust is a significant
challenge in urban areas, and in other locations w ith high lev els of v ehicular traffic upon
unsealed roads, such as mines and landfill dumps.

• SO2 and NO2 are generated from the combustion of fossil fuel by v ehicles.
Noise Lev els • For dry season, areas w ith relativ ely more residential areas hav e low er noise pollution
lev els compared w ith other stations. How ev er, as some of these stations are situated near
major roads, the application of correction factor show ed that some of these stations

ex ceeded their respectiv e standards, ex cept for a few residential and parking lot areas.
For w et season, the surv ey sites generally had elev ated noise lev els ex cept for some
residential areas. Across seasons, some surv ey sites still ex ceeded the max imum

tolerable noise standards, w hile only tw o (TriNoma and Brgy. Blue Ridge sites) among the
common monitoring stations had significant changes.
Ex isting Sources of Noise • Based on the land use categories and the results, noise associated w ith commercial,
residential, and industrial activ ities can be considered as ex isting sources of noise
pollution.

Wildlife species inv entory • A total of 213 species comprised of six (6) amphibians, 12 reptiles, 184 birds, and 11

mammals w as recorded along the MMSP (original and rev ised) alignment, and nearby
major greenspaces.
• Recorded birds (184 species) represent approx imately 37% of the know n total for Luzon

mainland (493 species).

Summary of range distribution • Range distributions w as dominated by nativ e but non-endemics/ resident breeding non-
endemics w ith 92 species or 43% of the total.
• Other range distributions noted w ere: migratory birds w ith 67 species or 31% of the total,
endemics w ith 29 species or 14% of the total, introductions w ith 19 species or 9% of the
total, and migrants w ith resident breeding populations w ith six species or 3% of the total.
• Endemics w ere relativ ely high despite the av ailable habitat.
Conserv ation Status (Threatened,
• Majority of recorded w ildlife are Least Concern w ith 182 species or 85% of the total
Near Threatened, and Least
based on IUCN 2019 and RA 9147/ CITES 2019.
Concern)
• At least 28 species or 13% of the total (composed of four reptiles and 24 birds) are

included in v arious conserv ation listings based on IUCN 2019 and RA 9147/ CITES
2019.

• Fiv e (5) of these threatened species are introduced or not originally from the Philippines.

• Three (3) species are Near Threatened based on IUCN 2019.

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Hindrance to w ildlife access,

• The MMSP (original and rev ised) alignment and surrounding areas are highly urbanized
historical occurrences of pest
and the original v egetation therein hav e long been remov ed and conv erted into
infestation, forest/grass fire, and/or
dev elopment areas.
similar incidences
• Wildlife access across the entire MMSP alignment is fragmented due to the absence of
original v egetation and v arious dev elopment. Remaining w ildlife habitats are limited

w ithin the 27 major greenspaces.

• Major disturbances are grow ing human population, pollution, and conv ersion of natural
habitats and remaining greenspaces to built-up areas.

Vulnerability to Climate Change • As the NCR area is ex tra v ulnerable to the effects of climate change due to high pollution
lev els, absence of good v egetation cov er, and increased flooding incidents, these may
add-up to the projected sporadic increases in terms of ambient temperatures and ex treme

w eather conditions. Said conditions may potentially impact the already limited w ildlife
populations in the NCR and ov erall health of the few remaining greenspaces.
Vibration •

Demographic Profile In all three cities, about half the population is less than 27 y ears old w ith the largest population
group in age 20 – 29; the low est, 80 and ov er. There are about 40 – 45% y oung (0-14) and old
(65 and ov er) people w ho are dependent on the w orking age population (15 – 64). Population

grow th rate ranges from 1.12% (Pasay , the low est) to 4.32% (Taguig, the highest and almost
four times the rate of Pasay ).

Socio-Economic Profile Taguig City

• Highly Urbanized City

• 53.67sqkm (5,367ha) land area; 8.66% of NCR

• 28 barangay s
• First Class City : PHP5.56 Billion regular rev enue (fiscal 2016)

• Annual Population Grow th Rate: 4.32% (2010-1015)

Barangay Fort Bonifacio
• 2.4sqkm (240ha); 4.47% of City

Includes w ithin its jurisdiction Fort Bonifacio (military camp), Bonifacio Global City (business,
financial, and lifesty le district)
Pasay City
• Highly Urbanized City

• 13.97sqkm (1,397ha) land area; 2.25% of NCR

• 201 barangay s
• First Class City : PHP3.53 Billion regular rev enue (fiscal 2016)

• Annual Population Grow th Rate: 1.12% (2010-2015)

Barangay 183
• 53 hectares; 3.79% of City

Formerly part of military base (Philippine Airforce). Includes New port City (lifesty le district), NAIA
Terminal 3

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 Metro Manila Subway Project (MMSP) Phase 1
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Pasay City

• Highly Urbanized City

• 13.97sqkm (1,397ha) land area; 2.25% of NCR
• 201 barangay s

• First Class City : PHP3.53 Billion regular rev enue (fiscal 2016)
• Annual Population Grow th Rate: 1.12% (2010-2015)
Barangay 183

• 53 hectares; 3.79% of City part of military base (Philippine Airforce). Includes New port
City (lifesty le district), NAIA Terminal 3

Public Health Serv ices Primary , secondary and tertiary health care and serv ices are av ailable in Taguig, Pasay and
Paranaque. Primary health care is av ailable in all barangay s through the health centers of the

municipal gov ernment. A w orld class and internationally accredited tertiary facility , St Luke’s, is
located in Bonifacio Global City , Taguig. Each city maintains a city -ow ned hospital.

Cultural Heritage There are three cultural heritage sites near the project alignment; Bonifacio War Tunnel, the
American War Memorial and Cemetery and the Nutrition Center of the Philippines (Interior
Design). The closest to the alignment is the Nutrition Center of the Philippines at 25 meters.

Transport and Traffic The ex isting transport sy stems near the project include road, railw ay , mass rapid transit, light

rail transit, air transport, w ater transport and other modes of public transportation such as Public
Utility Jeepney s, Asian Utility Vehicles and tricy cles. Due to the road capacities and v olume of
traffic some nearby roads currently hav e a low lev el of serv ice.

Perception of the Project Barangay 183

• The respondents constituted household members, property ow ners, tenants, and

business ow ners. A total of 98 respondents w ere surv ey ed, 53 of w hich w ere female
(54 %) and 45 w ere male (46 %).
• Majority of the respondents (54 % or 52 indiv iduals) in Barangay 183 answ ered that they

do not hav e prior know ledge about the project, w hile 44 indiv iduals (46 %) responded
that they w ere aw are about the project
Barangay Fort Bonifacio

• Targeted respondents w ere office w orkers near the direct impact areas, v endors, and
residents. A total of 100 respondents w ere interv iew ed in the barangay , 58 of w hich w ere
male (58 %) and 42 w ere female (42 %).

• In general, respondents of the barangay w ere aw are about the project (72 %), primarily
sourcing the information from mass media (73 %). Others w ere aw are of the project from
the gov ernment and barangay officials (15 %), w hile others from relativ es, neighbors,
and friends (12 %).
San Martin de Porres
• The respondents w ere a div erse group of property ow ners, tenants, business ow ners
and their employ ees. The surv ey was conducted upon the IEC to the Barangay
Chairman and officials, as w ell as to the officials of the Homeow ners’ Association of the
affected v illage.

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 Metro Manila Subway Project (MMSP) Phase 1
Environmental Performance Report and Monitoring Plan

• Majority of the respondents from SMDP stated that they hav e prior know ledge about the

project (76 %)

Key Impacts and Mitigation

The key impacts of the Project and proposed mitigation measures are presented below .
Environmental

Component Options for Prevention, Mitigation or

Project Phase Potential Impact
Likely to be Enhancement
Affected

Pre- Land Use Change or inconsistency in land use and potential tenurial issues

construction, Some of the locations of the MMSP Station • Doing the right practices w ith regards
Construction, is w ithin Residential zones, and most of the to the negotiations w ith the concerned
Operation, areas are w ithin Commercial zones. parties pertaining to land acquisition
Closure Displacement of the residents w ithin the should be done. Fair market v alue

Direct Impact Area of the station should be determined by prov iding a

dev elopments (transport hubs and station clear reference to the applicable legal
plazas) w ill be done. instrument.

Potential impact of the project to the other The DOTr should continuously coordinate
Subw ay Projects in Metro Manila (e.g. w ith the LGUs and other related gov ernment

Makati Subw ay Project), such as agencies (e.g. DPWH, MMDA) and secure
intersection of the alignments. the necessary permits, endorsements, and
clearances required for the construction.

• The depth of the underground activ ity

of the project should closely
coordinated w ith the authorities
handling the other Subw ay Projects
w ithin Metro Manila.
Land disputes • Secure easement agreements w ith the
ow ners of the properties in the v icinity

to hav e safety net in response to

tenurial issues ov er the dev elopment
area for the project.

Construction, Land Change in land values of areas near and within the alignment of the project
Operation, The land v alues of the area w ithin the • Limit/control the commercialization of

v icinity of the station dev elopment is the planned mix ed-use dev elopments
ex pected to increase. w ithin the planned Station Plazas to
some of the stations

Pre- Subsurface Change in sub-surface / underground conditions

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 Metro Manila Subway Project (MMSP) Phase 1
Environmental Performance Report and Monitoring Plan

construction, Conditions Tunneling w ill alter ex isting underground • Perform tunnel deformation analy sis to

Construction, stress distributions determine how the hollow ing of ground

Operation w ill affect underground stress regimes

Construction, Subsurface Installation of buried facilities and introduces • Use non-reactiv e materials for pipes
Operation, Conditions new material ty pes to the ground w hich can and other buried components to ensure

Closure react w ith the soil that soil contamination is prev ented.

Pre- Subsurface Solid w astes generated can be cause of • Implement proper w aste management
construction, Conditions pollution that w ould impact the quality of and disposal sy stem to prev ent
Construction, surrounding soil / ground contamination of surrounding soil and

Operation, w ater.
Pre- Subsurface Ex cav ation and tunneling may accidentally • Perform due diligence and utilities

construction Conditions hit buried facilities such as pipelines that surv ey. Adjust design to av oid utilities
could spill contaminants to the groundw ater or coordinate w ith utility ow ner on how
and soil. to transfer these to another location.

Construction, Subsurface Buried pipeline may leak w ater underground • Use strong and durable materials for
Operation, Conditions pipes to prev ent leakage.

Pre- Geohazard Inducement of subsidence, liquefaction, landslides, mud / debris flows, flooding, etc.
construction Susceptibility Tunneling w ill leav e an underground v oid • Perform tunnel deformation analy sis to
Construction, w hich w ill affect pore w ater pressure of determine how the hollow ing of ground
Operation ov erly ing materials, leading to possible w ill affect underground stress regimes
ground subsidence • Install piezometers to monitor

groundw ater pressure around the

tunnel,
• Ensure that the tunnel is sufficiently

supported and lined to prev ent failure

and ingress of groundw ater.

Construction, Geohazard Leakage from pipes may saturate the • Use strong and durable materials for
Operation, Susceptibility ground, causing it to soften and subside. pipes to prev ent leakage.

Pre- Geohazard Continuous operation of heav y machinery • Perform liquefaction tests on segments
construction Susceptibility produces v ibration that may induce found to hav e indications of liquefiable
Construction, liquefaction. soil.
Operation • Use v ibration dampers, if necessary.
Pre- Geohazard Inducement of flooding
construction Susceptibility Ex cav ation and tunneling sites may collect • Do not let ex cav ation pits and trenches
Construction, rainfall and groundw ater, creating pools of collect w ater.
Operation w ater. • Prov ide necessary drainage (e.g.
pumps) in ex cav ated components.

Pre- Geohazard Burst pipes can leak significant amounts of • Use strong and durable materials for
construction, Susceptibility w ater to the surface, w hich could cause pipes to prev ent leakage.

Construction, flooding.

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 Metro Manila Subway Project (MMSP) Phase 1
Environmental Performance Report and Monitoring Plan

Operation

Pre- Soils Inducement of soil erosion

construction, Erosion of stockpiled ex cav ated or • Regular hauling of ex cav ated materials
Construction, burrow ed soil due to ex posure to rainfall and and storage in pads w ith appropriate
air can lead to dust generation and soil protection facilities or management

increased siltation of w ater bodies. sy stems

Pre- Terrestrial Vegetation removal and loss of habitat

Construction Vegetation The Project w ill be constructed in a highly • Clear delineation of the ex tent of

urbanized area, w ith interspersed green v egetation remov al on plans and on

spaces supporting numerous div erse the ground prior to remov al activ ities
arborescent tree species. Approx imately • Dev elopment and implementation of a

63.23 ha of abov e ground land area w ill be pre-clearing plan prior to construction.
cleared of v egetation prior to the subway The plan should contain detailed
construction. clearing and cutting protocols to reduce

impacts to the surrounding areas.

• Generation of a Biodiv ersity
Management Plan (BMP) prior to the

start of the dev elopment activ ities, as

this document outlines the
conserv ation objectiv es of the Project
and w ill detail the perceiv ed impacts in
biodiv ersity
• Securing both tree cutting and earth
balling permits from the Department of

Env ironment and Natural Resources

(DENR). Replacement of cut trees
should be in accordance w ith the

DENR Memorandum Order (DMO)

2012-02.
• Prov ision of offset sites for all areas

that w ill be cleared. These designated

areas should be approx imately
equiv alent to the land area affected by

the Project; and must be jointly

identified by DOTr and DENR

Pre- Terrestrial Vegetation removal as a threat to local existence of endemic and/or threatened plant
Construction, Vegetation Noted threatened species, including but not • Securing earth balling permits from
Construction limited to, Pterocarpus indicus (Narra), DENR prior to v egetation removal
Adonidia merrillii (Manila palm), Diospyros activ ities
discolour (Kamagong), Vitex parv iflora

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 Metro Manila Subway Project (MMSP) Phase 1
Environmental Performance Report and Monitoring Plan

(Molv ae), Podocarpus costalis (Arius w ithin • Guided transplanting and earth balling

and in the immediate v icinity of the Project activ ities w ith the superv ision of an
could be remov ed and displaced from their ex pert horticulturist / agriculturist to
natural habitats. facilitate high surv iv al rate of

transplanted trees.

• Appropriate maintenance activ ities

should be conducted to ensure high
surv iv al rates of earth balled tree
species

Pre- Terrestrial • Indirect effects

Construction, Vegetation Dust – the accumulation of dust on the leaf • Implementation of regular w ater
Construction laminae could inhibit come major sprinkling, especially during the dry
phy siological processes of plants (i.e., season along dusty areas to reduce the
photosy nthesis, transpiration, respiration, harmful effects of dust emissions.
phenology ) and could ev en contribute to
• Inclusion of w eed control measure in
phy sical abrasion. Such may lead to
the Biodiv ersity Management Plan
decreased plant fitness and mortalities.
(BMP) of the Project

Increased weed infestation – w eeds

prefer disturbed areas, w hich may be likely
to occur in among the sites especially during

construction phase.

Construction, Hy drology • Change in drainage morphology / inducement of flooding / reduction in stream volumetric
Operation flow

Ground disturbance during construction • All trench and foundation w ill be

activ ities may temporarily disrupt natural backfilled and ground restored to its
drainage flow w hich may result to the original condition
dev elopment of new surface runoff paths
• Tunnelling w orks using TBM are not
anticipated to impact riv er/stream
w aterflow s

Construction, Hy drology • Inducement of flooding / reduction in stream volumetric flow

Operation, Some sections of the MMSP alignment w ill • Temporary drainage and detention cum
Closure trav erse areas w ith moderate to high siltation ponds w ill be constructed in

flooding susceptibility construction areas if necessary to

mitigate localized flooding. Temporary
bund w alls w ill also be prov ided as
necessary

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 Metro Manila Subway Project (MMSP) Phase 1
Environmental Performance Report and Monitoring Plan

• Stations w ill be prov ided w ith permanent

bund w alls along w ith w ater-sealed

panels, tempered glass and w aterproof
iron doors, and drainage pumping

stations
• The Depot w ill be prov ided w ith a
drainage sy stem to collect surface runoff

to designated outfalls
• A Construction Waste Management Plan
w ill be prepared for the project in order

to appropriately handle and dispose

ex cav ated materials and demolition
debris that may clog drainage sy stems

and w aterw ay s
Construction Hy drology • Change in stream depth

Temporary cofferdams w ill be required • Construction activ ities along the

during the construction of the Quirino w aterw ay will be done during the drier
Highw ay Station, w hich w ill encroach on top months of the y ear or during low flow s
of an unnamed creek. Cofferdams constrict w henev er practicable. Div ersion

w aterw ay s and reduce flow area, which may channels that are designed to
cause a minimal increase in w ater surface adequately conv ey design flow s with
lev el upstream of the construction area minimum if any backw ater effect w ill be

used
• Tunneling w orks are not anticipated to
induce changes in stream depth giv en

that the tunnel w ill be located about 16

m underground on av erage

Construction, Hy drology • Depletion of water resources and water competition

Operation Fresh and potable w ater w ill be required • Considering that the proposed project

during the construction and operation w ill not be ex tracting w ater from ex isting

phase of the project w hich may strain surface w aters crossed by the MMSP or

ex isting w ater sources used by the construct new w ells, potential w ater

community competition as a result of the project

activ ities is unlikely
• Potable w ater w ill be sourced from the
local w ater utility prov iders.

Construction, Hy drology • Groundwater drawdown

Operation Groundw ater dew atering during the • Conduct detailed hy drogeological/

tunnelling w orks could potentially induce groundw ater study in the detailed design

groundw ater draw dow n stage.

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 Metro Manila Subway Project (MMSP) Phase 1
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• Installation of monitoring w ells for

observ ation along the subw ay tunnel

and monitor change of the surrounding
groundw ater lev els

• If w ater supply of people rely ing on

groundw ater along the alignment
decreases, DOTr shall make

arrangements to supply affected people

w ith w ater.
• DOTr should coordinate w ith NWRB

regarding tunneling activ ities along the

alignment and its potential effects on the
w ater table

• A Dew atering Permit may hav e to be

secured from NWRB prior to tunneling
activ ities.

Construction, Water quality Siltation and sedimentation of waterways

Operation Earth mov ing activ ities during the • Erosion and sediment control measures
construction phase hav e the potential to and spill prev ention techniques including

increase turbidity and sedimentation in silt screens, drain channels, div ersion
surface runoff w hich may ev entually flow dams, sumps and/or settling ponds w ill
and discharge to nearby riv ers and creeks be prov ided in construction areas as

necessary
• Spoil and building material stockpiles
w ill be prov ided w ith phy sical barriers

and/or bunds to minimize silt-laden

runoff
• Surplus soil from tunneling w ill be used
as backfill; remaining surplus soil after
construction w ill be disposed
appropriately in fiv e identified sites
w ithin Metro Manila

• Conduct of regular w ater quality

monitoring
Construction, Water quality Contamination of groundwater as a result of tunneling activities
Operation Dew atering as part of borehole drilling and • Dew atered groundw ater from tunneling

tunnelling may potentially contaminate activ ities should meet DAO 2016-08

groundw ater resources standards prior to disposal

• Conduct of regular w ater quality
monitoring

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 Metro Manila Subway Project (MMSP) Phase 1
Environmental Performance Report and Monitoring Plan

Construction, Water quality Contamination of waterways with hydrocarbons and project wastes

Operation Liquid and solid w astes generated by the • A Waste Management Program for the

project including lime slurry w astes that construction and operations phase w ill

may be produced during the tunnel boring be dev eloped and implemented for the

process may contaminate w aterw ay s if MMSP. Contractors w ill also be required

disposed improperly. Accidental spills of to submit a w astew ater management

fuel and other hy drocarbon and chemical plan.

products may contaminate w aterw ay s. • Fuel storage facilities w ill be prov ided

w ith adequate spillage protection

Pre- Aquatic Ecology Sediment influx in waterways

Construction, Deliv ery of sediments and other debris into • Designation of buffer zones
Construction, the w ater column of the stream channel, approx imately 5 m from each bank to
originating from the activ ities during the pre- dampen the rapid entry of sediments
construction and construction phase. and organic debris

• Dev elopment and implementation of a

construction plan during earth mov ing
activ es w hich ensures that the potential

deliv ery of sediments and other

particulate matter into the stream
channel is kept at minimum.

Construction, Climate Climate change impacts

Operations The Project w ill be constructed in a highly • Monitoring of any changes in local
urbanized area. The project’s abov e ground climate w ill still be performed, follow ing

disturbance footprint is 120 hectares in high the frequency of ambient air

density built-up areas and is not ex pected to monitoring.
significantly affect the local climate.

Pre- Climate Being in Metro Manila, the MMSP is • Establishment of comprehensiv e

construction, v ulnerable to sea lev el rise, increased management sy stems to address

Construction, intensity of storms, increased temperatures, climate adaptation;
Operations, and ex posure to climate change-induced • Preparation of risk-identification

Closure flooding and storm surge. processes to include climate risk and
opportunities;
Projected changes in temperature could • Integration of climate-related risks and

potentially cause track ex pansion w hich can mitigation measures into business
lead to train delay s, and in the most ex treme decisions throughout the project life;
cases can lead to derailments • Ensuring robust engineering design and
construction standards for facilities;

Increase in ambient temperatures may • Design of comprehensiv e management

require additional electricity usage for measures;
temperature regulation for MMSP. Electricity

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 Metro Manila Subway Project (MMSP) Phase 1
Environmental Performance Report and Monitoring Plan

rationing and rotating blackouts may lead to • Integrate climate-compatible

challenges in subw ay operations and dev elopment into initiativ es for

efficiency. sustainable local benefit from Project
operations; and

Rising temperatures may increase the risk • Initiate cross-industry collaboration on

of heat-related illnesses and inhibit regional adaptation strategies.
decision-making, increasing the likelihood of

injuries, accidents, and fatalities and

decreasing w orker productiv ity

Flooding may also affect employ ee safety

on-site and on roads. Climate change
induced flooding and storm surges could

potentially flood subw ay tunnels, sev erely

impacting mobility and economic activ ity

Construction, GHG Contributions in terms of GHG emissions

Operations • Carbon diox ide (CO2 ) accounts • consideration of fuel and equipment
to the highest GHG emission efficiency prior to construction and
share (9,352.79 tonnes of CO2 -e operation activ ities;

per y ear) among the three • max imising fuel efficiency through
common GHGs associated w ith scheduling of v ehicle and equipment
the combustion of fossil fuel mov ement to minimise both idle time

during the construction phase. and distances trav elled;

This is follow ed by nitrous ox ide • optimization of equipment and v ehicle
(N 2 O) and methane (CH4 ) w ith loadings through accurate monitoring

GHG emission shares of 20.07 and calculation of fuel and electricity

tonnes of CO2 -e and 10.60 requirements to reduce fuel w eight and
tonnes of CO2 -e per y ear, improv e fuel efficiency ;
respectiv ely. • regular maintenance of v ehicles and
• Scope 1 emissions (direct GHG construction equipment w ill be done to
emissions) total 9,383.46 tonnes increase efficiency, reduce fuel and
of CO2 -e per y ear due to the electricity use, and help reduce costs

combustion of fossil fuel. Scope associated w ith equipment dow ntime;

2 emissions (indirect GHG • close monitoring of equipment
emissions) total 14,497.89 dispatches to eliminate unnecessary

tonnes of CO2 -e from the use and to increase efficiency of use;

purchase of electricity. For the • Compensate the release of GHG during
operations phase, the total construction and operation by means of

annual GHG emissions are implementing carbon diox ide capture

and sequestration through progressiv e

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 Metro Manila Subway Project (MMSP) Phase 1
Environmental Performance Report and Monitoring Plan

109,021.00 tonnes of CO2 -e per rehabilitation (w ithin or outside the

y ear. project site). This w ill be undertaken as

soon as areas for rehabilitation become
av ailable. Rehabilitation areas w ill at

least be equiv alent to the areas cleared

of v egetation through the established
National Greening Program, and/or the

carbon sequestration program as

discussed in Section 2.1.4 of this
EPRMP; and

• Monitoring of carbon release by

follow ing the frequency of ambient air
monitoring as discussed in Section

2.3.3 of this EPRMP.

Construction Air Quality Degradation of air quality

Fugitiv e emissions generated from w heel • Fugitiv e dust from v ehicular traffic and

entrained dusts, dusts generated from material handling activ ities w ill be
unpav ed roads, storage and handling of controlled by management of v ehicle
construction material, and w ind erosion from speeds and application of regular w ater

ex posed surfaces and construction material suppression to unpav ed roads and

stockpiles may increase the ground lev el stockpiles w henev er v isible dust is
concentration of dusts (TSP and PM 10 ) in observ ed;

the area. • Trucks and v ehicles that deliv er

The project is not ex pected to significantly construction material should be cov ered
affect the air quality during its operations to prev ent potential fugitiv e emissions of

phase. dust;
• Regular ambient air quality monitoring
w ill be performed in all monitoring
stations as show n in Error! Reference
source not found.; and
• Workers w ill be prov ided w ith the
appropriate personal protectiv e

equipment pursuant to BWC-DOLE

Occupational Safety and Health
Standards (Department of Labor and

Employ ment, 1989) to protect them

from disease associated w ith dusts.

Construction Air Quality Particulates and gaseous pollutants may • Requiring sub-contractors to undergo

be emitted through fossil fuel consumption and pass the gov ernment v ehicle

of construction equipment w hich may emission tests prior to contract aw ard;

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 Metro Manila Subway Project (MMSP) Phase 1
Environmental Performance Report and Monitoring Plan

increase the Ground Lev el Concentrations • Ex haust fumes from v ehicles,

(GLCs) of the identified pollutants. construction equipment, and other fuel

burning equipment w ill be managed
through the use of low sulphur fuel

w here possible;
• Traffic management guidelines w ill be
incorporated in w orker’s and

subcontractor’s induction seminar.

Guidelines w ill include control in v ehicle
speed and spray ing of road routes and

w ork sites as w ell as transport routes

near the host communities;
• Fuel efficiency w ill be max imised

through scheduling of v ehicle and

equipment mov ements in order to
minimise both idle time and distances
trav elled;
• Equipment and v ehicle loadings w ill be
optimised through accurate monitoring
and calculation of fuel requirements in
order to reduce fuel w eight and improv e
fuel efficiency ;
• Vehicles and construction equipment w ill
be regularly maintained in order to
increase efficiency, reduce fuel use, and
help reduce costs associated w ith
equipment dow ntime;
• Equipment dispatch w ill be monitored
closely in order to eliminate
unnecessary use and to increase
efficiency of use;
• Standard occupational health and safety
practices w ill be implemented pursuant

to BWC-DOLE Occupational Safety and

Health Standards (Department of Labor
and Employ ment, 1989); and

• Regular ambient air quality monitoring

w ill be performed in all monitoring
stations as show n in Error! Reference

source not found..

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 Metro Manila Subway Project (MMSP) Phase 1
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Construction Ambient Noise Increase in ambient noise level

Increase in noise lev el and ground v ibration • Using equipment or machines that

due to operations of construction machinery, produce lesser noise, or considerations

w hich may cause disturbance to in using mufflers to minimize noise.
construction w orkers and nearby • Strategic scheduling of activ ities per

communities. period w ithin a day to minimize effects of

noise on nearby residents/public areas.
• Maintenance of equipment or

machineries used during construction to

minimize possible loud noises due to
equipment damage.

• Conducting a construction noise

assessment during the preconstruction
stage to determine the noise lev els on
the areas surrounding the construction

site, and the predicted noise lev els

coming from equipment and
machineries.

• Construction of w all enclosures on

areas that produce a lot of noise to
minimize disturbance w ithin the

immediate area.
• Continuous monitoring of ambient noise
lev els on the monitoring sites for impact

mitigation purposes.

Construction Noise May cause hearing problems to w orkers • Strictly implementation of Personal
w ho operate nearby machineries or Protectiv e Equipment (PPE), such as
equipment that produce ex tremely loud ear muffs and ear plugs, during w ork
noise. hours for the safety of the w orkers.
• Taking note of equipment/machines that
produce ex tremely loud noises (bey ond
tolerable lev els – 85 decibels (Fink,

2017)) and keeping these areas off

limits from w orkers for their safety.
• Implementing permissible noise lev els

for construction w orkers as suggested

by Department of Labor and
Employ ment (DOLE).

Construction Noise May cause hearing problems to nearby • Activ e response of LGU through

residents w ho are a part of the v ulnerable necessary health programs for

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 Metro Manila Subway Project (MMSP) Phase 1
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groups, and the public. v ulnerable groups, and massiv e public

information for those areas that can

produce noise lev el bey ond tolerable
limits of human ears.

Operations Noise May inadv ertently cause mental stress to • Considerations in the design and

residents near the project location due to the operations of the subw ay to minimize
noise from structures and ground v ibration. v ibration, such as noise barriers.
• Continuous monitoring and surv ey for

complaints from residents nearby the

areas to assess the ex tent of the
disturbance coming from the v ibrations

during operations.
Construction, The People • Displacement of setter/s / disturbance of properties

operation Impacts on people displaced along the East • Resettlement Action Plan dev elopment

Serv ice Road and implementation

Operation The People Community safety and security

The sheer amount and div ersity of • Installation of security cameras at

passengers using the Entrance / Ex it Points strategic places and instituting v isible
suggest that some of them could intrude into police presence.

the v icinities and areas bey ond w ith no • Local residents and w orkers engaged to
legitimate purpose and ev en engage in anti- be more security and safety conscious
social activ ities thereby posing a risk to • Dev elopment of quick response
legitimate residents and w orkers. emergency teams draw n from office

w orkers and residents

Construction, The People Change / conflict in land ownership

Operation Displacement of their constituents; break-up Transparency of Information; consider Use
of communities; diminution of community Value and Ex change Value orientation of
amenities; transparency of information. stakeholders in engaging them

Construction, The People Impacts on cultural heritage

Operation Although the alignment passes near cultural • Assessment of “interior Design’ aspects
heritage sites the construction and of the Nutrition Center of the Philippines

operation is not likely to impact these sites • A photo-documentation of the entire

‘interior design’ should also be made to
serv e as a historical memory.

Construction The People Traffic congestion during construction

Because of the mobilization of heavy • Dev elopment and implementation of a

v ehicles and equipment, construction Traffic Management Plan (TMP)

activ ities, and staging of construction w orks, • Rerouting/div erting traffic w here
restriction on some roadw ay s and sidewalks possible

w ill be unav oidable. This w ill lead to

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 Metro Manila Subway Project (MMSP) Phase 1
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increased traffic congestion and changes in • Use of construction methods to limit the

traffic patterns during construction. disturbance to ex isting roadw ay s

Motorists, cy clists, and pedestrians might during the construction of stations
alter their trip routes to their inconv enience

in order to av oid heav y traffic in the

construction areas.
Operation The People Increase in roadside friction along road adjacent to stations

Commuters are likely to w ait, load and • Conv ersion of the construction y ard
unload to and from other modes of road areas into facilities w ith sidew alks, tax i

transport, impeding the flow of traffic. bay s, loading and unloading stations or
intermodal central terminal stations for
interconnectiv ity w ith mass transit and
public utility v ehicles.

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