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AI in Educational Technology

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DOI: 10.20944/preprints202311.0106.v1

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AI in Educational Technology

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Ting Zhao

Posted Date: 2 November 2023

doi: 10.20944/preprints202311.0106.v1

Keywords: educational technology; artificial intelligence; personalized learning; adaptive learning systems

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Article
AI in Educational Technology
Ting Zhao
School of Computer Science and Technology, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo, Henan 454000, China;
[email protected]

Abstract: This article focuses on artificial intelligence in educational technology, starting with an introduction
to educational technology, an interdisciplinary field of study that covers the design, development, utilization,
and evaluation of technology and digital tools in educational Settings. A detailed description of its definition
in an academic context—a multidisciplinary field of computer science and cognitive science that deals with the
development of computational systems that exhibit intelligent behaviour, describing its areas of coverage and
scope of application. It then introduces the benefits of AI in education technology, specifically addressing
personalized learning, adaptive learning systems, automated scoring and feedback, virtual tutors and chatbots,
data analytics, as well as content recommendations and natural language processing, accessibility and
inclusion. Then it introduces the main concepts of AI personalized learning: AI personalized learning uses the
power of artificial intelligence to meet the unique needs and preferences of individual learners, as well as its
key principles and main characteristics. Adaptive learning systems harness the power of artificial intelligence
and data analytics to tailor the learning experience to each student’s needs and abilities, as well as its core
principles and strengths. It also introduces the main operating principles of automated grading and feedback:
it uses artificial intelligence and computer algorithms to evaluate and evaluate student assignments, tests and
exams without the direct involvement of human graders, and its associated benefits. Secondly, the main
concepts of virtual tutor are introduced: Virtual tutor is a computer-based system that uses artificial intelligence
and machine learning algorithms to provide students with personalized and interactive educational support
and its key characteristics and main advantages, and then the nature and benefits of chatbots and help in the
field of education. The final conclusion summarizes the benefits and future challenges of integrating AI
into educational technology.
Keywords: educational technology; artificial intelligence; personalized learning; adaptive
learning systems

1. Introduction of Educational Technology

Educational Technology [1], often referred to as “EdTech,” is an interdisciplinary field of study
that encompasses the design, development, utilization, and evaluation of technology and digital tools
in educational settings [2]. This field combines elements of education, instructional design, and
technology to enhance teaching and learning processes. Educational Technology aims to optimize
and innovate educational practices by integrating various technological resources, including
hardware, software, digital media, and internet-based platforms, into instructional strategies and
educational environments [3].
In an academic context, the definition of Educational Technology can be stated as
follows: according to , “Educational Technology is a multidisciplinary field that focuses on the
systematic design, implementation, and assessment of technology-based solutions in educational
settings [4]. It involves the application of pedagogical principles, cognitive science, and
instructional design principles to leverage technological tools and resources for the purpose of
improving educational outcomes, enhancing teaching methodologies, and expanding access to
knowledge [5]. Educational Technology encompasses a wide range of technologies, including
computer software, interactive multimedia, virtual learning environments, and mobile applications,
all of which are utilized to facilitate, support, and transform the teaching and learning processes [6].”

© 2023 by the author(s). Distributed under a Creative Commons CC BY license.

Preprints (www.preprints.org) | NOT PEER-REVIEWED | Posted: 2 November 2023 doi:10.20944/preprints202311.0106.v1

computer improving educational

software outcomes

interactive
multimedia Educational enhancing teaching
Technology methodologies

mobile
applications
facilitate and
transform the teaching
virtual learning
and learning processes
environments

Figure 1. The composition and application of educational technology.

Educational Technology plays a critical role in modern education, providing opportunities for
personalized learning, increased engagement, access to educational resources, and the development
of 21st-century skills [7]. Researchers and practitioners in this field continually explore innovative
ways to integrate technology into educational contexts to improve the overall quality of education.
Paper structure is as in Error! Reference source not found.：

AI in Educational Technology

Introduction of Automated Grading

AI helps Educational AI for Personalized Adaptive Learning
Educational Artificial Intelligence Virtual Tutors Chatbot Conclusion
Technology Learning Systems and Feedback
Technology

1. Main concepts of 1. The integration of

1. Concept of
1.Personalized virtual tutor 1 Chatbots are artificial intelligence
adaptive learning 1. The concept of
1.The concept of Learning 1.AI for Personalized 2. The virtual tutor computer programs or (AI) in educational
system automatic grading
educational 2.Adaptive Learning Learning is a can adapt to the artificial intelligence technology represents
2. The core principle and feedback.
technology 1.The concept of Systems transformative specific needs of each applications. a profound shift in the
of adaptive learning is 2. One of the main
2.Definition of artificial intelligence 3.Automated Grading approach student. 2. Chatbots provide way we teach.
to assess students' advantages of
educational 2.The scope of and Feedback 2.key aspect of AI for 3. Virtual tutors are instant and 24/7 2. Artificial
knowledge and skills automatic grading is
technology in an artificial intelligence 4.Virtual Tutors and Personalized available 24/7 customer support. Intelligence simplifies
through continuous its speed.
academic context 3.The range of Chatbots Learning 4. Virtual tutors also 3. Chatbots are highly management tasks.
assessment. 3. Maintain a high
3.The role of applications of 5.Data Analytics 3.AI-driven contribute to the versatile and 3. The successful
3. Adaptive learning degree of accuracy
educational artificial intelligence 6.Content educational platforms gamification of adaptable integration of AI in
systems offer and consistency in
technology in modern Recommendation provide instant learning 4. Chatbots are highly education requires
significant benefits to assessing student
education 7.Natural Language feedback 5. Virtual tutors are versatile and careful consideration
both students and work.
Processing (NLP) AI-driven educational adaptable. of ethical, privacy, and
educators.
tools equity issues.

Figure 2. Paper structure.

2. Artificial Intelligence
Artificial Intelligence (AI) [8] is a multidisciplinary field of computer science and cognitive
science concerned with the development of computational systems that exhibit intelligent behaviours
[9], enabling them to perceive their environment, reason about it, learn from experience, and adapt
to new situations [10]. AI systems are designed to replicate and simulate human-like cognitive
processes [11], such as problem-solving, decision-making, language understanding, perception, and
learning, through the utilization of algorithms, data, and computer hardware [12].
Artificial Intelligence is a scientific and engineering discipline that focuses on the creation and
study of computational systems capable of emulating intelligent behaviours [13]. It encompasses a
wide range of techniques, methods, and approaches, as in Error! Reference source not found.,
including machine learning [14], knowledge representation, natural language processing [15],
computer vision [16], robotics, and expert systems, among others [17]. AI systems aim to process and
interpret data, extract meaningful information, make informed decisions, and adapt to changing
circumstances, often with the objective of achieving specific tasks or goals [18]. AI is a dynamic and
Preprints (www.preprints.org) | NOT PEER-REVIEWED | Posted: 2 November 2023 doi:10.20944/preprints202311.0106.v1

evolving field, constantly advancing through research and innovation to extend the capabilities of
intelligent machines [19].

Artificial Intelligence

machine knowledge natural language

computer vision robotics expert systems
learning representation processing

Figure 3. The scope of artificial intelligence.

AI has a broad spectrum of applications [20], from natural language processing and image
recognition [21] to autonomous vehicles and healthcare diagnostics [22]. It is a field characterized by
ongoing research, development, and experimentation as experts seek to push the boundaries of what
AI systems can achieve [23].

3. AI helps Educational Technology

Artificial Intelligence (AI) plays a significant role in enhancing Educational Technology
(EdTech) in various ways. AI-powered tools and systems have the potential to transform the
educational landscape, making learning more personalized, efficient, and effective [24]. From Error!
Reference source not found., here are several ways in which AI benefits Educational Technology:

AI helps Educational Technology

Automated
Personalized Adaptive Learning Virtual Tutors and Content Natural Language Accessibility
Grading and Data Analytics
Learning Systems Chatbots Recommendation Processing (NLP) and Inclusion
Feedback

Figure 4. The benefits of artificial intelligence for educational technology.

Personalized Learning [25]: AI algorithms can analyse students’ performance and learning
preferences to create personalized learning pathways [26]. Formalization of learning behaviour
pattern set: n learners and m learning behaviour pattern data sets are set up as C:
𝑐 𝑐 … 𝑐
𝑐 𝑐 … 𝑐
C= … … … … (1)
… … … …
𝑐 𝑐 … 𝑐
Distance formula: The distance between two learners’ behaviour pattern vectors. The learner’s
behaviour pattern has m dimensions. c and 𝑐 are represented as pattern vectors for the first and
second learner, then:
𝑐 = 𝑐 ,𝑐 ,…,𝑐
(2)
𝑐 = 𝑐 ,𝑐 ,…,𝑐
The distance c (𝑐 , 𝑐 ) between 𝑐 and 𝑐 is calculated by the formula:

𝑐 𝑐 ,𝑐 = 𝑐 −𝑐 (3)

The distance between any two learner i and j behaviour pattern vectors:
Preprints (www.preprints.org) | NOT PEER-REVIEWED | Posted: 2 November 2023 doi:10.20944/preprints202311.0106.v1

𝑐 𝑐 ,𝑐 = 𝑐 −𝑐 (4)

Through the above analysis, two clustering centres are obtained, which are the behavioural
pattern sets of learners i and j.
𝐹 = 𝑐 𝑐 …𝑐
(5)
𝐹 = 𝑐 𝑐 …𝑐
By analysing the two sets of behaviour patterns, we can get the corresponding categories of
learning styles and summarize the behavioural preferences of these learning styles.
This ensures that students receive content and assignments tailored to their individual needs
and progress.
Adaptive Learning Systems [27]: AI can adapt the difficulty level of content or suggest additional
resources based on a student’s performance [28]. This adaptive approach helps learners who need
extra support or more challenging material.
Automated Grading and Feedback: AI can automatically grade assignments and provide instant
feedback, allowing educators to focus on providing personalized assistance and guidance [29].
Virtual Tutors and Chatbots [30]: AI-powered virtual tutors and chatbots can assist students in
answering questions, providing explanations, and offering support 24/7. This can alleviate the
burden on educators and help students with immediate queries [31].
Data Analytics: AI can process vast amounts of data to identify patterns in student performance
and engagement [32]. Educators can use these insights to make data-driven decisions, such as
refining curricula and improving teaching strategies [33].
Content Recommendation: AI-driven recommendation systems suggest relevant educational
materials, such as articles, videos, or books, based on a student’s interests and past interactions [34].
Natural Language Processing (NLP) [35]: NLP technology can be used for language learning
and understanding, enabling translation, grammar correction, and language comprehension tools
[36].
Accessibility and Inclusion: AI can assist students with disabilities by providing text-to-speech,
speech-to-text, and other accessibility features that make learning materials more accessible to a
wider range of students [37].

4. AI for Personalized Learning

AI for Personalized Learning is a transformative approach to education that leverages the power
of Artificial Intelligence to cater to the unique needs and preferences of individual learners [38]. It
involves the use of sophisticated algorithms and data analysis to create tailored learning experiences,
optimizing educational outcomes. This paradigm shift in education is a response to the recognition
that one-size-fits-all teaching methods may not be the most effective way to reach and engage diverse
learners.
One key aspect of AI for Personalized Learning is the ability to assess and understand the
strengths and weaknesses of each student [7]. Error! Reference source not found. shows the main
process of artificial intelligence personalized learning. AI algorithms can analyse their learning
history, assess their current performance, and even monitor real-time engagement with educational
content [39]. This data is used to generate customized learning pathways, adjusting the difficulty
level of content, suggesting additional resources, and pinpointing areas that require further attention.
As a result, students receive precisely the support they need when they need it, fostering a deeper
understanding of the subject matter.
Furthermore, AI-driven educational platforms often provide instant feedback and allow
students to progress at their own pace, reducing the fear of failure and encouraging a growth mindset
[40]. This approach not only promotes self-directed learning but also increases overall motivation
Preprints (www.preprints.org) | NOT PEER-REVIEWED | Posted: 2 November 2023 doi:10.20944/preprints202311.0106.v1

and engagement [41]. Educators also benefit from AI for Personalized Learning by gaining valuable
insights into student performance and engagement, allowing them to adapt their teaching strategies
and content as necessary [42]. In essence, AI for Personalized Learning is revolutionizing the
educational landscape, making learning more accessible, effective, and learner-cantered.

monitor real-time
analyze learning assess current generate customized
engagement with
history performance learning pathways
educational content

fostering a deeper pinpointing areas suggesting

adjusting the difficulty
understanding of that require additional
level of content
the subject matter further attention resources

Figure 5. The main process of artificial intelligence personalized learning.

5. Adaptive Learning Systems

Adaptive Learning Systems [43] are a category of educational technology that harnesses the
power of artificial intelligence and data analytics to tailor learning experiences to individual students’
needs and capabilities [44]. These systems are designed to provide personalized instruction, enabling
students to learn at their own pace, in a way that suits their unique learning styles, and addressing
their specific strengths and weaknesses [45]. The primary goal of adaptive learning is to maximize
student understanding and retention by customizing the educational content and strategies [27].
The core principle of adaptive learning is the assessment of students’ knowledge and skills
through continuous evaluation [25]. As shown in Error! Reference source not found., AI algorithms
are employed to collect and analyse data on how students interact with learning materials and
assessments. This data is then used to create a profile of each learner’s progress and comprehension
[46]. Based on this profile, the system can recommend suitable learning resources, adjust the level of
difficulty, and provide targeted feedback to help students overcome challenges and reinforce their
strengths [47].

Collect and analyze data

on how students interact
with learning materials
and assessments. Create a profile of each
Recommend suitable Reinforce individual
learner's progress and
learning resources strengths.
comprehension
Continuous evaluation

Figure 6. How the adaptive learning system works.

Adaptive learning systems offer significant benefits for both students and educators [48]. For
students, these systems provide a more engaging and effective learning experience, as content is
presented in a way that is more aligned with their abilities and learning preferences [49]. This
approach can enhance motivation and confidence, as learners feel a sense of accomplishment. For
educators, adaptive learning systems offer valuable insights into students’ performance, allowing
them to fine-tune their teaching strategies and identify areas in which students may require
additional support [50].
Adaptive learning systems are a dynamic and innovative approach to education that capitalizes
on AI technologies [51]. They promote individualized learning experiences, help students succeed,
and provide educators with tools to optimize their teaching methods [52]. As educational technology
Preprints (www.preprints.org) | NOT PEER-REVIEWED | Posted: 2 November 2023 doi:10.20944/preprints202311.0106.v1

continues to evolve, adaptive learning systems hold promise for revolutionizing how students
acquire knowledge and skills [53].
Preprints (www.preprints.org) | NOT PEER-REVIEWED | Posted: 2 November 2023 doi:10.20944/preprints202311.0106.v1

6. Automated Grading and Feedback

Automated grading and feedback is a modern educational technology approach that leverages
artificial intelligence and computer algorithms to evaluate and assess students’ assignments, quizzes,
and exams without the direct involvement of human graders [54]. This innovative method has
become increasingly prevalent in educational settings, from elementary schools to universities, due
to its efficiency and consistency. It allows for faster and more objective assessment while providing
students with timely feedback on their performance [55].
One of the primary advantages of automated grading is its speed. By utilizing AI, assignments
and assessments can be evaluated rapidly, which is especially valuable in large-scale education
environments. As shown in Error! Reference source not found.. In traditional grading, educators
may spend significant time assessing assignments, which can lead to delays in providing feedback.
Automated grading can significantly reduce the turnaround time, allowing students to receive
prompt feedback on their work, fostering a more dynamic learning process [56].

Table 1. Benefits of automatic grading and feedback.

Benefits of automatic grading and

Teacher Student
feedback
Point out specific errors to
Efficiency Save and shorten turnaround time
save revision time

Ensure the impartiality of test papers and Get a fair and impartial
Fairness
their work evaluation

Automated grading and feedback systems are designed to maintain a high degree of accuracy
and consistency in evaluating student work [57]. By using predefined grading criteria and machine
learning algorithms, they can assess written responses, multiple-choice questions, and even complex
assignments with a high level of reliability [58]. This approach mitigates the potential for subjectivity
or bias in grading, resulting in fair and objective evaluations.
Furthermore, automated grading systems can offer students detailed feedback on their work,
pointing out areas of improvement, suggesting additional resources, and explaining their grading
rationale. This feedback not only helps students understand their mistakes but also facilitates the
learning process by guiding them toward a deeper comprehension of the subject matter. Ultimately,
automated grading and feedback systems are reshaping the assessment process in education by
providing efficient, consistent, and constructive evaluation of student work [59].

7. Virtual Tutors
Virtual tutors are computer-based systems that use artificial intelligence (AI) and machine
learning algorithms to provide personalized and interactive educational support to students [60].
These AI-driven systems aim to mimic the role of human tutors by offering individualized instruction
and assistance in various subjects or skills. Virtual tutors can be deployed in a variety of educational
settings, including online courses, remote learning, and traditional classrooms, to help students
achieve their academic goals [27]. As shown in Error! Reference source not found., Advantages of
virtual tutors.

Virtual Tutors

Contribute to the AI-driven educational

Adapt to the specific Virtual tutors are
gamification of tools that offer
needs of each student available 24/7
learning personalized
Preprints (www.preprints.org) | NOT PEER-REVIEWED | Posted: 2 November 2023 doi:10.20944/preprints202311.0106.v1

Figure 7. Advantages of virtual tutors.

One of the key features of virtual tutors is their ability to adapt to the specific needs of each
student. These systems can assess a student’s performance, strengths, and weaknesses, and then
tailor their instruction accordingly [61]. By analyzing student responses and engagement, virtual
tutors can provide personalized exercises, explanations, and recommendations, ensuring that the
learning experience is both effective and efficient [62].
Moreover, virtual tutors are available 24/7, providing students with on-demand support [63].
This accessibility means that students can receive assistance and guidance at any time, helping them
address questions or challenges as they arise. Additionally, the availability of virtual tutors can
reduce the burden on educators and provide more individualized attention to students, making
education more inclusive and responsive to diverse learning needs [27].
Virtual tutors also contribute to the gamification of learning. By incorporating interactive
elements, gamified challenges, and rewards, these systems engage and motivate students, making
the learning process more enjoyable [64]. The interactive nature of virtual tutors can foster a sense of
accomplishment and boost student confidence as they progress through their lessons [65].
Virtual tutors are AI-driven educational tools that offer personalized, interactive, and accessible
support to students. They play a pivotal role in modern education by providing on-demand
assistance, adapting to individual learning styles, and making learning a more engaging and
rewarding experience [60]. Virtual tutors are particularly valuable in today’s digital education
landscape, where remote and online learning environments are becoming increasingly prevalent [66].

8. Chatbot
Chatbots are computer programs or artificial intelligence applications designed to engage in
natural language conversations with users, typically through text or voice-based interactions [67].
These virtual assistants are increasingly used in a variety of applications and industries, including
customer service, healthcare, e-commerce, and education [68]. Chatbots are employed to provide
instant responses to inquiries, offer information, assist with tasks, and even simulate human-like
conversations. The benefits of chatbots are shown in Error! Reference source not found..

Benefits of chatbots

Be highly
versatile and Provide support
adaptable, capable and information
Provide of interacting with to students, assist
immediate and users on various in administrative
round-the-clock platforms, such as tasks, and even
customer support websites, mobile deliver
apps, or educational
messaging content
services.

Figure 8. Benefits of chatbots.

One of the primary benefits of chatbots is their ability to provide immediate and round-the-clock
customer support [69]. Whether it’s resolving common queries, processing orders, or troubleshooting
issues, chatbots can handle routine tasks efficiently and without human intervention. This saves time
for both users and organizations, making customer service more efficient and accessible [68].
Chatbots can be highly versatile and adaptable, capable of interacting with users on various
platforms, such as websites, mobile apps, or messaging services. They can also be integrated with
Preprints (www.preprints.org) | NOT PEER-REVIEWED | Posted: 2 November 2023 doi:10.20944/preprints202311.0106.v1

other systems, databases, and software, enabling them to access and provide personalized
information, recommendations, and solutions to users based on their specific needs or requests.
In education, chatbots are increasingly used to provide support and information to students,
assist in administrative tasks, and even deliver educational content [70]. For example, chatbots can
answer questions related to course schedules, assignments, and program requirements [71]. They can
also provide tutoring and guidance in specific subjects, offering explanations and solutions to help
students with their learning needs.
In summary, chatbots are AI-driven virtual assistants that facilitate natural language
communication with users [72]. They are versatile tools used in various domains, offering rapid and
automated responses to inquiries and assisting with a wide range of tasks [73]. In education, chatbots
have the potential to enhance student support, streamline administrative processes, and provide an
interactive learning experience. Their use continues to expand as technology advances and
organizations seek more efficient and engaging ways to interact with their users.

9. Conclusions
In conclusion, the integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in Educational Technology represents
a profound shift in the way we approach teaching and learning. AI-driven solutions offer the promise
of personalized and adaptive education, making it possible to cater to individual learning styles,
needs, and pacing [74]. This level of personalization can lead to improved learning outcomes,
increased student engagement, and enhanced accessibility for learners of diverse backgrounds and
abilities.
AI is also streamlining administrative tasks, freeing up educators to focus more on teaching and
student support, while simultaneously providing them with valuable insights through data analytics
[75]. This data-driven decision-making can lead to continuous improvements in educational practices
and curricula [76]. Moreover, AI extends the reach of education through online and remote learning,
offering opportunities for lifelong learning and global access to educational resources.
However, the successful integration of AI in education requires careful consideration of ethical,
privacy, and equity concerns [77]. Addressing these challenges is crucial to ensure that the benefits
of AI are accessible and beneficial to all learners. As technology continues to evolve, AI in Educational
Technology holds the potential to revolutionize the educational landscape, making learning more
efficient, engaging, and effective, ultimately preparing students for the demands of the 21st century
[78].

Funding: This research did not receive any grants.

Acknowledgment: We thank all the anonymous reviewers for their hard reviewing work.

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