1

Chapter IX

Successive Differentiation

9.1 Introduction

The derivative of a function of x is also a function of x. If y = f ( x) is differentiable function,

f ( x +  x) − f ( x)
then the differential co-efficient with respect to x is Lim . It is denoted by
 x →0 x
dy
, y1 , y, f ( x) and each of them are called first order differential co-efficient, or first order
dx
d
derivative of f(x) with respect to x. It is convenient to denote the operator by D, or
dx
d
D= .
dx
The second derivative f  is the derivative of the first derivative f  = ( f  ) . So f ( x) can be
interpreted as the slope of the curve y = f ( x) or as the rate of change of f ( x ) . If y = f ( x) ,
then alternative notations for the second-derivative are
d2y f ( x +  x) − f ( x) d  dy 
= lim = f ( x) = y2 = D 2 y =   = y
dx 2  x →0 x dx  dx 

The third derivative f  is the derivative of the first derivative f  = ( f  ) . So f ( x ) can be
interpreted as the slope of the curve y = f ( x) or as the rate of change of f ( x ) . If y = f ( x)
, then alternative notations for the third-derivative are
d3y d  d2y  f ( x +  x) − f ( x)
=  2  = Lim = f ( x) = D 3 y = y
dx 3
dx  dx   x→0 x

In general, the nth derivative of f with respect x is denoted by f n and obtained from f by
dny
differentiating n times for any positive integer n. If y = f ( x) , we write y n = f n ( x) =
dx n
9.2 Successive Differentiation:

The successive differential co-efficient of a function y = f ( x) with respect to x is called

successive differentiation and the successive differential co-efficient of the function y is
denoted by y1 , y2 , y3 ,......., yn .
dy d2y dny
Necessary symbols: = y1 , 2 = y2 ,............, n = yn
dx dx dx
n
dy  d  dny  d 
Again, =   y = Dy and =   y = D n y = yn
dx  dx   dx 
n
dx
Therefore, the successive derivatives of the function y = f ( x) are denoted by
f ( x), f ( x), f ( x),..................., f n ( x)
 2

y, y, y,..................., y n

dy d 2 y d 3 y dny
, 2 , 3 ,..........................., n
dx dx dx dx
Dy, D2 y, D3 y,..........................., D n y
y1, y2 , y3 ,...................., yn

1. Find the nth differential co-efficient of the function y = x n ,

Let y = x n , then y1 = nxn−1
y2 = n(n −1) xn−2
y3 = n(n −1)(n − 2) xn−2
……………………….
yn = n(n −1)(n − 2)..........3, 2,1xn−n
yn = n(n − 1)(n − 2)........3, 2,1 = n !

And yn +1 = yn + 2 = ........ = yn + r = 0 where n! is a constant.

 Dn+1 ( x n ) = Dn+ 2 ( xn ) = 0

2. Find the nth differential co-efficient of the function y = (ax + b)m

Let y = (ax + b) m , where m is any number.
Here y1 = ma(ax + b)m−1
y2 = m(m − 1)a 2 (ax + b)m−2
y3 = m(m −1)(m − 2)a3 (ax + b)m−3
Proceeding in this way, we get
yn = m(m −1)(m − 2)...........(m − n + 1)an (ax + b)m−n (for m>n
Corollary: If m=n be a positive integer a yn = a n n!

3. Find the nth differential co-efficient of the function y = e ax

Let y = e ax . Here y1 = aeax
y2 = a2eax
y3 = a3eax
……………………….
yn = aneax
 Dn ( eax ) = a n eax
Corollary: Let y = a x = e x log a then yn = (loge a)n a x
1
4. Find the nth differential coefficient of y =
x+a
1
Solution: Let y = = ( x + a ) −1 .
x+a
Here y1 = (−1)( x + a)−2
y2 = (−1)(−2)( x + a)−2 = (−1)2 2!( x + a)−3
 3

y3 = (−1)3 3!( x + a)−4

……………………….
(−1) n n !
yn = (−1) n n !( x + a) − n −1 =
( x + a)n +1
(−1)n n !a n
Corollary: Let y = log(ax + b), then then yn =
(ax + b)n +1
5. Find the nth differential co-efficient of the function y = sin(ax + b)
Solution: y = sin(ax + b) , differentiation with respect to x from both sides successively, we get
 
y1 = a cos(ax + b) = a sin  + ax + b 
2 
     
y2 = a 2 cos  + ax + b  = a 2 sin  +  + ax + b  
2  2  2 
 2 
y2 = a 2 sin  + ax + b 
 2 
 2    2 
y3 = a3 cos  + ax + b  = a3 sin  +  + ax + b 
 2  2  2 
 3 
y3 = a3 sin  + ax + b 
 2 
................................................................
................................................................
 n 
yn = a n sin  + ax + b 
 2 
 n 
 Dn sin(ax + b) = a n sin  + ax + b 
 2 
In case, i) if b=0 then
 n 
 D n sin(ax) = a n sin  + ax 
 2 
In case, i) if a=1 and b=0 then
 n 
 D n sin(ax) = sin  + ax 
 2 
6. Find the nth differential co-efficient of the function y = cos(ax + b)
Solution: y = cos(ax + b) , differentiation with respect to x from both sides successively, we get
 
y1 = −a sin(ax + b) = a cos  + ax + b 
2 
     
y2 = a 2 sin  + ax + b  = a 2 cos  +  + ax + b  
2  2  2 
 2 
y2 = a 2 cos  + ax + b 
 2 
 2    2 
y3 = −a3 sin  + ax + b  = a3 cos  +  + ax + b  
 2  2  2 
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 3 
y3 = a3 cos  + ax + b 
 2 
................................................................
................................................................
 n 
yn = a n cos  + ax + b 
 2 
 n 
 Dn cos(ax + b) = a n cos  + ax + b 
 2 
In case, i) if b=0 then
 n 
 Dn cos(ax) = a n cos  + ax 
 2 
In case, i) if a=1 and b=0 then
 n 
 Dn (cos x) = cos  + x
 2 
7. Find the nth differential co-efficient of the function y = eax sin(bx + c)
Solution: y = eax sin(bx + c) , differentiation with respect to x, from both sides we get
y1 = aeax sin(bx + c) + beax cos(bx + c)
y1 = eax  a sin(bx + c) + b cos(bx + c)

Let a = r cos  and b = r sin  then a 2 + b 2 = r 2  r = a 2 + b 2 and

r sin  b b
=   = tan −1
r cos  a a
 y1 = reax  cos  sin(bx + c) + sin  cos(bx + c)
 y1 = reax sin(bx + c +  )
y2 = r aeax sin(bx + c +  ) + beax cos(bx + c +  ) 
y2 = reax  a sin(bx + c +  ) + b cos(bx + c +  )
y2 = r 2eax  cos  sin(bx + c +  ) + sin  cos(bx + c +  )
 y2 = r 2eax sin(bx + c + 2 )
................................................................................
...................................................................................
 yn = r neax sin(bx + c + n )
n
D n eax sin(bx + c) = ( a 2 + b 2 ) 2 e ax sin(bx + c + n tan −1 )
b
a
8. Find the nth differential co-efficient of the function y = eax cos(bx + c)
Solution: y = eax cos(bx + c) , differentiation with respect to x, from both sides we get
y1 = aeax cos(bx + c) − beax sin(bx + c)
y1 = eax  a cos(bx + c) − b sin(bx + c)

Let a = r cos  and b = r sin  then a 2 + b 2 = r 2  r = a 2 + b 2 and

r sin  b b
=   = tan −1
r cos  a a
 5

 y1 = reax  cos  cos(bx + c) − sin  sin(bx + c)

 y1 = reax cos(bx + c +  )
y2 = r aeax cos(bx + c +  ) − beax sin(bx + c +  ) 
y2 = reax  a cos(bx + c +  ) − b sin(bx + c +  )
y2 = r 2eax  cos  cos(bx + c +  ) − sin  sin(bx + c +  )
 y2 = r 2eax cos(bx + c + 2 )
................................................................................
...................................................................................
 yn = r neax cos(bx + c + n )
n
D n e ax cos(bx + c) = ( a 2 + b 2 ) 2 e ax cos(bx + c + n tan −1 )
b
a
9.3 The nth differential co-efficient of the algebraic function using partial fractions

If the algebraic function is of the form fraction, then the function has to convert to partial
fraction. Therefore, we have to determine the differential co-efficient successively. If the
factors of the denominator of the first degree are first degree, and not are repeated then have to
use Thumb-rule method.
x
Example 1 Find the nth differential co-efficient of the function y = 2
x −1
x
Solution: y =
( x − 1)( x + 1)
1 −1
y= +
( x − 1)(1 + 1) (−1 − 1)( x + 1)
1 1 1  1
y=  +  = ( x − 1)−1 + ( x + 1)1 
2  x − 1 x + 1 2
1
y1 = (−1)( x − 1) −2 + (−1)( x + 1) −2 
2
1
y2 =  (−1) 21.2( x − 1) −3 + (−1) 21.2( x + 1) −3 
2
1
y3 = (−1)31.2.3( x − 1) −4 + ( −1)31.2.3( x + 1) −4 
2
1
y3 =  (−1)3 3!( x − 1) −4 + ( −1)3 3!( x + 1) −4 
2
.................................................................................
.................................................................................
1
yn =  (−1) n n !( x − 1) − ( n +1) + ( −1) n n !( x + 1) − ( n +1) 
2
(−1) n n !
yn = ( x − 1) − ( n +1) + ( x + 1) − ( n +1) 
2
 6

x2
Example 2 Find the nth differential co-efficient of the function y =
( x − 1) 2 ( x + 2)
x2
Solution: y =
( x − 1) 2 ( x + 2)
x2 A B C
= + + .............(i)
( x − 1) ( x + 2) x − 1 ( x − 1)
2 2
x+2
or x 2 = A( x − 1)( x + 2) + B( x + 2) + C ( x − 1) 2 ...............(ii)
1
putting x=1, then we get 1 = A.0 + B.3 + C.0  B =
3
4
again, putting x=-2, then we get t 4 = A.0 + B.0 + C.9  C =
9
x 2 = A( x − 1)( x + 2) + B( x + 2) + C ( x − 1) 2
x 2 = ( A + C ) x 2 + ( B − A − 2C ) x + (2 B − 2 A + C )
Equating the co-efficient of x 2 from both sides, we get
4 5
A + C = 1  A = 1− C = 1− =
9 9
from (i), we have
5/9 1/ 3 5/9
y= + +
x − 1 ( x − 1) 2
x+2
5 1 4
y1 = (−1)( x − 1) −2 + (−2)( x − 1) −3 + (−1)( x + 2) −2
9 3 9
5 1 4
y2 = (−1)(−2)( x − 1) −3 + (−2)(−3)( x − 1) −4 + (−1)(−2)( x + 2) −3
9 3 9
5 1 4
y2 = (−1) 2 2!( x − 1) −3 + (−1) 2 3!( x − 1) −4 + ( −1) 2 2!( x + 2) −3
9 3 9
...........................................................................
.................................................................................
5 1 4
yn = (−1) n n !( x − 1) − ( n +1) + (−1) n ( n + 1)!( x − 1) − ( n + 2) + ( −1) n ( n + 1)!( x + 2) − ( n +1)
9 3 9

9.4 De Moivre’s theorem

If n is a real number, then the De Moivre’s theorem can be stated as
( 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 ± 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃)^𝑛 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝜃 ± 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
1
Example 3 Find the nth derivative of the function y = 2
x + a2
1 1 1
Solution: y = 2 = 2 2 2 =
x +a 2
x −i a ( x + ia )( x − ia )
1 1
or y = +
( x − ia)(ia + ia) ( x + ia)(−ia − ia)
1
y= ( x − ia ) −1 − ( x + ia ) −1 
2ia
1
y1 = (−1)( x − ia ) −2 − (−1)( x + ia ) −2 
2ia
 7

1
y2 = (−1)(−2)( x − ia ) −3 − (−1)(−2)( x + ia ) −3 
2ia 
1
y2 =  (−1) 2 2!( x − ia ) −3 − ( −1) 2 2!( x + ia ) −3 
2ia
....................................................................................
...................................................................................
1 
yn = (−1) n n !( x − ia) − ( n +1) − (−1) n !( x + ia) − ( n +1) 
n

2ia  
(−1) n n !
yn = ( x − ia ) − ( n +1) − ( x + ia ) − ( n +1) 
2ia
a
x = r cos  , a = r sin   r = x 2 + a 2 and  = tan −1
x
(−1) n n ! 
r cos  − ir sin   − r cos  + ir sin  ) − ( n +1) 
− ( n +1)
yn =
2ia  
(−1) n n !r − ( n +1) 
cos  − i sin   − cos  + i sin  ) − ( n +1) 
− ( n +1)
yn =
2ia  
(−1) n n !r − ( n +1)
yn = cos −(n + 1)  − i sin −(n + 1)  − cos −(n + 1)  − i sin −(n + 1) 
2ia
(−1) n n !r − ( n +1)
yn = cos (n + 1)  + i sin (n + 1)  − cos (n + 1)  + i sin (n + 1) 
2ia
(−1) n n !r − ( n +1)
yn = .2i sin (n + 1) 
2ia
(−1) n n !r − ( n +1)
yn = sin (n + 1) 
a
9.5 The nth differential co-efficient of the function y = sin p x cos q x is Dn ( sin p x cosq x )

Let z = cos x + i sin x then z −1 = ( cos x + i sin x ) = cos x − i sin x

−1

Adding then we get z + z −1 = 2 cos x and z − z −1 = 2i sin x

Now z n = ( cos x + i sin x ) = cos nx + i sin nx and z − n = ( cos x + i sin x )
−n
= cos nx − i sin nx
n

z n + z − n = 2cos nx, z n − z − n = 2i sin nx

 8

Some Examples

Example 1 Find the nth differential co-efficient of sin 3 x

1
Solution: Given y = sin 3 x = (3sin x − sin 3 x)
4
1 1
y1 = (3cos x − 3cos 3x ) = [3sin( / 2 + x) − 3sin( / 2 + 3 x)]
4 4
1 1
y2 = (−3sin x + 32 sin 3 x) = [3sin(2 / 2 + x) − 3sin(2 / 2 + 3 x)]
4 4
1 1
y3 = (−3cos x + 33 cos 3 x) = [3sin(3 / 2 + x) − 3sin(3 / 2 + 3 x)]
4 4
..............................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................
1
yn = [3sin( n / 2 + x) − 3sin( n / 2 + 3 x)]
4
Example 2 Find the nth differential co-efficient of y = sin 4 x cos3 x
Solution: Let cos x + i sin x = z and cos x − i sin x = z −1 then adding and subtracting we get
2 cos x = z + z −1 and 2i sin x = z − z −1
Now, (2i sin x)4 (2cos x)3 = ( z − z −1)4 ( z + z −1)3
27 sin 4 x cos3 x = ( z 4 − 4 z 2 + 6 − 4 / z 2 + 1/ z 4 )( z 3 + 3z + 3 / z + 1/ z 3 )
27 sin 4 x cos3 x = ( z 7 + 1/ z 7 ) + (−4 + 3)( z5 + 1/ z 5 ) + (6 + 3 − 12)( z 3 + 1/ z 3 ) + (18 −12 − 4 + 1)( z + 1/ z )
27 sin 4 x cos3 x = 2 cos 7 x − 2 cos 5 x − 3.2 cos 3x + 3.2 cos x
1
sin 4 x cos3 x = 6 (cos 7 x − cos5 x − 3cos3x + 3cos x)
2
y = sin 4 x cos3 x
1
= (cos 7 x − cos5 x − 3cos3x + 3cos x)
26
yn =
1
26 7n cos(n / 2 + 7 x) − 5n cos(n / 2 + 5x) − 3n cos(n / 2 + 3x) + 3n cos(n / 2 + x)
Example 3 Find the nth differential co-efficient of y = sin 7 x
Solution: Let cos x + i sin x = z and cos x − i sin x = z −1 then subtracting we get
2i sin x = z − z −1
Now, (2i sin x)7 = ( z − z −1 )7
i 7 27 sin 7 x = ( z − 1/ z )7
i 7 27 sin 7 x = ( z 7 − 1/ z 7 ) − 7( z5 − 1/ z5 ) + 21( z3 − 1/ z3 ) − 35( z − 1/ z )
i 7 27 sin 7 x = 2i sin 7 x − 7.2i sin 5 x + 21.2i sin 3 x − 35.2i sin x
1
sin 7 x = 6 [sin 7 x − 7sin 5 x + 21sin 3x − 35sin x]
2
y = sin 4 x cos3 x
 9

1
= [sin 7 x − 7sin 5 x + 21sin 3x − 35sin x]
26
yn =
1
26 7n sin(n / 2 + 7 x) − 7.5n sin(n / 2 + 5x) + 21.3n sin(n / 2 + 3x) − 35sin(n / 2 + x)
Example 4 Find the nth differential co-efficient of the function y = e3 x cos 4 x
Solution: Given y = e3 x cos 4 x
Differentiation with respect to x from both sides, we get
y1 = 3e3 x cos 4 x − 4e3 x sin 4x
y1 = e3 x 3cos 4 x − 4sin 4 x 
r sin  4 4
Let 3 = r sin  and 4 = r sin   r = 32 + 42 = 5 and =   = tan −1
r cos  3 3
y1 = e3 x  r cos  cos 4 x − r sin  sin 4 x 
y1 = e3x r cos(4 x +  )
y2 = r 3e3 x cos(4 x +  ) − 4e3 x sin 4 x 
y2 = re3 x  r cos  cos(4 x +  ) − r sin  sin 4 x 
y2 = r 2e3 x cos(4x + 2 )
.................................................................
......................................................................
4
yn = r ne3x cos(4 x + n ) where r = 5,  = tan −1
3

 D n e3 x cos 4 x = 5n e3 x cos(4 x + n tan −1 )

4
3
Example 5 If y = ax n +1 + bx − n then show that x2 y2 = n(n + 1) y.
Solution: Given y = ax n +1 + bx − n .........................(1)
 y1 = a(n + 1) xn − bnx− n−1
 y2 = a(n + 1)nxn−1 + bn(n + 1) x− n−2
 x2 y2 = a(n + 1)nxn+1 + bn(n + 1) x−n [Multiplying both sides by x2]
 x2 y2 = n(n + 1)[axn+1 + bx− n ]
 x2 y2 = n(n + 1) y (Proved) [Using (1) we get

Example 6 If y = x log[(ax)−1 + a −1 ] then show that x( x + 1) y2 + xy1 + 1 = y

 1 1
Solution: y = x log[(ax)−1 + a −1 ] = x log  + 
 ax a 
 x +1 
y = x log   ......................(1)
 ax 
= x[log( x + 1) − log ax] = x log( x + 1) − x log ax
x x
y1 = + log( x + 1) − [ a + log ax]
x +1 ax
 10

x −1
y1 = + log( x + 1) − 1 − log ax = + log( x + 1) − log ax
x +1 x +1
−1 ( x + 1)
y1 = + log
x +1 ax
−1 y
y1 = +
x +1 x [Using (1)]
x( x + 1) y1 = − x + (1 + x) y
x( x + 1) y2 + (1 + 2 x) y1 = −1 + (1 + x) y1 + y
[Again diff. with respect to x]
x( x + 1) y2 + xy1 + 1 = y

Example7 If x = a ( + sin  ) and y = a (1 − cos  ) , then find the value of y2

Solution: Given x = a ( + sin  )
dx dy
= a (1 + cos  ) ; = a sin 
d d
dy dy dx a sin  2sin  / 2.cos  / 2
= / = = = tan  / 2
dx d d a(1 + cos  ) 2 cos 2  / 2
d2y d  dy  d d d
=   = (tan  / 2) = (tan  / 2).
dx 2 dx  dx  dx d dx
d2y 1 1
= sec2  / 2).
dx 22 a(1 + cos  )
d2y 1 2 1 1
= sec  / 2). = sec4  / 2
dx 2 2 a.2 cos  / 2
2 4 a
d2y 1
= sec 4  / 2
2 4a
dx
1
Example 8 If y = sin nx + cos nx then show that yr = nr [1 + (−1)r sin 2nx]2
Solution: Given y = sin nx + cos nx
 y1 = n cos nx − n sin nx = n[sin( / 2 + nx) + cos( / 2 + nx)]
 y2 = −n2 sin nx − n2 cos nx = n2[sin(2 / 2 + nx) + cos(2 / 2 + nx)]
 y3 = −n3 cos nx + n3 sin nx = n3[sin(3 / 2 + nx) + cos(3 / 2 + nx)]
..........................................................................................................
............................................................................................................
yr = nr [sin(r / 2 + nx) + cos(r / 2 + nx)]
1
yr = n r [sin(r / 2 + nx) + cos(r / 2 + nx) ] 2
2

1 1
yr = nr [1 + 2sin(r / 2 + nx) cos(r / 2 + nx)] 2 = n r [1 + sin 2( r / 2 + nx)] 2
1
yr = nr [1 + sin(r + 2nx)]2
1
yr = n [1 + (−1) sin 2nx]
r r 2
 11

d3
Example 9 If y = sin x then show that 4 3 (cos 7 x) = 105sin 4 x
dx
d 3z
Solution: Let z = cos7 x and given y = sin x , we have to determine 4 = 105sin 4 x
dx3
dz
= 7 cos 6 x( − sin x)
dx
dz dy
= −7 cos6 x sin x...................(1) and = cos x
dx dx
dz dz dy −7 cos6 x sin x
Now, dy = dx / dx = cos x
= −7 cos5 x sin x

d  dz  d
  = −7 (cos x sin x)
5
dy  dy  dy
d 2z
dy 2
= −7
d
dx
( )
cos5 x sin x .
dx
dy
d 2z
2
= −7[−5cos4 x sin 2 x + cos6 x).sec x
dy
d 2z
2
= 35cos3 x sin 2 x − 7 cos5 x
dy
d  d 2z  d
 2  =
dy  dy  dy
(
35cos3 x sin 2 x −
d
dy
)
7 cos5 x ( )
d 3z
dy 3
= 35
d
dx
( ) dx
cos3 x sin 2 x . − 7
dy
d
dx
(
cos5 x
dx
dy
)
d 3z
3
= 35[−3cos2 x.sin 3 x + cos3 x.2sin x cos x]sec x − 7[ −5cos 4 x sin x]sec x
dy
d 3z
3
= −105cos x.sin3 x + 70cos3 x sin x + 35cos3 x sin x = −105cos x.sin 3 x + 105cos3 x sin x
dy
d 3z 105 105 105
= 105sin x cos x(c os 2 x − sin 2 x) = (2sin x cos x) cos 2 x = sin 2 x cos 2 x = sin 4 x
dy3 2 2 4

d 3z
4 = 105sin 4 x
dy3
Example 10 If p( x) = ax 2 + bx + c, y = p( x) then show that 4 y3 y2 = 4ac − b2

Solution: Given p( x) = ax 2 + bx + c
y 2 = ax 2 + bx + c y= p( x)
Differentiation with respect to x from both sides, we get
2ax + b
2 yy1 = 2ax + b...............(i) or y1 = ..............(ii)
2y
Differentiation with respect to x from both sides, we get
 12

2 yy2 + 2 y12 = 2a
2 yy2 + 2(2ax + b)2 / 4 y 2 = 2a
8 y3 y2 + 2(4a2 x2 + 4abx + b2 ) = 8ay 2
4 y3 y2 + 4a(ax2 + bx + c) − 4ac + b2 = 4ay 2
4 y3 y2 + 4ay 2 − 4ac + b2 = 4ay 2
4 y3 y2 − 4ac + b2 = 0
4 y3 y2 = 4ac − b2
Example 11 If y = x 2n , n is a positive integers, then show that yn = 2n n !1.3.5......(2n − 1) x n

Solution: Given y = x 2n ,
Differentiation with respect to x from both sides, we get
y1 = 2nx 2n −1
y2 = 2n(2n −1) x2n −2
y3 = 2n(2n −1)(2n − 2) x2n −3
...........................................................
.............................................................
yn = 2n(2n − 1)(2n − 2)...............2n − (n − 1) x 2 n − n
yn = 2n(2n −1)(2n − 2)...............(n + 1) xn
2n(2n − 1)(2n − 2)...............(n + 1), n(n − 1,......4,3, 2,1) n
yn = x
1, 2,3.......n

yn =
2n(2n − 2)...........4, 2. 1,3,5,......(2n − 1) x n
1, 2,3.......n

yn =
2.n.2(n − 1)...........(2.2), (2.1). 1,3,5,......(2n − 1) x n
1, 2,3.......n
2n n.(n − 1)..........3.2.1. 1,3,5,......(2n − 1) n
yn = x
1, 2,3.......n
yn = 2n 1,3,5,......(2n − 1) x n
1
Example 12 If y = sin mx + cos mx , prove that yn = mn [1 + (−1)n sin 2mx]2
Solution: Given that y = sin mx + cos mx …………………..(i)
Differentiation of equation (1) up to n times with respect to x, we get
 n   n 
yn = mn sin  mx +  + m cos  mx +
n

 2   2 
1

  n   n   
2

2
yn = mn  sin  mx +  + cos  mx +  
 
 2   2   

1
  n  2
yn = m n 1 + sin 2  mx + 
  2 
 13

1
yn = mn 1 + sin ( 2mx + n )  2
1
yn = m n 1  sin 2mx  2
1

Hence, yn = m 1 + ( −1) sin 2mx  2 , according as n is even or odd.

n n
 
d2 p a 2b 2
Example 1.1 If p 2 = a 2 cos 2  + b 2 sin 2  , then show that + p =
d 2 p3