INDEX

S. No. Name of activities Page Date Remarks

SECTION-A
1. To assemble a household circuit

comprising three bulbs,three 1-3 21/10/23

switches, a fuse and a power

source.

2. To assemble the components 4-5 21/10/23

of given electrical circuit.

3. To draw the ray diagram of given 6-7 21/10/23

open circuit comprising at least

a battery, resister/ rheostat, key

ammeter, voltmeter.

SECTION-B
1. To identify a dipole, an LED, a 8-11 22/10/23

resistor and a capacitor from

mixed collection such item.

2. To observe refraction and lateral 12-14 22/10/23

deviation of beam of light incident

Obliquely on a glass lab.

3. To observe the diffraction of light 15-16 22/10/23

due to a thin shit.

 ACTIVITY
AIM

To assemble a household circuit comprising three bulbs, three

(ON/OFF) switches, a fuse and a power source.

APPARATUS AND MATERIAL

Three bulbs (40 W. 220 V each), three bulb holders, three ON/OFF
switches, a fuse of 1 A a fuse holder. three pin plug, flexible two
coloured insulating copper wire, main switch.

THEORY/PRINCIPLE
Household Circuit
The electricity of 220 V and 50 Hz is supplied to us for domestic
purposes. In household circuit, all appliances are connected in parallel
with the mains Consider P., P. P. P P be the power consumed by
different domestic electrical appliances in a circuit Then the total
power consumed: P at any instant is given by
P=P1 +P₂+P3+ P4…
At a potential V. the current/drawn from the mains is given by,
I=P / V
where, P is in watt/is in ampere and V is in volt.

Sometimes the terminals of electric appliances get accidentally

connected so a high current is drawn from the circuit which may burn
the appliances, hence, they may get damaged. A fuse of rating little
higher than the current drawn is connected in series with the
appliances.

1|Page
Whenever high current flows in the circuit the fuse gets burnt which
saves the appliances from damage. A fuse is a short piece of wire
made up of material of high resistivity and low melting point so that it
gets easily melt due to overheating when excessive current passes
through the circuit and hence, the current flowing in the circuit is
stopped.

DIAGRAM

PROCEDURE

● Take three bulbs B, B, and B, and connect them in series with

switches 5,.S, and S, respectively.
● B-S, B-S, and B-S, connections should be parallel with each
other as shown in the circuit diagram. Hence, each bulb can be
OFF and ON individually by using its switch connected in series
with it.

2|Page
 ● Connect a fuse in series with the set up and connect a plug and
socket at the end of two leads. Also connect a wire from the
earth pin of the plug.
● Insert the plug in socket provided in the main electric board.
● Put the switches S, S, and S, ON one by one and observe the
bulb glowing independerity of the other bulb.
● Press all the switches ON simultaneously and observe the bulbs
glowing together.
● Put the switches S, S, and S, OFF one by one and observe the
bulbs not glowing.

RESULT

The circuit for the connection of three bulbs is completely installed

with safety.

PRECAUTIONS

● Always make the connections of the switches and fuse with the
live wire.
● Be careful while working with the mains..
● Make all the connections tight. While doing so, use an
insulating cover on your hand to keep away from shock.
● Carefully determine the rating of the fuse.
● Fuse is a safety device. Never use fuse of much higher rating
than the recommended value Because if the fuse will be of
higher rating, the high current flows to the electrical appliances
and damage them.
● Always use that supply which is connected to the distribution
board which divides the power into different circuit.

3|Page
 ACTIVITY
AIM

To assemble the components of a given electrical circuit.

APPARATUS AND MATERIAL

A voltmeter (0-5 V), an ammeter (0-1:5 A), a resistor, a rheostat, a

battery, a one-way key, connecting wires and sand paper.

PROCEDURE

● First of all current various components as shown in figure.

● Open the key K by taking out the plug from it.
● To measure the current in the circuit, connect the ammeter in
series with the circuit and to measure the potential difference
across the resistance, connect 8 voltmeter in parallel to the
resistance, it should be ensured that the positive serminals of
voltmeter and ammeter must be connected with the positive
terminal of the battery E.
● Close the key K by inserting the plug into it and check whether
the voltmeter and ammeter show deflections on the right hand
side or not.
● The circuit has been assembled completely. Check the
continuity of assembled circuit by using multimeter.

Note:- With the help of this assembled circuit, one can measure the
unknown resistance by knowing the values of current and potential
difference.

4|Page
DIAGRAM

RESULT

The components of the electrical circuit have been assembled

correctly.

PRECAUTIONS

● Take care that the ammeter should be connected in series with

the resistor and the voltmeter should be connected in parallel
with the resistor.
● Grease/oil or oxide layer on the surface of connecting ends of
wire creates insulation, Rub the insulation with a piece of sand
paper to clean the connecting ends.
However, do not rub the plugs and keys with sand paper to clean
them. Excessive use of sand paper will make the plug until to be
used with the socket or key.
● Before connecting the element, the key should be opened.

5|Page
 ACTIVITY
AIM

To draw the diagram of a given open circuit comprising at least a

battery, resistor/ rheostat, key, ammeter and voltmeter. Mark the
components that are not connected in proper order and correct the
circuit and also the circuit diagram.

APPARATUS AND MATERIAL

A battery eliminator or a battery (0 to 6 V) rheostat, resistance box (0

to 100Ω), two or one way key D.C ammeter(0-3) A and a D.C.
voltmeter (0-3) V.

THEORY

An open circuit is the combination of primary components of electric

circuit in such a manner that on closing the circuit no current is drawn
from the battery.

6|Page
DIAGRAM

PROCEDURE

Ammeter: It should be connected in series, with the battery eliminator.

Voltmeter: It should be connected in parallel to the resistor.
Rheostat: It should be connected in series (in place of resistance coil)
with the battery eliminator.
Resistance coil: It should be connected in parallel (in place of
rheostat).
One way key: It should be connected in series to the battery
eliminator.
Correct circuit diagram: (Components connected in proper order).

7|Page
 ACTIVITY
AIM

To identify a diode, an LED, a resistor and a capacitor from a mixed

collection of such items.

APPARATUS AND MATERIAL

A multimeter, an LED, a junction diode, a resistor and a capacitor.

THEORY/PRINCIPLE

Diode it is a two-terminal device which conducts only when it is

forward biased and does not
conduct when it is reverse biased.

LED (Light Emitting Diode) It is a

special type of diode having two
terminals. The LED conducts when
it is forward biased and does not
conduct when it is reverse biased.
The LEDs are of different colours
like red, green, white, etc.

Resistor It is a two-terminal device

used to control the current flow by offering the opposition in its path.
Capacitor It is a two-terminal device which does not conduct but
stores some charge when DC voltage is applied.

8|Page
PROCEDURE

Identifying the Diode, Resistor and LED (A Two Terminal Component)

1. Now pick a component having two terminals from the given

mixed collection of items. It could be a resistor, a capacitor, a
diode or an LED

Look for the component having colour bands of three set of

colours followed by a silver or gold band. This component
is a resistor. One can verify the component by using
multimeter only.
Ensure that the multimeter is set up in the resistance mode
of highest range. Connect or touch the multimeter terminals
to the component terminals and watch for multimeter
deflection. Also repeat it by reversing the component
terminals.
In both the cases, if equal deflection is shown in the
multimeter scale, then the component is a resistor.
If on connecting the terminals, the large deflection in the
multimeter scale is observed which gradually returns back
to zero, then the component is a capacitor of large value of
capacitance.

Note If a capacitor having small value of capacitance is given,

then there is no deflection in the multimeter scale rather the
pointer remains at zero position.
If the multimeter shows some deflection in one direction
with the emission of light from the component and much
less or zero deflection in other direction (or an unequal
deflection with emission of light), then the component is
LED.

9|Page
 If the multimeter shows some deflection in one direction but
with no emission of light from the component and much
less or zero deflection in other direction, then the
component is a didiode.
2. Record your observations by writing the name of the device
having two, three and more than three terminals and label each
component by a different alphabet e.g. A, B, C, D, E, Also write
the name of the device or component which conducts in one
direction, in two directions and which does not conduct. One can
take an idea by observing the deflection of the multimeter on
reversing the terminals of multimeter touching the terminals of
component.

Note You must use analog multimeter instead of digital multimeter. If

digital multimeter is being used, then deflection can be observed from
the reading.

OSERVATION

Table for checking the Number of Terminal

S. No Number of Terminals Name of Device

1. Two Capacitor, Diode,
LED, or resistor
2. Three Transistor
3. More than three IC

10 | P a g e
 Table for checking the State of Conduction

S. No State of Conduction Name of Device

1 Unidirectional emit no light Diode
2 Unidirectional emit light LED
3 Both direction(steady) Resistor
4 Initial high but decays to zero Capacitor

RESULT

A diode, an LED, a resistor and a capacitor are identified one by one

from a given mixed collection of such items.

PRECAUTIONS

In addition to general precautions which are necessary while using a

multimeter, some are discussed below:

● Preferably use analog multimeter and not the digital multimeter

so that the deflection shown by the pointer can be observed.
● While checking out any component clean its leads properly by
using sand paper so that the insulation can be removed.

11 | P a g e
 ACTIVITY
AIM

To observe refraction and lateral deviation of a beam of light incident

obliquely on a glass slab.

APPARATUS AND MATERIAL

Glass slab, drawing board, white paper sheet, drawing pins, office
pins, protractor.

THEORY/PRINCIPLE

When a ray of light (PQ) incident on the face AB of glass slab, then it
bends towards the normal since refraction takes place from rarer to
denser medium. The refracted ray (QR) travel along straight line and
incident on face DC of slab and bends away from the normal since
refraction takes place from denser to rarer medium. The ray (RS) out
through face DC is called emergent ray.
From the following diagram

● The incident ray is parallel to the emergent ray i.e. i = e.

● The emergent ray is laterally deviated from its original path
(incident ray) by a distance d = t sec r sin (i − r).s

12 | P a g e
 DIAGRAM

PROCEDURE

Fix a white paper sheet by drawing pins on a drawing board. Take a

glass slab and put it symmetrically in the middle of the paper and mark
its boundary ABCD.
Draw a normal at point Q on face AB and draw a line PQ making an
angle i with the normal. PQ will represent an incident ray. Fix two pins
at points 1 and 2 on the line PQ at distances 1 cm or more between
themselves.
See images of these pins through face DC and fix two more pins at
points 3 and 4 (1 cm or more apart) such that these two pins cover the
images of first two pins, all being along a straight line.

13 | P a g e
 Remove the glass slab. Draw straight line RS through points 3 and 4
to representemergent ray. Join QR to represent refracted ray.

Draw normal at point R on face DC and measure angle e. It comes to

be equal to angle i. Produce PQ forward to cut DC at T. Draw TU
perpendicular to RS. TU measures lateral displacement d. Now take
another set for different angle of incident and measure the lateral
displacement.

OSERVATION

S.No Angle of Angle of Difference (i-e)

incident emergence
1 30 30 0
2 45 45 0

RESULT

● The ray of light emerging out from a glass slab is parallel to the
direction of incident raybut is laterally deviated
● Within the experimental error, the angle of incidence is equal to the
angle of emergence.
● The lateral deviation of emergent ray wart incident ray is directly
proportional to the thickness of glass slab.

PRECAUTIONS

● To locate the incident and emergent rays with greater accuracy, the
distance between pins should be 8 to 10 cm.
● Take care that the feet of all the pins A, B, C and D should lie on the
same straight line.

14 | P a g e
 ACTIVITY
AIM

To observe diffraction of light due to a thin slit.

APPARATUS AND MATERIAL

Two ordinary razor blades with sharp edges, a source of light, i.e., a
pencil laser or a sodium lamp, screen, a black paper.

THEORY/PRINCIPLE

When a beam of monochromatic light falls on a narrow slit of small

width, the light bends around the edges of the slit. If a screen is placed
at a suitable distance, diffraction pattern due to the slit is obtained.

"The phenomenon of bending of light around corners and spreading

into the regions of geometrical shadow is called diffraction".

The diffraction pattern consists of a central maxima surrounded on

either side by a number of alternate dark or bright bands called
secondary minima and maxima.

15 | P a g e
 PROCEDURE

1. First of all I placed two sharp edged, razor blades side by side on
a strip of black paper keeping their sharp edges close and
parallel to each other as shown in the figure, then I fixed the
blades with the help of cellotape and made fine slit.
2. Switched on the sodium lap or pencil laser and kept it at a
distance of approximately 2m from the blades.
3. Let the light coming out of the slit fal on a screen(or wall) situated
at a distance of about 20 cm.
4. I observed a diffraction pattern consists of dark and bright bands
on the wall. If an ordinary lamp is used in place of sodium lamp,
coulored fringes will be observed.
5. Repeated the experiment by increases the slit width.

RESULT

1. Diffraction pattern (fringes) due to a single slit is formed when

light passes through a narrow slit which consists of a central
bright maxima and secondary minima and maxima on either
side.
2. On increasing the slit width, the width of central maxima
decreases and the sharpness of fringes decreases.

PRECAUTIONS
1. The razor blades should be unused so that the edges should be
very sharp.
2. The slit should be formed as narrow as possible
3. The source of light should be kept at least at a distance of 2m
from the thin slit
4. A beam of monochromatic light should be used to obtain
diffraction pattern.

16 | P a g e