Chapter 6:

Network Layer

Introduction to Networks

Presentation_ID © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 1
 Bab 6: Tujuan

Siswa akan mampu untuk:

 Menjelaskan cara protokol network layer dan dukungan
layanan komunikasi data lintas jaringan.
 Menjelaskan cara router melakukan sambungan end-
to-end pada jaringan bisnis kecil sampai menengah.
 Menentukan alat yang tepat untuk menentukan jalur
traffic pada jaringan bisnis kecil sampai menengah.
 Mengkonfigurasi router dengan pengaturan dasar.

Presentation_ID © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 2
BAB 6
6.1 Network Layer Protokol
6.2 Routing
6.3 Routers
6.4 Konfigurasi Router Cisco
6.5 Rangkuman

Presentation_ID © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 3
Lapisan Jaringan
Network Layer

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Network Layer Protokol
Komunikasi di Network Layer

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Komunikasi di Network layer
Network Layer
Proses perpindahan End to End
 Pengalamatan dan Perangkat
 Enkapsulasi
 Routing
 De-enkapsulasi

Presentation_ID © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 6
Komunikasi di Network Layer
Network Layer Protokol
Network Layer Protokol Pada Umumnya
 Internet Protocol version 4 (IPv4)
 Internet Protocol version 6 (IPv6)

Network Layer Protokol Sebelumnya

 Novell Internetwork Packet Exchange (IPX)
 AppleTalk
 Connectionless Network Service (CLNS/DECNet)

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Ciri Khas Protokol IP
Ciri Khas IP

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Ciri Khas Protokol IP
IP – Connectionless (Tanpa Sambungan)

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Ciri Khas Protokol IP
IP – Best Effort Delivery

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Ciri Khas Protokol IP
IP – Media Independent

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Paket IPv4
Meng-enkapsulasi IP

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Paket IPv4
Paket Header IPv4
Versi, Differentiated Services (DS), Time-to-Live (TTL),
Protokol, Alamat IP Sumber, Alamat IP Tujuan

Byte 1 Byte 2 Byte 3 Byte 4

IP Header Differentiated Services

Version Total Length
Length
DSCP ECN

Identification Flag Fragment Offset

Time To Live Protocol Header Checksum

Source IP Address

Destination IP Address

Options (optional)
Padding

Presentation_ID © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 13
Paket IPv4
Cakupan Header IPv4
Internet Header Length (IHL), Panjang Total, Header
Checksum, Identifikasi, Flags, Cetakan Fragmen

Byte 1 Byte 2 Byte 3 Byte 4

IP Header Differentiated Services

Version Total Length
Length
DSCP ECN

Identification Flag Fragment Offset

Time To Live Protocol Header Checksum

Source IP Address

Destination IP Address

Options (optional)
Padding

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Paket IPv4
Contoh Header IPv4

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Komunikasi di Network Layer
Kekurangan-kekurangan IPv4
 Kehabisan IP Address
 Berkembangnya routing tabel internet
 Kekurangan sambungan end-to-end

Presentation_ID © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 16
Komunikasi di Network Layer
Pengenalan IPv6
 Penambahan rentang alamat
 Penambahan packet handling
 Tidak memerlukan NAT
 Keamanan terintegrasi

 4 billion IPv4 addresses

4,000,000,000
 340 undecillion IPv6 addresses
340,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000

Presentation_ID © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 17
Paket IPv6
Enkapsulasi IPv6

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Paket IPv6
Paket Header IPv6
Byte 1 Byte 2 Byte 3 Byte 4

Version Traffic Class Flow Label

Next
Payload Length Hop Limit
Header

Source IP Address

Destination IP Address

Presentation_ID © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 19
IPv6 Packet
Contoh IPv6 Header

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Routing
Routing Table Host

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Routing Table Host
Paket Penerusan Keputusan Host

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Routing Table Host
Default Gateway
Host harus mengurus routing tabel-nya sendiri, areanya
sendiri, untuk memastikan bahwa paket Network Layer
diarahkan pada jaringan tujuan yang tepat. Tabel lokal dari
host meliputi:
 Koneksi Langsung R

 Local network route

 Local default route

Presentation_ID © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 23
Routing Table Host
Routing Table Host IPv4

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Routing Table Host
Contoh Routing Table Host IPv4

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Routing Table Host
Contoh Daftar Penjaluran Host IPv6

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Routing Table Host
Keputusan Melewatkan Paket Router

Presentation_ID © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 27
Routing Table Host
Router Table IPv4
192.168.10.0/24 10.1.1.0/24
.10 G0/0 .10
PC1 .1 209.165.200.224 /30
.1
.225 .226
R1 S0/0/0 R2
.10 .1 .1 .10
PC2 G0/1

192.168.11.0/24 10.1.2.0/24
R1#show ip route
Codes: L - local, C - connected, S - static, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP
D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area
N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2
E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2, E - EGP
i - IS-IS, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2, ia - IS-IS inter area
* - candidate default, U - per-user static route, o - ODR
P - periodic downloaded static route

Gateway of last resort is not set

10.0.0.0/8 is variably subnetted, 2 subnets, 2 masks

D 10.1.1.0/24 [90/2170112] via 209.165.200.226, 00:00:05, Serial0/0/0
D 10.1.2.0/24 [90/2170112] via 209.165.200.226, 00:00:05, Serial0/0/0
192.168.10.0/24 is variably subnetted, 2 subnets, 3 masks
C 192.168.10.0/24 is directly connected, GigabitEthernet0/0
L 192.168.10.1/32 is directly connected, GigabitEthernet0/0
192.168.11.0/24 is variably subnetted, 2 subnets, 3 masks
C 192.168.11.0/24 is directly connected, GigabitEthernet0/1
L 192.168.11.1/32 is directly connected, GigabitEthernet0/1
209.165.200.0/24 is variably subnetted, 2 subnets, 3 masks
C 209.165.200.224/30 is directly connected, Serial0/0/0
L 209.165.200.225/32 is directly connected, Serial0/0/0
R1#

Presentation_ID © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 28
Routing Table Host
Catatan Routing Table Directly Connected

192.168.10.0/24 64.100.0.1 10.1.1.0/24

.10 G0/0 .10
PC1 .1
209.165.200.224 /30
.1
.225 .226
R1 S0/0/0 R2
.10 .1 .1 .10
PC2 G0/1

192.168.11.0/24 10.1.2.0/24

A B C
C 192.168.10.0/24 is directly connected, GigabitEthernet0/0
L 192.168.10.1/32 is directly connected, GigabitEthernet0/0

A Menunjukkan bagaimana jaringan diinterpretasikan oleh Router.

B Menunjukkan jaringan tujuan dan bagaimana caranya terhubung.
C Menunjukkan interface dari router yang terhubung dengan jaringan tujuan.

Presentation_ID © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 29
Routing Table Host
Catatan Routing Table Jaringan yang Jauh
192.168.10.0/24 64.100.0.1 10.1.1.0/24
.10 G0/0 .10
PC1 .1 209.165.200.224 /30
.1
.225 .226
R1 S0/0/0 R2
.1 .1
.10 .10
PC2 G0/1

192.168.11.0/24 10.1.2.0/24

D 10.1.1.0/24 [90/2170112] via 209.165.200.226, 00:00:05, Serial0/0/0

A Menunjukkan bagaimana jaringan diinterpretasikan oleh Router.

B Menunjukkan jaringan tujuan.
C Menunjukkan jarak administratif (trustworthiness) dari jalur sumber.
D Menunjukkan metric untuk menjangkau jaringan jarak jauh.
E Menunjukkan next hop IP address untuk menjangkau jaringan jarak jauh.
F Menunjukkan durasi sejak jaringan ditemukan.
G Menunjukkan outgoing interface dari router untuk menjangkau jaringan tujuan.
Presentation_ID © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 30
Routing Table Host
Next-Hop Address
192.168.10.0/24 64.100.0.1 10.1.1.0/24
.10 G0/0 .10
PC1 .1
209.165.200.224 /30
.1
.225 .226
R1 S0/0/0 R2
.10 .1 .1 .10
PC2 G0/1

192.168.11.0/24 10.1.2.0/24
R1#show ip route
Codes: L - local, C - connected, S - static, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP
D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area
N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2
E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2, E - EGP
i - IS-IS, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2, ia - IS-IS inter area
* - candidate default, U - per-user static route, o - ODR
P - periodic downloaded static route

Gateway of last resort is not set

10.0.0.0/8 is variably subnetted, 2 subnets, 2 masks

D 10.1.1.0/24 [90/2170112] via 209.165.200.226, 00:00:05, Serial0/0/0
D 10.1.2.0/24 [90/2170112] via 209.165.200.226, 00:00:05, Serial0/0/0
192.168.10.0/24 is variably subnetted, 2 subnets, 3 masks
C 192.168.10.0/24 is directly connected, GigabitEthernet0/0
L 192.168.10.1/32 is directly connected, GigabitEthernet0/0
192.168.11.0/24 is variably subnetted, 2 subnets, 3 masks
C 192.168.11.0/24 is directly connected, GigabitEthernet0/1
L 192.168.11.1/32 is directly connected, GigabitEthernet0/1
209.165.200.0/24 is variably subnetted, 2 subnets, 3 masks
C 209.165.200.224/30 is directly connected, Serial0/0/0
L 209.165.200.225/32 is directly connected, Serial0/0/0
R1#

Presentation_ID © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 31
Router
Anatomi Router

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Anatomi Router
Router Adalah Komputer

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Anatomi Router
CPU dan OS Router

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Anatomi Router
Memori Router

Volatile /
Memory Stores
Non-Volatile
• IOS yang berjalan
• File konfigurasi yang berjalan
RAM Volatile
• IP Routing dan table ARP
• Paket Penyangga (buffer)
• Perintah bootup
ROM Non-Volatile • Diagnosa dasar software
• IOS terbatas
NVRAM Non-Volatile • File Konfigurasi startup
• IOS
Flash Non-Volatile
• File sistem lainnya

Presentation_ID © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 35
Anatomy of a Router
Isi di dalam sebuah Router

Presentation_ID © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 36
Anatomi Router
Bagian Belakang Router

Double-wide eHWIC slots eHWIC 0 AUX LAN

port interfaces

Console
RJ45 USB
Ports
Two 4 GB flash card slots Console
USB Type B

Presentation_ID © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 37
Anatomi Router
Koneksi ke Router

WAN AUX LAN

Interface port interfaces

Console
RJ45

Console
USB Type B

Presentation_ID © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 38
Anatomi Router
Interface LAN dan WAN

Serial interfaces

LAN interfaces

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Router Boot-up
Cisco IOS

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Router Boot-up
File Bootset

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Router Boot-up
Proses Bootup Router

1.Melakukan POST
dan menjalankan
program bootstrap

2.Mencari dan
menjalankan
software Cisco IOS

3.Mencari dan
menjalankan file
konfigurasi startup atau
ke mode setup

System Bootstrap, Version 15.0(1r)M15, RELEASE SOFTWARE (fc1)

Technical Support: http://www.cisco.com/techsupport

<output omitted>

Presentation_ID © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 42
Router Boot-up
Tampilan Show Version
Router# show version
Cisco IOS Software, C1900 Software (C1900-UNIVERSALK9-M), Version 15.2(4)M1, RELEASE SOFTWARE (fc1)
Technical Support: http://www.cisco.com/techsupport
Copyright (c) 1986-2012 by Cisco Systems, Inc.
Compiled Thu 26-Jul-12 19:34 by prod_rel_team

ROM: System Bootstrap, Version 15.0(1r)M15, RELEASE SOFTWARE (fc1)

Router uptime is 10 hours, 9 minutes

System returned to ROM by power-on
System image file is "flash0:c1900-universalk9-mz.SPA.152-4.M1.bin"
Last reload type: Normal Reload
Last reload reason: power-on

<Output omitted>

Cisco CISCO1941/K9 (revision 1.0) with 446464K/77824K bytes of memory.

Processor board ID FTX1636848Z
2 Gigabit Ethernet interfaces
2 Serial(sync/async) interfaces
1 terminal line
DRAM configuration is 64 bits wide with parity disabled.
255K bytes of non-volatile configuration memory.
250880K bytes of ATA System CompactFlash 0 (Read/Write)

<Output omitted>

Technology Package License Information for Module:'c1900'

-----------------------------------------------------------------
Technology Technology-package Technology-package
Current Type Next reboot
------------------------------------------------------------------
ipbase ipbasek9 Permanent ipbasek9
security None None None
data None None None

Configuration register is 0x2142 (will be 0x2102 at next reload)

Router#

Presentation_ID © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 43
Network Layer
Konfigurasi Router Cisco

Presentation_ID © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 44
Mengatur Pengaturan Inisialisasi
Langkah-langkah Konfigurasi Router
192.168.10.0/24 10.1.1.0/24
.10 G0/0 .10
PC1 .1
209.165.200.224 /30
.1
.225 .226
R1 S0/0/0 R2
.10 .1 .1 .10
PC2 G0/1

192.168.11.0/24 10.1.2.0/24

Router> enable Router> en

Router# configure terminal Router# conf t
Enter configuration commands, one per line. Enter configuration commands, one per line.
End with CNTL/Z. End with CNTL/Z.
Router(config)# hostname R1 OR Router(config)# ho R1
R1(config)# R2(config)#

R1(config)# enable secret class R1(config)# banner motd #

R1(config)# Enter TEXT message. End with the character '#'.
R1(config)# line console 0 ***********************************************
R1(config-line)# password cisco WARNING: Unauthorized access is prohibited!
R1(config-line)# login ***********************************************
R1(config-line)# exit #
R1(config)#
R1(config)# line vty 0 4 R1(config)#
R1(config-line)# password cisco
R1(config-line)# login
R1(config-line)# exit
R1(config)# R1# copy running-config startup-config
R1(config)# service password-encryption Destination filename [startup-config]?
R1(config)# Building configuration...
[OK]
R1#
Presentation_ID © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 45
Pengaturan Interface
Konfigurasi Interface LAN
192.168.10.0/24 10.1.1.0/24
.10 G0/0 .10
PC1 .1
209.165.200.224 /30
.1
.225 .226
R1 S0/0/0 R2
.10 .1 .1 .10
PC2 G0/1

192.168.11.0/24 10.1.2.0/24

R1# conf t
Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.
R1(config)#
R1(config)# interface gigabitethernet 0/0
R1(config-if)# ip address 192.168.10.1 255.255.255.0
R1(config-if)# description Link to LAN-10
R1(config-if)# no shutdown
%LINK-5-CHANGED: Interface GigabitEthernet0/0, changed state to up
%LINEPROTO-5-UPDOWN: Line protocol on Interface GigabitEthernet0/0,
changed state to up
R1(config-if)# exit
R1(config)#
R1(config)# int g0/1
R1(config-if)# ip add 192.168.11.1 255.255.255.0
R1(config-if)# des Link to LAN-11
R1(config-if)# no shut
%LINK-5-CHANGED: Interface GigabitEthernet0/1, changed state to up
%LINEPROTO-5-UPDOWN: Line protocol on Interface GigabitEthernet0/1,
changed state to up
R1(config-if)# exit
R1(config)#

Presentation_ID © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 46
Pengaturan Interface
Memverifikasi Konfigurasi Interface
192.168.10.0/24 10.1.1.0/24
.10 G0/0 .10
PC1 .1
209.165.200.224 /30
.1
.225 .226
R1 S0/0/0 R2
.10 .1 .1 .10
PC2 G0/1

192.168.11.0/24 10.1.2.0/24

R1# show ip interface brief

Interface IP-Address OK? Method Status Protocol

GigabitEthernet0/0 192.168.10.1 YES manual up up

GigabitEthernet0/1 192.168.11.1 YES manual up up
Serial0/0/0 209.165.200.225 YES manual up up
Serial0/0/1 unassigned YES NVRAM administratively down down
Vlan1 unassigned YES NVRAM administratively down down
R1#
R1# ping 209.165.200.226

Type escape sequence to abort.

Sending 5, 100-byte ICMP Echos to 209.165.200.226, timeout is 2 seconds:
!!!!!
Success rate is 100 percent (5/5), round-trip min/avg/max = 1/2/9 ms

R1#

Presentation_ID © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 47
Mengkonfigurasi Router Cisco
Mengkonfigurasi Default Gateway

Presentation_ID © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 48
Mengkonfigurasi Default Gateway
Default Gateway pada Host
.10
PC1 192.168.10.0/24
.1
.10 G0/0
PC2

R1
G0/1
.1

.10
.10 PC1 192.168.10.0/24
PC3
.1
.11 G0/0
.10 192.168.11.0/24 PC2
PC4
R1
G0/1
.1

.10
PC3

.11 192.168.11.0/24
PC4

Presentation_ID © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 49
Mengkonfigurasi Default Gateway
Default Gateway pada Switch
S1#show running-config
Building configuration...
!
<output omitted>
service password-encryption
!
hostname S1
!
Interface Vlan1
ip address 192.168.10.50
!
ip default-gateway 192.168.10.1
<output omitted>

.10
PC1 192.168.10.0/24 192.168.11.0/24
.1 .1
S1 G0/0 G0/1 S2
.11 R1
PC2 .50

Jika default gateway tidak dikonfigurasi pada S1,

respon paket dari S1 tidak akan bisa menjangkau
administrator pada 192.168.11.10. Administrator tidak
akan bisa mengelola perangkat secara jarak jauh.

Presentation_ID © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 50
Lapisan Jaringan
Rangkuman
Pada bab ini, Anda telah mempelajari:
 Network Layer, atau OSI Layer 3, yang menyediakan layanan
untuk mengizinkan end devices dapt bertukar-data melalui
jaringan.
 Network Layer menggunakan empat proses dasar:
pengalamatan IP, enkapsulasi, routing, dan re-enkapsulasi.
 Umumnya internet menggunakan IPv4, menjadikan network
layer protocol menjadi protokol terbesar yang digunakan.
 IPv4 menyediakan IP Header dan payload.
 Simplified header IPv6 menawarkan beberapa keuntungan
dibanding IPv4, termasuk efisiensi routing yang lebih baik,
penyederhanaan header extension, dan kemampuan untuk
per-flow processing.
Presentation_ID © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 51
Lapisan Jaringan
Rangkuman
Pada bab ini, Anda telah mempelajari:
 Sebagai penambahan hierarchial addressing, network layer
juga bertanggung jawab dalam routing.
 Host membutuhkan local routing table untuk memastikan
bahwa paket (data) diarahkan tepat ke jaringan tujuan.
 Local default route adalah jalur menuju default gateway.
 Default gateway adalah alamat IP interface router yang
tehubung dengan jaringan lokal.
 Saat router semisal default-gateway menerima paket, ia
memeriksa alamat IP tujuan untuk menentukan jaringan
tujuan.

Presentation_ID © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 52
Network Layer
Rangkuman
Pada bab ini, Anda telah mempelajari:
 Routing table milik router menyimpan informasi tentang
directly-connected routes dan remote routes ke IP jaringan.
Jika router memiliki catatan dari jaringan tujuan pada routing
table-nya, router akan meneruskan paketnya. Jika tidak,
router akan meneruskan ke jalur default-nya (jika sudah
diatur), atau ia akan membuang paket tersebut.
 Catatan routing table bisa diatur secara manual pada tiap
router melalui routing statis (static routing) atau router akan
mendapatkan informasi routing secara dinamis dengan
sesamanya menggunakan routing protocol.
 Agar router dapat dijangkau, interface router harus diatur
terlebih dahulu (diberi IP Address).
Presentation_ID © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 53