Gpiozero Readthedocs Io en Master
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Daniel MesiGpiozero Readthedocs Io en Master
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Daniel MesiGpiozero Documentation
Release 1.5.1
Ben Nuttall
Oct 01, 2020
Contents
1 Installing GPIO Zero 1
2 Basic Recipes 3
3 Advanced Recipes 35
4 Configuring Remote GPIO 43
5 Remote GPIO Recipes 51
6 Pi Zero USB OTG 55
7 Source/Values 59
8 Command-line Tools 69
9 Frequently Asked Questions 75
10 Migrating from RPi.GPIO 81
11 Contributing 87
12 Development 89
13 API - Input Devices 93
14 API - Output Devices 111
15 API - SPI Devices 133
16 API - Boards and Accessories 141
17 API - Internal Devices 169
18 API - Generic Classes 175
19 API - Device Source Tools 181
20 API - Tones 189
21 API - Pi Information 191
22 API - Pins 197
i
23 API - Exceptions 215
24 Changelog 221
25 License 229
Python Module Index 231
Index 233
ii
CHAPTER 1
Installing GPIO Zero
GPIO Zero is installed by default in the Raspbian1 image, and the Raspberry Pi Desktop2 image for PC/Mac, both
available from raspberrypi.org3 . Follow these guides to installing on Raspbian Lite and other operating systems,
including for PCs using the remote GPIO (page 43) feature.
1.1 Raspberry Pi
First, update your repositories list:
pi@raspberrypi:~$ sudo apt update
Then install the package for Python 3:
pi@raspberrypi:~$ sudo apt install python3-gpiozero
or Python 2:
pi@raspberrypi:~$ sudo apt install python-gpiozero
If you’re using another operating system on your Raspberry Pi, you may need to use pip to install GPIO Zero
instead. Install pip using get-pip4 and then type:
pi@raspberrypi:~$ sudo pip3 install gpiozero
or for Python 2:
pi@raspberrypi:~$ sudo pip install gpiozero
To install GPIO Zero in a virtual environment, see the Development (page 89) page.
1 https://www.raspberrypi.org/downloads/raspbian/
2 https://www.raspberrypi.org/downloads/raspberry-pi-desktop/
3 https://www.raspberrypi.org/downloads/
4 https://pip.pypa.io/en/stable/installing/
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1.2 PC/Mac
In order to use GPIO Zero’s remote GPIO feature from a PC or Mac, you’ll need to install GPIO Zero on that
computer using pip. See the Configuring Remote GPIO (page 43) page for more information.
2 Chapter 1. Installing GPIO Zero
CHAPTER 2
Basic Recipes
The following recipes demonstrate some of the capabilities of the GPIO Zero library. Please note that all recipes
are written assuming Python 3. Recipes may work under Python 2, but no guarantees!
2.1 Importing GPIO Zero
In Python, libraries and functions used in a script must be imported by name at the top of the file, with the
exception of the functions built into Python by default.
For example, to use the Button (page 93) interface from GPIO Zero, it should be explicitly imported:
from gpiozero import Button
Now Button (page 93) is available directly in your script:
button = Button(2)
Alternatively, the whole GPIO Zero library can be imported:
import gpiozero
In this case, all references to items within GPIO Zero must be prefixed:
button = gpiozero.Button(2)
2.2 Pin Numbering
This library uses Broadcom (BCM) pin numbering for the GPIO pins, as opposed to physical (BOARD) number-
ing. Unlike in the RPi.GPIO5 library, this is not configurable. However, translation from other schemes can be
used by providing prefixes to pin numbers (see below).
Any pin marked “GPIO” in the diagram below can be used as a pin number. For example, if an LED was attached
to “GPIO17” you would specify the pin number as 17 rather than 11:
5 https://pypi.python.org/pypi/RPi.GPIO
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All Models
3V3 2 5V
Power
1 Power
GPIO2 3 4 5V
SDA I²C Power
GPIO3 5 6 Ground
SCL I²C
GPIO4 7 8 GPIO14
UART0 TXD
Ground 9 10 GPIO15
UART0 RXD
GPIO17 11 12 GPIO18
GPIO27 13 14 Ground
GPIO22 15 16 GPIO23
3V3 17 18 GPIO24
Power
GPIO10 19 20 Ground
SPI MOSI
GPIO9 21 22 GPIO25
SPI MISO
GPIO11 23 24 GPIO8
SPI SCLK SPI CE0
Ground 25 26 GPIO7
SPI CE1
ID SD 27 28 ID SC
I²C ID I²C ID
GPIO5 29 30 Ground
GPIO6 31 32 GPIO12
GPIO13 33 34 Ground
GPIO19 35 GPIO16
36
GPIO26 37 38 GPIO20
Ground 39 40 GPIO21
40-pin
models only
USB Ports
If you wish to use physical (BOARD) numbering you can specify the pin number as “BOARD11”. If you are
familiar with the wiringPi6 pin numbers (another physical layout) you could use “WPI0” instead. Finally, you can
specify pins as “header:number”, e.g. “J8:11” meaning physical pin 11 on header J8 (the GPIO header on modern
Pis). Hence, the following lines are all equivalent:
>>> led = LED(17)
>>> led = LED("GPIO17")
>>> led = LED("BCM17")
>>> led = LED("BOARD11")
>>> led = LED("WPI0")
(continues on next page)
6 https://projects.drogon.net/raspberry-pi/wiringpi/pins/
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(continued from previous page)
>>> led = LED("J8:11")
Note that these alternate schemes are merely translations. If you request the state of a device on the command
line, the associated pin number will always be reported in the Broadcom (BCM) scheme:
>>> led = LED("BOARD11")
>>> led
<gpiozero.LED object on pin GPIO17, active_high=True, is_active=False>
Throughout this manual we will use the default integer pin numbers, in the Broadcom (BCM) layout shown above.
2.3 LED
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Turn an LED (page 111) on and off repeatedly:
from gpiozero import LED
from time import sleep
red = LED(17)
while True:
red.on()
sleep(1)
red.off()
sleep(1)
Alternatively:
from gpiozero import LED
from signal import pause
red = LED(17)
red.blink()
(continues on next page)
2.3. LED 5
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(continued from previous page)
pause()
Note: Reaching the end of a Python script will terminate the process and GPIOs may be reset. Keep your script
alive with signal.pause()7 . See How do I keep my script running? (page 75) for more information.
2.4 LED with variable brightness
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Any regular LED can have its brightness value set using PWM (pulse-width-modulation). In GPIO Zero, this can
be achieved using PWMLED (page 113) using values between 0 and 1:
from gpiozero import PWMLED
from time import sleep
led = PWMLED(17)
while True:
led.value = 0 # off
sleep(1)
led.value = 0.5 # half brightness
sleep(1)
led.value = 1 # full brightness
sleep(1)
Similarly to blinking on and off continuously, a PWMLED can pulse (fade in and out continuously):
from gpiozero import PWMLED
from signal import pause
led = PWMLED(17)
(continues on next page)
7 https://docs.python.org/3.7/library/signal.html#signal.pause
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(continued from previous page)
led.pulse()
pause()
2.5 Button
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Check if a Button (page 93) is pressed:
from gpiozero import Button
button = Button(2)
while True:
if button.is_pressed:
print("Button is pressed")
else:
print("Button is not pressed")
Wait for a button to be pressed before continuing:
from gpiozero import Button
button = Button(2)
button.wait_for_press()
print("Button was pressed")
Run a function every time the button is pressed:
from gpiozero import Button
from signal import pause
def say_hello():
print("Hello!")
(continues on next page)
2.5. Button 7
Gpiozero Documentation, Release 1.5.1
(continued from previous page)
button = Button(2)
button.when_pressed = say_hello
pause()
Note: Note that the line button.when_pressed = say_hello does not run the function say_hello,
rather it creates a reference to the function to be called when the button is pressed. Accidental use of button.
when_pressed = say_hello() would set the when_pressed action to None8 (the return value of this
function) which would mean nothing happens when the button is pressed.
Similarly, functions can be attached to button releases:
from gpiozero import Button
from signal import pause
def say_hello():
print("Hello!")
def say_goodbye():
print("Goodbye!")
button = Button(2)
button.when_pressed = say_hello
button.when_released = say_goodbye
pause()
2.6 Button controlled LED
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8 https://docs.python.org/3.7/library/constants.html#None
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Turn on an LED (page 111) when a Button (page 93) is pressed:
from gpiozero import LED, Button
from signal import pause
led = LED(17)
button = Button(2)
button.when_pressed = led.on
button.when_released = led.off
pause()
Alternatively:
from gpiozero import LED, Button
from signal import pause
led = LED(17)
button = Button(2)
led.source = button
pause()
2.7 Button controlled camera
Using the button press to trigger PiCamera to take a picture using button.when_pressed = camera.
capture would not work because the capture() method requires an output parameter. However, this can
be achieved using a custom function which requires no parameters:
from gpiozero import Button
from picamera import PiCamera
from datetime import datetime
from signal import pause
button = Button(2)
camera = PiCamera()
def capture():
timestamp = datetime.now().isoformat()
camera.capture('/home/pi/%s.jpg' % timestamp)
button.when_pressed = capture
pause()
Another example could use one button to start and stop the camera preview, and another to capture:
from gpiozero import Button
from picamera import PiCamera
from datetime import datetime
from signal import pause
left_button = Button(2)
right_button = Button(3)
camera = PiCamera()
def capture():
timestamp = datetime.now().isoformat()
(continues on next page)
2.7. Button controlled camera 9
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(continued from previous page)
camera.capture('/home/pi/%s.jpg' % timestamp)
left_button.when_pressed = camera.start_preview
left_button.when_released = camera.stop_preview
right_button.when_pressed = capture
pause()
2.8 Shutdown button
The Button (page 93) class also provides the ability to run a function when the button has been held for a given
length of time. This example will shut down the Raspberry Pi when the button is held for 2 seconds:
from gpiozero import Button
from subprocess import check_call
from signal import pause
def shutdown():
check_call(['sudo', 'poweroff'])
shutdown_btn = Button(17, hold_time=2)
shutdown_btn.when_held = shutdown
pause()
2.9 LEDBoard
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A collection of LEDs can be accessed using LEDBoard (page 141):
from gpiozero import LEDBoard
from time import sleep
from signal import pause
(continues on next page)
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(continued from previous page)
leds = LEDBoard(5, 6, 13, 19, 26)
leds.on()
sleep(1)
leds.off()
sleep(1)
leds.value = (1, 0, 1, 0, 1)
sleep(1)
leds.blink()
pause()
Using LEDBoard (page 141) with pwm=True allows each LED’s brightness to be controlled:
from gpiozero import LEDBoard
from signal import pause
leds = LEDBoard(5, 6, 13, 19, 26, pwm=True)
leds.value = (0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, 1.0)
pause()
See more LEDBoard (page 141) examples in the advanced LEDBoard recipes (page 35).
2.10 LEDBarGraph
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A collection of LEDs can be treated like a bar graph using LEDBarGraph (page 144):
from gpiozero import LEDBarGraph
from time import sleep
from __future__ import division # required for python 2
graph = LEDBarGraph(5, 6, 13, 19, 26, 20)
(continues on next page)
2.10. LEDBarGraph 11
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(continued from previous page)
graph.value = 1 # (1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1)
sleep(1)
graph.value = 1/2 # (1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0)
sleep(1)
graph.value = -1/2 # (0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1)
sleep(1)
graph.value = 1/4 # (1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0)
sleep(1)
graph.value = -1 # (1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1)
sleep(1)
Note values are essentially rounded to account for the fact LEDs can only be on or off when pwm=False (the
default).
However, using LEDBarGraph (page 144) with pwm=True allows more precise values using LED brightness:
from gpiozero import LEDBarGraph
from time import sleep
from __future__ import division # required for python 2
graph = LEDBarGraph(5, 6, 13, 19, 26, pwm=True)
graph.value = 1/10 # (0.5, 0, 0, 0, 0)
sleep(1)
graph.value = 3/10 # (1, 0.5, 0, 0, 0)
sleep(1)
graph.value = -3/10 # (0, 0, 0, 0.5, 1)
sleep(1)
graph.value = 9/10 # (1, 1, 1, 1, 0.5)
sleep(1)
graph.value = 95/100 # (1, 1, 1, 1, 0.75)
sleep(1)
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2.11 Traffic Lights
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A full traffic lights system.
Using a TrafficLights (page 147) kit like Pi-Stop:
from gpiozero import TrafficLights
from time import sleep
lights = TrafficLights(2, 3, 4)
lights.green.on()
while True:
sleep(10)
lights.green.off()
lights.amber.on()
sleep(1)
lights.amber.off()
lights.red.on()
sleep(10)
lights.amber.on()
sleep(1)
lights.green.on()
lights.amber.off()
lights.red.off()
Alternatively:
from gpiozero import TrafficLights
from time import sleep
from signal import pause
lights = TrafficLights(2, 3, 4)
(continues on next page)
2.11. Traffic Lights 13
Gpiozero Documentation, Release 1.5.1
(continued from previous page)
def traffic_light_sequence():
while True:
yield (0, 0, 1) # green
sleep(10)
yield (0, 1, 0) # amber
sleep(1)
yield (1, 0, 0) # red
sleep(10)
yield (1, 1, 0) # red+amber
sleep(1)
lights.source = traffic_light_sequence()
pause()
Using LED (page 111) components:
from gpiozero import LED
from time import sleep
red = LED(2)
amber = LED(3)
green = LED(4)
green.on()
amber.off()
red.off()
while True:
sleep(10)
green.off()
amber.on()
sleep(1)
amber.off()
red.on()
sleep(10)
amber.on()
sleep(1)
green.on()
amber.off()
red.off()
2.12 Push button stop motion
Capture a picture with the camera module every time a button is pressed:
from gpiozero import Button
from picamera import PiCamera
button = Button(2)
camera = PiCamera()
camera.start_preview()
frame = 1
while True:
button.wait_for_press()
camera.capture('/home/pi/frame%03d.jpg' % frame)
frame += 1
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See Push Button Stop Motion9 for a full resource.
2.13 Reaction Game
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When you see the light come on, the first person to press their button wins!
from gpiozero import Button, LED
from time import sleep
import random
led = LED(17)
player_1 = Button(2)
player_2 = Button(3)
time = random.uniform(5, 10)
sleep(time)
led.on()
while True:
if player_1.is_pressed:
print("Player 1 wins!")
break
if player_2.is_pressed:
print("Player 2 wins!")
break
led.off()
See Quick Reaction Game10 for a full resource.
9 https://projects.raspberrypi.org/en/projects/push-button-stop-motion
10 https://projects.raspberrypi.org/en/projects/python-quick-reaction-game
2.13. Reaction Game 15
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2.14 GPIO Music Box
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Each button plays a different sound!
from gpiozero import Button
import pygame.mixer
from pygame.mixer import Sound
from signal import pause
pygame.mixer.init()
button_sounds = {
Button(2): Sound("samples/drum_tom_mid_hard.wav"),
Button(3): Sound("samples/drum_cymbal_open.wav"),
}
for button, sound in button_sounds.items():
button.when_pressed = sound.play
pause()
See GPIO Music Box11 for a full resource.
2.15 All on when pressed
While the button is pressed down, the buzzer and all the lights come on.
FishDish (page 153):
from gpiozero import FishDish
from signal import pause
fish = FishDish()
fish.button.when_pressed = fish.on
(continues on next page)
11 https://projects.raspberrypi.org/en/projects/gpio-music-box
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(continued from previous page)
fish.button.when_released = fish.off
pause()
Ryanteck TrafficHat (page 153):
from gpiozero import TrafficHat
from signal import pause
th = TrafficHat()
th.button.when_pressed = th.on
th.button.when_released = th.off
pause()
Using LED (page 111), Buzzer (page 117), and Button (page 93) components:
from gpiozero import LED, Buzzer, Button
from signal import pause
button = Button(2)
buzzer = Buzzer(3)
red = LED(4)
amber = LED(5)
green = LED(6)
things = [red, amber, green, buzzer]
def things_on():
for thing in things:
thing.on()
def things_off():
for thing in things:
thing.off()
button.when_pressed = things_on
button.when_released = things_off
pause()
2.15. All on when pressed 17
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2.16 Full color LED
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Making colours with an RGBLED (page 115):
from gpiozero import RGBLED
from time import sleep
from __future__ import division # required for python 2
led = RGBLED(red=9, green=10, blue=11)
led.red = 1 # full red
sleep(1)
led.red = 0.5 # half red
sleep(1)
led.color = (0, 1, 0) # full green
sleep(1)
led.color = (1, 0, 1) # magenta
sleep(1)
led.color = (1, 1, 0) # yellow
sleep(1)
led.color = (0, 1, 1) # cyan
sleep(1)
led.color = (1, 1, 1) # white
sleep(1)
led.color = (0, 0, 0) # off
sleep(1)
# slowly increase intensity of blue
for n in range(100):
led.blue = n/100
sleep(0.1)
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2.17 Motion sensor
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Light an LED (page 111) when a MotionSensor (page 97) detects motion:
from gpiozero import MotionSensor, LED
from signal import pause
pir = MotionSensor(4)
led = LED(16)
pir.when_motion = led.on
pir.when_no_motion = led.off
pause()
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2.18 Light sensor
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Have a LightSensor (page 99) detect light and dark:
from gpiozero import LightSensor
sensor = LightSensor(18)
while True:
sensor.wait_for_light()
print("It's light! :)")
sensor.wait_for_dark()
print("It's dark :(")
Run a function when the light changes:
from gpiozero import LightSensor, LED
from signal import pause
sensor = LightSensor(18)
led = LED(16)
sensor.when_dark = led.on
sensor.when_light = led.off
pause()
Or make a PWMLED (page 113) change brightness according to the detected light level:
from gpiozero import LightSensor, PWMLED
from signal import pause
sensor = LightSensor(18)
led = PWMLED(16)
led.source = sensor
pause()
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2.19 Distance sensor
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Note: In the diagram above, the wires leading from the sensor to the breadboard can be omitted; simply plug
the sensor directly into the breadboard facing the edge (unfortunately this is difficult to illustrate in the diagram
without the sensor’s diagram obscuring most of the breadboard!)
Have a DistanceSensor (page 101) detect the distance to the nearest object:
from gpiozero import DistanceSensor
from time import sleep
sensor = DistanceSensor(23, 24)
while True:
print('Distance to nearest object is', sensor.distance, 'm')
sleep(1)
Run a function when something gets near the sensor:
from gpiozero import DistanceSensor, LED
from signal import pause
sensor = DistanceSensor(23, 24, max_distance=1, threshold_distance=0.2)
led = LED(16)
sensor.when_in_range = led.on
sensor.when_out_of_range = led.off
pause()
2.20 Servo
Control a servo between its minimum, mid-point and maximum positions in sequence:
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Gpiozero Documentation, Release 1.5.1
from gpiozero import Servo
from time import sleep
servo = Servo(17)
while True:
servo.min()
sleep(2)
servo.mid()
sleep(2)
servo.max()
sleep(2)
Use a button to control the servo between its minimum and maximum positions:
from gpiozero import Servo, Button
servo = Servo(17)
btn = Button(14)
while True:
servo.min()
btn.wait_for_press()
servo.max()
btn.wait_for_press()
Automate the servo to continuously slowly sweep:
from gpiozero import Servo
from gpiozero.tools import sin_values
servo = Servo(17)
servo.source = sin_values()
servo.source_delay = 0.1
Use AngularServo (page 124) so you can specify an angle:
from gpiozero import AngularServo
from time import sleep
servo = AngularServo(17, min_angle=-90, max_angle=90)
while True:
servo.angle = -90
sleep(2)
servo.angle = -45
sleep(2)
servo.angle = 0
sleep(2)
servo.angle = 45
sleep(2)
servo.angle = 90
sleep(2)
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2.21 Motors
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Spin a Motor (page 120) around forwards and backwards:
from gpiozero import Motor
from time import sleep
motor = Motor(forward=4, backward=14)
while True:
motor.forward()
sleep(5)
motor.backward()
sleep(5)
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Make a Robot (page 156) drive around in (roughly) a square:
from gpiozero import Robot
from time import sleep
robot = Robot(left=(4, 14), right=(17, 18))
for i in range(4):
robot.forward()
sleep(10)
robot.right()
sleep(1)
Make a robot with a distance sensor that runs away when things get within 20cm of it:
from gpiozero import Robot, DistanceSensor
from signal import pause
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sensor = DistanceSensor(23, 24, max_distance=1, threshold_distance=0.2)
robot = Robot(left=(4, 14), right=(17, 18))
sensor.when_in_range = robot.backward
sensor.when_out_of_range = robot.stop
pause()
2.23 Button controlled robot
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Use four GPIO buttons as forward/back/left/right controls for a robot:
from gpiozero import Robot, Button
from signal import pause
robot = Robot(left=(4, 14), right=(17, 18))
left = Button(26)
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right = Button(16)
fw = Button(21)
bw = Button(20)
fw.when_pressed = robot.forward
fw.when_released = robot.stop
left.when_pressed = robot.left
left.when_released = robot.stop
right.when_pressed = robot.right
right.when_released = robot.stop
bw.when_pressed = robot.backward
bw.when_released = robot.stop
pause()
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2.24 Keyboard controlled robot
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Use up/down/left/right keys to control a robot:
import curses
from gpiozero import Robot
robot = Robot(left=(4, 14), right=(17, 18))
actions = {
curses.KEY_UP: robot.forward,
curses.KEY_DOWN: robot.backward,
curses.KEY_LEFT: robot.left,
curses.KEY_RIGHT: robot.right,
}
def main(window):
next_key = None
while True:
curses.halfdelay(1)
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if next_key is None:
key = window.getch()
else:
key = next_key
next_key = None
if key != -1:
# KEY PRESSED
curses.halfdelay(3)
action = actions.get(key)
if action is not None:
action()
next_key = key
while next_key == key:
next_key = window.getch()
# KEY RELEASED
robot.stop()
curses.wrapper(main)
Note: This recipe uses the standard curses12 module. This module requires that Python is running in a terminal
in order to work correctly, hence this recipe will not work in environments like IDLE.
If you prefer a version that works under IDLE, the following recipe should suffice:
from gpiozero import Robot
from evdev import InputDevice, list_devices, ecodes
robot = Robot(left=(4, 14), right=(17, 18))
# Get the list of available input devices
devices = [InputDevice(device) for device in list_devices()]
# Filter out everything that's not a keyboard. Keyboards are defined as any
# device which has keys, and which specifically has keys 1..31 (roughly Esc,
# the numeric keys, the first row of QWERTY plus a few more) and which does
# *not* have key 0 (reserved)
must_have = {i for i in range(1, 32)}
must_not_have = {0}
devices = [
dev
for dev in devices
for keys in (set(dev.capabilities().get(ecodes.EV_KEY, [])),)
if must_have.issubset(keys)
and must_not_have.isdisjoint(keys)
]
# Pick the first keyboard
keyboard = devices[0]
keypress_actions = {
ecodes.KEY_UP: robot.forward,
ecodes.KEY_DOWN: robot.backward,
ecodes.KEY_LEFT: robot.left,
ecodes.KEY_RIGHT: robot.right,
}
for event in keyboard.read_loop():
if event.type == ecodes.EV_KEY and event.code in keypress_actions:
if event.value == 1: # key pressed
keypress_actions[event.code]()
(continues on next page)
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if event.value == 0: # key released
robot.stop()
Note: This recipe uses the third-party evdev module. Install this library with sudo pip3 install evdev
first. Be aware that evdev will only work with local input devices; this recipe will not work over SSH.
2.25 Motion sensor robot
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Make a robot drive forward when it detects motion:
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from gpiozero import Robot, MotionSensor
from signal import pause
robot = Robot(left=(4, 14), right=(17, 18))
pir = MotionSensor(5)
pir.when_motion = robot.forward
pir.when_no_motion = robot.stop
pause()
Alternatively:
from gpiozero import Robot, MotionSensor
from gpiozero.tools import zip_values
from signal import pause
robot = Robot(left=(4, 14), right=(17, 18))
pir = MotionSensor(5)
robot.source = zip_values(pir, pir)
pause()
2.26 Potentiometer
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Continually print the value of a potentiometer (values between 0 and 1) connected to a MCP3008 (page 135)
analog to digital converter:
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from gpiozero import MCP3008
pot = MCP3008(channel=0)
while True:
print(pot.value)
Present the value of a potentiometer on an LED bar graph using PWM to represent states that won’t “fill” an LED:
from gpiozero import LEDBarGraph, MCP3008
from signal import pause
graph = LEDBarGraph(5, 6, 13, 19, 26, pwm=True)
pot = MCP3008(channel=0)
graph.source = pot
pause()
2.27 Measure temperature with an ADC
Wire a TMP36 temperature sensor to the first channel of an MCP3008 (page 135) analog to digital converter:
from gpiozero import MCP3008
from time import sleep
def convert_temp(gen):
for value in gen:
yield (value * 3.3 - 0.5) * 100
adc = MCP3008(channel=0)
for temp in convert_temp(adc.values):
print('The temperature is', temp, 'C')
sleep(1)
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Wire up three potentiometers (for red, green and blue) and use each of their values to make up the colour of the
LED:
from gpiozero import RGBLED, MCP3008
led = RGBLED(red=2, green=3, blue=4)
red_pot = MCP3008(channel=0)
green_pot = MCP3008(channel=1)
blue_pot = MCP3008(channel=2)
while True:
led.red = red_pot.value
led.green = green_pot.value
led.blue = blue_pot.value
Alternatively, the following example is identical, but uses the source (page 178) property rather than a while13
loop:
from gpiozero import RGBLED, MCP3008
from gpiozero.tools import zip_values
from signal import pause
led = RGBLED(2, 3, 4)
red_pot = MCP3008(0)
green_pot = MCP3008(1)
blue_pot = MCP3008(2)
(continues on next page)
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led.source = zip_values(red_pot, green_pot, blue_pot)
pause()
2.29 Timed heat lamp
If you have a pet (e.g. a tortoise) which requires a heat lamp to be switched on for a certain amount of time each
day, you can use an Energenie Pi-mote14 to remotely control the lamp, and the TimeOfDay (page 169) class to
control the timing:
from gpiozero import Energenie, TimeOfDay
from datetime import time
from signal import pause
lamp = Energenie(1)
daytime = TimeOfDay(time(8), time(20))
lamp.source = daytime
lamp.source_delay = 60
pause()
2.30 Internet connection status indicator
You can use a pair of green and red LEDs to indicate whether or not your internet connection is working. Simply
use the PingServer (page 170) class to identify whether a ping to google.com is successful. If successful, the
green LED is lit, and if not, the red LED is lit:
from gpiozero import LED, PingServer
from gpiozero.tools import negated
from signal import pause
green = LED(17)
red = LED(18)
google = PingServer('google.com')
green.source = google
green.source_delay = 60
red.source = negated(green)
pause()
2.31 CPU Temperature Bar Graph
You can read the Raspberry Pi’s own CPU temperature using the built-in CPUTemperature (page 171) class,
and display this on a “bar graph” of LEDs:
from gpiozero import LEDBarGraph, CPUTemperature
from signal import pause
(continues on next page)
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cpu = CPUTemperature(min_temp=50, max_temp=90)
leds = LEDBarGraph(2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, pwm=True)
leds.source = cpu
pause()
2.32 More recipes
Continue to:
• Advanced Recipes (page 35)
• Remote GPIO Recipes (page 51)
34 Chapter 2. Basic Recipes
CHAPTER 3
Advanced Recipes
The following recipes demonstrate some of the capabilities of the GPIO Zero library. Please note that all recipes
are written assuming Python 3. Recipes may work under Python 2, but no guarantees!
3.1 LEDBoard
You can iterate over the LEDs in a LEDBoard (page 141) object one-by-one:
from gpiozero import LEDBoard
from time import sleep
leds = LEDBoard(5, 6, 13, 19, 26)
for led in leds:
led.on()
sleep(1)
led.off()
LEDBoard (page 141) also supports indexing. This means you can access the individual LED (page 111) objects
using leds[i] where i is an integer from 0 up to (not including) the number of LEDs:
from gpiozero import LEDBoard
from time import sleep
leds = LEDBoard(2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9)
leds[0].on() # first led on
sleep(1)
leds[7].on() # last led on
sleep(1)
leds[-1].off() # last led off
sleep(1)
This also means you can use slicing to access a subset of the LEDs:
from gpiozero import LEDBoard
from time import sleep
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leds = LEDBoard(2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9)
for led in leds[3:]: # leds 3 and onward
led.on()
sleep(1)
leds.off()
for led in leds[:2]: # leds 0 and 1
led.on()
sleep(1)
leds.off()
for led in leds[::2]: # even leds (0, 2, 4...)
led.on()
sleep(1)
leds.off()
for led in leds[1::2]: # odd leds (1, 3, 5...)
led.on()
sleep(1)
leds.off()
LEDBoard (page 141) objects can have their LED objects named upon construction. This means the individual
LEDs can be accessed by their name:
from gpiozero import LEDBoard
from time import sleep
leds = LEDBoard(red=2, green=3, blue=4)
leds.red.on()
sleep(1)
leds.green.on()
sleep(1)
leds.blue.on()
sleep(1)
LEDBoard (page 141) objects can also be nested within other LEDBoard (page 141) objects:
from gpiozero import LEDBoard
from time import sleep
leds = LEDBoard(red=LEDBoard(top=2, bottom=3), green=LEDBoard(top=4, bottom=5))
leds.red.on() ## both reds on
sleep(1)
leds.green.on() # both greens on
sleep(1)
leds.off() # all off
sleep(1)
leds.red.top.on() # top red on
sleep(1)
leds.green.bottom.on() # bottom green on
sleep(1)
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3.2 Who’s home indicator
Using a number of green-red LED pairs, you can show the status of who’s home, according to which IP addresses
you can ping successfully. Note that this assumes each person’s mobile phone has a reserved IP address on the
home router.
from gpiozero import PingServer, LEDBoard
from gpiozero.tools import negated
from signal import pause
status = LEDBoard(
mum=LEDBoard(red=14, green=15),
dad=LEDBoard(red=17, green=18),
alice=LEDBoard(red=21, green=22)
)
statuses = {
PingServer('192.168.1.5'): status.mum,
PingServer('192.168.1.6'): status.dad,
PingServer('192.168.1.7'): status.alice,
}
for server, leds in statuses.items():
leds.green.source = server
leds.green.source_delay = 60
leds.red.source = negated(leds.green)
pause()
Alternatively, using the STATUS Zero15 board:
from gpiozero import PingServer, StatusZero
from gpiozero.tools import negated
from signal import pause
status = StatusZero('mum', 'dad', 'alice')
statuses = {
PingServer('192.168.1.5'): status.mum,
PingServer('192.168.1.6'): status.dad,
PingServer('192.168.1.7'): status.alice,
}
for server, leds in statuses.items():
leds.green.source = server
leds.green.source_delay = 60
leds.red.source = negated(leds.green)
pause()
3.3 Travis build LED indicator
Use LEDs to indicate the status of a Travis build. A green light means the tests are passing, a red light means the
build is broken:
from travispy import TravisPy
from gpiozero import LED
(continues on next page)
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from gpiozero.tools import negated
from time import sleep
from signal import pause
def build_passed(repo):
t = TravisPy()
r = t.repo(repo)
while True:
yield r.last_build_state == 'passed'
red = LED(12)
green = LED(16)
green.source = build_passed('gpiozero/gpiozero')
green.source_delay = 60 * 5 # check every 5 minutes
red.source = negated(green)
pause()
Note this recipe requires travispy16 . Install with sudo pip3 install travispy.
3.4 Button controlled robot
Alternatively to the examples in the simple recipes, you can use four buttons to program the directions and add a
fifth button to process them in turn, like a Bee-Bot or Turtle robot.
from gpiozero import Button, Robot
from time import sleep
from signal import pause
robot = Robot((17, 18), (22, 23))
left = Button(2)
right = Button(3)
forward = Button(4)
backward = Button(5)
go = Button(6)
instructions = []
def add_instruction(btn):
instructions.append({
left: (-1, 1),
right: (1, -1),
forward: (1, 1),
backward: (-1, -1),
}[btn])
def do_instructions():
instructions.append((0, 0))
robot.source_delay = 0.5
robot.source = instructions
sleep(robot.source_delay * len(instructions))
del instructions[:]
go.when_pressed = do_instructions
for button in (left, right, forward, backward):
(continues on next page)
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button.when_pressed = add_instruction
pause()
3.5 Robot controlled by 2 potentiometers
Use two potentiometers to control the left and right motor speed of a robot:
from gpiozero import Robot, MCP3008
from gpiozero.tools import zip_values
from signal import pause
robot = Robot(left=(4, 14), right=(17, 18))
left_pot = MCP3008(0)
right_pot = MCP3008(1)
robot.source = zip_values(left_pot, right_pot)
pause()
To include reverse direction, scale the potentiometer values from 0->1 to -1->1:
from gpiozero import Robot, MCP3008
from gpiozero.tools import scaled
from signal import pause
robot = Robot(left=(4, 14), right=(17, 18))
left_pot = MCP3008(0)
right_pot = MCP3008(1)
robot.source = zip(scaled(left_pot, -1, 1), scaled(right_pot, -1, 1))
pause()
Note: Please note the example above requires Python 3. In Python 2, zip()17 doesn’t support lazy evaluation
so the script will simply hang.
3.6 BlueDot LED
BlueDot is a Python library an Android app which allows you to easily add Bluetooth control to your Raspberry
Pi project. A simple example to control a LED using the BlueDot app:
from bluedot import BlueDot
from gpiozero import LED
bd = BlueDot()
led = LED(17)
while True:
bd.wait_for_press()
(continues on next page)
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led.on()
bd.wait_for_release()
led.off()
Note this recipe requires bluedot and the associated Android app. See the BlueDot documentation18 for instal-
lation instructions.
3.7 BlueDot robot
You can create a Bluetooth controlled robot which moves forward when the dot is pressed and stops when it is
released:
from bluedot import BlueDot
from gpiozero import Robot
from signal import pause
bd = BlueDot()
robot = Robot(left=(4, 14), right=(17, 18))
def move(pos):
if pos.top:
robot.forward(pos.distance)
elif pos.bottom:
robot.backward(pos.distance)
elif pos.left:
robot.left(pos.distance)
elif pos.right:
robot.right(pos.distance)
bd.when_pressed = move
bd.when_moved = move
bd.when_released = robot.stop
pause()
Or a more advanced example including controlling the robot’s speed and precise direction:
from gpiozero import Robot
from bluedot import BlueDot
from signal import pause
def pos_to_values(x, y):
left = y if x > 0 else y + x
right = y if x < 0 else y - x
return (clamped(left), clamped(right))
def clamped(v):
return max(-1, min(1, v))
def drive():
while True:
if bd.is_pressed:
x, y = bd.position.x, bd.position.y
yield pos_to_values(x, y)
else:
yield (0, 0)
(continues on next page)
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robot = Robot(left=(4, 14), right=(17, 18))
bd = BlueDot()
robot.source = drive()
pause()
3.8 Controlling the Pi’s own LEDs
On certain models of Pi (specifically the model A+, B+, and 2B) it’s possible to control the power and activity
LEDs. This can be useful for testing GPIO functionality without the need to wire up your own LEDs (also useful
because the power and activity LEDs are “known good”).
Firstly you need to disable the usual triggers for the built-in LEDs. This can be done from the terminal with the
following commands:
$ echo none | sudo tee /sys/class/leds/led0/trigger
$ echo gpio | sudo tee /sys/class/leds/led1/trigger
Now you can control the LEDs with gpiozero like so:
from gpiozero import LED
from signal import pause
power = LED(35) # /sys/class/leds/led1
activity = LED(47) # /sys/class/leds/led0
activity.blink()
power.blink()
pause()
To revert the LEDs to their usual purpose you can either reboot your Pi or run the following commands:
$ echo mmc0 | sudo tee /sys/class/leds/led0/trigger
$ echo input | sudo tee /sys/class/leds/led1/trigger
Note: On the Pi Zero you can control the activity LED with this recipe, but there’s no separate power LED to
control (it’s also worth noting the activity LED is active low, so set active_high=False when constructing
your LED component).
On the original Pi 1 (model A or B), the activity LED can be controlled with GPIO16 (after disabling its trigger
as above) but the power LED is hard-wired on.
On the Pi 3 the LEDs are controlled by a GPIO expander which is not accessible from gpiozero (yet).
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CHAPTER 4
Configuring Remote GPIO
GPIO Zero supports a number of different pin implementations (low-level pin libraries which deal with the GPIO
pins directly). By default, the RPi.GPIO19 library is used (assuming it is installed on your system), but you can
optionally specify one to use. For more information, see the API - Pins (page 197) documentation page.
One of the pin libraries supported, pigpio20 , provides the ability to control GPIO pins remotely over the network,
which means you can use GPIO Zero to control devices connected to a Raspberry Pi on the network. You can do
this from another Raspberry Pi, or even from a PC.
See the Remote GPIO Recipes (page 51) page for examples on how remote pins can be used.
4.1 Preparing the Raspberry Pi
If you’re using Raspbian (desktop - not Raspbian Lite) then you have everything you need to use the remote GPIO
feature. If you’re using Raspbian Lite, or another distribution, you’ll need to install pigpio:
$ sudo apt install pigpio
Alternatively, pigpio is available from abyz.me.uk21 .
You’ll need to enable remote connections, and launch the pigpio daemon on the Raspberry Pi.
4.1.1 Enable remote connections
On the Raspbian desktop image, you can enable Remote GPIO in the Raspberry Pi configuration tool:
19 https://pypi.python.org/pypi/RPi.GPIO
20 http://abyz.me.uk/rpi/pigpio/python.html
21 http://abyz.me.uk/rpi/pigpio/download.html
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Alternatively, enter sudo raspi-config on the command line, and enable Remote GPIO. This is functionally
equivalent to the desktop method.
This will allow remote connections (until disabled) when the pigpio daemon is launched using systemctl (see
below). It will also launch the pigpio daemon for the current session. Therefore, nothing further is required for
the current session, but after a reboot, a systemctl command will be required.
4.1.2 Command-line: systemctl
To automate running the daemon at boot time, run:
$ sudo systemctl enable pigpiod
To run the daemon once using systemctl, run:
$ sudo systemctl start pigpiod
4.1.3 Command-line: pigpiod
Another option is to launch the pigpio daemon manually:
$ sudo pigpiod
This is for single-session-use and will not persist after a reboot. However, this method can be used to allow
connections from a specific IP address, using the -n flag. For example:
$ sudo pigpiod -n localhost # allow localhost only
$ sudo pigpiod -n 192.168.1.65 # allow 192.168.1.65 only
$ sudo pigpiod -n localhost -n 192.168.1.65 # allow localhost and 192.168.1.65 only
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Note: Note that running sudo pigpiod will not honour the Remote GPIO configuration setting (i.e. with-
out the -n flag it will allow remote connections even if the remote setting is disabled), but sudo systemctl
enable pigpiod or sudo systemctl start pigpiod will not allow remote connections unless con-
figured accordingly.
4.2 Preparing the control computer
If the control computer (the computer you’re running your Python code from) is a Raspberry Pi running Raspbian
(or a PC running Raspberry Pi Desktop x8622 ), then you have everything you need. If you’re using another Linux
distribution, Mac OS or Windows then you’ll need to install the pigpio23 Python library on the PC.
4.2.1 Raspberry Pi
First, update your repositories list:
$ sudo apt update
Then install GPIO Zero and the pigpio library for Python 3:
$ sudo apt install python3-gpiozero python3-pigpio
or Python 2:
$ sudo apt install python-gpiozero python-pigpio
Alternatively, install with pip:
$ sudo pip3 install gpiozero pigpio
or for Python 2:
$ sudo pip install gpiozero pigpio
4.2.2 Linux
First, update your distribution’s repositories list. For example:
$ sudo apt update
Then install pip for Python 3:
$ sudo apt install python3-pip
or Python 2:
$ sudo apt install python-pip
(Alternatively, install pip with get-pip24 .)
Next, install GPIO Zero and pigpio for Python 3:
22 https://www.raspberrypi.org/downloads/raspberry-pi-desktop/
23 http://abyz.me.uk/rpi/pigpio/python.html
24 https://pip.pypa.io/en/stable/installing/
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$ sudo pip3 install gpiozero pigpio
or Python 2:
$ sudo pip install gpiozero pigpio
4.2.3 Mac OS
First, install pip. If you installed Python 3 using brew, you will already have pip. If not, install pip with get-pip25 .
Next, install GPIO Zero and pigpio with pip:
$ pip3 install gpiozero pigpio
Or for Python 2:
$ pip install gpiozero pigpio
4.2.4 Windows
Modern Python installers for Windows bundle pip with Python. If pip is not installed, you can follow this guide26 .
Next, install GPIO Zero and pigpio with pip:
C:\Users\user1> pip install gpiozero pigpio
4.3 Environment variables
The simplest way to use devices with remote pins is to set the PIGPIO_ADDR (page 74) environment variable
to the IP address of the desired Raspberry Pi. You must run your Python script or launch your development
environment with the environment variable set using the command line. For example, one of the following:
$ PIGPIO_ADDR=192.168.1.3 python3 hello.py
$ PIGPIO_ADDR=192.168.1.3 python3
$ PIGPIO_ADDR=192.168.1.3 ipython3
$ PIGPIO_ADDR=192.168.1.3 idle3 &
If you are running this from a PC (not a Raspberry Pi) with gpiozero and the pigpio27 Python library installed,
this will work with no further configuration. However, if you are running this from a Raspberry Pi, you will also
need to ensure the default pin factory is set to PiGPIOFactory (page 211). If RPi.GPIO28 is installed, this
will be selected as the default pin factory, so either uninstall it, or use the GPIOZERO_PIN_FACTORY (page 74)
environment variable to override it:
$ GPIOZERO_PIN_FACTORY=pigpio PIGPIO_ADDR=192.168.1.3 python3 hello.py
This usage will set the pin factory to PiGPIOFactory (page 211) with a default host of 192.168.1.3. The
pin factory can be changed inline in the code, as seen in the following sections.
With this usage, you can write gpiozero code like you would on a Raspberry Pi, with no modifications needed.
For example:
25 https://pip.pypa.io/en/stable/installing/
26 https://projects.raspberrypi.org/en/projects/using-pip-on-windows
27 http://abyz.me.uk/rpi/pigpio/python.html
28 https://pypi.python.org/pypi/RPi.GPIO
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from gpiozero import LED
from time import sleep
red = LED(17)
while True:
red.on()
sleep(1)
red.off()
sleep(1)
When run with:
$ PIGPIO_ADDR=192.168.1.3 python3 led.py
will flash the LED connected to pin 17 of the Raspberry Pi with the IP address 192.168.1.3. And:
$ PIGPIO_ADDR=192.168.1.4 python3 led.py
will flash the LED connected to pin 17 of the Raspberry Pi with the IP address 192.168.1.4, without any code
changes, as long as the Raspberry Pi has the pigpio daemon running.
Note: When running code directly on a Raspberry Pi, any pin factory can be used (assuming the relevant library
is installed), but when a device is used remotely, only PiGPIOFactory (page 211) can be used, as pigpio29 is
the only pin library which supports remote GPIO.
4.4 Pin factories
An alternative (or additional) method of configuring gpiozero objects to use remote pins is to create instances of
PiGPIOFactory (page 211) objects, and use them when instantiating device objects. For example, with no
environment variables set:
from gpiozero import LED
from gpiozero.pins.pigpio import PiGPIOFactory
from time import sleep
factory = PiGPIOFactory(host='192.168.1.3')
led = LED(17, pin_factory=factory)
while True:
led.on()
sleep(1)
led.off()
sleep(1)
This allows devices on multiple Raspberry Pis to be used in the same script:
from gpiozero import LED
from gpiozero.pins.pigpio import PiGPIOFactory
from time import sleep
factory3 = PiGPIOFactory(host='192.168.1.3')
factory4 = PiGPIOFactory(host='192.168.1.4')
led_1 = LED(17, pin_factory=factory3)
led_2 = LED(17, pin_factory=factory4)
(continues on next page)
29 http://abyz.me.uk/rpi/pigpio/python.html
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(continued from previous page)
while True:
led_1.on()
led_2.off()
sleep(1)
led_1.off()
led_2.on()
sleep(1)
You can, of course, continue to create gpiozero device objects as normal, and create others using remote pins. For
example, if run on a Raspberry Pi, the following script will flash an LED on the controller Pi, and also on another
Pi on the network:
from gpiozero import LED
from gpiozero.pins.pigpio import PiGPIOFactory
from time import sleep
remote_factory = PiGPIOFactory(host='192.168.1.3')
led_1 = LED(17) # local pin
led_2 = LED(17, pin_factory=remote_factory) # remote pin
while True:
led_1.on()
led_2.off()
sleep(1)
led_1.off()
led_2.on()
sleep(1)
Alternatively, when run with the environment variables GPIOZERO_PIN_FACTORY=pigpio
PIGPIO_ADDR=192.168.1.3 set, the following script will behave exactly the same as the previous
one:
from gpiozero import LED
from gpiozero.pins.rpigpio import RPiGPIOFactory
from time import sleep
local_factory = RPiGPIOFactory()
led_1 = LED(17, pin_factory=local_factory) # local pin
led_2 = LED(17) # remote pin
while True:
led_1.on()
led_2.off()
sleep(1)
led_1.off()
led_2.on()
sleep(1)
Of course, multiple IP addresses can be used:
from gpiozero import LED
from gpiozero.pins.pigpio import PiGPIOFactory
from time import sleep
factory3 = PiGPIOFactory(host='192.168.1.3')
factory4 = PiGPIOFactory(host='192.168.1.4')
led_1 = LED(17) # local pin
led_2 = LED(17, pin_factory=factory3) # remote pin on one pi
led_3 = LED(17, pin_factory=factory4) # remote pin on another pi
(continues on next page)
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(continued from previous page)
while True:
led_1.on()
led_2.off()
led_3.on()
sleep(1)
led_1.off()
led_2.on()
led_3.off()
sleep(1)
Note that these examples use the LED (page 111) class, which takes a pin argument to initialise. Some classes,
particularly those representing HATs and other add-on boards, do not require their pin numbers to be specified.
However, it is still possible to use remote pins with these devices, either using environment variables, or the
pin_factory keyword argument:
import gpiozero
from gpiozero import TrafficHat
from gpiozero.pins.pigpio import PiGPIOFactory
from time import sleep
gpiozero.Device.pin_factory = PiGPIOFactory(host='192.168.1.3')
th = TrafficHat() # traffic hat on 192.168.1.3 using remote pins
This also allows you to swap between two IP addresses and create instances of multiple HATs connected to
different Pis:
import gpiozero
from gpiozero import TrafficHat
from gpiozero.pins.pigpio import PiGPIOFactory
from time import sleep
remote_factory = PiGPIOFactory(host='192.168.1.3')
th_1 = TrafficHat() # traffic hat using local pins
th_2 = TrafficHat(pin_factory=remote_factory) # traffic hat on 192.168.1.3 using
˓→remote pins
You could even use a HAT which is not supported by GPIO Zero (such as the Sense HAT30 ) on one Pi, and use
remote pins to control another over the network:
from gpiozero import MotionSensor
from gpiozero.pins.pigpio import PiGPIOFactory
from sense_hat import SenseHat
remote_factory = PiGPIOFactory(host='192.198.1.4')
pir = MotionSensor(4, pin_factory=remote_factory) # remote motion sensor
sense = SenseHat() # local sense hat
while True:
pir.wait_for_motion()
sense.show_message(sense.temperature)
Note that in this case, the Sense HAT code must be run locally, and the GPIO remotely.
4.5 Remote GPIO usage
Continue to:
30 https://www.raspberrypi.org/products/sense-hat/
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Gpiozero Documentation, Release 1.5.1
• Remote GPIO Recipes (page 51)
• Pi Zero USB OTG (page 55)
50 Chapter 4. Configuring Remote GPIO
CHAPTER 5
Remote GPIO Recipes
The following recipes demonstrate some of the capabilities of the remote GPIO feature of the GPIO Zero library.
Before you start following these examples, please read up on preparing your Pi and your host PC to work with
Configuring Remote GPIO (page 43).
Please note that all recipes are written assuming Python 3. Recipes may work under Python 2, but no guarantees!
5.1 LED + Button
Let a Button (page 93) on one Raspberry Pi control the LED (page 111) of another:
from gpiozero import Button, LED
from gpiozero.pins.pigpio import PiGPIOFactory
from signal import pause
factory = PiGPIOFactory(host='192.168.1.3')
button = Button(2)
led = LED(17, pin_factory=factory)
led.source = button
pause()
5.2 LED + 2 Buttons
The LED (page 111) will come on when both buttons are pressed:
from gpiozero import Button, LED
from gpiozero.pins.pigpio import PiGPIOFactory
from gpiozero.tools import all_values
from signal import pause
factory3 = PiGPIOFactory(host='192.168.1.3')
factory4 = PiGPIOFactory(host='192.168.1.4')
(continues on next page)
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led = LED(17)
button_1 = Button(17, pin_factory=factory3)
button_2 = Button(17, pin_factory=factory4)
led.source = all_values(button_1, button_2)
pause()
5.3 Multi-room motion alert
Install a Raspberry Pi with a MotionSensor (page 97) in each room of your house, and have an class:LED
indicator showing when there’s motion in each room:
from gpiozero import LEDBoard, MotionSensor
from gpiozero.pins.pigpio import PiGPIOFactory
from gpiozero.tools import zip_values
from signal import pause
ips = ['192.168.1.3', '192.168.1.4', '192.168.1.5', '192.168.1.6']
remotes = [PiGPIOFactory(host=ip) for ip in ips]
leds = LEDBoard(2, 3, 4, 5) # leds on this pi
sensors = [MotionSensor(17, pin_factory=r) for r in remotes] # remote sensors
leds.source = zip_values(*sensors)
pause()
5.4 Multi-room doorbell
Install a Raspberry Pi with a Buzzer (page 117) attached in each room you want to hear the doorbell, and use a
push Button (page 93) as the doorbell:
from gpiozero import LEDBoard, MotionSensor
from gpiozero.pins.pigpio import PiGPIOFactory
from signal import pause
ips = ['192.168.1.3', '192.168.1.4', '192.168.1.5', '192.168.1.6']
remotes = [PiGPIOFactory(host=ip) for ip in ips]
button = Button(17) # button on this pi
buzzers = [Buzzer(pin, pin_factory=r) for r in remotes] # buzzers on remote pins
for buzzer in buzzers:
buzzer.source = button
pause()
This could also be used as an internal doorbell (tell people it’s time for dinner from the kitchen).
5.5 Remote button robot
Similarly to the simple recipe for the button controlled Robot (page 156), this example uses four buttons to
control the direction of a robot. However, using remote pins for the robot means the control buttons can be
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separate from the robot:
from gpiozero import Button, Robot
from gpiozero.pins.pigpio import PiGPIOFactory
from signal import pause
factory = PiGPIOFactory(host='192.168.1.17')
robot = Robot(left=(4, 14), right=(17, 18), pin_factory=factory) # remote pins
# local buttons
left = Button(26)
right = Button(16)
fw = Button(21)
bw = Button(20)
fw.when_pressed = robot.forward
fw.when_released = robot.stop
left.when_pressed = robot.left
left.when_released = robot.stop
right.when_pressed = robot.right
right.when_released = robot.stop
bw.when_pressed = robot.backward
bw.when_released = robot.stop
pause()
5.6 Light sensor + Sense HAT
The Sense HAT31 (not supported by GPIO Zero) includes temperature, humidity and pressure sensors, but no light
sensor. Remote GPIO allows an external LightSensor (page 99) to be used as well. The Sense HAT LED
display can be used to show different colours according to the light levels:
from gpiozero import LightSensor
from gpiozero.pins.pigpio import PiGPIOFactory
from sense_hat import SenseHat
remote_factory = PiGPIOFactory(host='192.168.1.4')
light = LightSensor(4, pin_factory=remote_factory) # remote motion sensor
sense = SenseHat() # local sense hat
blue = (0, 0, 255)
yellow = (255, 255, 0)
while True:
if light.value > 0.5:
sense.clear(yellow)
else:
sense.clear(blue)
Note that in this case, the Sense HAT code must be run locally, and the GPIO remotely.
31 https://www.raspberrypi.org/products/sense-hat/
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54 Chapter 5. Remote GPIO Recipes
CHAPTER 6
Pi Zero USB OTG
The Raspberry Pi Zero32 and Pi Zero W33 feature a USB OTG port, allowing users to configure the device as
(amongst other things) an Ethernet device. In this mode, it is possible to control the Pi Zero’s GPIO pins over
USB from another computer using the remote GPIO (page 43) feature.
6.1 GPIO expander method - no SD card required
The GPIO expander method allows you to boot the Pi Zero over USB from the PC, without an SD card. Your PC
sends the required boot firmware to the Pi over the USB cable, launching a mini version of Raspbian and booting
it in RAM. The OS then starts the pigpio daemon, allowing “remote” access over the USB cable.
At the time of writing, this is only possible using either the Raspberry Pi Desktop x86 OS, or Ubuntu (or a
derivative), or from another Raspberry Pi. Usage from Windows and Mac OS is not supported at present.
6.1.1 Raspberry Pi Desktop x86 setup
1. Download an ISO of the Raspberry Pi Desktop OS34 from raspberrypi.org
2. Write the image to a USB stick or burn to a DVD.
3. Live boot your PC or Mac into the OS (select “Run with persistence” and your computer will be back to
normal afterwards).
6.1.2 Raspberry Pi (Raspbian) setup
1. Update your package list and install the usbbootgui package:
$ sudo apt update
$ sudo apt install usbbootgui
32 https://www.raspberrypi.org/products/raspberry-pi-zero/
33 https://www.raspberrypi.org/products/raspberry-pi-zero-w/
34 https://www.raspberrypi.org/downloads/raspberry-pi-desktop/
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6.1.3 Ubuntu setup
1. Add the Raspberry Pi PPA to your system:
$ sudo add-apt-repository ppa:rpi-distro/ppa
2. If you have previously installed gpiozero or pigpio with pip, uninstall these first:
$ sudo pip3 uninstall gpiozero pigpio
3. Install the required packages from the PPA:
$ sudo apt install usbbootgui pigpio python3-gpiozero python3-pigpio
6.1.4 Access the GPIOs
Once your PC or Pi has the USB Boot GUI tool installed, connecting a Pi Zero will automatically launch a prompt
to select a role for the device. Select “GPIO expansion board” and continue:
It will take 30 seconds or so to flash it, then the dialogue will disappear.
Raspberry Pi Desktop and Raspbian will name your Pi Zero connection usb0. On Ubuntu, this will likely be
something else. You can ping it using the address fe80::1% followed by the connection string. You can look
this up using ifconfig.
Set the GPIOZERO_PIN_FACTORY (page 74) and PIGPIO_ADDR (page 74) environment variables on your PC
so GPIO Zero connects to the “remote” Pi Zero:
$ export GPIOZERO_PIN_FACTORY=pigpio
$ export PIGPIO_ADDR=fe80::1%usb0
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Now any GPIO Zero code you run on the PC will use the GPIOs of the attached Pi Zero:
Alternatively, you can set the pin factory in-line, as explained in Configuring Remote GPIO (page 43).
Read more on the GPIO expander in blog posts on raspberrypi.org35 and bennuttall.com36 .
6.2 Legacy method - SD card required
The legacy method requires the Pi Zero to have a Raspbian SD card inserted.
Start by creating a Raspbian (desktop or lite) SD card, and then configure the boot partition like so:
1. Edit config.txt and add dtoverlay=dwc2 on a new line, then save the file.
2. Create an empty file called ssh (no file extension) and save it in the boot partition.
3. Edit cmdline.txt` and insert modules-load=dwc2,g_ether after rootwait.
(See guides on blog.gbaman.info37 and learn.adafruit.com38 for more detailed instructions)
Then connect the Pi Zero to your computer using a micro USB cable (connecting it to the USB port, not the power
port). You’ll see the indicator LED flashing as the Pi Zero boots. When it’s ready, you will be able to ping and
SSH into it using the hostname raspberrypi.local. SSH into the Pi Zero, install pigpio and run the pigpio
daemon.
Then, drop out of the SSH session and you can run Python code on your computer to control devices attached to
the Pi Zero, referencing it by its hostname (or IP address if you know it), for example:
$ GPIOZERO_PIN_FACTORY=pigpio PIGPIO_ADDR=raspberrypi.local python3 led.py
35 https://www.raspberrypi.org/blog/gpio-expander/
36 http://bennuttall.com/raspberry-pi-zero-gpio-expander/
37 http://blog.gbaman.info/?p=791
38 https://learn.adafruit.com/turning-your-raspberry-pi-zero-into-a-usb-gadget/ethernet-gadget
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58 Chapter 6. Pi Zero USB OTG
CHAPTER 7
Source/Values
GPIO Zero provides a method of using the declarative programming paradigm to connect devices together: feeding
the values of one device into another, for example the values of a button into an LED:
LED Button
from gpiozero import LED, Button
from signal import pause
led = LED(17)
button = Button(2)
led.source = button
pause()
which is equivalent to:
from gpiozero import LED, Button
from time import sleep
led = LED(17)
button = Button(2)
while True:
led.value = button.value
sleep(0.01)
except that the former is updated in a background thread, which enables you to do other things at the same time.
Every device has a value (page 177) property (the device’s current value). Input devices (like buttons) can only
have their values read, but output devices (like LEDs) can also have their value set to alter the state of the device:
>>> led = PWMLED(17)
>>> led.value # LED is initially off
0.0
>>> led.on() # LED is now on
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(continued from previous page)
>>> led.value
1.0
>>> led.value = 0 # LED is now off
Every device also has a values (page 178) property (a generator39 continuously yielding the device’s current
value). All output devices have a source (page 178) property which can be set to any iterator40 . The device will
iterate over the values of the device provided, setting the device’s value to each element at a rate specified in the
source_delay (page 178) property (the default is 0.01 seconds).
Output device Input device
The most common use case for this is to set the source of an output device to match the values of an input device,
like the example above. A more interesting example would be a potentiometer controlling the brightness of an
LED:
PWM LED Potentiometer
from gpiozero import PWMLED, MCP3008
from signal import pause
led = PWMLED(17)
pot = MCP3008()
led.source = pot
pause()
The way this works is that the input device’s values (page 178) property is used to feed values into the output
device. Prior to v1.5, the source (page 178) had to be set directly to a device’s values (page 178) property:
from gpiozero import PWMLED, MCP3008
from signal import pause
led = PWMLED(17)
pot = MCP3008()
led.source = pot.values
pause()
Note: Although this method is still supported, the recommended way is now to set the source (page 178) to a
device object.
It is also possible to set an output device’s source (page 178) to another output device, to keep them matching.
In this example, the red LED is set to match the button, and the green LED is set to match the red LED, so both
LEDs will be on when the button is pressed:
Green LED Red LED Button
39 https://wiki.python.org/moin/Generators
40 https://wiki.python.org/moin/Iterator
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from gpiozero import LED, Button
from signal import pause
red = LED(14)
green = LED(15)
button = Button(17)
red.source = button
green.source = red
pause()
7.1 Processing values
The device’s values can also be processed before they are passed to the source (page 178):
Output device custom generator Input device
For example, writing a generator function to pass the opposite of the Button value into the LED:
LED opposite Button
from gpiozero import Button, LED
from signal import pause
def opposite(device):
for value in device.values:
yield not value
led = LED(4)
btn = Button(17)
led.source = opposite(btn)
pause()
Alternatively, a custom generator can be used to provide values from an artificial source:
Output device custom generator
For example, writing a generator function to randomly yield 0 or 1:
LED rand
from gpiozero import LED
from random import randint
from signal import pause
def rand():
(continues on next page)
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(continued from previous page)
while True:
yield randint(0, 1)
led = LED(17)
led.source = rand()
pause()
If the iterator is infinite (i.e. an infinite generator), the elements will be processed until the source (page 178) is
changed or set to None41 .
If the iterator is finite (e.g. a list), this will terminate once all elements are processed (leaving the device’s value at
the final element):
from gpiozero import LED
from signal import pause
led = LED(17)
led.source_delay = 1
led.source = [1, 0, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 1]
pause()
7.2 Source Tools
GPIO Zero provides a set of ready-made functions for dealing with source/values, called source tools. These are
available by importing from gpiozero.tools (page 181).
Some of these source tools are artificial sources which require no input:
Output device source tool
In this example, random values between 0 and 1 are passed to the LED, giving it a flickering candle effect:
PWM LED random_values
from gpiozero import PWMLED
from gpiozero.tools import random_values
from signal import pause
led = PWMLED(4)
led.source = random_values()
led.source_delay = 0.1
pause()
Note that in the above example, source_delay (page 178) is used to make the LED iterate over the random
values slightly slower. source_delay (page 178) can be set to a larger number (e.g. 1 for a one second delay)
or set to 0 to disable any delay.
Some tools take a single source and process its values:
41 https://docs.python.org/3.7/library/constants.html#None
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Output device source tool Input device
In this example, the LED is lit only when the button is not pressed:
LED negated Button
from gpiozero import Button, LED
from gpiozero.tools import negated
from signal import pause
led = LED(4)
btn = Button(17)
led.source = negated(btn)
pause()
Note: Note that source tools which take one or more value parameters support passing either ValuesMixin
(page 178) derivatives, or iterators, including a device’s values (page 178) property.
Some tools combine the values of multiple sources:
Input device 1
Output device source tool
Input device 2
In this example, the LED is lit only if both buttons are pressed (like an AND42 gate):
Button A
LED all_values
Button B
from gpiozero import Button, LED
from gpiozero.tools import all_values
from signal import pause
button_a = Button(2)
button_b = Button(3)
led = LED(17)
led.source = all_values(button_a, button_b)
pause()
42 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AND_gate
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Similarly, any_values() (page 185) with two buttons would simulate an OR43 gate.
While most devices have a value (page 177) range between 0 and 1, some have a range between -1 and 1
(e.g. Motor (page 120), Servo (page 123) and TonalBuzzer (page 119)). Some source tools output values
between -1 and 1, which are ideal for these devices, for example passing sin_values() (page 187) in:
Servo
Motor sin_values
Tonal buzzer
from gpiozero import Motor, Servo, TonalBuzzer
from gpiozero.tools import sin_values
from signal import pause
motor = Motor(2, 3)
servo = Servo(4)
buzzer = TonalBuzzer(5)
motor.source = sin_values()
servo.source = motor
buzzer.source = motor
pause()
In this example, all three devices are following the sine wave44 . The motor value ramps up from 0 (stopped) to
1 (full speed forwards), then back down to 0 and on to -1 (full speed backwards) in a cycle. Similarly, the servo
moves from its mid point to the right, then towards the left; and the buzzer starts with its mid tone, gradually raises
its frequency, to its highest tone, then down towards its lowest tone. Note that setting source_delay (page 178)
will alter the speed at which the device iterates through the values. Alternatively, the tool cos_values()
(page 187) could be used to start from -1 and go up to 1, and so on.
7.3 Internal devices
GPIO Zero also provides several internal devices (page 169) which represent facilities provided by the operating
system itself. These can be used to react to things like the time of day, or whether a server is available on the
network. These classes include a values (page 178) property which can be used to feed values into a device’s
source (page 178). For example, a lamp connected to an Energenie (page 161) socket can be controlled by
a TimeOfDay (page 169) object so that it is on between the hours of 8am and 8pm:
Lamp Daytime
from gpiozero import Energenie, TimeOfDay
from datetime import time
from signal import pause
lamp = Energenie(1)
daytime = TimeOfDay(time(8), time(20))
lamp.source = daytime
(continues on next page)
43 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OR_gate
44 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sine_wave
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lamp.source_delay = 60
pause()
Using the DiskUsage (page 172) class with LEDBarGraph (page 144) can show your Pi’s disk usage percent-
age on a bar graph:
LED bar graph Disk usage
from gpiozero import DiskUsage, LEDBarGraph
from signal import pause
disk = DiskUsage()
graph = LEDBarGraph(2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8)
graph.source = disk
pause()
Demonstrating a garden light system whereby the light comes on if it’s dark and there’s motion is simple enough,
but it requires using the booleanized() (page 181) source tool to convert the light sensor from a float value
into a boolean:
Motion sensor
Garden light all_values
booleanized Light sensor
from gpiozero import LED, MotionSensor, LightSensor
from gpiozero.tools import booleanized, all_values
from signal import pause
garden = LED(2)
motion = MotionSensor(4)
light = LightSensor(5)
garden.source = all_values(booleanized(light, 0, 0.1), motion)
pause()
7.4 Composite devices
The value (page 177) of a composite device made up of the nested values of its devices. For example, the value
of a Robot (page 156) object is a 2-tuple containing its left and right motor values:
>>> from gpiozero import Robot
>>> robot = Robot(left=(14, 15), right=(17, 18))
>>> robot.value
RobotValue(left_motor=0.0, right_motor=0.0)
>>> tuple(robot.value)
(0.0, 0.0)
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(continued from previous page)
>>> robot.forward()
>>> tuple(robot.value)
(1.0, 1.0)
>>> robot.backward()
>>> tuple(robot.value)
(-1.0, -1.0)
>>> robot.value = (1, 1) # robot is now driven forwards
Use two potentiometers to control the left and right motor speed of a robot:
Left potentiometer
Robot zip_values
Right potentiometer
from gpiozero import Robot, MCP3008
from gpiozero.tools import zip_values
from signal import pause
robot = Robot(left=(4, 14), right=(17, 18))
left_pot = MCP3008(0)
right_pot = MCP3008(1)
robot.source = zip_values(left_pot, right_pot)
pause()
To include reverse direction, scale the potentiometer values from 0->1 to -1->1:
scaled Left potentiometer
Robot zip
scaled Right potentiometer
from gpiozero import Robot, MCP3008
from gpiozero.tools import scaled
from signal import pause
robot = Robot(left=(4, 14), right=(17, 18))
left_pot = MCP3008(0)
right_pot = MCP3008(1)
robot.source = zip(scaled(left_pot, -1, 1), scaled(right_pot, -1, 1))
pause()
Note that this example uses the built-in zip()45 rather than the tool zip_values() (page 186) as the
scaled() (page 184) tool yields values which do not need converting, just zipping. Also note that this use
45 https://docs.python.org/3.7/library/functions.html#zip
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of zip()46 will not work in Python 2, instead use izip47 .
46 https://docs.python.org/3.7/library/functions.html#zip
47 https://docs.python.org/2/library/itertools.html#itertools.izip
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CHAPTER 8
Command-line Tools
The gpiozero package contains a database of information about the various revisions of Raspberry Pi. This is
queried by the pinout command-line tool to output details of the GPIO pins available.
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8.1.1 Synopsis
pinout [-h] [-r REVISION] [-c] [-m] [-x]
8.1.2 Description
A utility for querying Raspberry Pi GPIO pin-out information. Running pinout on its own will output a board
diagram, and GPIO header diagram for the current Raspberry Pi. It is also possible to manually specify a revision
of Pi, or (by Configuring Remote GPIO (page 43)) to output information about a remote Pi.
8.1.3 Options
-h, --help
show this help message and exit
-r REVISION, --revision REVISION
RPi revision. Default is to autodetect revision of current device
-c, --color
Force colored output (by default, the output will include ANSI color codes if run in a color-capable termi-
nal). See also --monochrome (page 71)
-m, --monochrome
Force monochrome output. See also --color (page 71)
-x, --xyz
Open pinout.xyz48 in the default web browser
8.1.4 Examples
To output information about the current Raspberry Pi:
$ pinout
For a Raspberry Pi model 3B, this will output something like the following:
,--------------------------------.
| oooooooooooooooooooo J8 +====
| 1ooooooooooooooooooo | USB
| +====
| Pi Model 3B V1.1 |
| +----+ +====
| |D| |SoC | | USB
| |S| | | +====
| |I| +----+ |
| |C| +======
| |S| | Net
| pwr |HDMI| |I||A| +======
`-| |--------| |----|V|-------'
Revision : a02082
SoC : BCM2837
RAM : 1024Mb
Storage : MicroSD
USB ports : 4 (excluding power)
Ethernet ports : 1
Wi-fi : True
(continues on next page)
48 https://pinout.xyz/
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(continued from previous page)
Bluetooth : True
Camera ports (CSI) : 1
Display ports (DSI): 1
J8:
3V3 (1) (2) 5V
GPIO2 (3) (4) 5V
GPIO3 (5) (6) GND
GPIO4 (7) (8) GPIO14
GND (9) (10) GPIO15
GPIO17 (11) (12) GPIO18
GPIO27 (13) (14) GND
GPIO22 (15) (16) GPIO23
3V3 (17) (18) GPIO24
GPIO10 (19) (20) GND
GPIO9 (21) (22) GPIO25
GPIO11 (23) (24) GPIO8
GND (25) (26) GPIO7
GPIO0 (27) (28) GPIO1
GPIO5 (29) (30) GND
GPIO6 (31) (32) GPIO12
GPIO13 (33) (34) GND
GPIO19 (35) (36) GPIO16
GPIO26 (37) (38) GPIO20
GND (39) (40) GPIO21
By default, if stdout is a console that supports color, ANSI codes will be used to produce color output. Output can
be forced to be --monochrome (page 71):
$ pinout --monochrome
Or forced to be --color (page 71), in case you are redirecting to something capable of supporting ANSI codes:
$ pinout --color | less -SR
To manually specify the revision of Pi you want to query, use --revision (page 71). The tool understands both
old-style revision codes49 (such as for the model B):
$ pinout -r 000d
Or new-style revision codes50 (such as for the Pi Zero W):
$ pinout -r 9000c1
49 https://www.raspberrypi.org/documentation/hardware/raspberrypi/revision-codes/README.md
50 https://www.raspberrypi.org/documentation/hardware/raspberrypi/revision-codes/README.md
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You can also use the tool with Configuring Remote GPIO (page 43) to query remote Raspberry Pi’s:
$ GPIOZERO_PIN_FACTORY=pigpio PIGPIO_ADDR=other_pi pinout
Or run the tool directly on a PC using the mock pin implementation (although in this case you’ll almost certainly
want to specify the Pi revision manually):
8.1. pinout 73
Gpiozero Documentation, Release 1.5.1
$ GPIOZERO_PIN_FACTORY=mock pinout -r a22042
8.1.5 Environment Variables
GPIOZERO_PIN_FACTORY
The library to use when communicating with the GPIO pins. Defaults to attempting to load RPi.GPIO, then
RPIO, then pigpio, and finally uses a native Python implementation. Valid values include “rpigpio”, “rpio”,
“pigpio”, “native”, and “mock”. The latter is most useful on non-Pi platforms as it emulates a Raspberry Pi
model 3B (by default).
PIGPIO_ADDR
The hostname of the Raspberry Pi the pigpio library should attempt to connect to (if the pigpio pin factory
is being used). Defaults to localhost.
PIGPIO_PORT
The port number the pigpio library should attempt to connect to (if the pigpio pin factory is being used).
Defaults to 8888.
74 Chapter 8. Command-line Tools
CHAPTER 9
Frequently Asked Questions
9.1 How do I keep my script running?
The following script looks like it should turn an LED (page 111) on:
from gpiozero import LED
led = LED(17)
led.on()
And it does, if you’re using the Python or IPython shell, or the IDLE, Thonny or Mu editors. However, if you
saved this script as a Python file and ran it, it would flash on briefly, then the script would end and it would turn
off.
The following file includes an intentional pause()51 to keep the script alive:
from gpiozero import LED
from signal import pause
led = LED(17)
led.on()
pause()
Now the script will stay running, leaving the LED on, until it is terminated manually (e.g. by pressing Ctrl+C).
Similarly, when setting up callbacks on button presses or other input devices, the script needs to be running for
the events to be detected:
from gpiozero import Button
from signal import pause
def hello():
print("Hello")
button = Button(2)
button.when_pressed = hello
(continues on next page)
51 https://docs.python.org/3.7/library/signal.html#signal.pause
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(continued from previous page)
pause()
9.2 My event handler isn’t being called
When assigning event handlers, don’t call the function you’re assigning. For example:
from gpiozero import Button
def pushed():
print("Don't push the button!")
b = Button(17)
b.when_pressed = pushed()
In the case above, when assigning to when_pressed (page 95), the thing that is assigned is the result of calling
the pushed function. Because pushed doesn’t explicitly return anything, the result is None52 . Hence this is
equivalent to doing:
b.when_pressed = None
This doesn’t raise an error because it’s perfectly valid: it’s what you assign when you don’t want the event handler
to do anything. Instead, you want to do the following:
b.when_pressed = pushed
This will assign the function to the event handler without calling it. This is the crucial difference between
my_function (a reference to a function) and my_function() (the result of calling a function).
Note: Note that as of v1.5, setting a callback to None53 when it was previously None54 will raise a
CallbackSetToNone (page 220) warning, with the intention of alerting users when callbacks are set to None55
accidentally. However, if this is intentional, the warning can be suppressed. See the warnings56 module for ref-
erence.
9.3 Why do I get PinFactoryFallback warnings when I import gpi-
ozero?
You are most likely working in a virtual Python environment and have forgotten to install a pin driver library
like RPi.GPIO. GPIO Zero relies upon lower level pin drivers to handle interfacing to the GPIO pins on the
Raspberry Pi, so you can eliminate the warning simply by installing GPIO Zero’s first preference:
$ pip install rpi.gpio
When GPIO Zero is imported it attempts to find a pin driver by importing them in a preferred order (detailed in API
- Pins (page 197)). If it fails to load its first preference (RPi.GPIO) it notifies you with a warning, then falls back
to trying its second preference and so on. Eventually it will fall back all the way to the native implementation.
This is a pure Python implementation built into GPIO Zero itself. While this will work for most things it’s almost
certainly not what you want (it doesn’t support PWM, and it’s quite slow at certain things).
52 https://docs.python.org/3.7/library/constants.html#None
53 https://docs.python.org/3.7/library/constants.html#None
54 https://docs.python.org/3.7/library/constants.html#None
55 https://docs.python.org/3.7/library/constants.html#None
56 https://docs.python.org/3.7/library/warnings.html#module-warnings
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If you want to use a pin driver other than the default, and you want to suppress the warnings you’ve got a couple
of options:
1. Explicitly specify what pin driver you want via the GPIOZERO_PIN_FACTORY (page 74) environment
variable. For example:
$ GPIOZERO_PIN_FACTORY=pigpio python3
In this case no warning is issued because there’s no fallback; either the specified factory loads or it fails in
which case an ImportError57 will be raised.
2. Suppress the warnings and let the fallback mechanism work:
>>> import warnings
>>> warnings.simplefilter('ignore')
>>> import gpiozero
Refer to the warnings58 module documentation for more refined ways to filter out specific warning
classes.
9.4 How can I tell what version of gpiozero I have installed?
The gpiozero library relies on the setuptools package for installation services. You can use the setuptools
pkg_resources API to query which version of gpiozero is available in your Python environment like so:
>>> from pkg_resources import require
>>> require('gpiozero')
[gpiozero 1.5.1 (/usr/lib/python3/dist-packages)]
>>> require('gpiozero')[0].version
'1.5.1'
If you have multiple versions installed (e.g. from pip and apt) they will not show up in the list returned by the
pkg_resources.require() method. However, the first entry in the list will be the version that import
gpiozero will import.
If you receive the error “No module named pkg_resources”, you need to install pip. This can be done with the
following command in Raspbian:
$ sudo apt install python3-pip
Alternatively, install pip with get-pip59 .
9.5 Why do I get “command not found” when running pinout?
The gpiozero library is available as a Debian package for Python 2 and Python 3, but the cli_pinout tool cannot
be made available by both packages, so it’s only included with the Python 3 version of the package. To make sure
the cli_pinout tool is available, the “python3-gpiozero” package must be installed:
$ sudo apt install python3-gpiozero
Alternatively, installing gpiozero using pip will install the command line tool, regardless of Python version:
$ sudo pip3 install gpiozero
or:
57 https://docs.python.org/3.7/library/exceptions.html#ImportError
58 https://docs.python.org/3.7/library/warnings.html#module-warnings
59 https://pip.pypa.io/en/stable/installing/
9.4. How can I tell what version of gpiozero I have installed? 77
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$ sudo pip install gpiozero
9.6 The pinout command line tool incorrectly identifies my Rasp-
berry Pi model
If your Raspberry Pi model is new, it’s possible it wasn’t known about at the time of the gpiozero release you are
using. Ensure you have the latest version installed (remember, the cli_pinout tool usually comes from the Python
3 version of the package as noted in the previous FAQ).
If the Pi model you are using isn’t known to gpiozero, it may have been added since the last release. You can check
the GitHub issues60 to see if it’s been reported before, or check the commits61 on GitHub since the last release to
see if it’s been added. The model determination can be found in gpiozero/pins/data.py.
9.7 What’s the gpiozero equivalent of GPIO.cleanup()?
Many people ask how to do the equivalent of the cleanup function from RPi.GPIO. In gpiozero, at the end of
your script, cleanup is run automatically, restoring your GPIO pins to the state they were found.
To explicitly close a connection to a pin, you can manually call the close() (page 177) method on a device
object:
>>> led = LED(2)
>>> led.on()
>>> led
<gpiozero.LED object on pin GPIO2, active_high=True, is_active=True>
>>> led.close()
>>> led
<gpiozero.LED object closed>
This means that you can reuse the pin for another device, and that despite turning the LED on (and hence, the pin
high), after calling close() (page 177) it is restored to its previous state (LED off, pin low).
9.8 How do I use button.when_pressed and button.when_held to-
gether?
The Button (page 93) class provides a when_held (page 95) property which is used to set a callback for when
the button is held down for a set amount of time (as determined by the hold_time (page 95) property). If you
want to set when_held (page 95) as well as when_pressed (page 95), you’ll notice that both callbacks will
fire. Sometimes, this is acceptable, but often you’ll want to only fire the when_pressed (page 95) callback
when the button has not been held, only pressed.
The way to achieve this is to not set a callback on when_pressed (page 95), and instead use when_released
(page 95) to work out whether it had been held or just pressed:
from gpiozero import Button
Button.was_held = False
def held(btn):
btn.was_held = True
print("button was held not just pressed")
(continues on next page)
60 https://github.com/gpiozero/gpiozero/issues
61 https://github.com/gpiozero/gpiozero/commits/master
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(continued from previous page)
def released(btn):
if not btn.was_held:
pressed()
btn.was_held = False
def pressed():
print("button was pressed not held")
btn = Button(2)
btn.when_held = held
btn.when_released = released
9.9 Why do I get “ImportError: cannot import name” when trying
to import from gpiozero?
It’s common to see people name their first gpiozero script gpiozero.py. Unfortunately, this will cause your
script to try to import itself, rather than the gpiozero library from the libraries path. You’ll see an error like this:
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "gpiozero.py", line 1, in <module>
from gpiozero import LED
File "/home/pi/gpiozero.py", line 1, in <module>
from gpiozero import LED
ImportError: cannot import name 'LED'
Simply rename your script to something else, and run it again. Be sure not to name any of your scripts the same
name as a Python module you may be importing, such as picamera.py.
9.10 Why do I get an AttributeError trying to set attributes on a
device object?
If you try to add an attribute to a gpiozero device object after its initialization, you’ll find you can’t:
>>> from gpiozero import Button
>>> btn = Button(2)
>>> btn.label = 'alarm'
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
File "/usr/lib/python3/dist-packages/gpiozero/devices.py", line 118, in __
˓→setattr__
self.__class__.__name__, name))
AttributeError: 'Button' object has no attribute 'label'
This is in order to prevent users accidentally setting new attributes by mistake. Because gpiozero provides func-
tionality through setting attributes via properties, such as callbacks on buttons (and often there is no immediate
feedback when setting a property), this could lead to bugs very difficult to find. Consider the following example:
from gpiozero import Button
def hello():
print("hello")
btn = Button(2)
(continues on next page)
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(continued from previous page)
btn.pressed = hello
This is perfectly valid Python code, and no errors would occur, but the program would not behave as ex-
pected: pressing the button would do nothing, because the property for setting a callback is when_pressed
not pressed. But without gpiozero preventing this non-existent attribute from being set, the user would likely
struggle to see the mistake.
If you really want to set a new attribute on a device object, you need to create it in the class before initializing
your object:
>>> from gpiozero import Button
>>> Button.label = ''
>>> btn = Button(2)
>>> btn.label = 'alarm'
>>> def press(btn):
...: print(btn.label, "was pressed")
>>> btn.when_pressed = press
9.11 Why is it called GPIO Zero? Does it only work on Pi Zero?
gpiozero works on all Raspberry Pi models, not just the Pi Zero.
The “zero” is part of a naming convention for “zero-boilerplate” education friendly libraries, which started with
Pygame Zero62 , and has been followed by NetworkZero63 , guizero64 and more.
These libraries aim to remove barrier to entry and provide a smooth learning curve for beginners by making it easy
to get started and easy to build up to more advanced projects.
62 https://pygame-zero.readthedocs.io/en/stable/
63 https://networkzero.readthedocs.io/en/latest/
64 https://lawsie.github.io/guizero/
80 Chapter 9. Frequently Asked Questions
CHAPTER 10
Migrating from RPi.GPIO
If you are familiar with the RPi.GPIO65 library, you will be used to writing code which deals with pins and the
state of pins. You will see from the examples in this documentation that we generally refer to things like LEDs
and Buttons rather than input pins and output pins.
GPIO Zero provides classes which represent devices, so instead of having a pin number and telling it to go high,
you have an LED and you tell it to turn on, and instead of having a pin number and asking if it’s high or low, you
have a button and ask if it’s pressed. There is also no boilerplate code to get started — you just import the parts
you need.
GPIO Zero provides many device classes, each with specific methods and properties bespoke to that device. For
example, the functionality for an HC-SR04 Distance Sensor can be found in the DistanceSensor (page 101)
class.
As well as specific device classes, we provide base classes InputDevice (page 107) and OutputDevice
(page 130). One main difference between these and the equivalents in RPi.GPIO is that they are classes, not
functions, which means that you initialize one to begin, and provide its pin number, but then you never need to
use the pin number again, as it’s stored by the object.
GPIO Zero was originally just a layer on top of RPi.GPIO, but we later added support for various other underlying
pin libraries. RPi.GPIO is currently the default pin library used. Read more about this in Changing the pin factory
(page 199).
10.1 Output devices
Turning an LED on in RPi.GPIO66 :
import RPi.GPIO as GPIO
GPIO.setmode(GPIO.BCM)
GPIO.setwarnings(False)
GPIO.setup(2, GPIO.OUT)
GPIO.output(2, GPIO.HIGH)
65 https://pypi.org/project/RPi.GPIO/
66 https://pypi.org/project/RPi.GPIO/
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Turning an LED on in GPIO Zero:
from gpiozero import LED
led = LED(2)
led.on()
The LED (page 111) class also supports threaded blinking through the blink() (page 112) method.
OutputDevice (page 130) is the base class for output devices, and can be used in a similar way to output
devices in RPi.GPIO.
See a full list of supported output devices (page 111). Other output devices have similar property and method
names. There is commonality in naming at base level, such as OutputDevice.is_active, which is aliased
in a device class, such as LED.is_lit (page 112).
10.2 Input devices
Reading a button press in RPi.GPIO67 :
import RPi.GPIO as GPIO
GPIO.setmode(GPIO.BCM)
GPIO.setwarnings(False)
GPIO.setup(4, GPIO.IN, GPIO.PUD_UP)
if not GPIO.input(4):
print("button is pressed")
Reading a button press in GPIO Zero:
from gpiozero import Button
btn = Button(4)
if btn.is_pressed:
print("button is pressed")
Note that in the RPi.GPIO example, the button is set up with the option GPIO.PUD_UP which means “pull-up”,
and therefore when the button is not pressed, the pin is high. When the button is pressed, the pin goes low, so the
condition requires negation (if not). If the button was configured as pull-down, the logic is reversed and the
condition would become if GPIO.input(4):
import RPi.GPIO as GPIO
GPIO.setmode(GPIO.BCM)
GPIO.setwarnings(False)
GPIO.setup(4, GPIO.IN, GPIO.PUD_DOWN)
if GPIO.input(4):
print("button is pressed")
In GPIO Zero, the default configuration for a button is pull-up, but this can be configured at initialization, and the
rest of the code stays the same:
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from gpiozero import Button
btn = Button(4, pull_up=False)
if btn.is_pressed:
print("button is pressed")
RPi.GPIO also supports blocking edge detection.
Wait for a pull-up button to be pressed in RPi.GPIO:
import RPi.GPIO as GPIO
GPIO.setmode(GPIO.BCM)
GPIO.setwarnings(False)
GPIO.setup(4, GPIO.IN, GPIO.PUD_UP)
GPIO.wait_for_edge(4, GPIO.FALLING):
print("button was pressed")
The equivalent in GPIO Zero:
from gpiozero import Buttons
btn = Button(4)
btn.wait_for_press()
print("button was pressed")
Again, if the button is pulled down, the logic is reversed. Instead of waiting for a falling edge, we’re waiting for a
rising edge:
import RPi.GPIO as GPIO
GPIO.setmode(GPIO.BCM)
GPIO.setwarnings(False)
GPIO.setup(4, GPIO.IN, GPIO.PUD_UP)
GPIO.wait_for_edge(4, GPIO.FALLING):
print("button was pressed")
Again, in GPIO Zero, the only difference is in the initialization:
from gpiozero import Buttons
btn = Button(4, pull_up=False)
btn.wait_for_press()
print("button was pressed")
RPi.GPIO has threaded callbacks. You create a function (which must take one argument), and pass it in to
add_event_detect, along with the pin number and the edge direction:
import RPi.GPIO as GPIO
GPIO.setmode(GPIO.BCM)
GPIO.setwarnings(False)
def pressed(pin):
print("button was pressed")
(continues on next page)
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(continued from previous page)
def released(pin):
print("button was released")
GPIO.setup(4, GPIO.IN, GPIO.PUD_UP)
GPIO.add_event_detect(4, GPIO.FALLING, pressed)
GPIO.add_event_detect(4, GPIO.RISING, released)
In GPIO Zero, you assign the when_pressed (page 95) and when_released (page 95) properties to set up
callbacks on those actions:
from gpiozero import Buttons
def pressed():
print("button was pressed")
def released():
print("button was released")
btn = Button(4)
btn.when_pressed = pressed
btn.when_released = released
when_held (page 95) is also provided, where the length of time considered a “hold” is configurable.
The callback functions don’t have to take any arguments, but if they take one, the button object is passed in,
allowing you to determine which button called the function.
InputDevice (page 107) is the base class for input devices, and can be used in a similar way to input devices
in RPi.GPIO.
See a full list of input devices (page 93). Other input devices have similar property and method names. There
is commonality in naming at base level, such as InputDevice.is_active (page 108), which is aliased in a
device class, such as Button.is_pressed (page 95) and LightSensor.light_detected (page 100).
10.3 Composite devices, boards and accessories
Some devices require connections to multiple pins, for example a distance sensor, a combination of LEDs or
a HAT. Some GPIO Zero devices comprise multiple device connections within one object, such as RGBLED
(page 115), LEDBoard (page 141), DistanceSensor (page 101), Motor (page 120) and Robot (page 156).
With RPi.GPIO, you would have one output pin for the trigger, and one input pin for the echo. You would
time the echo and calculate the distance. With GPIO Zero, you create a single DistanceSensor (page 101)
object, specifying the trigger and echo pins, and you would read the DistanceSensor.distance (page 102)
property which automatically calculates the distance within the implementation of the class.
The Motor (page 120) class controls two output pins to drive the motor forwards or backwards. The Robot
(page 156) class controls four output pins (two motors) in the right combination to drive a robot forwards or
backwards, and turn left and right.
The LEDBoard (page 141) class takes an arbitrary number of pins, each controlling a single LED. The resulting
LEDBoard (page 141) object can be used to control all LEDs together (all on / all off), or individually by index.
Also the object can be iterated over to turn LEDs on in order. See examples of this (including slicing) in the
advanced recipes (page 35).
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10.4 PWM (Pulse-width modulation)
Both libraries support software PWM control on any pin. Depending on the pin library used, GPIO Zero can also
support hardware PWM (using RPIOPin or PiGPIOPin).
A simple example of using PWM is to control the brightness of an LED.
In RPi.GPIO68 :
import RPi.GPIO as GPIO
from time import sleep
GPIO.setmode(GPIO.BCM)
GPIO.setwarnings(False)
GPIO.setup(2, GPIO.OUT)
pwm = GPIO.PWM(2, 100)
pwm.start(0)
for dc in range(101):
pwm.changeDutyCycle(dc)
sleep(0.01)
In GPIO Zero:
from gpiozero import PWMLED
from time import sleep
led = PWMLED(2)
for b in range(101):
led.value = b / 100.0
sleep(0.01)
PWMLED (page 113) has a blink() (page 113) method which can be used the same was as LED (page 111)’s
blink() (page 112) method, but its PWM capabilities allow for fade_in and fade_out options to be pro-
vided. There is also the pulse() (page 114) method which provides a neat way to have an LED fade in and out
repeatedly.
Other devices can make use of PWM, such as motors (for variable speed) and servos. See the Motor (page 120),
Servo (page 123) and AngularServo (page 124) classes for information on those. Motor (page 120) and
Robot (page 156) default to using PWM, but it can be disabled with pwm=False at initialization. Servos cannot
be used without PWM. Devices containing LEDs default to not using PWM, but pwm=True can be specified and
any LED objects within the device will be initialized as PWMLED (page 113) objects.
10.5 Cleanup
Pin state cleanup is explicit in RPi.GPIO, and is done manually with GPIO.cleanup() but in GPIO Zero,
cleanup is automatically performed on every pin used, at the end of the script. Manual cleanup is possible by use
of the close() (page 177) method on the device.
Read more in the relevant FAQ: What’s the gpiozero equivalent of GPIO.cleanup()? (page 78)
10.6 Pi Information
RPi.GPIO provides information about the Pi you’re using. The equivalent in GPIO Zero is the function
pi_info() (page 191):
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>>> from gpiozero import pi_info
>>> pi = pi_info()
>>> pi
PiBoardInfo(revision='a02082', model='3B', pcb_revision='1.2', released='2016Q1',
˓→soc='BCM2837', manufacturer='Sony', memory=1024, storage='MicroSD', usb=4,
˓→ethernet=1, wifi=True, bluetooth=True, csi=1, dsi=1, headers=..., board=...)
>>> pi.soc
'BCM2837'
>>> pi.wifi
True
Read more about what PiBoardInfo (page 191) provides.
10.7 More
GPIO Zero provides more than just GPIO device support, it includes some support for SPI devices (page 133)
including a range of analog to digital converters.
Device classes which are compatible with other GPIO devices, but have no relation to GPIO pins, such as
CPUTemperature (page 171), TimeOfDay (page 169), PingServer (page 170) and LoadAverage
(page 172) are also provided.
GPIO Zero features support for multiple pin libraries. The default is to use RPi.GPIO to control the pins, but
you can choose to use another library, such as pigpio, which supports network controlled GPIO. See Changing
the pin factory (page 199) and Configuring Remote GPIO (page 43) for more information.
It is possible to run GPIO Zero on your PC, both for remote GPIO and for testing purposes, using Mock pins
(page 200).
Another feature of this library is configuring devices to be connected together in a logical way, for example in one
line you can say that an LED and button are “paired”, i.e. the button being pressed turns the LED on. Read about
this in Source/Values (page 59).
10.8 FAQs
Note the following FAQs which may catch out users too familiar with RPi.GPIO:
• How do I keep my script running? (page 75)
• Why do I get PinFactoryFallback warnings when I import gpiozero? (page 76)
• What’s the gpiozero equivalent of GPIO.cleanup()? (page 78)
86 Chapter 10. Migrating from RPi.GPIO
CHAPTER 11
Contributing
Contributions to the library are welcome! Here are some guidelines to follow.
11.1 Suggestions
Please make suggestions for additional components or enhancements to the codebase by opening an issue69 ex-
plaining your reasoning clearly.
11.2 Bugs
Please submit bug reports by opening an issue70 explaining the problem clearly using code examples.
11.3 Documentation
The documentation source lives in the docs71 folder. Contributions to the documentation are welcome but should
be easy to read and understand.
11.4 Commit messages and pull requests
Commit messages should be concise but descriptive, and in the form of a patch description, i.e. instructional not
past tense (“Add LED example” not “Added LED example”).
Commits which close (or intend to close) an issue should include the phrase “fix #123” or “close #123” where
#123 is the issue number, as well as include a short description, for example: “Add LED example, close #123”,
and pull requests should aim to match or closely match the corresponding issue title.
Copyrights on submissions are owned by their authors (we don’t bother with copyright assignments), and we
assume that authors are happy for their code to be released under the project’s license (page 229). Do feel free
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to add your name to the list of contributors in README.rst at the top level of the project in your pull request!
Don’t worry about adding your name to the copyright headers in whatever files you touch; these are updated
automatically from the git metadata before each release.
11.5 Backwards compatibility
Since this library reached v1.0 we aim to maintain backwards-compatibility thereafter. Changes which break
backwards-compatibility will not be accepted.
11.6 Python 2/3
The library is 100% compatible with both Python 2.7 and Python 3 from version 3.2 onwards. We intend to drop
Python 2 support in 2020 when Python 2 reaches end-of-life72 .
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88 Chapter 11. Contributing
CHAPTER 12
Development
The main GitHub repository for the project can be found at:
https://github.com/gpiozero/gpiozero
For anybody wishing to hack on the project, we recommend starting off by getting to grips with some simple de-
vice classes. Pick something like LED (page 111) and follow its heritage backward to DigitalOutputDevice
(page 127). Follow that back to OutputDevice (page 130) and you should have a good understanding of simple
output devices along with a grasp of how GPIO Zero relies fairly heavily upon inheritance to refine the function-
ality of devices. The same can be done for input devices, and eventually more complex devices (composites and
SPI based).
12.1 Development installation
If you wish to develop GPIO Zero itself, we recommend obtaining the source by cloning the GitHub repository
and then use the “develop” target of the Makefile which will install the package as a link to the cloned repository
allowing in-place development (it also builds a tags file for use with vim/emacs with Exuberant’s ctags utility).
The following example demonstrates this method within a virtual Python environment:
$ sudo apt install lsb-release build-essential git git-core \
exuberant-ctags virtualenvwrapper python-virtualenv python3-virtualenv \
python-dev python3-dev
After installing virtualenvwrapper you’ll need to restart your shell before commands like mkvirtualenv
will operate correctly. Once you’ve restarted your shell, continue:
$ cd
$ mkvirtualenv -p /usr/bin/python3 gpiozero
$ workon gpiozero
(gpiozero) $ git clone https://github.com/gpiozero/gpiozero.git
(gpiozero) $ cd gpiozero
(gpiozero) $ make develop
You will likely wish to install one or more pin implementations within the virtual environment (if you don’t,
GPIO Zero will use the “native” pin implementation which is usable at this stage, but doesn’t support facilities
like PWM):
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(gpiozero) $ pip install rpi.gpio pigpio
If you are working on SPI devices you may also wish to install the spidev package to provide hardware SPI
capabilities (again, GPIO Zero will work without this, but a big-banging software SPI implementation will be used
instead which limits bandwidth):
(gpiozero) $ pip install spidev
To pull the latest changes from git into your clone and update your installation:
$ workon gpiozero
(gpiozero) $ cd ~/gpiozero
(gpiozero) $ git pull
(gpiozero) $ make develop
To remove your installation, destroy the sandbox and the clone:
(gpiozero) $ deactivate
$ rmvirtualenv gpiozero
$ rm -rf ~/gpiozero
12.2 Building the docs
If you wish to build the docs, you’ll need a few more dependencies. Inkscape is used for conversion of SVGs to
other formats, Graphviz is used for rendering certain charts, and TeX Live is required for building PDF output.
The following command should install all required dependencies:
$ sudo apt install texlive-latex-recommended texlive-latex-extra \
texlive-fonts-recommended graphviz inkscape python-sphinx latexmk
Once these are installed, you can use the “doc” target to build the documentation:
$ workon gpiozero
(gpiozero) $ cd ~/gpiozero
(gpiozero) $ make doc
The HTML output is written to build/html while the PDF output goes to build/latex.
12.3 Test suite
If you wish to run the GPIO Zero test suite, follow the instructions in Development installation (page 89) above
and then make the “test” target within the sandbox. You’ll also need to install some pip packages:
$ workon gpiozero
(gpiozero) $ pip install coverage mock pytest
(gpiozero) $ cd ~/gpiozero
(gpiozero) $ make test
The test suite expects pins 22 and 27 (by default) to be wired together in order to run the “real” pin tests. The pins
used by the test suite can be overridden with the environment variables GPIOZERO_TEST_PIN (defaults to 22)
and GPIOZERO_TEST_INPUT_PIN (defaults to 27).
Warning: When wiring GPIOs together, ensure a load (like a 1KΩ resistor) is placed between them. Failure
to do so may lead to blown GPIO pins (your humble author has a fried GPIO27 as a result of such laziness,
although it did take many runs of the test suite before this occurred!).
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The test suite is also setup for usage with the tox utility, in which case it will attempt to execute the test suite with
all supported versions of Python. If you are developing under Ubuntu you may wish to look into the Dead Snakes
PPA73 in order to install old/new versions of Python; the tox setup should work with the version of tox shipped
with Ubuntu Xenial, but more features (like parallel test execution) are available with later versions.
On the subject of parallel test execution, this is also supported in the tox setup, including the “real” pin tests (a
file-system level lock is used to ensure different interpreters don’t try to access the physical pins simultaneously).
For example, to execute the test suite under tox, skipping interpreter versions which are not installed:
$ tox -s
To execute the test suite under all installed interpreter versions in parallel, using as many parallel tasks as there
are CPUs, then displaying a combined report of coverage from all environments:
$ tox -p auto -s
$ coverage combine --rcfile coverage.cfg
$ coverage report --rcfile coverage.cfg
12.4 Mock pins
The test suite largely depends on the existence of the mock pin factory MockFactory (page 213), which is
also useful for manual testing, for example in the Python shell or another REPL. See the section on Mock pins
(page 200) in the API - Pins (page 197) chapter for more information.
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CHAPTER 13
API - Input Devices
These input device component interfaces have been provided for simple use of everyday components. Components
must be wired up correctly before use in code.
Note: All GPIO pin numbers use Broadcom (BCM) numbering by default. See the Pin Numbering (page 3)
section for more information.
13.1 Regular Classes
The following classes are intended for general use with the devices they represent. All classes in this section are
concrete (not abstract).
13.1.1 Button
class gpiozero.Button(pin, *, pull_up=True, active_state=None, bounce_time=None,
hold_time=1, hold_repeat=False, pin_factory=None)
Extends DigitalInputDevice (page 104) and represents a simple push button or switch.
Connect one side of the button to a ground pin, and the other to any GPIO pin. Alternatively, connect one
side of the button to the 3V3 pin, and the other to any GPIO pin, then set pull_up to False74 in the Button
(page 93) constructor.
The following example will print a line of text when the button is pushed:
from gpiozero import Button
button = Button(4)
button.wait_for_press()
print("The button was pressed!")
Parameters
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• pin (int75 or str 76 ) – The GPIO pin which the button is connected to. See Pin
Numbering (page 3) for valid pin numbers. If this is None77 a GPIODeviceError
(page 217) will be raised.
• pull_up (bool78 or None79 ) – If True80 (the default), the GPIO pin will be
pulled high by default. In this case, connect the other side of the button to ground.
If False81 , the GPIO pin will be pulled low by default. In this case, connect the other
side of the button to 3V3. If None82 , the pin will be floating, so it must be externally
pulled up or down and the active_state parameter must be set accordingly.
• active_state (bool83 or None84 ) – See description under InputDevice
(page 107) for more information.
• bounce_time (float85 or None86 ) – If None87 (the default), no software
bounce compensation will be performed. Otherwise, this is the length of time (in sec-
onds) that the component will ignore changes in state after an initial change.
• hold_time (float88 ) – The length of time (in seconds) to wait after the button is
pushed, until executing the when_held (page 95) handler. Defaults to 1.
• hold_repeat (bool89 ) – If True90 , the when_held (page 95) handler will be
repeatedly executed as long as the device remains active, every hold_time seconds. If
False91 (the default) the when_held (page 95) handler will be only be executed
once per hold.
• pin_factory (Factory (page 202) or None92 ) – See API - Pins (page 197) for
more information (this is an advanced feature which most users can ignore).
wait_for_press(timeout=None)
Pause the script until the device is activated, or the timeout is reached.
Parameters timeout (float93 or None94 ) – Number of seconds to wait before pro-
ceeding. If this is None95 (the default), then wait indefinitely until the device is active.
wait_for_release(timeout=None)
Pause the script until the device is deactivated, or the timeout is reached.
Parameters timeout (float96 or None97 ) – Number of seconds to wait before pro-
ceeding. If this is None98 (the default), then wait indefinitely until the device is inactive.
held_time
The length of time (in seconds) that the device has been held for. This is counted from the first
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execution of the when_held (page 95) event rather than when the device activated, in contrast to
active_time (page 179). If the device is not currently held, this is None99 .
hold_repeat
If True100 , when_held (page 95) will be executed repeatedly with hold_time (page 95) seconds
between each invocation.
hold_time
The length of time (in seconds) to wait after the device is activated, until executing the when_held
(page 95) handler. If hold_repeat (page 95) is True, this is also the length of time between invo-
cations of when_held (page 95).
is_held
When True101 , the device has been active for at least hold_time (page 95) seconds.
is_pressed
Returns True102 if the device is currently active and False103 otherwise. This property is usually
derived from value (page 95). Unlike value (page 95), this is always a boolean.
pin
The Pin (page 203) that the device is connected to. This will be None104 if the device has been
closed (see the close() (page 177) method). When dealing with GPIO pins, query pin.number
to discover the GPIO pin (in BCM numbering) that the device is connected to.
pull_up
If True105 , the device uses a pull-up resistor to set the GPIO pin “high” by default.
value
Returns 1 if the button is currently pressed, and 0 if it is not.
when_held
The function to run when the device has remained active for hold_time (page 95) seconds.
This can be set to a function which accepts no (mandatory) parameters, or a Python function which
accepts a single mandatory parameter (with as many optional parameters as you like). If the function
accepts a single mandatory parameter, the device that activated will be passed as that parameter.
Set this property to None106 (the default) to disable the event.
when_pressed
The function to run when the device changes state from inactive to active.
This can be set to a function which accepts no (mandatory) parameters, or a Python function which
accepts a single mandatory parameter (with as many optional parameters as you like). If the function
accepts a single mandatory parameter, the device that activated will be passed as that parameter.
Set this property to None107 (the default) to disable the event.
when_released
The function to run when the device changes state from active to inactive.
This can be set to a function which accepts no (mandatory) parameters, or a Python function which
accepts a single mandatory parameter (with as many optional parameters as you like). If the function
accepts a single mandatory parameter, the device that deactivated will be passed as that parameter.
Set this property to None108 (the default) to disable the event.
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13.1.2 LineSensor (TRCT5000)
class gpiozero.LineSensor(pin, *, queue_len=5, sample_rate=100, threshold=0.5, par-
tial=False, pin_factory=None)
Extends SmoothedInputDevice (page 105) and represents a single pin line sensor like the TCRT5000
infra-red proximity sensor found in the CamJam #3 EduKit109 .
A typical line sensor has a small circuit board with three pins: VCC, GND, and OUT. VCC should be
connected to a 3V3 pin, GND to one of the ground pins, and finally OUT to the GPIO specified as the value
of the pin parameter in the constructor.
The following code will print a line of text indicating when the sensor detects a line, or stops detecting a
line:
from gpiozero import LineSensor
from signal import pause
sensor = LineSensor(4)
sensor.when_line = lambda: print('Line detected')
sensor.when_no_line = lambda: print('No line detected')
pause()
Parameters
• pin (int110 or str 111 ) – The GPIO pin which the sensor is connected to. See Pin
Numbering (page 3) for valid pin numbers. If this is None112 a GPIODeviceError
(page 217) will be raised.
• pull_up (bool113 or None114 ) – See description under InputDevice
(page 107) for more information.
• active_state (bool115 or None116 ) – See description under InputDevice
(page 107) for more information.
• queue_len (int117 ) – The length of the queue used to store values read from the
sensor. This defaults to 5.
• sample_rate (float118 ) – The number of values to read from the device (and ap-
pend to the internal queue) per second. Defaults to 100.
• threshold (float119 ) – Defaults to 0.5. When the average of all values in the
internal queue rises above this value, the sensor will be considered “active” by the
is_active (page 106) property, and all appropriate events will be fired.
• partial (bool120 ) – When False121 (the default), the object will not return a value
for is_active (page 106) until the internal queue has filled with values. Only set this
to True122 if you require values immediately after object construction.
• pin_factory (Factory (page 202) or None123 ) – See API - Pins (page 197) for
more information (this is an advanced feature which most users can ignore).
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wait_for_line(timeout=None)
Pause the script until the device is deactivated, or the timeout is reached.
Parameters timeout (float124 or None125 ) – Number of seconds to wait before pro-
ceeding. If this is None126 (the default), then wait indefinitely until the device is inactive.
wait_for_no_line(timeout=None)
Pause the script until the device is activated, or the timeout is reached.
Parameters timeout (float127 or None128 ) – Number of seconds to wait before pro-
ceeding. If this is None129 (the default), then wait indefinitely until the device is active.
pin
The Pin (page 203) that the device is connected to. This will be None130 if the device has been
closed (see the close() (page 177) method). When dealing with GPIO pins, query pin.number
to discover the GPIO pin (in BCM numbering) that the device is connected to.
value
Returns a value representing the average of the queued values. This is nearer 0 for black under the
sensor, and nearer 1 for white under the sensor.
when_line
The function to run when the device changes state from active to inactive.
This can be set to a function which accepts no (mandatory) parameters, or a Python function which
accepts a single mandatory parameter (with as many optional parameters as you like). If the function
accepts a single mandatory parameter, the device that deactivated will be passed as that parameter.
Set this property to None131 (the default) to disable the event.
when_no_line
The function to run when the device changes state from inactive to active.
This can be set to a function which accepts no (mandatory) parameters, or a Python function which
accepts a single mandatory parameter (with as many optional parameters as you like). If the function
accepts a single mandatory parameter, the device that activated will be passed as that parameter.
Set this property to None132 (the default) to disable the event.
13.1.3 MotionSensor (D-SUN PIR)
class gpiozero.MotionSensor(pin, *, queue_len=1, sample_rate=10, threshold=0.5, par-
tial=False, pin_factory=None)
Extends SmoothedInputDevice (page 105) and represents a passive infra-red (PIR) motion sensor like
the sort found in the CamJam #2 EduKit133 .
A typical PIR device has a small circuit board with three pins: VCC, OUT, and GND. VCC should be
connected to a 5V pin, GND to one of the ground pins, and finally OUT to the GPIO specified as the value
of the pin parameter in the constructor.
The following code will print a line of text when motion is detected:
from gpiozero import MotionSensor
pir = MotionSensor(4)
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pir.wait_for_motion()
print("Motion detected!")
Parameters
• pin (int134 or str 135 ) – The GPIO pin which the sensor is connected to. See Pin
Numbering (page 3) for valid pin numbers. If this is None136 a GPIODeviceError
(page 217) will be raised.
• pull_up (bool137 or None138 ) – See description under InputDevice
(page 107) for more information.
• active_state (bool139 or None140 ) – See description under InputDevice
(page 107) for more information.
• queue_len (int141 ) – The length of the queue used to store values read from the
sensor. This defaults to 1 which effectively disables the queue. If your motion sensor is
particularly “twitchy” you may wish to increase this value.
• sample_rate (float142 ) – The number of values to read from the device (and ap-
pend to the internal queue) per second. Defaults to 10.
• threshold (float143 ) – Defaults to 0.5. When the average of all values in the
internal queue rises above this value, the sensor will be considered “active” by the
is_active (page 106) property, and all appropriate events will be fired.
• partial (bool144 ) – When False145 (the default), the object will not return a value
for is_active (page 106) until the internal queue has filled with values. Only set this
to True146 if you require values immediately after object construction.
• pin_factory (Factory (page 202) or None147 ) – See API - Pins (page 197) for
more information (this is an advanced feature which most users can ignore).
wait_for_motion(timeout=None)
Pause the script until the device is activated, or the timeout is reached.
Parameters timeout (float148 or None149 ) – Number of seconds to wait before pro-
ceeding. If this is None150 (the default), then wait indefinitely until the device is active.
wait_for_no_motion(timeout=None)
Pause the script until the device is deactivated, or the timeout is reached.
Parameters timeout (float151 or None152 ) – Number of seconds to wait before pro-
ceeding. If this is None153 (the default), then wait indefinitely until the device is inactive.
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motion_detected
Returns True154 if the value (page 107) currently exceeds threshold (page 107) and False155
otherwise.
pin
The Pin (page 203) that the device is connected to. This will be None156 if the device has been
closed (see the close() (page 177) method). When dealing with GPIO pins, query pin.number
to discover the GPIO pin (in BCM numbering) that the device is connected to.
value
With the default queue_len of 1, this is effectively boolean where 0 means no motion detected and
1 means motion detected. If you specify a queue_len greater than 1, this will be an averaged value
where values closer to 1 imply motion detection.
when_motion
The function to run when the device changes state from inactive to active.
This can be set to a function which accepts no (mandatory) parameters, or a Python function which
accepts a single mandatory parameter (with as many optional parameters as you like). If the function
accepts a single mandatory parameter, the device that activated will be passed as that parameter.
Set this property to None157 (the default) to disable the event.
when_no_motion
The function to run when the device changes state from active to inactive.
This can be set to a function which accepts no (mandatory) parameters, or a Python function which
accepts a single mandatory parameter (with as many optional parameters as you like). If the function
accepts a single mandatory parameter, the device that deactivated will be passed as that parameter.
Set this property to None158 (the default) to disable the event.
13.1.4 LightSensor (LDR)
class gpiozero.LightSensor(pin, *, queue_len=5, charge_time_limit=0.01, threshold=0.1, par-
tial=False, pin_factory=None)
Extends SmoothedInputDevice (page 105) and represents a light dependent resistor (LDR).
Connect one leg of the LDR to the 3V3 pin; connect one leg of a 1µF capacitor to a ground pin; connect
the other leg of the LDR and the other leg of the capacitor to the same GPIO pin. This class repeatedly
discharges the capacitor, then times the duration it takes to charge (which will vary according to the light
falling on the LDR).
The following code will print a line of text when light is detected:
from gpiozero import LightSensor
ldr = LightSensor(18)
ldr.wait_for_light()
print("Light detected!")
Parameters
• pin (int159 or str 160 ) – The GPIO pin which the sensor is attached to. See Pin
Numbering (page 3) for valid pin numbers. If this is None161 a GPIODeviceError
(page 217) will be raised.
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• queue_len (int162 ) – The length of the queue used to store values read from the
circuit. This defaults to 5.
• charge_time_limit (float163 ) – If the capacitor in the circuit takes longer than
this length of time to charge, it is assumed to be dark. The default (0.01 seconds) is
appropriate for a 1µF capacitor coupled with the LDR from the CamJam #2 EduKit164 .
You may need to adjust this value for different valued capacitors or LDRs.
• threshold (float165 ) – Defaults to 0.1. When the average of all values in the inter-
nal queue rises above this value, the area will be considered “light”, and all appropriate
events will be fired.
• partial (bool166 ) – When False167 (the default), the object will not return a value
for is_active (page 106) until the internal queue has filled with values. Only set this
to True168 if you require values immediately after object construction.
• pin_factory (Factory (page 202) or None169 ) – See API - Pins (page 197) for
more information (this is an advanced feature which most users can ignore).
wait_for_dark(timeout=None)
Pause the script until the device is deactivated, or the timeout is reached.
Parameters timeout (float170 or None171 ) – Number of seconds to wait before pro-
ceeding. If this is None172 (the default), then wait indefinitely until the device is inactive.
wait_for_light(timeout=None)
Pause the script until the device is activated, or the timeout is reached.
Parameters timeout (float173 or None174 ) – Number of seconds to wait before pro-
ceeding. If this is None175 (the default), then wait indefinitely until the device is active.
light_detected
Returns True176 if the value (page 107) currently exceeds threshold (page 107) and False177
otherwise.
pin
The Pin (page 203) that the device is connected to. This will be None178 if the device has been
closed (see the close() (page 177) method). When dealing with GPIO pins, query pin.number
to discover the GPIO pin (in BCM numbering) that the device is connected to.
value
Returns a value between 0 (dark) and 1 (light).
when_dark
The function to run when the device changes state from active to inactive.
This can be set to a function which accepts no (mandatory) parameters, or a Python function which
accepts a single mandatory parameter (with as many optional parameters as you like). If the function
accepts a single mandatory parameter, the device that deactivated will be passed as that parameter.
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Set this property to None179 (the default) to disable the event.
when_light
The function to run when the device changes state from inactive to active.
This can be set to a function which accepts no (mandatory) parameters, or a Python function which
accepts a single mandatory parameter (with as many optional parameters as you like). If the function
accepts a single mandatory parameter, the device that activated will be passed as that parameter.
Set this property to None180 (the default) to disable the event.
13.1.5 DistanceSensor (HC-SR04)
class gpiozero.DistanceSensor(echo, trigger, *, queue_len=30, max_distance=1, thresh-
old_distance=0.3, partial=False, pin_factory=None)
Extends SmoothedInputDevice (page 105) and represents an HC-SR04 ultrasonic distance sensor, as
found in the CamJam #3 EduKit181 .
The distance sensor requires two GPIO pins: one for the trigger (marked TRIG on the sensor) and another
for the echo (marked ECHO on the sensor). However, a voltage divider is required to ensure the 5V from
the ECHO pin doesn’t damage the Pi. Wire your sensor according to the following instructions:
1. Connect the GND pin of the sensor to a ground pin on the Pi.
2. Connect the TRIG pin of the sensor a GPIO pin.
3. Connect one end of a 330Ω resistor to the ECHO pin of the sensor.
4. Connect one end of a 470Ω resistor to the GND pin of the sensor.
5. Connect the free ends of both resistors to another GPIO pin. This forms the required voltage divider182 .
6. Finally, connect the VCC pin of the sensor to a 5V pin on the Pi.
Alternatively, the 3V3 tolerant HC-SR04P sensor (which does not require a voltage divider) will work with
this class.
Note: If you do not have the precise values of resistor specified above, don’t worry! What matters is the
ratio of the resistors to each other.
You also don’t need to be absolutely precise; the voltage divider183 given above will actually output ~3V
(rather than 3.3V). A simple 2:3 ratio will give 3.333V which implies you can take three resistors of equal
value, use one of them instead of the 330Ω resistor, and two of them in series instead of the 470Ω resistor.
The following code will periodically report the distance measured by the sensor in cm assuming the TRIG
pin is connected to GPIO17, and the ECHO pin to GPIO18:
from gpiozero import DistanceSensor
from time import sleep
sensor = DistanceSensor(echo=18, trigger=17)
while True:
print('Distance: ', sensor.distance * 100)
sleep(1)
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Note: For improved accuracy, use the pigpio pin driver rather than the default RPi.GPIO driver (pigpio
uses DMA sampling for much more precise edge timing). This is particularly relevant if you’re using Pi 1
or Pi Zero. See Changing the pin factory (page 199) for further information.
Parameters
• echo (int184 or str 185 ) – The GPIO pin which the ECHO pin is connected
to. See Pin Numbering (page 3) for valid pin numbers. If this is None186 a
GPIODeviceError (page 217) will be raised.
• trigger (int187 or str 188 ) – The GPIO pin which the TRIG pin is connected
to. See Pin Numbering (page 3) for valid pin numbers. If this is None189 a
GPIODeviceError (page 217) will be raised.
• queue_len (int190 ) – The length of the queue used to store values read from the
sensor. This defaults to 9.
• max_distance (float191 ) – The value (page 103) attribute reports a normalized
value between 0 (too close to measure) and 1 (maximum distance). This parameter
specifies the maximum distance expected in meters. This defaults to 1.
• threshold_distance (float192 ) – Defaults to 0.3. This is the distance (in me-
ters) that will trigger the in_range and out_of_range events when crossed.
• partial (bool193 ) – When False194 (the default), the object will not return a value
for is_active (page 106) until the internal queue has filled with values. Only set this
to True195 if you require values immediately after object construction.
• pin_factory (Factory (page 202) or None196 ) – See API - Pins (page 197) for
more information (this is an advanced feature which most users can ignore).
wait_for_in_range(timeout=None)
Pause the script until the device is deactivated, or the timeout is reached.
Parameters timeout (float197 or None198 ) – Number of seconds to wait before pro-
ceeding. If this is None199 (the default), then wait indefinitely until the device is inactive.
wait_for_out_of_range(timeout=None)
Pause the script until the device is activated, or the timeout is reached.
Parameters timeout (float200 or None201 ) – Number of seconds to wait before pro-
ceeding. If this is None202 (the default), then wait indefinitely until the device is active.
distance
Returns the current distance measured by the sensor in meters. Note that this property will have a
value between 0 and max_distance (page 103).
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echo
Returns the Pin (page 203) that the sensor’s echo is connected to. This is simply an alias for the usual
pin (page 109) attribute.
max_distance
The maximum distance that the sensor will measure in meters. This value is specified in the constructor
and is used to provide the scaling for the value (page 107) attribute. When distance (page 102)
is equal to max_distance (page 103), value (page 107) will be 1.
threshold_distance
The distance, measured in meters, that will trigger the when_in_range (page 103) and
when_out_of_range (page 103) events when crossed. This is simply a meter-scaled variant of
the usual threshold (page 107) attribute.
trigger
Returns the Pin (page 203) that the sensor’s trigger is connected to.
value
Returns a value between 0, indicating the reflector is either touching the sensor or is sufficiently near
that the sensor can’t tell the difference, and 1, indicating the reflector is at or beyond the specified
max_distance.
when_in_range
The function to run when the device changes state from active to inactive.
This can be set to a function which accepts no (mandatory) parameters, or a Python function which
accepts a single mandatory parameter (with as many optional parameters as you like). If the function
accepts a single mandatory parameter, the device that deactivated will be passed as that parameter.
Set this property to None203 (the default) to disable the event.
when_out_of_range
The function to run when the device changes state from inactive to active.
This can be set to a function which accepts no (mandatory) parameters, or a Python function which
accepts a single mandatory parameter (with as many optional parameters as you like). If the function
accepts a single mandatory parameter, the device that activated will be passed as that parameter.
Set this property to None204 (the default) to disable the event.
13.2 Base Classes
The classes in the sections above are derived from a series of base classes, some of which are effectively abstract.
The classes form the (partial) hierarchy displayed in the graph below (abstract classes are shaded lighter than
concrete classes):
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DistanceSensor
LightSensor
SmoothedInputDevice LineSensor
GPIODevice InputDevice
MotionSensor
DigitalInputDevice
Button
The following sections document these base classes for advanced users that wish to construct classes for their own
devices.
13.2.1 DigitalInputDevice
class gpiozero.DigitalInputDevice(pin, *, pull_up=False, active_state=None,
bounce_time=None, pin_factory=None)
Represents a generic input device with typical on/off behaviour.
This class extends InputDevice (page 107) with machinery to fire the active and inactive events for
devices that operate in a typical digital manner: straight forward on / off states with (reasonably) clean
transitions between the two.
Parameters
• pin (int205 or str 206 ) – The GPIO pin that the device is connected to. See Pin
Numbering (page 3) for valid pin numbers. If this is None207 a GPIODeviceError
(page 217) will be raised.
• pull_up (bool208 or None209 ) – See description under InputDevice
(page 107) for more information.
• active_state (bool210 or None211 ) – See description under InputDevice
(page 107) for more information.
• bounce_time (float212 or None213 ) – Specifies the length of time (in seconds)
that the component will ignore changes in state after an initial change. This defaults to
None214 which indicates that no bounce compensation will be performed.
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• pin_factory (Factory (page 202) or None215 ) – See API - Pins (page 197) for
more information (this is an advanced feature which most users can ignore).
wait_for_active(timeout=None)
Pause the script until the device is activated, or the timeout is reached.
Parameters timeout (float216 or None217 ) – Number of seconds to wait before pro-
ceeding. If this is None218 (the default), then wait indefinitely until the device is active.
wait_for_inactive(timeout=None)
Pause the script until the device is deactivated, or the timeout is reached.
Parameters timeout (float219 or None220 ) – Number of seconds to wait before pro-
ceeding. If this is None221 (the default), then wait indefinitely until the device is inactive.
active_time
The length of time (in seconds) that the device has been active for. When the device is inactive, this is
None222 .
inactive_time
The length of time (in seconds) that the device has been inactive for. When the device is active, this is
None223 .
value
Returns a value representing the device’s state. Frequently, this is a boolean value, or a number
between 0 and 1 but some devices use larger ranges (e.g. -1 to +1) and composite devices usually
use tuples to return the states of all their subordinate components.
when_activated
The function to run when the device changes state from inactive to active.
This can be set to a function which accepts no (mandatory) parameters, or a Python function which
accepts a single mandatory parameter (with as many optional parameters as you like). If the function
accepts a single mandatory parameter, the device that activated will be passed as that parameter.
Set this property to None224 (the default) to disable the event.
when_deactivated
The function to run when the device changes state from active to inactive.
This can be set to a function which accepts no (mandatory) parameters, or a Python function which
accepts a single mandatory parameter (with as many optional parameters as you like). If the function
accepts a single mandatory parameter, the device that deactivated will be passed as that parameter.
Set this property to None225 (the default) to disable the event.
13.2.2 SmoothedInputDevice
class gpiozero.SmoothedInputDevice(pin, *, pull_up=False, active_state=None, thresh-
old=0.5, queue_len=5, sample_wait=0.0, par-
tial=False, pin_factory=None)
Represents a generic input device which takes its value from the average of a queue of historical values.
This class extends InputDevice (page 107) with a queue which is filled by a background thread which
continually polls the state of the underlying device. The average (a configurable function) of the values in
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the queue is compared to a threshold which is used to determine the state of the is_active (page 106)
property.
Note: The background queue is not automatically started upon construction. This is to allow descendents
to set up additional components before the queue starts reading values. Effectively this is an abstract base
class.
This class is intended for use with devices which either exhibit analog behaviour (such as the charging time
of a capacitor with an LDR), or those which exhibit “twitchy” behaviour (such as certain motion sensors).
Parameters
• pin (int226 or str 227 ) – The GPIO pin that the device is connected to. See Pin
Numbering (page 3) for valid pin numbers. If this is None228 a GPIODeviceError
(page 217) will be raised.
• pull_up (bool229 or None230 ) – See description under InputDevice
(page 107) for more information.
• active_state (bool231 or None232 ) – See description under InputDevice
(page 107) for more information.
• threshold (float233 ) – The value above which the device will be considered “on”.
• queue_len (int234 ) – The length of the internal queue which is filled by the back-
ground thread.
• sample_wait (float235 ) – The length of time to wait between retrieving the state
of the underlying device. Defaults to 0.0 indicating that values are retrieved as fast as
possible.
• partial (bool236 ) – If False237 (the default), attempts to read the state of the device
(from the is_active (page 106) property) will block until the queue has filled. If
True238 , a value will be returned immediately, but be aware that this value is likely to
fluctuate excessively.
• average – The function used to average the values in the internal queue. This defaults
to statistics.median()239 which is a good selection for discarding outliers from
jittery sensors. The function specified must accept a sequence of numbers and return a
single number.
• ignore (frozenset240 or None241 ) – The set of values which the queue should
ignore, if returned from querying the device’s value.
• pin_factory (Factory (page 202) or None242 ) – See API - Pins (page 197) for
more information (this is an advanced feature which most users can ignore).
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is_active
Returns True243 if the value (page 107) currently exceeds threshold (page 107) and False244
otherwise.
partial
If False245 (the default), attempts to read the value (page 107) or is_active (page 106) proper-
ties will block until the queue has filled.
queue_len
The length of the internal queue of values which is averaged to determine the overall state of the
device. This defaults to 5.
threshold
If value (page 107) exceeds this amount, then is_active (page 106) will return True246 .
value
Returns the average of the values in the internal queue. This is compared to threshold (page 107)
to determine whether is_active (page 106) is True247 .
13.2.3 InputDevice
class gpiozero.InputDevice(pin, *, pull_up=False, active_state=None, pin_factory=None)
Represents a generic GPIO input device.
This class extends GPIODevice (page 108) to add facilities common to GPIO input devices. The construc-
tor adds the optional pull_up parameter to specify how the pin should be pulled by the internal resistors.
The is_active (page 108) property is adjusted accordingly so that True248 still means active regardless
of the pull_up setting.
Parameters
• pin (int249 or str 250 ) – The GPIO pin that the device is connected to. See Pin
Numbering (page 3) for valid pin numbers. If this is None251 a GPIODeviceError
(page 217) will be raised.
• pull_up (bool252 or None253 ) – If True254 , the pin will be pulled high with an
internal resistor. If False255 (the default), the pin will be pulled low. If None256 , the
pin will be floating. As gpiozero cannot automatically guess the active state when not
pulling the pin, the active_state parameter must be passed.
• active_state (bool257 or None258 ) – If True259 , when the hardware pin state
is HIGH, the software pin is HIGH. If False260 , the input polarity is reversed: when
the hardware pin state is HIGH, the software pin state is LOW. Use this parameter to set
the active state of the underlying pin when configuring it as not pulled (when pull_up is
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None261 ). When pull_up is True262 or False263 , the active state is automatically set
to the proper value.
• pin_factory (Factory (page 202) or None264 ) – See API - Pins (page 197) for
more information (this is an advanced feature which most users can ignore).
is_active
Returns True265 if the device is currently active and False266 otherwise. This property is usually
derived from value (page 108). Unlike value (page 108), this is always a boolean.
pull_up
If True267 , the device uses a pull-up resistor to set the GPIO pin “high” by default.
value
Returns a value representing the device’s state. Frequently, this is a boolean value, or a number
between 0 and 1 but some devices use larger ranges (e.g. -1 to +1) and composite devices usually
use tuples to return the states of all their subordinate components.
13.2.4 GPIODevice
class gpiozero.GPIODevice(pin, pin_factory=None)
Extends Device (page 177). Represents a generic GPIO device and provides the services common to all
single-pin GPIO devices (like ensuring two GPIO devices do no share a pin (page 109)).
Parameters pin (int268 or str 269 ) – The GPIO pin that the device is connected to. See
Pin Numbering (page 3) for valid pin numbers. If this is None270 a GPIODeviceError
(page 217) will be raised. If the pin is already in use by another device, GPIOPinInUse
(page 217) will be raised.
close()
Shut down the device and release all associated resources. This method can be called on an already
closed device without raising an exception.
This method is primarily intended for interactive use at the command line. It disables the device and
releases its pin(s) for use by another device.
You can attempt to do this simply by deleting an object, but unless you’ve cleaned up all references
to the object this may not work (even if you’ve cleaned up all references, there’s still no guarantee the
garbage collector will actually delete the object at that point). By contrast, the close method provides
a means of ensuring that the object is shut down.
For example, if you have a breadboard with a buzzer connected to pin 16, but then wish to attach an
LED instead:
>>> from gpiozero import *
>>> bz = Buzzer(16)
>>> bz.on()
>>> bz.off()
>>> bz.close()
>>> led = LED(16)
>>> led.blink()
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Device (page 177) descendents can also be used as context managers using the with271 statement.
For example:
>>> from gpiozero import *
>>> with Buzzer(16) as bz:
... bz.on()
...
>>> with LED(16) as led:
... led.on()
...
closed
Returns True272 if the device is closed (see the close() (page 108) method). Once a device is
closed you can no longer use any other methods or properties to control or query the device.
pin
The Pin (page 203) that the device is connected to. This will be None273 if the device has been
closed (see the close() (page 177) method). When dealing with GPIO pins, query pin.number
to discover the GPIO pin (in BCM numbering) that the device is connected to.
value
Returns a value representing the device’s state. Frequently, this is a boolean value, or a number
between 0 and 1 but some devices use larger ranges (e.g. -1 to +1) and composite devices usually
use tuples to return the states of all their subordinate components.
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CHAPTER 14
API - Output Devices
These output device component interfaces have been provided for simple use of everyday components. Compo-
nents must be wired up correctly before use in code.
Note: All GPIO pin numbers use Broadcom (BCM) numbering by default. See the Pin Numbering (page 3)
section for more information.
14.1 Regular Classes
The following classes are intended for general use with the devices they represent. All classes in this section are
concrete (not abstract).
14.1.1 LED
class gpiozero.LED(pin, *, active_high=True, initial_value=False, pin_factory=None)
Extends DigitalOutputDevice (page 127) and represents a light emitting diode (LED).
Connect the cathode (short leg, flat side) of the LED to a ground pin; connect the anode (longer leg) to a
limiting resistor; connect the other side of the limiting resistor to a GPIO pin (the limiting resistor can be
placed either side of the LED).
The following example will light the LED:
from gpiozero import LED
led = LED(17)
led.on()
Parameters
• pin (int274 or str 275 ) – The GPIO pin which the LED is connected to. See Pin
Numbering (page 3) for valid pin numbers. If this is None276 a GPIODeviceError
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(page 217) will be raised.
• active_high (bool277 ) – If True278 (the default), the LED will operate normally
with the circuit described above. If False279 you should wire the cathode to the GPIO
pin, and the anode to a 3V3 pin (via a limiting resistor).
• initial_value (bool280 or None281 ) – If False282 (the default), the LED will
be off initially. If None283 , the LED will be left in whatever state the pin is found in
when configured for output (warning: this can be on). If True284 , the LED will be
switched on initially.
• pin_factory (Factory (page 202) or None285 ) – See API - Pins (page 197) for
more information (this is an advanced feature which most users can ignore).
blink(on_time=1, off_time=1, n=None, background=True)
Make the device turn on and off repeatedly.
Parameters
• on_time (float286 ) – Number of seconds on. Defaults to 1 second.
• off_time (float287 ) – Number of seconds off. Defaults to 1 second.
• n (int288 or None289 ) – Number of times to blink; None290 (the default) means
forever.
• background (bool291 ) – If True292 (the default), start a background thread to
continue blinking and return immediately. If False293 , only return when the blink is
finished (warning: the default value of n will result in this method never returning).
off()
Turns the device off.
on()
Turns the device on.
toggle()
Reverse the state of the device. If it’s on, turn it off; if it’s off, turn it on.
is_lit
Returns True294 if the device is currently active and False295 otherwise. This property is usually
derived from value (page 112). Unlike value (page 112), this is always a boolean.
pin
The Pin (page 203) that the device is connected to. This will be None296 if the device has been
closed (see the close() (page 177) method). When dealing with GPIO pins, query pin.number
to discover the GPIO pin (in BCM numbering) that the device is connected to.
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value
Returns 1 if the device is currently active and 0 otherwise. Setting this property changes the state of
the device.
14.1.2 PWMLED
class gpiozero.PWMLED(pin, *, active_high=True, initial_value=0, frequency=100,
pin_factory=None)
Extends PWMOutputDevice (page 128) and represents a light emitting diode (LED) with variable bright-
ness.
A typical configuration of such a device is to connect a GPIO pin to the anode (long leg) of the LED, and
the cathode (short leg) to ground, with an optional resistor to prevent the LED from burning out.
Parameters
• pin (int297 or str 298 ) – The GPIO pin which the LED is connected to. See Pin
Numbering (page 3) for valid pin numbers. If this is None299 a GPIODeviceError
(page 217) will be raised.
• active_high (bool300 ) – If True301 (the default), the on() (page 114) method
will set the GPIO to HIGH. If False302 , the on() (page 114) method will set the
GPIO to LOW (the off() (page 114) method always does the opposite).
• initial_value (float303 ) – If 0 (the default), the LED will be off initially. Other
values between 0 and 1 can be specified as an initial brightness for the LED. Note that
None304 cannot be specified (unlike the parent class) as there is no way to tell PWM
not to alter the state of the pin.
• frequency (int305 ) – The frequency (in Hz) of pulses emitted to drive the LED.
Defaults to 100Hz.
• pin_factory (Factory (page 202) or None306 ) – See API - Pins (page 197) for
more information (this is an advanced feature which most users can ignore).
blink(on_time=1, off_time=1, fade_in_time=0, fade_out_time=0, n=None, background=True)
Make the device turn on and off repeatedly.
Parameters
• on_time (float307 ) – Number of seconds on. Defaults to 1 second.
• off_time (float308 ) – Number of seconds off. Defaults to 1 second.
• fade_in_time (float309 ) – Number of seconds to spend fading in. Defaults to 0.
• fade_out_time (float310 ) – Number of seconds to spend fading out. Defaults
to 0.
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• n (int311 or None312 ) – Number of times to blink; None313 (the default) means
forever.
• background (bool314 ) – If True315 (the default), start a background thread to
continue blinking and return immediately. If False316 , only return when the blink is
finished (warning: the default value of n will result in this method never returning).
off()
Turns the device off.
on()
Turns the device on.
pulse(fade_in_time=1, fade_out_time=1, n=None, background=True)
Make the device fade in and out repeatedly.
Parameters
• fade_in_time (float317 ) – Number of seconds to spend fading in. Defaults to 1.
• fade_out_time (float318 ) – Number of seconds to spend fading out. Defaults
to 1.
• n (int319 or None320 ) – Number of times to pulse; None321 (the default) means
forever.
• background (bool322 ) – If True323 (the default), start a background thread to
continue pulsing and return immediately. If False324 , only return when the pulse is
finished (warning: the default value of n will result in this method never returning).
toggle()
Toggle the state of the device. If the device is currently off (value (page 114) is 0.0), this changes
it to “fully” on (value (page 114) is 1.0). If the device has a duty cycle (value (page 114)) of 0.1,
this will toggle it to 0.9, and so on.
is_lit
Returns True325 if the device is currently active (value (page 114) is non-zero) and False326
otherwise.
pin
The Pin (page 203) that the device is connected to. This will be None327 if the device has been
closed (see the close() (page 177) method). When dealing with GPIO pins, query pin.number
to discover the GPIO pin (in BCM numbering) that the device is connected to.
value
The duty cycle of the PWM device. 0.0 is off, 1.0 is fully on. Values in between may be specified for
varying levels of power in the device.
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14.1.3 RGBLED
class gpiozero.RGBLED(red, green, blue, *, active_high=True, initial_value=(0, 0, 0), pwm=True,
pin_factory=None)
Extends Device (page 177) and represents a full color LED component (composed of red, green, and blue
LEDs).
Connect the common cathode (longest leg) to a ground pin; connect each of the other legs (representing the
red, green, and blue anodes) to any GPIO pins. You should use three limiting resistors (one per anode).
The following code will make the LED yellow:
from gpiozero import RGBLED
led = RGBLED(2, 3, 4)
led.color = (1, 1, 0)
The colorzero328 library is also supported:
from gpiozero import RGBLED
from colorzero import Color
led = RGBLED(2, 3, 4)
led.color = Color('yellow')
Parameters
• red (int329 or str 330 ) – The GPIO pin that controls the red component of the
RGB LED. See Pin Numbering (page 3) for valid pin numbers. If this is None331 a
GPIODeviceError (page 217) will be raised.
• green (int332 or str 333 ) – The GPIO pin that controls the green component of the
RGB LED.
• blue (int334 or str 335 ) – The GPIO pin that controls the blue component of the
RGB LED.
• active_high (bool336 ) – Set to True337 (the default) for common cathode RGB
LEDs. If you are using a common anode RGB LED, set this to False338 .
• initial_value (Color 339 or tuple340 ) – The initial color for the RGB LED.
Defaults to black (0, 0, 0).
• pwm (bool341 ) – If True342 (the default), construct PWMLED (page 113) instances
for each component of the RGBLED. If False343 , construct regular LED (page 111)
instances, which prevents smooth color graduations.
• pin_factory (Factory (page 202) or None344 ) – See API - Pins (page 197) for
more information (this is an advanced feature which most users can ignore).
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blink(on_time=1, off_time=1, fade_in_time=0, fade_out_time=0, on_color=(1, 1, 1),
off_color=(0, 0, 0), n=None, background=True)
Make the device turn on and off repeatedly.
Parameters
• on_time (float345 ) – Number of seconds on. Defaults to 1 second.
• off_time (float346 ) – Number of seconds off. Defaults to 1 second.
• fade_in_time (float347 ) – Number of seconds to spend fading in. Defaults to 0.
Must be 0 if pwm was False348 when the class was constructed (ValueError349
will be raised if not).
• fade_out_time (float350 ) – Number of seconds to spend fading out. Defaults to
0. Must be 0 if pwm was False351 when the class was constructed (ValueError352
will be raised if not).
• on_color (Color 353 or tuple354 ) – The color to use when the LED is “on”.
Defaults to white.
• off_color (Color 355 or tuple356 ) – The color to use when the LED is “off”.
Defaults to black.
• n (int357 or None358 ) – Number of times to blink; None359 (the default) means
forever.
• background (bool360 ) – If True361 (the default), start a background thread to
continue blinking and return immediately. If False362 , only return when the blink is
finished (warning: the default value of n will result in this method never returning).
off()
Turn the LED off. This is equivalent to setting the LED color to black (0, 0, 0).
on()
Turn the LED on. This equivalent to setting the LED color to white (1, 1, 1).
pulse(fade_in_time=1, fade_out_time=1, on_color=(1, 1, 1), off_color=(0, 0, 0), n=None, back-
ground=True)
Make the device fade in and out repeatedly.
Parameters
• fade_in_time (float363 ) – Number of seconds to spend fading in. Defaults to 1.
• fade_out_time (float364 ) – Number of seconds to spend fading out. Defaults
to 1.
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• on_color (Color 365 or tuple366 ) – The color to use when the LED is “on”.
Defaults to white.
• off_color (Color 367 or tuple368 ) – The color to use when the LED is “off”.
Defaults to black.
• n (int369 or None370 ) – Number of times to pulse; None371 (the default) means
forever.
• background (bool372 ) – If True373 (the default), start a background thread to
continue pulsing and return immediately. If False374 , only return when the pulse is
finished (warning: the default value of n will result in this method never returning).
toggle()
Toggle the state of the device. If the device is currently off (value (page 117) is (0, 0, 0)), this
changes it to “fully” on (value (page 117) is (1, 1, 1)). If the device has a specific color, this
method inverts the color.
blue
Represents the blue element of the LED as a Blue375 object.
color
Represents the color of the LED as a Color376 object.
green
Represents the green element of the LED as a Green377 object.
is_lit
Returns True378 if the LED is currently active (not black) and False379 otherwise.
red
Represents the red element of the LED as a Red380 object.
value
Represents the color of the LED as an RGB 3-tuple of (red, green, blue) where each value is
between 0 and 1 if pwm was True381 when the class was constructed (and only 0 or 1 if not).
For example, red would be (1, 0, 0) and yellow would be (1, 1, 0), while orange would be
(1, 0.5, 0).
14.1.4 Buzzer
class gpiozero.Buzzer(pin, *, active_high=True, initial_value=False, pin_factory=None)
Extends DigitalOutputDevice (page 127) and represents a digital buzzer component.
Note: This interface is only capable of simple on/off commands, and is not capable of playing a variety of
tones (see TonalBuzzer (page 119)).
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Connect the cathode (negative pin) of the buzzer to a ground pin; connect the other side to any GPIO pin.
The following example will sound the buzzer:
from gpiozero import Buzzer
bz = Buzzer(3)
bz.on()
Parameters
• pin (int382 or str 383 ) – The GPIO pin which the buzzer is connected to. See Pin
Numbering (page 3) for valid pin numbers. If this is None384 a GPIODeviceError
(page 217) will be raised.
• active_high (bool385 ) – If True386 (the default), the buzzer will operate normally
with the circuit described above. If False387 you should wire the cathode to the GPIO
pin, and the anode to a 3V3 pin.
• initial_value (bool388 or None389 ) – If False390 (the default), the buzzer
will be silent initially. If None391 , the buzzer will be left in whatever state the pin is
found in when configured for output (warning: this can be on). If True392 , the buzzer
will be switched on initially.
• pin_factory (Factory (page 202) or None393 ) – See API - Pins (page 197) for
more information (this is an advanced feature which most users can ignore).
beep(on_time=1, off_time=1, n=None, background=True)
Make the device turn on and off repeatedly.
Parameters
• on_time (float394 ) – Number of seconds on. Defaults to 1 second.
• off_time (float395 ) – Number of seconds off. Defaults to 1 second.
• n (int396 or None397 ) – Number of times to blink; None398 (the default) means
forever.
• background (bool399 ) – If True400 (the default), start a background thread to
continue blinking and return immediately. If False401 , only return when the blink is
finished (warning: the default value of n will result in this method never returning).
off()
Turns the device off.
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on()
Turns the device on.
toggle()
Reverse the state of the device. If it’s on, turn it off; if it’s off, turn it on.
is_active
Returns True402 if the device is currently active and False403 otherwise. This property is usually
derived from value (page 119). Unlike value (page 119), this is always a boolean.
pin
The Pin (page 203) that the device is connected to. This will be None404 if the device has been
closed (see the close() (page 177) method). When dealing with GPIO pins, query pin.number
to discover the GPIO pin (in BCM numbering) that the device is connected to.
value
Returns 1 if the device is currently active and 0 otherwise. Setting this property changes the state of
the device.
14.1.5 TonalBuzzer
class gpiozero.TonalBuzzer(pin, *, initial_value=None, mid_tone=Tone(’A4’), octaves=1,
pin_factory=None)
Extends CompositeDevice (page 167) and represents a tonal buzzer.
Parameters
• pin (int405 or str 406 ) – The GPIO pin which the buzzer is connected to. See Pin
Numbering (page 3) for valid pin numbers. If this is None407 a GPIODeviceError
(page 217) will be raised.
• initial_value (float408 ) – If None409 (the default), the buzzer will be off ini-
tially. Values between -1 and 1 can be specified as an initial value for the buzzer.
• mid_tone (int410 or str 411 ) – The tone which is represented the device’s middle
value (0). The default is “A4” (MIDI note 69).
• octaves (int412 ) – The number of octaves to allow away from the base note. The
default is 1, meaning a value of -1 goes one octave below the base note, and one above,
i.e. from A3 to A5 with the default base note of A4.
• pin_factory (Factory (page 202) or None413 ) – See API - Pins (page 197) for
more information (this is an advanced feature which most users can ignore).
Note: Note that this class does not currently work with PiGPIOFactory (page 211).
play(tone)
Play the given tone. This can either be an instance of Tone (page 189) or can be anything that could
be used to construct an instance of Tone (page 189).
For example:
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>>> from gpiozero import TonalBuzzer
>>> from gpiozero.tones import Tone
>>> b = TonalBuzzer(17)
>>> b.play(Tone("A4"))
>>> b.play(Tone(220.0)) # Hz
>>> b.play(Tone(60)) # middle C in MIDI notation
>>> b.play("A4")
>>> b.play(220.0)
>>> b.play(60)
stop()
Turn the buzzer off. This is equivalent to setting value (page 120) to None414 .
is_active
Returns True415 if the buzzer is currently playing, otherwise False416 .
max_tone
The highest tone that the buzzer can play, i.e. the tone played when value (page 120) is 1.
mid_tone
The middle tone available, i.e. the tone played when value (page 120) is 0.
min_tone
The lowest tone that the buzzer can play, i.e. the tone played when value (page 120) is -1.
octaves
The number of octaves available (above and below mid_tone).
tone
Returns the Tone (page 189) that the buzzer is currently playing, or None417 if the buzzer is silent.
This property can also be set to play the specified tone.
value
Represents the state of the buzzer as a value between -1 (representing the minimum tone) and 1 (rep-
resenting the maximum tone). This can also be the special value None418 indicating that the buzzer is
currently silent.
14.1.6 Motor
class gpiozero.Motor(forward, backward, *, pwm=True, pin_factory=None)
Extends CompositeDevice (page 167) and represents a generic motor connected to a bi-directional
motor driver circuit (i.e. an H-bridge419 ).
Attach an H-bridge420 motor controller to your Pi; connect a power source (e.g. a battery pack or the 5V
pin) to the controller; connect the outputs of the controller board to the two terminals of the motor; connect
the inputs of the controller board to two GPIO pins.
The following code will make the motor turn “forwards”:
from gpiozero import Motor
motor = Motor(17, 18)
motor.forward()
Parameters
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• forward (int421 or str 422 ) – The GPIO pin that the forward input of the motor
driver chip is connected to. See Pin Numbering (page 3) for valid pin numbers. If this
is None423 a GPIODeviceError (page 217) will be raised.
• backward (int424 or str 425 ) – The GPIO pin that the backward input of the motor
driver chip is connected to. See Pin Numbering (page 3) for valid pin numbers. If this
is None426 a GPIODeviceError (page 217) will be raised.
• enable (int427 or str 428 or None429 ) – The GPIO pin that enables the motor.
Required for some motor controller boards. See Pin Numbering (page 3) for valid pin
numbers.
• pwm (bool430 ) – If True431 (the default), construct PWMOutputDevice (page 128)
instances for the motor controller pins, allowing both direction and variable speed con-
trol. If False432 , construct DigitalOutputDevice (page 127) instances, allowing
only direction control.
• pin_factory (Factory (page 202) or None433 ) – See API - Pins (page 197) for
more information (this is an advanced feature which most users can ignore).
backward(speed=1)
Drive the motor backwards.
Parameters speed (float434 ) – The speed at which the motor should turn. Can be any
value between 0 (stopped) and the default 1 (maximum speed) if pwm was True435
when the class was constructed (and only 0 or 1 if not).
forward(speed=1)
Drive the motor forwards.
Parameters speed (float436 ) – The speed at which the motor should turn. Can be any
value between 0 (stopped) and the default 1 (maximum speed) if pwm was True437
when the class was constructed (and only 0 or 1 if not).
reverse()
Reverse the current direction of the motor. If the motor is currently idle this does nothing. Otherwise,
the motor’s direction will be reversed at the current speed.
stop()
Stop the motor.
is_active
Returns True438 if the motor is currently running and False439 otherwise.
value
Represents the speed of the motor as a floating point value between -1 (full speed backward) and 1
(full speed forward), with 0 representing stopped.
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14.1.7 PhaseEnableMotor
class gpiozero.PhaseEnableMotor(phase, enable, *, pwm=True, pin_factory=None)
Extends CompositeDevice (page 167) and represents a generic motor connected to a Phase/Enable
motor driver circuit; the phase of the driver controls whether the motor turns forwards or backwards, while
enable controls the speed with PWM.
The following code will make the motor turn “forwards”:
from gpiozero import PhaseEnableMotor
motor = PhaseEnableMotor(12, 5)
motor.forward()
Parameters
• phase (int440 or str 441 ) – The GPIO pin that the phase (direction) input of the
motor driver chip is connected to. See Pin Numbering (page 3) for valid pin numbers.
If this is None442 a GPIODeviceError (page 217) will be raised.
• enable (int443 or str 444 ) – The GPIO pin that the enable (speed) input of the
motor driver chip is connected to. See Pin Numbering (page 3) for valid pin numbers.
If this is None445 a GPIODeviceError (page 217) will be raised.
• pwm (bool446 ) – If True447 (the default), construct PWMOutputDevice (page 128)
instances for the motor controller pins, allowing both direction and variable speed con-
trol. If False448 , construct DigitalOutputDevice (page 127) instances, allowing
only direction control.
• pin_factory (Factory (page 202) or None449 ) – See API - Pins (page 197) for
more information (this is an advanced feature which most users can ignore).
backward(speed=1)
Drive the motor backwards.
Parameters speed (float450 ) – The speed at which the motor should turn. Can be any
value between 0 (stopped) and the default 1 (maximum speed).
forward(speed=1)
Drive the motor forwards.
Parameters speed (float451 ) – The speed at which the motor should turn. Can be any
value between 0 (stopped) and the default 1 (maximum speed).
reverse()
Reverse the current direction of the motor. If the motor is currently idle this does nothing. Otherwise,
the motor’s direction will be reversed at the current speed.
stop()
Stop the motor.
is_active
Returns True452 if the motor is currently running and False453 otherwise.
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value
Represents the speed of the motor as a floating point value between -1 (full speed backward) and 1
(full speed forward).
14.1.8 Servo
class gpiozero.Servo(pin, *, initial_value=0, min_pulse_width=1/1000,
max_pulse_width=2/1000, frame_width=20/1000, pin_factory=None)
Extends CompositeDevice (page 167) and represents a PWM-controlled servo motor connected to a
GPIO pin.
Connect a power source (e.g. a battery pack or the 5V pin) to the power cable of the servo (this is typically
colored red); connect the ground cable of the servo (typically colored black or brown) to the negative of
your battery pack, or a GND pin; connect the final cable (typically colored white or orange) to the GPIO
pin you wish to use for controlling the servo.
The following code will make the servo move between its minimum, maximum, and mid-point positions
with a pause between each:
from gpiozero import Servo
from time import sleep
servo = Servo(17)
while True:
servo.min()
sleep(1)
servo.mid()
sleep(1)
servo.max()
sleep(1)
You can also use the value (page 124) property to move the servo to a particular position, on a scale from
-1 (min) to 1 (max) where 0 is the mid-point:
from gpiozero import Servo
servo = Servo(17)
servo.value = 0.5
Note: To reduce servo jitter, use the pigpio pin driver rather than the default RPi.GPIO driver (pigpio uses
DMA sampling for much more precise edge timing). See Changing the pin factory (page 199) for further
information.
Parameters
• pin (int454 or str 455 ) – The GPIO pin that the servo is connected to. See Pin
Numbering (page 3) for valid pin numbers. If this is None456 a GPIODeviceError
(page 217) will be raised.
• initial_value (float457 ) – If 0 (the default), the device’s mid-point will be set
initially. Other values between -1 and +1 can be specified as an initial position. None458
means to start the servo un-controlled (see value (page 124)).
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• min_pulse_width (float459 ) – The pulse width corresponding to the servo’s min-
imum position. This defaults to 1ms.
• max_pulse_width (float460 ) – The pulse width corresponding to the servo’s max-
imum position. This defaults to 2ms.
• frame_width (float461 ) – The length of time between servo control pulses mea-
sured in seconds. This defaults to 20ms which is a common value for servos.
• pin_factory (Factory (page 202) or None462 ) – See API - Pins (page 197) for
more information (this is an advanced feature which most users can ignore).
detach()
Temporarily disable control of the servo. This is equivalent to setting value (page 124) to None463 .
max()
Set the servo to its maximum position.
mid()
Set the servo to its mid-point position.
min()
Set the servo to its minimum position.
frame_width
The time between control pulses, measured in seconds.
is_active
Composite devices are considered “active” if any of their constituent devices have a “truthy” value.
max_pulse_width
The control pulse width corresponding to the servo’s maximum position, measured in seconds.
min_pulse_width
The control pulse width corresponding to the servo’s minimum position, measured in seconds.
pulse_width
Returns the current pulse width controlling the servo.
value
Represents the position of the servo as a value between -1 (the minimum position) and +1 (the max-
imum position). This can also be the special value None464 indicating that the servo is currently
“uncontrolled”, i.e. that no control signal is being sent. Typically this means the servo’s position
remains unchanged, but that it can be moved by hand.
14.1.9 AngularServo
class gpiozero.AngularServo(pin, *, initial_angle=0, min_angle=-90, max_angle=90,
min_pulse_width=1/1000, max_pulse_width=2/1000,
frame_width=20/1000, pin_factory=None)
Extends Servo (page 123) and represents a rotational PWM-controlled servo motor which can be set to
particular angles (assuming valid minimum and maximum angles are provided to the constructor).
Connect a power source (e.g. a battery pack or the 5V pin) to the power cable of the servo (this is typically
colored red); connect the ground cable of the servo (typically colored black or brown) to the negative of
your battery pack, or a GND pin; connect the final cable (typically colored white or orange) to the GPIO
pin you wish to use for controlling the servo.
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Next, calibrate the angles that the servo can rotate to. In an interactive Python session, construct a Servo
(page 123) instance. The servo should move to its mid-point by default. Set the servo to its minimum value,
and measure the angle from the mid-point. Set the servo to its maximum value, and again measure the angle:
>>> from gpiozero import Servo
>>> s = Servo(17)
>>> s.min() # measure the angle
>>> s.max() # measure the angle
You should now be able to construct an AngularServo (page 124) instance with the correct bounds:
>>> from gpiozero import AngularServo
>>> s = AngularServo(17, min_angle=-42, max_angle=44)
>>> s.angle = 0.0
>>> s.angle
0.0
>>> s.angle = 15
>>> s.angle
15.0
Note: You can set min_angle greater than max_angle if you wish to reverse the sense of the angles (e.g.
min_angle=45, max_angle=-45). This can be useful with servos that rotate in the opposite direction
to your expectations of minimum and maximum.
Parameters
• pin (int465 or str 466 ) – The GPIO pin that the servo is connected to. See Pin
Numbering (page 3) for valid pin numbers. If this is None467 a GPIODeviceError
(page 217) will be raised.
• initial_angle (float468 ) – Sets the servo’s initial angle to the specified value.
The default is 0. The value specified must be between min_angle and max_angle inclu-
sive. None469 means to start the servo un-controlled (see value (page 126)).
• min_angle (float470 ) – Sets the minimum angle that the servo can rotate to. This
defaults to -90, but should be set to whatever you measure from your servo during
calibration.
• max_angle (float471 ) – Sets the maximum angle that the servo can rotate to. This
defaults to 90, but should be set to whatever you measure from your servo during cali-
bration.
• min_pulse_width (float472 ) – The pulse width corresponding to the servo’s min-
imum position. This defaults to 1ms.
• max_pulse_width (float473 ) – The pulse width corresponding to the servo’s max-
imum position. This defaults to 2ms.
• frame_width (float474 ) – The length of time between servo control pulses mea-
sured in seconds. This defaults to 20ms which is a common value for servos.
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• pin_factory (Factory (page 202) or None475 ) – See API - Pins (page 197) for
more information (this is an advanced feature which most users can ignore).
max()
Set the servo to its maximum position.
mid()
Set the servo to its mid-point position.
min()
Set the servo to its minimum position.
angle
The position of the servo as an angle measured in degrees. This will only be accurate if min_angle
(page 126) and max_angle (page 126) have been set appropriately in the constructor.
This can also be the special value None476 indicating that the servo is currently “uncontrolled”, i.e.
that no control signal is being sent. Typically this means the servo’s position remains unchanged, but
that it can be moved by hand.
is_active
Composite devices are considered “active” if any of their constituent devices have a “truthy” value.
max_angle
The maximum angle that the servo will rotate to when max() (page 126) is called.
min_angle
The minimum angle that the servo will rotate to when min() (page 126) is called.
value
Represents the position of the servo as a value between -1 (the minimum position) and +1 (the max-
imum position). This can also be the special value None477 indicating that the servo is currently
“uncontrolled”, i.e. that no control signal is being sent. Typically this means the servo’s position
remains unchanged, but that it can be moved by hand.
14.2 Base Classes
The classes in the sections above are derived from a series of base classes, some of which are effectively abstract.
The classes form the (partial) hierarchy displayed in the graph below (abstract classes are shaded lighter than
concrete classes):
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Buzzer
DigitalOutputDevice LED
GPIODevice OutputDevice PWMOutputDevice PWMLED
Device RGBLED Servo AngularServo
CompositeDevice Motor
PhaseEnableMotor
TonalBuzzer
The following sections document these base classes for advanced users that wish to construct classes for their own
devices.
14.2.1 DigitalOutputDevice
class gpiozero.DigitalOutputDevice(pin, *, active_high=True, initial_value=False,
pin_factory=None)
Represents a generic output device with typical on/off behaviour.
This class extends OutputDevice (page 130) with a blink() (page 128) method which uses an optional
background thread to handle toggling the device state without further interaction.
Parameters
• pin (int478 or str 479 ) – The GPIO pin that the device is connected to. See Pin
Numbering (page 3) for valid pin numbers. If this is None480 a GPIODeviceError
(page 217) will be raised.
• active_high (bool481 ) – If True482 (the default), the on() (page 128) method
will set the GPIO to HIGH. If False483 , the on() (page 128) method will set the
GPIO to LOW (the off() (page 128) method always does the opposite).
• initial_value (bool484 or None485 ) – If False486 (the default), the device
will be off initially. If None487 , the device will be left in whatever state the pin is found
in when configured for output (warning: this can be on). If True488 , the device will be
switched on initially.
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• pin_factory (Factory (page 202) or None489 ) – See API - Pins (page 197) for
more information (this is an advanced feature which most users can ignore).
blink(on_time=1, off_time=1, n=None, background=True)
Make the device turn on and off repeatedly.
Parameters
• on_time (float490 ) – Number of seconds on. Defaults to 1 second.
• off_time (float491 ) – Number of seconds off. Defaults to 1 second.
• n (int492 or None493 ) – Number of times to blink; None494 (the default) means
forever.
• background (bool495 ) – If True496 (the default), start a background thread to
continue blinking and return immediately. If False497 , only return when the blink is
finished (warning: the default value of n will result in this method never returning).
off()
Turns the device off.
on()
Turns the device on.
value
Returns 1 if the device is currently active and 0 otherwise. Setting this property changes the state of
the device.
14.2.2 PWMOutputDevice
class gpiozero.PWMOutputDevice(pin, *, active_high=True, initial_value=0, frequency=100,
pin_factory=None)
Generic output device configured for pulse-width modulation (PWM).
Parameters
• pin (int498 or str 499 ) – The GPIO pin that the device is connected to. See Pin
Numbering (page 3) for valid pin numbers. If this is None500 a GPIODeviceError
(page 217) will be raised.
• active_high (bool501 ) – If True502 (the default), the on() (page 129) method
will set the GPIO to HIGH. If False503 , the on() (page 129) method will set the
GPIO to LOW (the off() (page 129) method always does the opposite).
• initial_value (float504 ) – If 0 (the default), the device’s duty cycle will be 0
initially. Other values between 0 and 1 can be specified as an initial duty cycle. Note
that None505 cannot be specified (unlike the parent class) as there is no way to tell PWM
not to alter the state of the pin.
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• frequency (int506 ) – The frequency (in Hz) of pulses emitted to drive the device.
Defaults to 100Hz.
• pin_factory (Factory (page 202) or None507 ) – See API - Pins (page 197) for
more information (this is an advanced feature which most users can ignore).
blink(on_time=1, off_time=1, fade_in_time=0, fade_out_time=0, n=None, background=True)
Make the device turn on and off repeatedly.
Parameters
• on_time (float508 ) – Number of seconds on. Defaults to 1 second.
• off_time (float509 ) – Number of seconds off. Defaults to 1 second.
• fade_in_time (float510 ) – Number of seconds to spend fading in. Defaults to 0.
• fade_out_time (float511 ) – Number of seconds to spend fading out. Defaults
to 0.
• n (int512 or None513 ) – Number of times to blink; None514 (the default) means
forever.
• background (bool515 ) – If True516 (the default), start a background thread to
continue blinking and return immediately. If False517 , only return when the blink is
finished (warning: the default value of n will result in this method never returning).
off()
Turns the device off.
on()
Turns the device on.
pulse(fade_in_time=1, fade_out_time=1, n=None, background=True)
Make the device fade in and out repeatedly.
Parameters
• fade_in_time (float518 ) – Number of seconds to spend fading in. Defaults to 1.
• fade_out_time (float519 ) – Number of seconds to spend fading out. Defaults
to 1.
• n (int520 or None521 ) – Number of times to pulse; None522 (the default) means
forever.
• background (bool523 ) – If True524 (the default), start a background thread to
continue pulsing and return immediately. If False525 , only return when the pulse is
finished (warning: the default value of n will result in this method never returning).
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toggle()
Toggle the state of the device. If the device is currently off (value (page 130) is 0.0), this changes
it to “fully” on (value (page 130) is 1.0). If the device has a duty cycle (value (page 130)) of 0.1,
this will toggle it to 0.9, and so on.
frequency
The frequency of the pulses used with the PWM device, in Hz. The default is 100Hz.
is_active
Returns True526 if the device is currently active (value (page 130) is non-zero) and False527
otherwise.
value
The duty cycle of the PWM device. 0.0 is off, 1.0 is fully on. Values in between may be specified for
varying levels of power in the device.
14.2.3 OutputDevice
class gpiozero.OutputDevice(pin, *, active_high=True, initial_value=False,
pin_factory=None)
Represents a generic GPIO output device.
This class extends GPIODevice (page 108) to add facilities common to GPIO output devices: an on()
(page 130) method to switch the device on, a corresponding off() (page 130) method, and a toggle()
(page 130) method.
Parameters
• pin (int528 or str 529 ) – The GPIO pin that the device is connected to. See Pin
Numbering (page 3) for valid pin numbers. If this is None530 a GPIODeviceError
(page 217) will be raised.
• active_high (bool531 ) – If True532 (the default), the on() (page 130) method
will set the GPIO to HIGH. If False533 , the on() (page 130) method will set the
GPIO to LOW (the off() (page 130) method always does the opposite).
• initial_value (bool534 or None535 ) – If False536 (the default), the device
will be off initially. If None537 , the device will be left in whatever state the pin is found
in when configured for output (warning: this can be on). If True538 , the device will be
switched on initially.
• pin_factory (Factory (page 202) or None539 ) – See API - Pins (page 197) for
more information (this is an advanced feature which most users can ignore).
off()
Turns the device off.
on()
Turns the device on.
526 https://docs.python.org/3.7/library/constants.html#True
527 https://docs.python.org/3.7/library/constants.html#False
528 https://docs.python.org/3.7/library/functions.html#int
529 https://docs.python.org/3.7/library/stdtypes.html#str
530 https://docs.python.org/3.7/library/constants.html#None
531 https://docs.python.org/3.7/library/functions.html#bool
532 https://docs.python.org/3.7/library/constants.html#True
533 https://docs.python.org/3.7/library/constants.html#False
534 https://docs.python.org/3.7/library/functions.html#bool
535 https://docs.python.org/3.7/library/constants.html#None
536 https://docs.python.org/3.7/library/constants.html#False
537 https://docs.python.org/3.7/library/constants.html#None
538 https://docs.python.org/3.7/library/constants.html#True
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toggle()
Reverse the state of the device. If it’s on, turn it off; if it’s off, turn it on.
active_high
When True540 , the value (page 131) property is True541 when the device’s pin (page 109) is
high. When False542 the value (page 131) property is True543 when the device’s pin is low (i.e.
the value is inverted).
This property can be set after construction; be warned that changing it will invert value (page 131)
(i.e. changing this property doesn’t change the device’s pin state - it just changes how that state is
interpreted).
value
Returns 1 if the device is currently active and 0 otherwise. Setting this property changes the state of
the device.
14.2.4 GPIODevice
class gpiozero.GPIODevice(pin, *, pin_factory=None)
Extends Device (page 177). Represents a generic GPIO device and provides the services common to all
single-pin GPIO devices (like ensuring two GPIO devices do no share a pin (page 109)).
Parameters pin (int544 or str 545 ) – The GPIO pin that the device is connected to. See
Pin Numbering (page 3) for valid pin numbers. If this is None546 a GPIODeviceError
(page 217) will be raised. If the pin is already in use by another device, GPIOPinInUse
(page 217) will be raised.
close()
Shut down the device and release all associated resources. This method can be called on an already
closed device without raising an exception.
This method is primarily intended for interactive use at the command line. It disables the device and
releases its pin(s) for use by another device.
You can attempt to do this simply by deleting an object, but unless you’ve cleaned up all references
to the object this may not work (even if you’ve cleaned up all references, there’s still no guarantee the
garbage collector will actually delete the object at that point). By contrast, the close method provides
a means of ensuring that the object is shut down.
For example, if you have a breadboard with a buzzer connected to pin 16, but then wish to attach an
LED instead:
>>> from gpiozero import *
>>> bz = Buzzer(16)
>>> bz.on()
>>> bz.off()
>>> bz.close()
>>> led = LED(16)
>>> led.blink()
Device (page 177) descendents can also be used as context managers using the with547 statement.
For example:
540 https://docs.python.org/3.7/library/constants.html#True
541 https://docs.python.org/3.7/library/constants.html#True
542 https://docs.python.org/3.7/library/constants.html#False
543 https://docs.python.org/3.7/library/constants.html#True
544 https://docs.python.org/3.7/library/functions.html#int
545 https://docs.python.org/3.7/library/stdtypes.html#str
546 https://docs.python.org/3.7/library/constants.html#None
547 https://docs.python.org/3.7/reference/compound_stmts.html#with
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>>> from gpiozero import *
>>> with Buzzer(16) as bz:
... bz.on()
...
>>> with LED(16) as led:
... led.on()
...
closed
Returns True548 if the device is closed (see the close() (page 108) method). Once a device is
closed you can no longer use any other methods or properties to control or query the device.
pin
The Pin (page 203) that the device is connected to. This will be None549 if the device has been
closed (see the close() (page 177) method). When dealing with GPIO pins, query pin.number
to discover the GPIO pin (in BCM numbering) that the device is connected to.
value
Returns a value representing the device’s state. Frequently, this is a boolean value, or a number
between 0 and 1 but some devices use larger ranges (e.g. -1 to +1) and composite devices usually
use tuples to return the states of all their subordinate components.
548 https://docs.python.org/3.7/library/constants.html#True
549 https://docs.python.org/3.7/library/constants.html#None
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CHAPTER 15
API - SPI Devices
SPI stands for Serial Peripheral Interface550 and is a mechanism allowing compatible devices to communicate with
the Pi. SPI is a four-wire protocol meaning it usually requires four pins to operate:
• A “clock” pin which provides timing information.
• A “MOSI” pin (Master Out, Slave In) which the Pi uses to send information to the device.
• A “MISO” pin (Master In, Slave Out) which the Pi uses to receive information from the device.
• A “select” pin which the Pi uses to indicate which device it’s talking to. This last pin is necessary because
multiple devices can share the clock, MOSI, and MISO pins, but only one device can be connected to each
select pin.
The gpiozero library provides two SPI implementations:
• A software based implementation. This is always available, can use any four GPIO pins for SPI communi-
cation, but is rather slow and won’t work with all devices.
• A hardware based implementation. This is only available when the SPI kernel module is loaded, and the
Python spidev library is available. It can only use specific pins for SPI communication (GPIO11=clock,
GPIO10=MOSI, GPIO9=MISO, while GPIO8 is select for device 0 and GPIO7 is select for device 1).
However, it is extremely fast and works with all devices.
15.1 SPI keyword args
When constructing an SPI device there are two schemes for specifying which pins it is connected to:
• You can specify port and device keyword arguments. The port parameter must be 0 (there is only one user-
accessible hardware SPI interface on the Pi using GPIO11 as the clock pin, GPIO10 as the MOSI pin, and
GPIO9 as the MISO pin), while the device parameter must be 0 or 1. If device is 0, the select pin will be
GPIO8. If device is 1, the select pin will be GPIO7.
• Alternatively you can specify clock_pin, mosi_pin, miso_pin, and select_pin keyword arguments. In this
case the pins can be any 4 GPIO pins (remember that SPI devices can share clock, MOSI, and MISO pins,
but not select pins - the gpiozero library will enforce this restriction).
You cannot mix these two schemes, i.e. attempting to specify port and clock_pin will result in SPIBadArgs
(page 217) being raised. However, you can omit any arguments from either scheme. The defaults are:
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• port and device both default to 0.
• clock_pin defaults to 11, mosi_pin defaults to 10, miso_pin defaults to 9, and select_pin defaults to 8.
• As with other GPIO based devices you can optionally specify a pin_factory argument overriding the default
pin factory (see API - Pins (page 197) for more information).
Hence the following constructors are all equivalent:
from gpiozero import MCP3008
MCP3008(channel=0)
MCP3008(channel=0, device=0)
MCP3008(channel=0, port=0, device=0)
MCP3008(channel=0, select_pin=8)
MCP3008(channel=0, clock_pin=11, mosi_pin=10, miso_pin=9, select_pin=8)
Note that the defaults describe equivalent sets of pins and that these pins are compatible with the hardware imple-
mentation. Regardless of which scheme you use, gpiozero will attempt to use the hardware implementation if it is
available and if the selected pins are compatible, falling back to the software implementation if not.
15.2 Analog to Digital Converters (ADC)
The following classes are intended for general use with the integrated circuits they are named after. All classes in
this section are concrete (not abstract).
15.2.1 MCP3001
class gpiozero.MCP3001(max_voltage=3.3, **spi_args)
The MCP3001551 is a 10-bit analog to digital converter with 1 channel. Please note that the MCP3001
always operates in differential mode, measuring the value of IN+ relative to IN-.
value
The current value read from the device, scaled to a value between 0 and 1 (or -1 to +1 for certain
devices operating in differential mode).
15.2.2 MCP3002
class gpiozero.MCP3002(channel=0, differential=False, max_voltage=3.3, **spi_args)
The MCP3002552 is a 10-bit analog to digital converter with 2 channels (0-1).
channel
The channel to read data from. The MCP3008/3208/3304 have 8 channels (0-7), while the
MCP3004/3204/3302 have 4 channels (0-3), the MCP3002/3202 have 2 channels (0-1), and the
MCP3001/3201/3301 only have 1 channel.
differential
If True, the device is operated in differential mode. In this mode one channel (specified by the
channel attribute) is read relative to the value of a second channel (implied by the chip’s design).
Please refer to the device data-sheet to determine which channel is used as the relative base value
(for example, when using an MCP3008 (page 135) in differential mode, channel 0 is read relative to
channel 1).
value
The current value read from the device, scaled to a value between 0 and 1 (or -1 to +1 for certain
devices operating in differential mode).
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15.2.3 MCP3004
class gpiozero.MCP3004(channel=0, differential=False, max_voltage=3.3, **spi_args)
The MCP3004553 is a 10-bit analog to digital converter with 4 channels (0-3).
channel
The channel to read data from. The MCP3008/3208/3304 have 8 channels (0-7), while the
MCP3004/3204/3302 have 4 channels (0-3), the MCP3002/3202 have 2 channels (0-1), and the
MCP3001/3201/3301 only have 1 channel.
differential
If True, the device is operated in differential mode. In this mode one channel (specified by the
channel attribute) is read relative to the value of a second channel (implied by the chip’s design).
Please refer to the device data-sheet to determine which channel is used as the relative base value
(for example, when using an MCP3008 (page 135) in differential mode, channel 0 is read relative to
channel 1).
value
The current value read from the device, scaled to a value between 0 and 1 (or -1 to +1 for certain
devices operating in differential mode).
15.2.4 MCP3008
class gpiozero.MCP3008(channel=0, differential=False, max_voltage=3.3, **spi_args)
The MCP3008554 is a 10-bit analog to digital converter with 8 channels (0-7).
channel
The channel to read data from. The MCP3008/3208/3304 have 8 channels (0-7), while the
MCP3004/3204/3302 have 4 channels (0-3), the MCP3002/3202 have 2 channels (0-1), and the
MCP3001/3201/3301 only have 1 channel.
differential
If True, the device is operated in differential mode. In this mode one channel (specified by the
channel attribute) is read relative to the value of a second channel (implied by the chip’s design).
Please refer to the device data-sheet to determine which channel is used as the relative base value
(for example, when using an MCP3008 (page 135) in differential mode, channel 0 is read relative to
channel 1).
value
The current value read from the device, scaled to a value between 0 and 1 (or -1 to +1 for certain
devices operating in differential mode).
15.2.5 MCP3201
class gpiozero.MCP3201(max_voltage=3.3, **spi_args)
The MCP3201555 is a 12-bit analog to digital converter with 1 channel. Please note that the MCP3201
always operates in differential mode, measuring the value of IN+ relative to IN-.
value
The current value read from the device, scaled to a value between 0 and 1 (or -1 to +1 for certain
devices operating in differential mode).
553 http://www.farnell.com/datasheets/808965.pdf
554 http://www.farnell.com/datasheets/808965.pdf
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15.2.6 MCP3202
class gpiozero.MCP3202(channel=0, differential=False, max_voltage=3.3, **spi_args)
The MCP3202556 is a 12-bit analog to digital converter with 2 channels (0-1).
channel
The channel to read data from. The MCP3008/3208/3304 have 8 channels (0-7), while the
MCP3004/3204/3302 have 4 channels (0-3), the MCP3002/3202 have 2 channels (0-1), and the
MCP3001/3201/3301 only have 1 channel.
differential
If True, the device is operated in differential mode. In this mode one channel (specified by the
channel attribute) is read relative to the value of a second channel (implied by the chip’s design).
Please refer to the device data-sheet to determine which channel is used as the relative base value
(for example, when using an MCP3008 (page 135) in differential mode, channel 0 is read relative to
channel 1).
value
The current value read from the device, scaled to a value between 0 and 1 (or -1 to +1 for certain
devices operating in differential mode).
15.2.7 MCP3204
class gpiozero.MCP3204(channel=0, differential=False, max_voltage=3.3, **spi_args)
The MCP3204557 is a 12-bit analog to digital converter with 4 channels (0-3).
channel
The channel to read data from. The MCP3008/3208/3304 have 8 channels (0-7), while the
MCP3004/3204/3302 have 4 channels (0-3), the MCP3002/3202 have 2 channels (0-1), and the
MCP3001/3201/3301 only have 1 channel.
differential
If True, the device is operated in differential mode. In this mode one channel (specified by the
channel attribute) is read relative to the value of a second channel (implied by the chip’s design).
Please refer to the device data-sheet to determine which channel is used as the relative base value
(for example, when using an MCP3008 (page 135) in differential mode, channel 0 is read relative to
channel 1).
value
The current value read from the device, scaled to a value between 0 and 1 (or -1 to +1 for certain
devices operating in differential mode).
15.2.8 MCP3208
class gpiozero.MCP3208(channel=0, differential=False, max_voltage=3.3, **spi_args)
The MCP3208558 is a 12-bit analog to digital converter with 8 channels (0-7).
channel
The channel to read data from. The MCP3008/3208/3304 have 8 channels (0-7), while the
MCP3004/3204/3302 have 4 channels (0-3), the MCP3002/3202 have 2 channels (0-1), and the
MCP3001/3201/3301 only have 1 channel.
differential
If True, the device is operated in differential mode. In this mode one channel (specified by the
channel attribute) is read relative to the value of a second channel (implied by the chip’s design).
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Please refer to the device data-sheet to determine which channel is used as the relative base value
(for example, when using an MCP3008 (page 135) in differential mode, channel 0 is read relative to
channel 1).
value
The current value read from the device, scaled to a value between 0 and 1 (or -1 to +1 for certain
devices operating in differential mode).
15.2.9 MCP3301
class gpiozero.MCP3301(max_voltage=3.3, **spi_args)
The MCP3301559 is a signed 13-bit analog to digital converter. Please note that the MCP3301 always
operates in differential mode measuring the difference between IN+ and IN-. Its output value is scaled from
-1 to +1.
value
The current value read from the device, scaled to a value between 0 and 1 (or -1 to +1 for devices
operating in differential mode).
15.2.10 MCP3302
class gpiozero.MCP3302(channel=0, differential=False, max_voltage=3.3, **spi_args)
The MCP3302560 is a 12/13-bit analog to digital converter with 4 channels (0-3). When operated in dif-
ferential mode, the device outputs a signed 13-bit value which is scaled from -1 to +1. When operated in
single-ended mode (the default), the device outputs an unsigned 12-bit value scaled from 0 to 1.
channel
The channel to read data from. The MCP3008/3208/3304 have 8 channels (0-7), while the
MCP3004/3204/3302 have 4 channels (0-3), the MCP3002/3202 have 2 channels (0-1), and the
MCP3001/3201/3301 only have 1 channel.
differential
If True, the device is operated in differential mode. In this mode one channel (specified by the
channel attribute) is read relative to the value of a second channel (implied by the chip’s design).
Please refer to the device data-sheet to determine which channel is used as the relative base value
(for example, when using an MCP3304 (page 137) in differential mode, channel 0 is read relative to
channel 1).
value
The current value read from the device, scaled to a value between 0 and 1 (or -1 to +1 for devices
operating in differential mode).
15.2.11 MCP3304
class gpiozero.MCP3304(channel=0, differential=False, max_voltage=3.3, **spi_args)
The MCP3304561 is a 12/13-bit analog to digital converter with 8 channels (0-7). When operated in dif-
ferential mode, the device outputs a signed 13-bit value which is scaled from -1 to +1. When operated in
single-ended mode (the default), the device outputs an unsigned 12-bit value scaled from 0 to 1.
channel
The channel to read data from. The MCP3008/3208/3304 have 8 channels (0-7), while the
MCP3004/3204/3302 have 4 channels (0-3), the MCP3002/3202 have 2 channels (0-1), and the
MCP3001/3201/3301 only have 1 channel.
559 http://www.farnell.com/datasheets/1669397.pdf
560 http://www.farnell.com/datasheets/1486116.pdf
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differential
If True, the device is operated in differential mode. In this mode one channel (specified by the
channel attribute) is read relative to the value of a second channel (implied by the chip’s design).
Please refer to the device data-sheet to determine which channel is used as the relative base value
(for example, when using an MCP3304 (page 137) in differential mode, channel 0 is read relative to
channel 1).
value
The current value read from the device, scaled to a value between 0 and 1 (or -1 to +1 for devices
operating in differential mode).
15.3 Base Classes
The classes in the sections above are derived from a series of base classes, some of which are effectively abstract.
The classes form the (partial) hierarchy displayed in the graph below (abstract classes are shaded lighter than
concrete classes):
MCP3001
MCP3004
MCP30xx MCP3008
MCP3002
MCP3xx2 MCP3202
Device SPIDevice AnalogInputDevice MCP3xxx
MCP32xx MCP3201
MCP3204
MCP3208
MCP3301
MCP33xx
MCP3302
MCP3304
The following sections document these base classes for advanced users that wish to construct classes for their own
devices.
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15.3.1 AnalogInputDevice
class gpiozero.AnalogInputDevice(bits, max_voltage=3.3, **spi_args)
Represents an analog input device connected to SPI (serial interface).
Typical analog input devices are analog to digital converters562 (ADCs). Several classes are provided for
specific ADC chips, including MCP3004 (page 135), MCP3008 (page 135), MCP3204 (page 136), and
MCP3208 (page 136).
The following code demonstrates reading the first channel of an MCP3008 chip attached to the Pi’s SPI
pins:
from gpiozero import MCP3008
pot = MCP3008(0)
print(pot.value)
The value (page 139) attribute is normalized such that its value is always between 0.0 and 1.0 (or in special
cases, such as differential sampling, -1 to +1). Hence, you can use an analog input to control the brightness
of a PWMLED (page 113) like so:
from gpiozero import MCP3008, PWMLED
pot = MCP3008(0)
led = PWMLED(17)
led.source = pot
The voltage (page 139) attribute reports values between 0.0 and max_voltage (which defaults to 3.3, the
logic level of the GPIO pins).
bits
The bit-resolution of the device/channel.
max_voltage
The voltage required to set the device’s value to 1.
raw_value
The raw value as read from the device.
value
The current value read from the device, scaled to a value between 0 and 1 (or -1 to +1 for certain
devices operating in differential mode).
voltage
The current voltage read from the device. This will be a value between 0 and the max_voltage param-
eter specified in the constructor.
15.3.2 SPIDevice
class gpiozero.SPIDevice(**spi_args)
Extends Device (page 177). Represents a device that communicates via the SPI protocol.
See SPI keyword args (page 133) for information on the keyword arguments that can be specified with the
constructor.
close()
Shut down the device and release all associated resources. This method can be called on an already
closed device without raising an exception.
This method is primarily intended for interactive use at the command line. It disables the device and
releases its pin(s) for use by another device.
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You can attempt to do this simply by deleting an object, but unless you’ve cleaned up all references
to the object this may not work (even if you’ve cleaned up all references, there’s still no guarantee the
garbage collector will actually delete the object at that point). By contrast, the close method provides
a means of ensuring that the object is shut down.
For example, if you have a breadboard with a buzzer connected to pin 16, but then wish to attach an
LED instead:
>>> from gpiozero import *
>>> bz = Buzzer(16)
>>> bz.on()
>>> bz.off()
>>> bz.close()
>>> led = LED(16)
>>> led.blink()
Device (page 177) descendents can also be used as context managers using the with563 statement.
For example:
>>> from gpiozero import *
>>> with Buzzer(16) as bz:
... bz.on()
...
>>> with LED(16) as led:
... led.on()
...
closed
Returns True564 if the device is closed (see the close() (page 139) method). Once a device is
closed you can no longer use any other methods or properties to control or query the device.
563 https://docs.python.org/3.7/reference/compound_stmts.html#with
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CHAPTER 16
API - Boards and Accessories
These additional interfaces are provided to group collections of components together for ease of use, and as
examples. They are composites made up of components from the various API - Input Devices (page 93) and API
- Output Devices (page 111) provided by GPIO Zero. See those pages for more information on using components
individually.
Note: All GPIO pin numbers use Broadcom (BCM) numbering by default. See the Pin Numbering (page 3)
section for more information.
16.1 Regular Classes
The following classes are intended for general use with the devices they are named after. All classes in this section
are concrete (not abstract).
16.1.1 LEDBoard
class gpiozero.LEDBoard(*pins, pwm=False, active_high=True, initial_value=False,
pin_factory=None, **named_pins)
Extends LEDCollection (page 166) and represents a generic LED board or collection of LEDs.
The following example turns on all the LEDs on a board containing 5 LEDs attached to GPIO pins 2 through
6:
from gpiozero import LEDBoard
leds = LEDBoard(2, 3, 4, 5, 6)
leds.on()
Parameters
• *pins – Specify the GPIO pins that the LEDs of the board are attached to. See Pin
Numbering (page 3) for valid pin numbers. You can designate as many pins as necessary.
You can also specify LEDBoard (page 141) instances to create trees of LEDs.
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• pwm (bool565 ) – If True566 , construct PWMLED (page 113) instances for each pin. If
False567 (the default), construct regular LED (page 111) instances.
• active_high (bool568 ) – If True569 (the default), the on() (page 143) method
will set all the associated pins to HIGH. If False570 , the on() (page 143) method will
set all pins to LOW (the off() (page 143) method always does the opposite).
• initial_value (bool571 or None572 ) – If False573 (the default), all LEDs will
be off initially. If None574 , each device will be left in whatever state the pin is found
in when configured for output (warning: this can be on). If True575 , the device will be
switched on initially.
• pin_factory (Factory (page 202) or None576 ) – See API - Pins (page 197) for
more information (this is an advanced feature which most users can ignore).
• **named_pins – Specify GPIO pins that LEDs of the board are attached to, asso-
ciating each LED with a property name. You can designate as many pins as necessary
and use any names, provided they’re not already in use by something else. You can also
specify LEDBoard (page 141) instances to create trees of LEDs.
blink(on_time=1, off_time=1, fade_in_time=0, fade_out_time=0, n=None, background=True)
Make all the LEDs turn on and off repeatedly.
Parameters
• on_time (float577 ) – Number of seconds on. Defaults to 1 second.
• off_time (float578 ) – Number of seconds off. Defaults to 1 second.
• fade_in_time (float579 ) – Number of seconds to spend fading in. Defaults to 0.
Must be 0 if pwm was False580 when the class was constructed (ValueError581
will be raised if not).
• fade_out_time (float582 ) – Number of seconds to spend fading out. Defaults to
0. Must be 0 if pwm was False583 when the class was constructed (ValueError584
will be raised if not).
• n (int585 or None586 ) – Number of times to blink; None587 (the default) means
forever.
• background (bool588 ) – If True589 , start a background thread to continue blinking
and return immediately. If False590 , only return when the blink is finished (warning:
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the default value of n will result in this method never returning).
off(*args)
If no arguments are specified, turn all the LEDs off. If arguments are specified, they must be the
indexes of the LEDs you wish to turn off. For example:
from gpiozero import LEDBoard
leds = LEDBoard(2, 3, 4, 5)
leds.on() # turn on all LEDs
leds.off(0) # turn off the first LED (pin 2)
leds.off(-1) # turn off the last LED (pin 5)
leds.off(1, 2) # turn off the middle LEDs (pins 3 and 4)
leds.on() # turn on all LEDs
If blink() (page 142) is currently active, it will be stopped first.
Parameters args (int591 ) – The index(es) of the LED(s) to turn off. If no indexes are
specified turn off all LEDs.
on(*args)
If no arguments are specified, turn all the LEDs on. If arguments are specified, they must be the
indexes of the LEDs you wish to turn on. For example:
from gpiozero import LEDBoard
leds = LEDBoard(2, 3, 4, 5)
leds.on(0) # turn on the first LED (pin 2)
leds.on(-1) # turn on the last LED (pin 5)
leds.on(1, 2) # turn on the middle LEDs (pins 3 and 4)
leds.off() # turn off all LEDs
leds.on() # turn on all LEDs
If blink() (page 142) is currently active, it will be stopped first.
Parameters args (int592 ) – The index(es) of the LED(s) to turn on. If no indexes are
specified turn on all LEDs.
pulse(fade_in_time=1, fade_out_time=1, n=None, background=True)
Make all LEDs fade in and out repeatedly. Note that this method will only work if the pwm parameter
was True593 at construction time.
Parameters
• fade_in_time (float594 ) – Number of seconds to spend fading in. Defaults to 1.
• fade_out_time (float595 ) – Number of seconds to spend fading out. Defaults
to 1.
• n (int596 or None597 ) – Number of times to blink; None598 (the default) means
forever.
• background (bool599 ) – If True600 (the default), start a background thread to
continue blinking and return immediately. If False601 , only return when the blink is
finished (warning: the default value of n will result in this method never returning).
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toggle(*args)
If no arguments are specified, toggle the state of all LEDs. If arguments are specified, they must be
the indexes of the LEDs you wish to toggle. For example:
from gpiozero import LEDBoard
leds = LEDBoard(2, 3, 4, 5)
leds.toggle(0) # turn on the first LED (pin 2)
leds.toggle(-1) # turn on the last LED (pin 5)
leds.toggle() # turn the first and last LED off, and the
# middle pair on
If blink() (page 142) is currently active, it will be stopped first.
Parameters args (int602 ) – The index(es) of the LED(s) to toggle. If no indexes are
specified toggle the state of all LEDs.
16.1.2 LEDBarGraph
class gpiozero.LEDBarGraph(*pins, pwm=False, active_high=True, initial_value=0,
pin_factory=None)
Extends LEDCollection (page 166) to control a line of LEDs representing a bar graph. Positive values
(0 to 1) light the LEDs from first to last. Negative values (-1 to 0) light the LEDs from last to first.
The following example demonstrates turning on the first two and last two LEDs in a board containing five
LEDs attached to GPIOs 2 through 6:
from gpiozero import LEDBarGraph
from time import sleep
graph = LEDBarGraph(2, 3, 4, 5, 6)
graph.value = 2/5 # Light the first two LEDs only
sleep(1)
graph.value = -2/5 # Light the last two LEDs only
sleep(1)
graph.off()
As with all other output devices, source (page 145) and values (page 145) are supported:
from gpiozero import LEDBarGraph, MCP3008
from signal import pause
graph = LEDBarGraph(2, 3, 4, 5, 6, pwm=True)
pot = MCP3008(channel=0)
graph.source = pot
pause()
Parameters
• *pins – Specify the GPIO pins that the LEDs of the bar graph are attached to. See
Pin Numbering (page 3) for valid pin numbers. You can designate as many pins as
necessary.
• pwm (bool603 ) – If True604 , construct PWMLED (page 113) instances for each pin. If
False605 (the default), construct regular LED (page 111) instances. This parameter
can only be specified as a keyword parameter.
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604 https://docs.python.org/3.7/library/constants.html#True
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• active_high (bool606 ) – If True607 (the default), the on() method will set all the
associated pins to HIGH. If False608 , the on() method will set all pins to LOW (the
off() method always does the opposite). This parameter can only be specified as a
keyword parameter.
• initial_value (float609 ) – The initial value (page 145) of the graph given as
a float between -1 and +1. Defaults to 0.0. This parameter can only be specified as a
keyword parameter.
• pin_factory (Factory (page 202) or None610 ) – See API - Pins (page 197) for
more information (this is an advanced feature which most users can ignore).
lit_count
The number of LEDs on the bar graph actually lit up. Note that just like value (page 145), this can
be negative if the LEDs are lit from last to first.
source
The iterable to use as a source of values for value (page 145).
value
The value of the LED bar graph. When no LEDs are lit, the value is 0. When all LEDs are lit, the
value is 1. Values between 0 and 1 light LEDs linearly from first to last. Values between 0 and -1 light
LEDs linearly from last to first.
To light a particular number of LEDs, simply divide that number by the number of LEDs. For example,
if your graph contains 3 LEDs, the following will light the first:
from gpiozero import LEDBarGraph
graph = LEDBarGraph(12, 16, 19)
graph.value = 1/3
Note: Setting value to -1 will light all LEDs. However, querying it subsequently will return 1 as both
representations are the same in hardware. The readable range of value (page 145) is effectively -1 <
value <= 1.
values
An infinite iterator of values read from value (page 145).
16.1.3 ButtonBoard
class gpiozero.ButtonBoard(*pins, pull_up=True, active_state=None, bounce_time=None,
hold_time=1, hold_repeat=False, pin_factory=None,
**named_pins)
Extends CompositeDevice (page 167) and represents a generic button board or collection of buttons.
The value (page 147) of the button board is a tuple of all the buttons states. This can be used to control all
the LEDs in a LEDBoard (page 141) with a ButtonBoard (page 145):
from gpiozero import LEDBoard, ButtonBoard
from signal import pause
leds = LEDBoard(2, 3, 4, 5)
btns = ButtonBoard(6, 7, 8, 9)
leds.source = btns
(continues on next page)
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608 https://docs.python.org/3.7/library/constants.html#False
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(continued from previous page)
pause()
Alternatively you could represent the number of pressed buttons with an LEDBarGraph (page 144):
from gpiozero import LEDBarGraph, ButtonBoard
from statistics import mean
from signal import pause
graph = LEDBarGraph(2, 3, 4, 5)
bb = ButtonBoard(6, 7, 8, 9)
graph.source = (mean(values) for values in bb.values)
pause()
Parameters
• *pins – Specify the GPIO pins that the buttons of the board are attached to. See
Pin Numbering (page 3) for valid pin numbers. You can designate as many pins as
necessary.
• pull_up (bool611 or None612 ) – If True613 (the default), the GPIO pins will be
pulled high by default. In this case, connect the other side of the buttons to ground. If
False614 , the GPIO pins will be pulled low by default. In this case, connect the other
side of the buttons to 3V3. If None615 , the pin will be floating, so it must be externally
pulled up or down and the active_state parameter must be set accordingly.
• active_state (bool616 or None617 ) – See description under InputDevice
(page 107) for more information.
• bounce_time (float618 ) – If None619 (the default), no software bounce compensa-
tion will be performed. Otherwise, this is the length of time (in seconds) that the buttons
will ignore changes in state after an initial change.
• hold_time (float620 ) – The length of time (in seconds) to wait after any button is
pushed, until executing the when_held handler. Defaults to 1.
• hold_repeat (bool621 ) – If True622 , the when_held handler will be repeatedly
executed as long as any buttons remain held, every hold_time seconds. If False623
(the default) the when_held handler will be only be executed once per hold.
• pin_factory (Factory (page 202) or None624 ) – See API - Pins (page 197) for
more information (this is an advanced feature which most users can ignore).
• **named_pins – Specify GPIO pins that buttons of the board are attached to, asso-
ciating each button with a property name. You can designate as many pins as necessary
and use any names, provided they’re not already in use by something else.
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614 https://docs.python.org/3.7/library/constants.html#False
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wait_for_press(timeout=None)
Pause the script until the device is activated, or the timeout is reached.
Parameters timeout (float625 or None626 ) – Number of seconds to wait before pro-
ceeding. If this is None627 (the default), then wait indefinitely until the device is active.
wait_for_release(timeout=None)
Pause the script until the device is deactivated, or the timeout is reached.
Parameters timeout (float628 or None629 ) – Number of seconds to wait before pro-
ceeding. If this is None630 (the default), then wait indefinitely until the device is inactive.
is_pressed
Composite devices are considered “active” if any of their constituent devices have a “truthy” value.
pressed_time
The length of time (in seconds) that the device has been active for. When the device is inactive, this is
None631 .
value
A namedtuple()632 containing a value for each subordinate device. Devices with names will be
represented as named elements. Unnamed devices will have a unique name generated for them, and
they will appear in the position they appeared in the constructor.
when_pressed
The function to run when the device changes state from inactive to active.
This can be set to a function which accepts no (mandatory) parameters, or a Python function which
accepts a single mandatory parameter (with as many optional parameters as you like). If the function
accepts a single mandatory parameter, the device that activated will be passed as that parameter.
Set this property to None633 (the default) to disable the event.
when_released
The function to run when the device changes state from active to inactive.
This can be set to a function which accepts no (mandatory) parameters, or a Python function which
accepts a single mandatory parameter (with as many optional parameters as you like). If the function
accepts a single mandatory parameter, the device that deactivated will be passed as that parameter.
Set this property to None634 (the default) to disable the event.
16.1.4 TrafficLights
class gpiozero.TrafficLights(red, amber, green, *, yellow=None, pwm=False, ini-
tial_value=False, pin_factory=None)
Extends LEDBoard (page 141) for devices containing red, yellow, and green LEDs.
The following example initializes a device connected to GPIO pins 2, 3, and 4, then lights the amber (yellow)
LED attached to GPIO 3:
from gpiozero import TrafficLights
traffic = TrafficLights(2, 3, 4)
traffic.amber.on()
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632 https://docs.python.org/3.7/library/collections.html#collections.namedtuple
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Parameters
• red (int635 or str 636 ) – The GPIO pin that the red LED is attached to. See Pin
Numbering (page 3) for valid pin numbers.
• amber (int637 or str 638 or None639 ) – The GPIO pin that the amber LED is
attached to. See Pin Numbering (page 3) for valid pin numbers.
• yellow (int640 or str 641 or None642 ) – The GPIO pin that the yellow LED is
attached to. This is merely an alias for the amber parameter; you can’t specify both
amber and yellow. See Pin Numbering (page 3) for valid pin numbers.
• green (int643 or str 644 ) – The GPIO pin that the green LED is attached to. See
Pin Numbering (page 3) for valid pin numbers.
• pwm (bool645 ) – If True646 , construct PWMLED (page 113) instances to represent each
LED. If False647 (the default), construct regular LED (page 111) instances.
• initial_value (bool648 or None649 ) – If False650 (the default), all LEDs will
be off initially. If None651 , each device will be left in whatever state the pin is found
in when configured for output (warning: this can be on). If True652 , the device will be
switched on initially.
• pin_factory (Factory (page 202) or None653 ) – See API - Pins (page 197) for
more information (this is an advanced feature which most users can ignore).
red
The red LED (page 111) or PWMLED (page 113).
amber
The amber LED (page 111) or PWMLED (page 113). Note that this attribute will not be present when
the instance is constructed with the yellow keyword parameter.
yellow
The yellow LED (page 111) or PWMLED (page 113). Note that this attribute will only be present when
the instance is constructed with the yellow keyword parameter.
green
The green LED (page 111) or PWMLED (page 113).
16.1.5 TrafficLightsBuzzer
class gpiozero.TrafficLightsBuzzer(lights, buzzer, button, *, pin_factory=None)
Extends CompositeOutputDevice (page 166) and is a generic class for HATs with traffic lights, a
button and a buzzer.
Parameters
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639 https://docs.python.org/3.7/library/constants.html#None
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641 https://docs.python.org/3.7/library/stdtypes.html#str
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645 https://docs.python.org/3.7/library/functions.html#bool
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650 https://docs.python.org/3.7/library/constants.html#False
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652 https://docs.python.org/3.7/library/constants.html#True
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• lights (TrafficLights (page 147)) – An instance of TrafficLights
(page 147) representing the traffic lights of the HAT.
• buzzer (Buzzer (page 117)) – An instance of Buzzer (page 117) representing the
buzzer on the HAT.
• button (Button (page 93)) – An instance of Button (page 93) representing the
button on the HAT.
• pin_factory (Factory (page 202) or None654 ) – See API - Pins (page 197) for
more information (this is an advanced feature which most users can ignore).
lights
The TrafficLights (page 147) instance passed as the lights parameter.
buzzer
The Buzzer (page 117) instance passed as the buzzer parameter.
button
The Button (page 93) instance passed as the button parameter.
16.1.6 PiHutXmasTree
class gpiozero.PiHutXmasTree(*, pwm=False, initial_value=False, pin_factory=None)
Extends LEDBoard (page 141) for The Pi Hut’s Xmas board655 : a 3D Christmas tree board with 24 red
LEDs and a white LED as a star on top.
The 24 red LEDs can be accessed through the attributes led0, led1, led2, and so on. The white star LED
is accessed through the star (page 150) attribute. Alternatively, as with all descendents of LEDBoard
(page 141), you can treat the instance as a sequence of LEDs (the first element is the star (page 150)).
The Xmas Tree board pins are fixed and therefore there’s no need to specify them when constructing this
class. The following example turns all the LEDs on one at a time:
from gpiozero import PiHutXmasTree
from time import sleep
tree = PiHutXmasTree()
for light in tree:
light.on()
sleep(1)
The following example turns the star LED on and sets all the red LEDs to flicker randomly:
from gpiozero import PiHutXmasTree
from gpiozero.tools import random_values
from signal import pause
tree = PiHutXmasTree(pwm=True)
tree.star.on()
for led in tree[1:]:
led.source_delay = 0.1
led.source = random_values()
pause()
Parameters
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• pwm (bool656 ) – If True657 , construct PWMLED (page 113) instances for each pin. If
False658 (the default), construct regular LED (page 111) instances.
• initial_value (bool659 or None660 ) – If False661 (the default), all LEDs will
be off initially. If None662 , each device will be left in whatever state the pin is found
in when configured for output (warning: this can be on). If True663 , the device will be
switched on initially.
• pin_factory (Factory (page 202) or None664 ) – See API - Pins (page 197) for
more information (this is an advanced feature which most users can ignore).
star
Returns the LED (page 111) or PWMLED (page 113) representing the white star on top of the tree.
led0, led1, led2, ...
Returns the LED (page 111) or PWMLED (page 113) representing one of the red LEDs. There are
actually 24 of these properties named led0, led1, and so on but for the sake of brevity we represent all
24 under this section.
16.1.7 LedBorg
class gpiozero.LedBorg(*, pwm=True, initial_value=(0, 0, 0), pin_factory=None)
Extends RGBLED (page 115) for the PiBorg LedBorg665 : an add-on board containing a very bright RGB
LED.
The LedBorg pins are fixed and therefore there’s no need to specify them when constructing this class. The
following example turns the LedBorg purple:
from gpiozero import LedBorg
led = LedBorg()
led.color = (1, 0, 1)
Parameters
• initial_value (Color 666 or tuple667 ) – The initial color for the LedBorg.
Defaults to black (0, 0, 0).
• pwm (bool668 ) – If True669 (the default), construct PWMLED (page 113) instances
for each component of the LedBorg. If False670 , construct regular LED (page 111)
instances, which prevents smooth color graduations.
• pin_factory (Factory (page 202) or None671 ) – See API - Pins (page 197) for
more information (this is an advanced feature which most users can ignore).
656 https://docs.python.org/3.7/library/functions.html#bool
657 https://docs.python.org/3.7/library/constants.html#True
658 https://docs.python.org/3.7/library/constants.html#False
659 https://docs.python.org/3.7/library/functions.html#bool
660 https://docs.python.org/3.7/library/constants.html#None
661 https://docs.python.org/3.7/library/constants.html#False
662 https://docs.python.org/3.7/library/constants.html#None
663 https://docs.python.org/3.7/library/constants.html#True
664 https://docs.python.org/3.7/library/constants.html#None
665 https://www.piborg.org/ledborg
666 https://colorzero.readthedocs.io/en/latest/api_color.html#colorzero.Color
667 https://docs.python.org/3.7/library/stdtypes.html#tuple
668 https://docs.python.org/3.7/library/functions.html#bool
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670 https://docs.python.org/3.7/library/constants.html#False
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16.1.8 PiLiter
class gpiozero.PiLiter(*, pwm=False, initial_value=False, pin_factory=None)
Extends LEDBoard (page 141) for the Ciseco Pi-LITEr672 : a strip of 8 very bright LEDs.
The Pi-LITEr pins are fixed and therefore there’s no need to specify them when constructing this class. The
following example turns on all the LEDs of the Pi-LITEr:
from gpiozero import PiLiter
lite = PiLiter()
lite.on()
Parameters
• pwm (bool673 ) – If True674 , construct PWMLED (page 113) instances for each pin. If
False675 (the default), construct regular LED (page 111) instances.
• initial_value (bool676 or None677 ) – If False678 (the default), all LEDs will
be off initially. If None679 , each LED will be left in whatever state the pin is found in
when configured for output (warning: this can be on). If True680 , the each LED will
be switched on initially.
• pin_factory (Factory (page 202) or None681 ) – See API - Pins (page 197) for
more information (this is an advanced feature which most users can ignore).
16.1.9 PiLiterBarGraph
class gpiozero.PiLiterBarGraph(*, pwm=False, initial_value=False, pin_factory=None)
Extends LEDBarGraph (page 144) to treat the Ciseco Pi-LITEr682 as an 8-segment bar graph.
The Pi-LITEr pins are fixed and therefore there’s no need to specify them when constructing this class. The
following example sets the graph value to 0.5:
from gpiozero import PiLiterBarGraph
graph = PiLiterBarGraph()
graph.value = 0.5
Parameters
• pwm (bool683 ) – If True684 , construct PWMLED (page 113) instances for each pin. If
False685 (the default), construct regular LED (page 111) instances.
• initial_value (float686 ) – The initial value of the graph given as a float be-
tween -1 and +1. Defaults to 0.0.
672 http://shop.ciseco.co.uk/pi-liter-8-led-strip-for-the-raspberry-pi/
673 https://docs.python.org/3.7/library/functions.html#bool
674 https://docs.python.org/3.7/library/constants.html#True
675 https://docs.python.org/3.7/library/constants.html#False
676 https://docs.python.org/3.7/library/functions.html#bool
677 https://docs.python.org/3.7/library/constants.html#None
678 https://docs.python.org/3.7/library/constants.html#False
679 https://docs.python.org/3.7/library/constants.html#None
680 https://docs.python.org/3.7/library/constants.html#True
681 https://docs.python.org/3.7/library/constants.html#None
682 http://shop.ciseco.co.uk/pi-liter-8-led-strip-for-the-raspberry-pi/
683 https://docs.python.org/3.7/library/functions.html#bool
684 https://docs.python.org/3.7/library/constants.html#True
685 https://docs.python.org/3.7/library/constants.html#False
686 https://docs.python.org/3.7/library/functions.html#float
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• pin_factory (Factory (page 202) or None687 ) – See API - Pins (page 197) for
more information (this is an advanced feature which most users can ignore).
16.1.10 PiTraffic
class gpiozero.PiTraffic(*, pwm=False, initial_value=False, pin_factory=None)
Extends TrafficLights (page 147) for the Low Voltage Labs PI-TRAFFIC688 vertical traffic lights
board when attached to GPIO pins 9, 10, and 11.
There’s no need to specify the pins if the PI-TRAFFIC is connected to the default pins (9, 10, 11). The
following example turns on the amber LED on the PI-TRAFFIC:
from gpiozero import PiTraffic
traffic = PiTraffic()
traffic.amber.on()
To use the PI-TRAFFIC board when attached to a non-standard set of pins, simply use the parent class,
TrafficLights (page 147).
Parameters
• pwm (bool689 ) – If True690 , construct PWMLED (page 113) instances to represent each
LED. If False691 (the default), construct regular LED (page 111) instances.
• initial_value (bool692 ) – If False693 (the default), all LEDs will be off initially.
If None694 , each device will be left in whatever state the pin is found in when configured
for output (warning: this can be on). If True695 , the device will be switched on initially.
• pin_factory (Factory (page 202) or None696 ) – See API - Pins (page 197) for
more information (this is an advanced feature which most users can ignore).
16.1.11 PiStop
class gpiozero.PiStop(location, *, pwm=False, initial_value=False, pin_factory=None)
Extends TrafficLights (page 147) for the PiHardware Pi-Stop697 : a vertical traffic lights board.
The following example turns on the amber LED on a Pi-Stop connected to location A+:
from gpiozero import PiStop
traffic = PiStop('A+')
traffic.amber.on()
Parameters
• location (str 698 ) – The location699 on the GPIO header to which the Pi-Stop is
connected. Must be one of: A, A+, B, B+, C, D.
687 https://docs.python.org/3.7/library/constants.html#None
688 http://lowvoltagelabs.com/products/pi-traffic/
689 https://docs.python.org/3.7/library/functions.html#bool
690 https://docs.python.org/3.7/library/constants.html#True
691 https://docs.python.org/3.7/library/constants.html#False
692 https://docs.python.org/3.7/library/functions.html#bool
693 https://docs.python.org/3.7/library/constants.html#False
694 https://docs.python.org/3.7/library/constants.html#None
695 https://docs.python.org/3.7/library/constants.html#True
696 https://docs.python.org/3.7/library/constants.html#None
697 https://pihw.wordpress.com/meltwaters-pi-hardware-kits/pi-stop/
698 https://docs.python.org/3.7/library/stdtypes.html#str
699 https://github.com/PiHw/Pi-Stop/blob/master/markdown_source/markdown/Discover-PiStop.md
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• pwm (bool700 ) – If True701 , construct PWMLED (page 113) instances to represent each
LED. If False702 (the default), construct regular LED (page 111) instances.
• initial_value (bool703 ) – If False704 (the default), all LEDs will be off initially.
If None705 , each device will be left in whatever state the pin is found in when configured
for output (warning: this can be on). If True706 , the device will be switched on initially.
• pin_factory (Factory (page 202) or None707 ) – See API - Pins (page 197) for
more information (this is an advanced feature which most users can ignore).
16.1.12 FishDish
class gpiozero.FishDish(*, pwm=False, pin_factory=None)
Extends CompositeOutputDevice (page 166) for the Pi Supply FishDish708 : traffic light LEDs, a
button and a buzzer.
The FishDish pins are fixed and therefore there’s no need to specify them when constructing this class. The
following example waits for the button to be pressed on the FishDish, then turns on all the LEDs:
from gpiozero import FishDish
fish = FishDish()
fish.button.wait_for_press()
fish.lights.on()
Parameters
• pwm (bool709 ) – If True710 , construct PWMLED (page 113) instances to represent each
LED. If False711 (the default), construct regular LED (page 111) instances.
• pin_factory (Factory (page 202) or None712 ) – See API - Pins (page 197) for
more information (this is an advanced feature which most users can ignore).
16.1.13 TrafficHat
class gpiozero.TrafficHat(*, pwm=False, pin_factory=None)
Extends CompositeOutputDevice (page 166) for the Pi Supply Traffic HAT713 : a board with traffic
light LEDs, a button and a buzzer.
The Traffic HAT pins are fixed and therefore there’s no need to specify them when constructing this class.
The following example waits for the button to be pressed on the Traffic HAT, then turns on all the LEDs:
from gpiozero import TrafficHat
hat = TrafficHat()
hat.button.wait_for_press()
hat.lights.on()
700 https://docs.python.org/3.7/library/functions.html#bool
701 https://docs.python.org/3.7/library/constants.html#True
702 https://docs.python.org/3.7/library/constants.html#False
703 https://docs.python.org/3.7/library/functions.html#bool
704 https://docs.python.org/3.7/library/constants.html#False
705 https://docs.python.org/3.7/library/constants.html#None
706 https://docs.python.org/3.7/library/constants.html#True
707 https://docs.python.org/3.7/library/constants.html#None
708 https://www.pi-supply.com/product/fish-dish-raspberry-pi-led-buzzer-board/
709 https://docs.python.org/3.7/library/functions.html#bool
710 https://docs.python.org/3.7/library/constants.html#True
711 https://docs.python.org/3.7/library/constants.html#False
712 https://docs.python.org/3.7/library/constants.html#None
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Parameters
• pwm (bool714 ) – If True715 , construct PWMLED (page 113) instances to represent each
LED. If False716 (the default), construct regular LED (page 111) instances.
• pin_factory (Factory (page 202) or None717 ) – See API - Pins (page 197) for
more information (this is an advanced feature which most users can ignore).
16.1.14 TrafficpHat
class gpiozero.TrafficpHat(*, pwm=False, pin_factory=None)
Extends TrafficLights (page 147) for the Pi Supply Traffic pHAT718 : a small board with traffic light
LEDs.
The Traffic pHAT pins are fixed and therefore there’s no need to specify them when constructing this class.
The following example then turns on all the LEDs:
from gpiozero import TrafficpHat
phat = TrafficpHat()
phat.red.on()
phat.blink()
Parameters
• pwm (bool719 ) – If True720 , construct PWMLED (page 113) instances to represent each
LED. If False721 (the default), construct regular LED (page 111) instances.
• initial_value (bool722 or None723 ) – If False724 (the default), all LEDs will
be off initially. If None725 , each device will be left in whatever state the pin is found
in when configured for output (warning: this can be on). If True726 , the device will be
switched on initially.
• pin_factory (Factory (page 202) or None727 ) – See API - Pins (page 197) for
more information (this is an advanced feature which most users can ignore).
16.1.15 JamHat
class gpiozero.JamHat(*, pwm=False, pin_factory=None)
Extends CompositeOutputDevice (page 166) for the ModMyPi JamHat728 board.
There are 6 LEDs, two buttons and a tonal buzzer. The pins are fixed. Usage:
from gpiozero import JamHat
hat = JamHat()
hat.button_1.wait_for_press()
(continues on next page)
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716 https://docs.python.org/3.7/library/constants.html#False
717 https://docs.python.org/3.7/library/constants.html#None
718 http://pisupp.ly/trafficphat
719 https://docs.python.org/3.7/library/functions.html#bool
720 https://docs.python.org/3.7/library/constants.html#True
721 https://docs.python.org/3.7/library/constants.html#False
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725 https://docs.python.org/3.7/library/constants.html#None
726 https://docs.python.org/3.7/library/constants.html#True
727 https://docs.python.org/3.7/library/constants.html#None
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hat.lights_1.on()
hat.buzzer.play('C4')
hat.button_2.wait_for_press()
hat.off()
Parameters
• pwm (bool729 ) – If True730 , construct PWMLED (page 113) instances to represent each
LED on the board. If False731 (the default), construct regular LED (page 111) in-
stances.
• pin_factory (Factory (page 202) or None732 ) – See API - Pins (page 197) for
more information (this is an advanced feature which most users can ignore).
lights_1, lights_2
Two LEDBoard (page 141) instances representing the top (lights_1) and bottom (lights_2) rows of
LEDs on the JamHat.
red, yellow, green
LED (page 111) or PWMLED (page 113) instances representing the red, yellow, and green LEDs
along the top row.
button_1, button_2
The left (button_1) and right (button_2) Button (page 93) objects on the JamHat.
buzzer
The TonalBuzzer (page 119) at the bottom right of the JamHat.
off()
Turns all the LEDs off and stops the buzzer.
on()
Turns all the LEDs on and makes the buzzer play its mid tone.
16.1.16 Pibrella
class gpiozero.Pibrella(*, pwm=False, pin_factory=None)
Extends CompositeOutputDevice (page 166) for the Cyntech/Pimoroni Pibrella733 board.
The Pibrella board comprises 3 LEDs, a button, a tonal buzzer, four general purpose input channels, and
four general purpose output channels (with LEDs).
This class exposes the LEDs, button and buzzer.
Usage:
from gpiozero import Pibrella
pb = Pibrella()
pb.button.wait_for_press()
pb.lights.on()
pb.buzzer.play('A4')
pb.off()
The four input and output channels are not provided by this class. Instead, you can create GPIO Zero devices
using these pins:
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731 https://docs.python.org/3.7/library/constants.html#False
732 https://docs.python.org/3.7/library/constants.html#None
733 http://www.pibrella.com/
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from gpiozero import Pibrella, LED, Button
pb = Pibrella()
btn = Button(pb.inputs.a, pull_up=False)
led = LED(pb.outputs.e)
btn.when_pressed = led.on
Parameters
• pwm (bool734 ) – If True735 , construct PWMLED (page 113) instances to represent
each LED on the board, otherwise if False736 (the default), construct regular LED
(page 111) instances.
• pin_factory (Factory (page 202) or None737 ) – See API - Pins (page 197) for
more information (this is an advanced feature which most users can ignore).
lights
TrafficLights (page 147) instance representing the three LEDs
red, amber, green
LED (page 111) or PWMLED (page 113) instances representing the red, amber, and green LEDs
button
The red Button (page 93) object on the Pibrella
buzzer
A TonalBuzzer (page 119) object representing the buzzer
inputs
A namedtuple()738 of the input pin numbers
a, b, c, d
outputs
A namedtuple()739 of the output pin numbers
e, f, g, h
off()
Turns all the LEDs off and stops the buzzer.
on()
Turns all the LEDs on and makes the buzzer play its mid tone.
16.1.17 Robot
class gpiozero.Robot(left, right, *, pwm=True, pin_factory=None)
Extends CompositeDevice (page 167) to represent a generic dual-motor robot.
This class is constructed with two tuples representing the forward and backward pins of the left and right
controllers respectively. For example, if the left motor’s controller is connected to GPIOs 4 and 14, while
the right motor’s controller is connected to GPIOs 17 and 18 then the following example will drive the robot
forward:
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736 https://docs.python.org/3.7/library/constants.html#False
737 https://docs.python.org/3.7/library/constants.html#None
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from gpiozero import Robot
robot = Robot(left=(4, 14), right=(17, 18))
robot.forward()
Parameters
• left (tuple740 ) – A tuple of two (or three) GPIO pins representing the forward and
backward inputs of the left motor’s controller. Use three pins if your motor controller
requires an enable pin.
• right (tuple741 ) – A tuple of two (or three) GPIO pins representing the forward and
backward inputs of the right motor’s controller. Use three pins if your motor controller
requires an enable pin.
• pwm (bool742 ) – If True743 (the default), construct PWMOutputDevice (page 128)
instances for the motor controller pins, allowing both direction and variable speed con-
trol. If False744 , construct DigitalOutputDevice (page 127) instances, allowing
only direction control.
• pin_factory (Factory (page 202) or None745 ) – See API - Pins (page 197) for
more information (this is an advanced feature which most users can ignore).
left_motor
The Motor (page 120) on the left of the robot.
right_motor
The Motor (page 120) on the right of the robot.
backward(speed=1, **kwargs)
Drive the robot backward by running both motors backward.
Parameters
• speed (float746 ) – Speed at which to drive the motors, as a value between 0
(stopped) and 1 (full speed). The default is 1.
• curve_left (float747 ) – The amount to curve left while moving backwards, by
driving the left motor at a slower speed. Maximum curve_left is 1, the default is 0 (no
curve). This parameter can only be specified as a keyword parameter, and is mutually
exclusive with curve_right.
• curve_right (float748 ) – The amount to curve right while moving backwards,
by driving the right motor at a slower speed. Maximum curve_right is 1, the default
is 0 (no curve). This parameter can only be specified as a keyword parameter, and is
mutually exclusive with curve_left.
forward(speed=1, **kwargs)
Drive the robot forward by running both motors forward.
Parameters
• speed (float749 ) – Speed at which to drive the motors, as a value between 0
(stopped) and 1 (full speed). The default is 1.
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741 https://docs.python.org/3.7/library/stdtypes.html#tuple
742 https://docs.python.org/3.7/library/functions.html#bool
743 https://docs.python.org/3.7/library/constants.html#True
744 https://docs.python.org/3.7/library/constants.html#False
745 https://docs.python.org/3.7/library/constants.html#None
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• curve_left (float750 ) – The amount to curve left while moving forwards, by
driving the left motor at a slower speed. Maximum curve_left is 1, the default is 0 (no
curve). This parameter can only be specified as a keyword parameter, and is mutually
exclusive with curve_right.
• curve_right (float751 ) – The amount to curve right while moving forwards, by
driving the right motor at a slower speed. Maximum curve_right is 1, the default is
0 (no curve). This parameter can only be specified as a keyword parameter, and is
mutually exclusive with curve_left.
left(speed=1)
Make the robot turn left by running the right motor forward and left motor backward.
Parameters speed (float752 ) – Speed at which to drive the motors, as a value between
0 (stopped) and 1 (full speed). The default is 1.
reverse()
Reverse the robot’s current motor directions. If the robot is currently running full speed forward, it
will run full speed backward. If the robot is turning left at half-speed, it will turn right at half-speed.
If the robot is currently stopped it will remain stopped.
right(speed=1)
Make the robot turn right by running the left motor forward and right motor backward.
Parameters speed (float753 ) – Speed at which to drive the motors, as a value between
0 (stopped) and 1 (full speed). The default is 1.
stop()
Stop the robot.
value
Represents the motion of the robot as a tuple of (left_motor_speed, right_motor_speed) with (-1,
-1) representing full speed backwards, (1, 1) representing full speed forwards, and (0, 0) rep-
resenting stopped.
16.1.18 PhaseEnableRobot
class gpiozero.PhaseEnableRobot(left, right, *, pwm=True, pin_factory=None)
Extends CompositeDevice (page 167) to represent a dual-motor robot based around a Phase/Enable
motor board.
This class is constructed with two tuples representing the phase (direction) and enable (speed) pins of the
left and right controllers respectively. For example, if the left motor’s controller is connected to GPIOs 12
and 5, while the right motor’s controller is connected to GPIOs 13 and 6 so the following example will drive
the robot forward:
from gpiozero import PhaseEnableRobot
robot = PhaseEnableRobot(left=(5, 12), right=(6, 13))
robot.forward()
Parameters
• left (tuple754 ) – A tuple of two GPIO pins representing the phase and enable inputs
of the left motor’s controller.
750 https://docs.python.org/3.7/library/functions.html#float
751 https://docs.python.org/3.7/library/functions.html#float
752 https://docs.python.org/3.7/library/functions.html#float
753 https://docs.python.org/3.7/library/functions.html#float
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• right (tuple755 ) – A tuple of two GPIO pins representing the phase and enable
inputs of the right motor’s controller.
• pwm (bool756 ) – If True757 (the default), construct PWMOutputDevice (page 128)
instances for the motor controller’s enable pins, allowing both direction and variable
speed control. If False758 , construct DigitalOutputDevice (page 127) in-
stances, allowing only direction control.
• pin_factory (Factory (page 202) or None759 ) – See API - Pins (page 197) for
more information (this is an advanced feature which most users can ignore).
left_motor
The PhaseEnableMotor (page 122) on the left of the robot.
right_motor
The PhaseEnableMotor (page 122) on the right of the robot.
backward(speed=1)
Drive the robot backward by running both motors backward.
Parameters speed (float760 ) – Speed at which to drive the motors, as a value between
0 (stopped) and 1 (full speed). The default is 1.
forward(speed=1)
Drive the robot forward by running both motors forward.
Parameters speed (float761 ) – Speed at which to drive the motors, as a value between
0 (stopped) and 1 (full speed). The default is 1.
left(speed=1)
Make the robot turn left by running the right motor forward and left motor backward.
Parameters speed (float762 ) – Speed at which to drive the motors, as a value between
0 (stopped) and 1 (full speed). The default is 1.
reverse()
Reverse the robot’s current motor directions. If the robot is currently running full speed forward, it
will run full speed backward. If the robot is turning left at half-speed, it will turn right at half-speed.
If the robot is currently stopped it will remain stopped.
right(speed=1)
Make the robot turn right by running the left motor forward and right motor backward.
Parameters speed (float763 ) – Speed at which to drive the motors, as a value between
0 (stopped) and 1 (full speed). The default is 1.
stop()
Stop the robot.
value
Returns a tuple of two floating point values (-1 to 1) representing the speeds of the robot’s two motors
(left and right). This property can also be set to alter the speed of both motors.
755 https://docs.python.org/3.7/library/stdtypes.html#tuple
756 https://docs.python.org/3.7/library/functions.html#bool
757 https://docs.python.org/3.7/library/constants.html#True
758 https://docs.python.org/3.7/library/constants.html#False
759 https://docs.python.org/3.7/library/constants.html#None
760 https://docs.python.org/3.7/library/functions.html#float
761 https://docs.python.org/3.7/library/functions.html#float
762 https://docs.python.org/3.7/library/functions.html#float
763 https://docs.python.org/3.7/library/functions.html#float
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16.1.19 RyanteckRobot
class gpiozero.RyanteckRobot(*, pwm=True, pin_factory=None)
Extends Robot (page 156) for the Ryanteck motor controller board764 .
The Ryanteck MCB pins are fixed and therefore there’s no need to specify them when constructing this
class. The following example drives the robot forward:
from gpiozero import RyanteckRobot
robot = RyanteckRobot()
robot.forward()
Parameters
• pwm (bool765 ) – If True766 (the default), construct PWMOutputDevice (page 128)
instances for the motor controller pins, allowing both direction and variable speed con-
trol. If False767 , construct DigitalOutputDevice (page 127) instances, allowing
only direction control.
• pin_factory (Factory (page 202) or None768 ) – See API - Pins (page 197) for
more information (this is an advanced feature which most users can ignore).
16.1.20 CamJamKitRobot
class gpiozero.CamJamKitRobot(*, pwm=True, pin_factory=None)
Extends Robot (page 156) for the CamJam #3 EduKit769 motor controller board.
The CamJam robot controller pins are fixed and therefore there’s no need to specify them when constructing
this class. The following example drives the robot forward:
from gpiozero import CamJamKitRobot
robot = CamJamKitRobot()
robot.forward()
Parameters
• pwm (bool770 ) – If True771 (the default), construct PWMOutputDevice (page 128)
instances for the motor controller pins, allowing both direction and variable speed con-
trol. If False772 , construct DigitalOutputDevice (page 127) instances, allowing
only direction control.
• pin_factory (Factory (page 202) or None773 ) – See API - Pins (page 197) for
more information (this is an advanced feature which most users can ignore).
16.1.21 PololuDRV8835Robot
class gpiozero.PololuDRV8835Robot(*, pwm=True, pin_factory=None)
Extends PhaseEnableRobot (page 158) for the Pololu DRV8835 Dual Motor Driver Kit774 .
764 https://uk.pi-supply.com/products/ryanteck-rtk-000-001-motor-controller-board-kit-raspberry-pi
765 https://docs.python.org/3.7/library/functions.html#bool
766 https://docs.python.org/3.7/library/constants.html#True
767 https://docs.python.org/3.7/library/constants.html#False
768 https://docs.python.org/3.7/library/constants.html#None
769 http://camjam.me/?page_id=1035
770 https://docs.python.org/3.7/library/functions.html#bool
771 https://docs.python.org/3.7/library/constants.html#True
772 https://docs.python.org/3.7/library/constants.html#False
773 https://docs.python.org/3.7/library/constants.html#None
774 https://www.pololu.com/product/2753
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The Pololu DRV8835 pins are fixed and therefore there’s no need to specify them when constructing this
class. The following example drives the robot forward:
from gpiozero import PololuDRV8835Robot
robot = PololuDRV8835Robot()
robot.forward()
Parameters
• pwm (bool775 ) – If True776 (the default), construct PWMOutputDevice (page 128)
instances for the motor controller’s enable pins, allowing both direction and variable
speed control. If False777 , construct DigitalOutputDevice (page 127) in-
stances, allowing only direction control.
• pin_factory (Factory (page 202) or None778 ) – See API - Pins (page 197) for
more information (this is an advanced feature which most users can ignore).
16.1.22 Energenie
class gpiozero.Energenie(socket, *, initial_value=False, pin_factory=None)
Extends Device (page 177) to represent an Energenie socket779 controller.
This class is constructed with a socket number and an optional initial state (defaults to False780 , meaning
off). Instances of this class can be used to switch peripherals on and off. For example:
from gpiozero import Energenie
lamp = Energenie(1)
lamp.on()
Parameters
• socket (int781 ) – Which socket this instance should control. This is an integer num-
ber between 1 and 4.
• initial_value (bool782 ) – The initial state of the socket. As Energenie sockets
provide no means of reading their state, you must provide an initial state for the socket,
which will be set upon construction. This defaults to False783 which will switch the
socket off.
• pin_factory (Factory (page 202) or None784 ) – See API - Pins (page 197) for
more information (this is an advanced feature which most users can ignore).
off()
Turns the socket off.
on()
Turns the socket on.
socket
Returns the socket number.
775 https://docs.python.org/3.7/library/functions.html#bool
776 https://docs.python.org/3.7/library/constants.html#True
777 https://docs.python.org/3.7/library/constants.html#False
778 https://docs.python.org/3.7/library/constants.html#None
779 https://energenie4u.co.uk/index.php/catalogue/product/ENER002-2PI
780 https://docs.python.org/3.7/library/constants.html#False
781 https://docs.python.org/3.7/library/functions.html#int
782 https://docs.python.org/3.7/library/functions.html#bool
783 https://docs.python.org/3.7/library/constants.html#False
784 https://docs.python.org/3.7/library/constants.html#None
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value
Returns True785 if the socket is on and False786 if the socket is off. Setting this property changes
the state of the socket.
16.1.23 StatusZero
class gpiozero.StatusZero(*labels, pwm=False, active_high=True, initial_value=False,
pin_factory=None)
Extends LEDBoard (page 141) for The Pi Hut’s STATUS Zero787 : a Pi Zero sized add-on board with three
sets of red/green LEDs to provide a status indicator.
The following example designates the first strip the label “wifi” and the second “raining”, and turns them
green and red respectfully:
from gpiozero import StatusZero
status = StatusZero('wifi', 'raining')
status.wifi.green.on()
status.raining.red.on()
Each designated label will contain two LED (page 111) objects named “red” and “green”.
Parameters
• *labels (str 788 ) – Specify the names of the labels you wish to designate the strips
to. You can list up to three labels. If no labels are given, three strips will be initialised
with names ‘one’, ‘two’, and ‘three’. If some, but not all strips are given labels, any
remaining strips will not be initialised.
• pin_factory (Factory (page 202) or None789 ) – See API - Pins (page 197) for
more information (this is an advanced feature which most users can ignore).
your-label-here, your-label-here, ...
This entry represents one of the three labelled attributes supported on the STATUS Zero board. It is
an LEDBoard (page 141) which contains:
red
The LED (page 111) or PWMLED (page 113) representing the red LED next to the label.
green
The LED (page 111) or PWMLED (page 113) representing the green LED next to the label.
16.1.24 StatusBoard
class gpiozero.StatusBoard(*labels, pwm=False, active_high=True, initial_value=False,
pin_factory=None)
Extends CompositeOutputDevice (page 166) for The Pi Hut’s STATUS790 board: a HAT sized add-on
board with five sets of red/green LEDs and buttons to provide a status indicator with additional input.
The following example designates the first strip the label “wifi” and the second “raining”, turns the wifi
green and then activates the button to toggle its lights when pressed:
from gpiozero import StatusBoard
status = StatusBoard('wifi', 'raining')
(continues on next page)
785 https://docs.python.org/3.7/library/constants.html#True
786 https://docs.python.org/3.7/library/constants.html#False
787 https://thepihut.com/statuszero
788 https://docs.python.org/3.7/library/stdtypes.html#str
789 https://docs.python.org/3.7/library/constants.html#None
790 https://thepihut.com/status
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status.wifi.lights.green.on()
status.wifi.button.when_pressed = status.wifi.lights.toggle
Each designated label will contain a “lights” LEDBoard (page 141) containing two LED (page 111) objects
named “red” and “green”, and a Button (page 93) object named “button”.
Parameters
• *labels (str 791 ) – Specify the names of the labels you wish to designate the strips
to. You can list up to five labels. If no labels are given, five strips will be initialised with
names ‘one’ to ‘five’. If some, but not all strips are given labels, any remaining strips
will not be initialised.
• pin_factory (Factory (page 202) or None792 ) – See API - Pins (page 197) for
more information (this is an advanced feature which most users can ignore).
your-label-here, your-label-here, ...
This entry represents one of the five labelled attributes supported on the STATUS board. It is an
CompositeOutputDevice (page 166) which contains:
lights
A LEDBoard (page 141) representing the lights next to the label. It contains:
red
The LED (page 111) or PWMLED (page 113) representing the red LED next to the label.
green
The LED (page 111) or PWMLED (page 113) representing the green LED next to the label.
button
A Button (page 93) representing the button next to the label.
16.1.25 SnowPi
class gpiozero.SnowPi(*, pwm=False, initial_value=False, pin_factory=None)
Extends LEDBoard (page 141) for the Ryanteck SnowPi793 board.
The SnowPi pins are fixed and therefore there’s no need to specify them when constructing this class. The
following example turns on the eyes, sets the nose pulsing, and the arms blinking:
from gpiozero import SnowPi
snowman = SnowPi(pwm=True)
snowman.eyes.on()
snowman.nose.pulse()
snowman.arms.blink()
Parameters
• pwm (bool794 ) – If True795 , construct PWMLED (page 113) instances to represent each
LED. If False796 (the default), construct regular LED (page 111) instances.
• initial_value (bool797 ) – If False798 (the default), all LEDs will be off initially.
If None799 , each device will be left in whatever state the pin is found in when configured
791 https://docs.python.org/3.7/library/stdtypes.html#str
792 https://docs.python.org/3.7/library/constants.html#None
793 https://ryanteck.uk/raspberry-pi/114-snowpi-the-gpio-snowman-for-raspberry-pi-0635648608303.html
794 https://docs.python.org/3.7/library/functions.html#bool
795 https://docs.python.org/3.7/library/constants.html#True
796 https://docs.python.org/3.7/library/constants.html#False
797 https://docs.python.org/3.7/library/functions.html#bool
798 https://docs.python.org/3.7/library/constants.html#False
799 https://docs.python.org/3.7/library/constants.html#None
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for output (warning: this can be on). If True800 , the device will be switched on initially.
• pin_factory (Factory (page 202) or None801 ) – See API - Pins (page 197) for
more information (this is an advanced feature which most users can ignore).
arms
A LEDBoard (page 141) representing the arms of the snow man. It contains the following attributes:
left, right
Two LEDBoard (page 141) objects representing the left and right arms of the snow-man. They
contain:
top, middle, bottom
The LED (page 111) or PWMLED (page 113) down the snow-man’s arms.
eyes
A LEDBoard (page 141) representing the eyes of the snow-man. It contains:
left, right
The LED (page 111) or PWMLED (page 113) for the snow-man’s eyes.
nose
The LED (page 111) or PWMLED (page 113) for the snow-man’s nose.
16.1.26 PumpkinPi
class gpiozero.PumpkinPi(*, pwm=False, initial_value=False, pin_factory=None)
Extends LEDBoard (page 141) for the ModMyPi PumpkinPi802 board.
There are twelve LEDs connected up to individual pins, so for the PumpkinPi the pins are fixed. For
example:
from gpiozero import PumpkinPi
pumpkin = PumpkinPi(pwm=True)
pumpkin.sides.pulse()
pumpkin.off()
Parameters
• pwm (bool803 ) – If True804 , construct PWMLED (page 113) instances to represent each
LED. If False805 (the default), construct regular LED (page 111) instances
• initial_value (bool806 or None807 ) – If False808 (the default), all LEDs will
be off initially. If None809 , each device will be left in whatever state the pin is found
in when configured for output (warning: this can be on). If True810 , the device will be
switched on initially.
• pin_factory (Factory (page 202) or None811 ) – See API - Pins (page 197) for
more information (this is an advanced feature which most users can ignore).
800 https://docs.python.org/3.7/library/constants.html#True
801 https://docs.python.org/3.7/library/constants.html#None
802 https://www.modmypi.com/halloween-pumpkin-programmable-kit
803 https://docs.python.org/3.7/library/functions.html#bool
804 https://docs.python.org/3.7/library/constants.html#True
805 https://docs.python.org/3.7/library/constants.html#False
806 https://docs.python.org/3.7/library/functions.html#bool
807 https://docs.python.org/3.7/library/constants.html#None
808 https://docs.python.org/3.7/library/constants.html#False
809 https://docs.python.org/3.7/library/constants.html#None
810 https://docs.python.org/3.7/library/constants.html#True
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sides
A LEDBoard (page 141) representing the LEDs around the edge of the pumpkin. It contains:
left, right
Two LEDBoard (page 141) instances representing the LEDs on the left and right sides of the
pumpkin. They each contain:
top, midtop, middle, midbottom, bottom
Each LED (page 111) or PWMLED (page 113) around the specified side of the pumpkin.
eyes
A LEDBoard (page 141) representing the eyes of the pumpkin. It contains:
left, right
The LED (page 111) or PWMLED (page 113) for each of the pumpkin’s eyes.
16.2 Base Classes
The classes in the sections above are derived from a series of base classes, some of which are effectively abstract.
The classes form the (partial) hierarchy displayed in the graph below:
PiLiterBarGraph
LEDBarGraph PiHutXmasTree
LEDCollection PiLiter PiStop
FishDish LEDBoard TrafficLights PiTraffic
JamHat PumpkinPi TrafficpHat
Pibrella SnowPi
CompositeOutputDevice
StatusBoard StatusZero
TrafficHat
TrafficLightsBuzzer
Energenie ButtonBoard
Device CamJamKitRobot
CompositeDevice Robot
RyanteckRobot
PhaseEnableRobot
PololuDRV8835Robot
TonalBuzzer
For composite devices, the following chart shows which devices are composed of which other devices:
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JamHat StatusBoard ButtonBoard TrafficLightsBuzzer PhaseEnableRobot Robot
TonalBuzzer RGBLED LEDBoard LEDBarGraph Button Buzzer TrafficLights PhaseEnableMotor Motor Servo
PWMLED LED DigitalOutputDevice PWMOutputDevice
The following sections document these base classes for advanced users that wish to construct classes for their own
devices.
16.2.1 LEDCollection
class gpiozero.LEDCollection(*pins, pwm=False, active_high=True, initial_value=False,
pin_factory=None, **named_pins)
Extends CompositeOutputDevice (page 166). Abstract base class for LEDBoard (page 141) and
LEDBarGraph (page 144).
is_lit
Composite devices are considered “active” if any of their constituent devices have a “truthy” value.
leds
A flat tuple of all LEDs contained in this collection (and all sub-collections).
16.2.2 CompositeOutputDevice
class gpiozero.CompositeOutputDevice(*args, _order=None, pin_factory=None,
**kwargs)
Extends CompositeDevice (page 167) with on() (page 166), off() (page 166), and toggle()
(page 166) methods for controlling subordinate output devices. Also extends value (page 167) to be
writeable.
Parameters
• *args (Device (page 177)) – The un-named devices that belong to the composite
device. The value (page 177) attributes of these devices will be represented within
the composite device’s tuple value (page 167) in the order specified here.
• _order (list812 or None813 ) – If specified, this is the order of named items spec-
ified by keyword arguments (to ensure that the value (page 167) tuple is constructed
with a specific order). All keyword arguments must be included in the collection. If
omitted, an alphabetically sorted order will be selected for keyword arguments.
• pin_factory (Factory (page 202) or None814 ) – See API - Pins (page 197) for
more information (this is an advanced feature which most users can ignore).
• **kwargs (Device (page 177)) – The named devices that belong to the composite
device. These devices will be accessible as named attributes on the resulting device,
and their value (page 167) attributes will be accessible as named elements of the
composite device’s tuple value (page 167).
off()
Turn all the output devices off.
on()
Turn all the output devices on.
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813 https://docs.python.org/3.7/library/constants.html#None
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toggle()
Toggle all the output devices. For each device, if it’s on, turn it off; if it’s off, turn it on.
value
A tuple containing a value for each subordinate device. This property can also be set to update the
state of all subordinate output devices.
16.2.3 CompositeDevice
class gpiozero.CompositeDevice(*args, _order=None, pin_factory=None, **kwargs)
Extends Device (page 177). Represents a device composed of multiple devices like simple HATs, H-
bridge motor controllers, robots composed of multiple motors, etc.
The constructor accepts subordinate devices as positional or keyword arguments. Positional arguments form
unnamed devices accessed by treating the composite device as a container, while keyword arguments are
added to the device as named (read-only) attributes.
For example:
>>> from gpiozero import *
>>> d = CompositeDevice(LED(2), LED(3), LED(4), btn=Button(17))
>>> d[0]
<gpiozero.LED object on pin GPIO2, active_high=True, is_active=False>
>>> d[1]
<gpiozero.LED object on pin GPIO3, active_high=True, is_active=False>
>>> d[2]
<gpiozero.LED object on pin GPIO4, active_high=True, is_active=False>
>>> d.btn
<gpiozero.Button object on pin GPIO17, pull_up=True, is_active=False>
>>> d.value
CompositeDeviceValue(device_0=False, device_1=False, device_2=False, btn=False)
Parameters
• *args (Device (page 177)) – The un-named devices that belong to the composite
device. The value (page 168) attributes of these devices will be represented within
the composite device’s tuple value (page 168) in the order specified here.
• _order (list815 or None816 ) – If specified, this is the order of named items spec-
ified by keyword arguments (to ensure that the value (page 168) tuple is constructed
with a specific order). All keyword arguments must be included in the collection. If
omitted, an alphabetically sorted order will be selected for keyword arguments.
• pin_factory (Factory (page 202) or None817 ) – See API - Pins (page 197) for
more information (this is an advanced feature which most users can ignore).
• **kwargs (Device (page 177)) – The named devices that belong to the composite
device. These devices will be accessible as named attributes on the resulting device,
and their value (page 168) attributes will be accessible as named elements of the
composite device’s tuple value (page 168).
close()
Shut down the device and release all associated resources. This method can be called on an already
closed device without raising an exception.
This method is primarily intended for interactive use at the command line. It disables the device and
releases its pin(s) for use by another device.
815 https://docs.python.org/3.7/library/stdtypes.html#list
816 https://docs.python.org/3.7/library/constants.html#None
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You can attempt to do this simply by deleting an object, but unless you’ve cleaned up all references
to the object this may not work (even if you’ve cleaned up all references, there’s still no guarantee the
garbage collector will actually delete the object at that point). By contrast, the close method provides
a means of ensuring that the object is shut down.
For example, if you have a breadboard with a buzzer connected to pin 16, but then wish to attach an
LED instead:
>>> from gpiozero import *
>>> bz = Buzzer(16)
>>> bz.on()
>>> bz.off()
>>> bz.close()
>>> led = LED(16)
>>> led.blink()
Device (page 177) descendents can also be used as context managers using the with818 statement.
For example:
>>> from gpiozero import *
>>> with Buzzer(16) as bz:
... bz.on()
...
>>> with LED(16) as led:
... led.on()
...
closed
Returns True819 if the device is closed (see the close() (page 167) method). Once a device is
closed you can no longer use any other methods or properties to control or query the device.
is_active
Composite devices are considered “active” if any of their constituent devices have a “truthy” value.
namedtuple
The namedtuple()820 type constructed to represent the value of the composite device. The value
(page 168) attribute returns values of this type.
value
A namedtuple()821 containing a value for each subordinate device. Devices with names will be
represented as named elements. Unnamed devices will have a unique name generated for them, and
they will appear in the position they appeared in the constructor.
818 https://docs.python.org/3.7/reference/compound_stmts.html#with
819 https://docs.python.org/3.7/library/constants.html#True
820 https://docs.python.org/3.7/library/collections.html#collections.namedtuple
821 https://docs.python.org/3.7/library/collections.html#collections.namedtuple
168 Chapter 16. API - Boards and Accessories
CHAPTER 17
API - Internal Devices
GPIO Zero also provides several “internal” devices which represent facilities provided by the operating system
itself. These can be used to react to things like the time of day, or whether a server is available on the network.
Warning: These devices are experimental and their API is not yet considered stable. We welcome any
comments from testers, especially regarding new “internal devices” that you’d find useful!
17.1 Regular Classes
The following classes are intended for general use with the devices they are named after. All classes in this section
are concrete (not abstract).
17.1.1 TimeOfDay
class gpiozero.TimeOfDay(start_time, end_time, *, utc=True, pin_factory=None)
Extends InternalDevice (page 174) to provide a device which is active when the computer’s clock
indicates that the current time is between start_time and end_time (inclusive) which are time822 instances.
The following example turns on a lamp attached to an Energenie (page 161) plug between 7 and 8 AM:
from gpiozero import TimeOfDay, Energenie
from datetime import time
from signal import pause
lamp = Energenie(1)
morning = TimeOfDay(time(7), time(8))
lamp.source = morning
pause()
Note that start_time may be greater than end_time, indicating a time period which crosses midnight.
Parameters
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• start_time (time823 ) – The time from which the device will be considered active.
• end_time (time824 ) – The time after which the device will be considered inactive.
• utc (bool825 ) – If True826 (the default), a naive UTC time will be used for the com-
parison rather than a local time-zone reading.
• pin_factory (Factory (page 202) or None827 ) – See API - Pins (page 197) for
more information (this is an advanced feature which most users can ignore).
end_time
The time of day after which the device will be considered inactive.
start_time
The time of day after which the device will be considered active.
utc
If True828 , use a naive UTC time reading for comparison instead of a local timezone reading.
value
Returns 1 when the system clock reads between start_time (page 170) and end_time
(page 170), and 0 otherwise. If start_time (page 170) is greater than end_time (page 170)
(indicating a period that crosses midnight), then this returns 1 when the current time is greater than
start_time (page 170) or less than end_time (page 170).
17.1.2 PingServer
class gpiozero.PingServer(host, *, pin_factory=None)
Extends InternalDevice (page 174) to provide a device which is active when a host on the network
can be pinged.
The following example lights an LED while a server is reachable (note the use of source_delay
(page 178) to ensure the server is not flooded with pings):
from gpiozero import PingServer, LED
from signal import pause
google = PingServer('google.com')
led = LED(4)
led.source_delay = 60 # check once per minute
led.source = google
pause()
Parameters
• host (str 829 ) – The hostname or IP address to attempt to ping.
• pin_factory (Factory (page 202) or None830 ) – See API - Pins (page 197) for
more information (this is an advanced feature which most users can ignore).
host
The hostname or IP address to test whenever value (page 170) is queried.
823 https://docs.python.org/3.7/library/datetime.html#datetime.time
824 https://docs.python.org/3.7/library/datetime.html#datetime.time
825 https://docs.python.org/3.7/library/functions.html#bool
826 https://docs.python.org/3.7/library/constants.html#True
827 https://docs.python.org/3.7/library/constants.html#None
828 https://docs.python.org/3.7/library/constants.html#True
829 https://docs.python.org/3.7/library/stdtypes.html#str
830 https://docs.python.org/3.7/library/constants.html#None
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value
Returns 1 if the host returned a single ping, and 0 otherwise.
17.1.3 CPUTemperature
class gpiozero.CPUTemperature(sensor_file=’/sys/class/thermal/thermal_zone0/temp’,
*, min_temp=0.0, max_temp=100.0, threshold=80.0,
pin_factory=None)
Extends InternalDevice (page 174) to provide a device which is active when the CPU temperature
exceeds the threshold value.
The following example plots the CPU’s temperature on an LED bar graph:
from gpiozero import LEDBarGraph, CPUTemperature
from signal import pause
# Use minimums and maximums that are closer to "normal" usage so the
# bar graph is a bit more "lively"
cpu = CPUTemperature(min_temp=50, max_temp=90)
print('Initial temperature: {}C'.format(cpu.temperature))
graph = LEDBarGraph(5, 6, 13, 19, 25, pwm=True)
graph.source = cpu
pause()
Parameters
• sensor_file (str 831 ) – The file from which to read the temperature. This defaults
to the sysfs file /sys/class/thermal/thermal_zone0/temp. Whatever file
is specified is expected to contain a single line containing the temperature in milli-
degrees celsius.
• min_temp (float832 ) – The temperature at which value (page 171) will read 0.0.
This defaults to 0.0.
• max_temp (float833 ) – The temperature at which value (page 171) will read 1.0.
This defaults to 100.0.
• threshold (float834 ) – The temperature above which the device will be considered
“active”. (see is_active (page 171)). This defaults to 80.0.
• pin_factory (Factory (page 202) or None835 ) – See API - Pins (page 197) for
more information (this is an advanced feature which most users can ignore).
is_active
Returns True836 when the CPU temperature (page 171) exceeds the threshold.
temperature
Returns the current CPU temperature in degrees celsius.
value
Returns the current CPU temperature as a value between 0.0 (representing the min_temp value) and
1.0 (representing the max_temp value). These default to 0.0 and 100.0 respectively, hence value
(page 171) is temperature (page 171) divided by 100 by default.
831 https://docs.python.org/3.7/library/stdtypes.html#str
832 https://docs.python.org/3.7/library/functions.html#float
833 https://docs.python.org/3.7/library/functions.html#float
834 https://docs.python.org/3.7/library/functions.html#float
835 https://docs.python.org/3.7/library/constants.html#None
836 https://docs.python.org/3.7/library/constants.html#True
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17.1.4 LoadAverage
class gpiozero.LoadAverage(load_average_file=’/proc/loadavg’, *, min_load_average=0.0,
max_load_average=1.0, threshold=0.8, minutes=5,
pin_factory=None)
Extends InternalDevice (page 174) to provide a device which is active when the CPU load average
exceeds the threshold value.
The following example plots the load average on an LED bar graph:
from gpiozero import LEDBarGraph, LoadAverage
from signal import pause
la = LoadAverage(min_load_average=0, max_load_average=2)
graph = LEDBarGraph(5, 6, 13, 19, 25, pwm=True)
graph.source = la
pause()
Parameters
• load_average_file (str 837 ) – The file from which to read the load average. This
defaults to the proc file /proc/loadavg. Whatever file is specified is expected to
contain three space-separated load averages at the beginning of the file, representing 1
minute, 5 minute and 15 minute averages respectively.
• min_load_average (float838 ) – The load average at which value (page 172)
will read 0.0. This defaults to 0.0.
• max_load_average (float839 ) – The load average at which value (page 172)
will read 1.0. This defaults to 1.0.
• threshold (float840 ) – The load average above which the device will be considered
“active”. (see is_active (page 172)). This defaults to 0.8.
• minutes (int841 ) – The number of minutes over which to average the load. Must be
1, 5 or 15. This defaults to 5.
• pin_factory (Factory (page 202) or None842 ) – See API - Pins (page 197) for
more information (this is an advanced feature which most users can ignore).
is_active
Returns True843 when the load_average (page 172) exceeds the threshold.
load_average
Returns the current load average.
value
Returns the current load average as a value between 0.0 (representing the min_load_average value)
and 1.0 (representing the max_load_average value). These default to 0.0 and 1.0 respectively.
17.1.5 DiskUsage
class gpiozero.DiskUsage(filesystem=’/’, *, threshold=90.0, pin_factory=None)
Extends InternalDevice (page 174) to provide a device which is active when the disk space used
837 https://docs.python.org/3.7/library/stdtypes.html#str
838 https://docs.python.org/3.7/library/functions.html#float
839 https://docs.python.org/3.7/library/functions.html#float
840 https://docs.python.org/3.7/library/functions.html#float
841 https://docs.python.org/3.7/library/functions.html#int
842 https://docs.python.org/3.7/library/constants.html#None
843 https://docs.python.org/3.7/library/constants.html#True
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exceeds the threshold value.
The following example plots the disk usage on an LED bar graph:
from gpiozero import LEDBarGraph, DiskUsage
from signal import pause
disk = DiskUsage()
print('Current disk usage: {}%'.format(disk.usage))
graph = LEDBarGraph(5, 6, 13, 19, 25, pwm=True)
graph.source = disk
pause()
Parameters
• filesystem (str 844 ) – A path within the filesystem for which the disk usage needs
to be computed. This defaults to /, which is the root filesystem.
• threshold (float845 ) – The disk usage percentage above which the device will be
considered “active” (see is_active (page 173)). This defaults to 90.0.
• pin_factory (Factory (page 202) or None846 ) – See API - Pins (page 197) for
more information (this is an advanced feature which most users can ignore).
is_active
Returns True847 when the disk usage (page 173) exceeds the threshold.
usage
Returns the current disk usage in percentage.
value
Returns the current disk usage as a value between 0.0 and 1.0 by dividing usage (page 173) by 100.
17.2 Base Classes
The classes in the sections above are derived from a series of base classes, some of which are effectively abstract.
The classes form the (partial) hierarchy displayed in the graph below (abstract classes are shaded lighter than
concrete classes):
844 https://docs.python.org/3.7/library/stdtypes.html#str
845 https://docs.python.org/3.7/library/functions.html#float
846 https://docs.python.org/3.7/library/constants.html#None
847 https://docs.python.org/3.7/library/constants.html#True
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TimeOfDay
PingServer
Device InternalDevice CPUTemperature
LoadAverage
DiskUsage
The following sections document these base classes for advanced users that wish to construct classes for their own
devices.
17.2.1 InternalDevice
class gpiozero.InternalDevice(*, pin_factory=None)
Extends Device (page 177) to provide a basis for devices which have no specific hardware representation.
These are effectively pseudo-devices and usually represent operating system services like the internal clock,
file systems or network facilities.
174 Chapter 17. API - Internal Devices
CHAPTER 18
API - Generic Classes
The GPIO Zero class hierarchy is quite extensive. It contains several base classes (most of which are documented
in their corresponding chapters):
• Device (page 177) is the root of the hierarchy, implementing base functionality like close() (page 177)
and context manager handlers.
• GPIODevice (page 108) represents individual devices that attach to a single GPIO pin
• SPIDevice (page 139) represents devices that communicate over an SPI interface (implemented as four
GPIO pins)
• InternalDevice (page 174) represents devices that are entirely internal to the Pi (usually operating
system related services)
• CompositeDevice (page 167) represents devices composed of multiple other devices like HATs
There are also several mixin classes848 for adding important functionality at numerous points in the hierarchy,
which is illustrated below (mixin classes are represented in purple, while abstract classes are shaded lighter):
848 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mixin
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Button
DigitalInputDevice
ButtonBoard
HoldMixin
EventsMixin
CPUTemperature
DiskUsage
InternalDevice LoadAverage
PingServer
InputDevice SmoothedInputDevice TimeOfDay
FishDish DistanceSensor
JamHat LightSensor
Pibrella LineSensor
StatusBoard MotionSensor
PiLiterBarGraph
CompositeOutputDevice TrafficHat
PiHutXmasTree SharedMixin
Motor TrafficLightsBuzzer
LEDBarGraph PiLiter PiStop
PhaseEnableMotor LEDCollection
LEDBoard TrafficLights PiTraffic
CompositeDevice Servo AngularServo
PumpkinPi TrafficpHat
GPIODevice TonalBuzzer CamJamKitRobot
SnowPi
SourceMixin Robot RyanteckRobot
ValuesMixin Device
StatusZero
PhaseEnableRobot PololuDRV8835Robot Buzzer
SPIDevice
MCP3001
OutputDevice DigitalOutputDevice LED
MCP3004
AnalogInputDevice PWMOutputDevice PWMLED
MCP3008
Energenie MCP30xx
MCP3xxx MCP3002
RGBLED MCP3xx2
LedBorg MCP3202
MCP32xx MCP3201
MCP3204
MCP3208
MCP3301
MCP33xx
MCP3302
MCP3304
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18.1 Device
class gpiozero.Device(*, pin_factory=None)
Represents a single device of any type; GPIO-based, SPI-based, I2C-based, etc. This is the base class of
the device hierarchy. It defines the basic services applicable to all devices (specifically the is_active
(page 177) property, the value (page 177) property, and the close() (page 177) method).
pin_factory
This attribute exists at both a class level (representing the default pin factory used to construct devices
when no pin_factory parameter is specified), and at an instance level (representing the pin factory that
the device was constructed with).
The pin factory provides various facilities to the device including allocating pins, providing low level
interfaces (e.g. SPI), and clock facilities (querying and calculating elapsed times).
close()
Shut down the device and release all associated resources. This method can be called on an already
closed device without raising an exception.
This method is primarily intended for interactive use at the command line. It disables the device and
releases its pin(s) for use by another device.
You can attempt to do this simply by deleting an object, but unless you’ve cleaned up all references
to the object this may not work (even if you’ve cleaned up all references, there’s still no guarantee the
garbage collector will actually delete the object at that point). By contrast, the close method provides
a means of ensuring that the object is shut down.
For example, if you have a breadboard with a buzzer connected to pin 16, but then wish to attach an
LED instead:
>>> from gpiozero import *
>>> bz = Buzzer(16)
>>> bz.on()
>>> bz.off()
>>> bz.close()
>>> led = LED(16)
>>> led.blink()
Device (page 177) descendents can also be used as context managers using the with849 statement.
For example:
>>> from gpiozero import *
>>> with Buzzer(16) as bz:
... bz.on()
...
>>> with LED(16) as led:
... led.on()
...
closed
Returns True850 if the device is closed (see the close() (page 177) method). Once a device is
closed you can no longer use any other methods or properties to control or query the device.
is_active
Returns True851 if the device is currently active and False852 otherwise. This property is usually
derived from value (page 177). Unlike value (page 177), this is always a boolean.
value
Returns a value representing the device’s state. Frequently, this is a boolean value, or a number
849 https://docs.python.org/3.7/reference/compound_stmts.html#with
850 https://docs.python.org/3.7/library/constants.html#True
851 https://docs.python.org/3.7/library/constants.html#True
852 https://docs.python.org/3.7/library/constants.html#False
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between 0 and 1 but some devices use larger ranges (e.g. -1 to +1) and composite devices usually
use tuples to return the states of all their subordinate components.
18.2 ValuesMixin
class gpiozero.ValuesMixin(...)
Adds a values (page 178) property to the class which returns an infinite generator of readings from the
value (page 177) property. There is rarely a need to use this mixin directly as all base classes in GPIO
Zero include it.
Note: Use this mixin first in the parent class list.
values
An infinite iterator of values read from value.
18.3 SourceMixin
class gpiozero.SourceMixin(...)
Adds a source (page 178) property to the class which, given an iterable or a ValuesMixin (page 178)
descendent, sets value (page 177) to each member of that iterable until it is exhausted. This mixin is
generally included in novel output devices to allow their state to be driven from another device.
Note: Use this mixin first in the parent class list.
source
The iterable to use as a source of values for value.
source_delay
The delay (measured in seconds) in the loop used to read values from source (page 178). Defaults to
0.01 seconds which is generally sufficient to keep CPU usage to a minimum while providing adequate
responsiveness.
18.4 SharedMixin
class gpiozero.SharedMixin(...)
This mixin marks a class as “shared”. In this case, the meta-class (GPIOMeta) will use _shared_key()
(page 178) to convert the constructor arguments to an immutable key, and will check whether any existing
instances match that key. If they do, they will be returned by the constructor instead of a new instance. An
internal reference counter is used to determine how many times an instance has been “constructed” in this
way.
When close() (page 177) is called, an internal reference counter will be decremented and the instance
will only close when it reaches zero.
classmethod _shared_key(*args, **kwargs)
Given the constructor arguments, returns an immutable key representing the instance. The default
simply assumes all positional arguments are immutable.
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18.5 EventsMixin
class gpiozero.EventsMixin(...)
Adds edge-detected when_activated() (page 179) and when_deactivated() (page 179) events
to a device based on changes to the is_active (page 177) property common to all devices. Also
adds wait_for_active() (page 179) and wait_for_inactive() (page 179) methods for level-
waiting.
Note: Note that this mixin provides no means of actually firing its events; call _fire_events() in
sub-classes when device state changes to trigger the events. This should also be called once at the end of
initialization to set initial states.
wait_for_active(timeout=None)
Pause the script until the device is activated, or the timeout is reached.
Parameters timeout (float853 or None854 ) – Number of seconds to wait before pro-
ceeding. If this is None855 (the default), then wait indefinitely until the device is active.
wait_for_inactive(timeout=None)
Pause the script until the device is deactivated, or the timeout is reached.
Parameters timeout (float856 or None857 ) – Number of seconds to wait before pro-
ceeding. If this is None858 (the default), then wait indefinitely until the device is inactive.
active_time
The length of time (in seconds) that the device has been active for. When the device is inactive, this is
None859 .
inactive_time
The length of time (in seconds) that the device has been inactive for. When the device is active, this is
None860 .
when_activated
The function to run when the device changes state from inactive to active.
This can be set to a function which accepts no (mandatory) parameters, or a Python function which
accepts a single mandatory parameter (with as many optional parameters as you like). If the function
accepts a single mandatory parameter, the device that activated will be passed as that parameter.
Set this property to None861 (the default) to disable the event.
when_deactivated
The function to run when the device changes state from active to inactive.
This can be set to a function which accepts no (mandatory) parameters, or a Python function which
accepts a single mandatory parameter (with as many optional parameters as you like). If the function
accepts a single mandatory parameter, the device that deactivated will be passed as that parameter.
Set this property to None862 (the default) to disable the event.
853 https://docs.python.org/3.7/library/functions.html#float
854 https://docs.python.org/3.7/library/constants.html#None
855 https://docs.python.org/3.7/library/constants.html#None
856 https://docs.python.org/3.7/library/functions.html#float
857 https://docs.python.org/3.7/library/constants.html#None
858 https://docs.python.org/3.7/library/constants.html#None
859 https://docs.python.org/3.7/library/constants.html#None
860 https://docs.python.org/3.7/library/constants.html#None
861 https://docs.python.org/3.7/library/constants.html#None
862 https://docs.python.org/3.7/library/constants.html#None
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18.6 HoldMixin
class gpiozero.HoldMixin(...)
Extends EventsMixin (page 179) to add the when_held (page 180) event and the machinery to fire
that event repeatedly (when hold_repeat (page 180) is True863 ) at internals defined by hold_time
(page 180).
held_time
The length of time (in seconds) that the device has been held for. This is counted from the first
execution of the when_held (page 180) event rather than when the device activated, in contrast to
active_time (page 179). If the device is not currently held, this is None864 .
hold_repeat
If True865 , when_held (page 180) will be executed repeatedly with hold_time (page 180) sec-
onds between each invocation.
hold_time
The length of time (in seconds) to wait after the device is activated, until executing the when_held
(page 180) handler. If hold_repeat (page 180) is True, this is also the length of time between
invocations of when_held (page 180).
is_held
When True866 , the device has been active for at least hold_time (page 180) seconds.
when_held
The function to run when the device has remained active for hold_time (page 180) seconds.
This can be set to a function which accepts no (mandatory) parameters, or a Python function which
accepts a single mandatory parameter (with as many optional parameters as you like). If the function
accepts a single mandatory parameter, the device that activated will be passed as that parameter.
Set this property to None867 (the default) to disable the event.
863 https://docs.python.org/3.7/library/constants.html#True
864 https://docs.python.org/3.7/library/constants.html#None
865 https://docs.python.org/3.7/library/constants.html#True
866 https://docs.python.org/3.7/library/constants.html#True
867 https://docs.python.org/3.7/library/constants.html#None
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CHAPTER 19
API - Device Source Tools
GPIO Zero includes several utility routines which are intended to be used with the Source/Values (page 59) at-
tributes common to most devices in the library. These utility routines are in the tools module of GPIO Zero and
are typically imported as follows:
from gpiozero.tools import scaled, negated, all_values
Given that source (page 178) and values (page 178) deal with infinite iterators, another excellent source of
utilities is the itertools868 module in the standard library.
19.1 Single source conversions
gpiozero.tools.absoluted(values)
Returns values with all negative elements negated (so that they’re positive). For example:
from gpiozero import PWMLED, Motor, MCP3008
from gpiozero.tools import absoluted, scaled
from signal import pause
led = PWMLED(4)
motor = Motor(22, 27)
pot = MCP3008(channel=0)
motor.source = scaled(pot, -1, 1)
led.source = absoluted(motor)
pause()
gpiozero.tools.booleanized(values, min_value, max_value, hysteresis=0)
Returns True for each item in values between min_value and max_value, and False otherwise. hysteresis
can optionally be used to add hysteresis869 which prevents the output value rapidly flipping when the input
value is fluctuating near the min_value or max_value thresholds. For example, to light an LED only when a
potentiometer is between ¼ and ¾ of its full range:
868 https://docs.python.org/3.7/library/itertools.html#module-itertools
869 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hysteresis
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from gpiozero import LED, MCP3008
from gpiozero.tools import booleanized
from signal import pause
led = LED(4)
pot = MCP3008(channel=0)
led.source = booleanized(pot, 0.25, 0.75)
pause()
gpiozero.tools.clamped(values, output_min=0, output_max=1)
Returns values clamped from output_min to output_max, i.e. any items less than output_min will be returned
as output_min and any items larger than output_max will be returned as output_max (these default to 0 and
1 respectively). For example:
from gpiozero import PWMLED, MCP3008
from gpiozero.tools import clamped
from signal import pause
led = PWMLED(4)
pot = MCP3008(channel=0)
led.source = clamped(pot, 0.5, 1.0)
pause()
gpiozero.tools.inverted(values, input_min=0, input_max=1)
Returns the inversion of the supplied values (input_min becomes input_max, input_max becomes input_min,
input_min + 0.1 becomes input_max - 0.1, etc.). All items in values are assumed to be between input_min
and input_max (which default to 0 and 1 respectively), and the output will be in the same range. For
example:
from gpiozero import MCP3008, PWMLED
from gpiozero.tools import inverted
from signal import pause
led = PWMLED(4)
pot = MCP3008(channel=0)
led.source = inverted(pot)
pause()
gpiozero.tools.negated(values)
Returns the negation of the supplied values (True870 becomes False871 , and False872 becomes
True873 ). For example:
from gpiozero import Button, LED
from gpiozero.tools import negated
from signal import pause
led = LED(4)
btn = Button(17)
led.source = negated(btn)
(continues on next page)
870 https://docs.python.org/3.7/library/constants.html#True
871 https://docs.python.org/3.7/library/constants.html#False
872 https://docs.python.org/3.7/library/constants.html#False
873 https://docs.python.org/3.7/library/constants.html#True
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(continued from previous page)
pause()
gpiozero.tools.post_delayed(values, delay)
Waits for delay seconds after returning each item from values.
gpiozero.tools.post_periodic_filtered(values, repeat_after, block)
After every repeat_after items, blocks the next block items from values. Note that unlike
pre_periodic_filtered() (page 183), repeat_after can’t be 0. For example, to block every tenth
item read from an ADC:
from gpiozero import MCP3008
from gpiozero.tools import post_periodic_filtered
adc = MCP3008(channel=0)
for value in post_periodic_filtered(adc, 9, 1):
print(value)
gpiozero.tools.pre_delayed(values, delay)
Waits for delay seconds before returning each item from values.
gpiozero.tools.pre_periodic_filtered(values, block, repeat_after)
Blocks the first block items from values, repeating the block after every repeat_after items, if repeat_after
is non-zero. For example, to discard the first 50 values read from an ADC:
from gpiozero import MCP3008
from gpiozero.tools import pre_periodic_filtered
adc = MCP3008(channel=0)
for value in pre_periodic_filtered(adc, 50, 0):
print(value)
Or to only display every even item read from an ADC:
from gpiozero import MCP3008
from gpiozero.tools import pre_periodic_filtered
adc = MCP3008(channel=0)
for value in pre_periodic_filtered(adc, 1, 1):
print(value)
gpiozero.tools.quantized(values, steps, input_min=0, input_max=1)
Returns values quantized to steps increments. All items in values are assumed to be between input_min and
input_max (which default to 0 and 1 respectively), and the output will be in the same range.
For example, to quantize values between 0 and 1 to 5 “steps” (0.0, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1.0):
from gpiozero import PWMLED, MCP3008
from gpiozero.tools import quantized
from signal import pause
led = PWMLED(4)
pot = MCP3008(channel=0)
led.source = quantized(pot, 4)
pause()
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gpiozero.tools.queued(values, qsize)
Queues up readings from values (the number of readings queued is determined by qsize) and begins yielding
values only when the queue is full. For example, to “cascade” values along a sequence of LEDs:
from gpiozero import LEDBoard, Button
from gpiozero.tools import queued
from signal import pause
leds = LEDBoard(5, 6, 13, 19, 26)
btn = Button(17)
for i in range(4):
leds[i].source = queued(leds[i + 1], 5)
leds[i].source_delay = 0.01
leds[4].source = btn
pause()
gpiozero.tools.smoothed(values, qsize, average=<function mean>)
Queues up readings from values (the number of readings queued is determined by qsize) and begins yielding
the average of the last qsize values when the queue is full. The larger the qsize, the more the values are
smoothed. For example, to smooth the analog values read from an ADC:
from gpiozero import MCP3008
from gpiozero.tools import smoothed
adc = MCP3008(channel=0)
for value in smoothed(adc, 5):
print(value)
gpiozero.tools.scaled(values, output_min, output_max, input_min=0, input_max=1)
Returns values scaled from output_min to output_max, assuming that all items in values lie between in-
put_min and input_max (which default to 0 and 1 respectively). For example, to control the direction of a
motor (which is represented as a value between -1 and 1) using a potentiometer (which typically provides
values between 0 and 1):
from gpiozero import Motor, MCP3008
from gpiozero.tools import scaled
from signal import pause
motor = Motor(20, 21)
pot = MCP3008(channel=0)
motor.source = scaled(pot, -1, 1)
pause()
Warning: If values contains elements that lie outside input_min to input_max (inclusive) then the
function will not produce values that lie within output_min to output_max (inclusive).
19.2 Combining sources
gpiozero.tools.all_values(*values)
Returns the logical conjunction874 of all supplied values (the result is only True875 if and only if all input
874 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logical_conjunction
875 https://docs.python.org/3.7/library/constants.html#True
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values are simultaneously True876 ). One or more values can be specified. For example, to light an LED
(page 111) only when both buttons are pressed:
from gpiozero import LED, Button
from gpiozero.tools import all_values
from signal import pause
led = LED(4)
btn1 = Button(20)
btn2 = Button(21)
led.source = all_values(btn1, btn2)
pause()
gpiozero.tools.any_values(*values)
Returns the logical disjunction877 of all supplied values (the result is True878 if any of the input values are
currently True879 ). One or more values can be specified. For example, to light an LED (page 111) when
any button is pressed:
from gpiozero import LED, Button
from gpiozero.tools import any_values
from signal import pause
led = LED(4)
btn1 = Button(20)
btn2 = Button(21)
led.source = any_values(btn1, btn2)
pause()
gpiozero.tools.averaged(*values)
Returns the mean of all supplied values. One or more values can be specified. For example, to light a
PWMLED (page 113) as the average of several potentiometers connected to an MCP3008 (page 135) ADC:
from gpiozero import MCP3008, PWMLED
from gpiozero.tools import averaged
from signal import pause
pot1 = MCP3008(channel=0)
pot2 = MCP3008(channel=1)
pot3 = MCP3008(channel=2)
led = PWMLED(4)
led.source = averaged(pot1, pot2, pot3)
pause()
gpiozero.tools.multiplied(*values)
Returns the product of all supplied values. One or more values can be specified. For example, to light a
PWMLED (page 113) as the product (i.e. multiplication) of several potentiometers connected to an MCP3008
(page 135) ADC:
from gpiozero import MCP3008, PWMLED
from gpiozero.tools import multiplied
from signal import pause
(continues on next page)
876 https://docs.python.org/3.7/library/constants.html#True
877 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logical_disjunction
878 https://docs.python.org/3.7/library/constants.html#True
879 https://docs.python.org/3.7/library/constants.html#True
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(continued from previous page)
pot1 = MCP3008(channel=0)
pot2 = MCP3008(channel=1)
pot3 = MCP3008(channel=2)
led = PWMLED(4)
led.source = multiplied(pot1, pot2, pot3)
pause()
gpiozero.tools.summed(*values)
Returns the sum of all supplied values. One or more values can be specified. For example, to light a
PWMLED (page 113) as the (scaled) sum of several potentiometers connected to an MCP3008 (page 135)
ADC:
from gpiozero import MCP3008, PWMLED
from gpiozero.tools import summed, scaled
from signal import pause
pot1 = MCP3008(channel=0)
pot2 = MCP3008(channel=1)
pot3 = MCP3008(channel=2)
led = PWMLED(4)
led.source = scaled(summed(pot1, pot2, pot3), 0, 1, 0, 3)
pause()
gpiozero.tools.zip_values(*devices)
Provides a source constructed from the values of each item, for example:
from gpiozero import MCP3008, Robot
from gpiozero.tools import zip_values
from signal import pause
robot = Robot(left=(4, 14), right=(17, 18))
left = MCP3008(0)
right = MCP3008(1)
robot.source = zip_values(left, right)
pause()
zip_values(left, right) is equivalent to zip(left.values, right.values).
19.3 Artificial sources
gpiozero.tools.alternating_values(initial_value=False)
Provides an infinite source of values alternating between True880 and False881 , starting wth initial_value
(which defaults to False882 ). For example, to produce a flashing LED:
from gpiozero import LED
from gpiozero.tools import alternating_values
from signal import pause
(continues on next page)
880 https://docs.python.org/3.7/library/constants.html#True
881 https://docs.python.org/3.7/library/constants.html#False
882 https://docs.python.org/3.7/library/constants.html#False
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(continued from previous page)
red = LED(2)
red.source_delay = 0.5
red.source = alternating_values()
pause()
gpiozero.tools.cos_values(period=360)
Provides an infinite source of values representing a cosine wave (from -1 to +1) which repeats every period
values. For example, to produce a “siren” effect with a couple of LEDs that repeats once a second:
from gpiozero import PWMLED
from gpiozero.tools import cos_values, scaled, inverted
from signal import pause
red = PWMLED(2)
blue = PWMLED(3)
red.source_delay = 0.01
blue.source_delay = red.source_delay
red.source = scaled(cos_values(100), 0, 1, -1, 1)
blue.source = inverted(red)
pause()
If you require a different range than -1 to +1, see scaled() (page 184).
gpiozero.tools.ramping_values(period=360)
Provides an infinite source of values representing a triangle wave (from 0 to 1 and back again) which repeats
every period values. For example, to pulse an LED once a second:
from gpiozero import PWMLED
from gpiozero.tools import ramping_values
from signal import pause
red = PWMLED(2)
red.source_delay = 0.01
red.source = ramping_values(100)
pause()
If you require a wider range than 0 to 1, see scaled() (page 184).
gpiozero.tools.random_values()
Provides an infinite source of random values between 0 and 1. For example, to produce a “flickering candle”
effect with an LED:
from gpiozero import PWMLED
from gpiozero.tools import random_values
from signal import pause
led = PWMLED(4)
led.source = random_values()
pause()
If you require a wider range than 0 to 1, see scaled() (page 184).
gpiozero.tools.sin_values(period=360)
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Provides an infinite source of values representing a sine wave (from -1 to +1) which repeats every period
values. For example, to produce a “siren” effect with a couple of LEDs that repeats once a second:
from gpiozero import PWMLED
from gpiozero.tools import sin_values, scaled, inverted
from signal import pause
red = PWMLED(2)
blue = PWMLED(3)
red.source_delay = 0.01
blue.source_delay = red.source_delay
red.source = scaled(sin_values(100), 0, 1, -1, 1)
blue.source = inverted(red)
pause()
If you require a different range than -1 to +1, see scaled() (page 184).
188 Chapter 19. API - Device Source Tools
CHAPTER 20
API - Tones
GPIO Zero includes a Tone (page 189) class intended for use with the TonalBuzzer (page 119). This class is
in the tones module of GPIO Zero and is typically imported as follows:
from gpiozero.tones import Tone
20.1 Tone
class gpiozero.tones.Tone
Represents a frequency of sound in a variety of musical notations.
Tone (page 189) class can be used with the TonalBuzzer (page 119) class to easily represent musical
tones. The class can be constructed in a variety of ways. For example as a straight frequency in Hz883
(which is the internal storage format), as an integer MIDI note, or as a string representation of a musical
note.
All the following constructors are equivalent ways to construct the typical tuning note, concert A884 at
440Hz, which is MIDI note #69:
>>> from gpiozero.tones import Tone
>>> Tone(440.0)
>>> Tone(69)
>>> Tone('A4')
If you do not want the constructor to guess which format you are using (there is some ambiguity between
frequencies and MIDI notes at the bottom end of the frequencies, from 128Hz down), you can use one of the
explicit constructors, from_frequency() (page 190), from_midi() (page 190), or from_note()
(page 190), or you can specify a keyword argument when constructing:
>>> Tone.from_frequency(440)
>>> Tone.from_midi(69)
>>> Tone.from_note('A4')
>>> Tone(frequency=440)
>>> Tone(midi=69)
>>> Tone(note='A4')
883 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hertz
884 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concert_pitch
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Several attributes are provided to permit conversion to any of the supported construction formats:
frequency (page 190), midi (page 190), and note (page 190). Methods are provided to step up()
(page 190) or down() (page 190) to adjacent MIDI notes.
Warning: Currently Tone (page 189) derives from float885 and can be used as a floating point
number in most circumstances (addition, subtraction, etc). This part of the API is not yet considered
“stable”; i.e. we may decide to enhance / change this behaviour in future versions.
down(n=1)
Return the Tone (page 189) n semi-tones below this frequency (n defaults to 1).
classmethod from_frequency(freq)
Construct a Tone (page 189) from a frequency specified in Hz886 which must be a positive floating-
point value in the range 0 < freq <= 20000.
classmethod from_midi(midi_note)
Construct a Tone (page 189) from a MIDI note, which must be an integer in the range 0 to 127. For
reference, A4 (concert A887 typically used for tuning) is MIDI note #69.
classmethod from_note(note)
Construct a Tone (page 189) from a musical note which must consist of a capital letter A through G,
followed by an optional semi-tone modifier (“b” for flat, “#” for sharp, or their Unicode equivalents),
followed by an octave number (0 through 9).
For example concert A888 , the typical tuning note at 440Hz, would be represented as “A4”. One semi-
tone above this would be “A#4” or alternatively “Bb4”. Unicode representations of sharp and flat are
also accepted.
up(n=1)
Return the Tone (page 189) n semi-tones above this frequency (n defaults to 1).
frequency
Return the frequency of the tone in Hz889 .
midi
Return the (nearest) MIDI note to the tone’s frequency. This will be an integer number in the range 0
to 127. If the frequency is outside the range represented by MIDI notes (which is approximately 8Hz
to 12.5KHz) ValueError890 exception will be raised.
note
Return the (nearest) note to the tone’s frequency. This will be a string in the form accepted by
from_note() (page 190). If the frequency is outside the range represented by this format (“A0”
is approximately 27.5Hz, and “G9” is approximately 12.5Khz) a ValueError891 exception will be
raised.
885 https://docs.python.org/3.7/library/functions.html#float
886 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hertz
887 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concert_pitch
888 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concert_pitch
889 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hertz
890 https://docs.python.org/3.7/library/exceptions.html#ValueError
891 https://docs.python.org/3.7/library/exceptions.html#ValueError
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CHAPTER 21
API - Pi Information
The GPIO Zero library also contains a database of information about the various revisions of the Raspberry Pi
computer. This is used internally to raise warnings when non-physical pins are used, or to raise exceptions when
pull-downs are requested on pins with physical pull-up resistors attached. The following functions and classes can
be used to query this database:
21.1 pi_info
gpiozero.pi_info(revision=None)
Returns a PiBoardInfo (page 191) instance containing information about a revision of the Raspberry Pi.
Parameters revision (str 892 ) – The revision of the Pi to return information about. If this
is omitted or None893 (the default), then the library will attempt to determine the model of
Pi it is running on and return information about that.
21.2 PiBoardInfo
class gpiozero.PiBoardInfo
This class is a namedtuple()894 derivative used to represent information about a particular model of
Raspberry Pi. While it is a tuple, it is strongly recommended that you use the following named attributes
to access the data contained within. The object can be used in format strings with various custom format
specifications:
from gpiozero import *
print('{0}'.format(pi_info()))
print('{0:full}'.format(pi_info()))
print('{0:board}'.format(pi_info()))
print('{0:specs}'.format(pi_info()))
print('{0:headers}'.format(pi_info()))
“color” and “mono” can be prefixed to format specifications to force the use of ANSI color codes895 . If
892 https://docs.python.org/3.7/library/stdtypes.html#str
893 https://docs.python.org/3.7/library/constants.html#None
894 https://docs.python.org/3.7/library/collections.html#collections.namedtuple
895 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ANSI_escape_code
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neither is specified, ANSI codes will only be used if stdout is detected to be a tty:
print('{0:color board}'.format(pi_info())) # force use of ANSI codes
print('{0:mono board}'.format(pi_info())) # force plain ASCII
physical_pin(function)
Return the physical pin supporting the specified function. If no pins support the desired func-
tion, this function raises PinNoPins (page 219). If multiple pins support the desired function,
PinMultiplePins (page 219) will be raised (use physical_pins() (page 192) if you expect
multiple pins in the result, such as for electrical ground).
Parameters function (str 896 ) – The pin function you wish to search for. Usually this
is something like “GPIO9” for Broadcom GPIO pin 9.
physical_pins(function)
Return the physical pins supporting the specified function as tuples of (header, pin_number)
where header is a string specifying the header containing the pin_number. Note that the return value
is a set897 which is not indexable. Use physical_pin() (page 192) if you are expecting a single
return value.
Parameters function (str 898 ) – The pin function you wish to search for. Usually this is
something like “GPIO9” for Broadcom GPIO pin 9, or “GND” for all the pins connecting
to electrical ground.
pprint(color=None)
Pretty-print a representation of the board along with header diagrams.
If color is None899 (the default), the diagram will include ANSI color codes if stdout is a color-capable
terminal. Otherwise color can be set to True900 or False901 to force color or monochrome output.
pulled_up(function)
Returns a bool indicating whether a physical pull-up is attached to the pin supporting the specified
function. Either PinNoPins (page 219) or PinMultiplePins (page 219) may be raised if the
function is not associated with a single pin.
Parameters function (str 902 ) – The pin function you wish to determine pull-up for.
Usually this is something like “GPIO9” for Broadcom GPIO pin 9.
to_gpio(spec)
Parses a pin spec, returning the equivalent Broadcom GPIO port number or raising a ValueError903
exception if the spec does not represent a GPIO port.
The spec may be given in any of the following forms:
• An integer, which will be accepted as a GPIO number
• ‘GPIOn’ where n is the GPIO number
• ‘WPIn’ where n is the wiringPi904 pin number
• ‘BCMn’ where n is the GPIO number (alias of GPIOn)
• ‘BOARDn’ where n is the physical pin number on the main header
• ‘h:n’ where h is the header name and n is the physical pin number (for example J8:5 is physical
pin 5 on header J8, which is the main header on modern Raspberry Pis)
896 https://docs.python.org/3.7/library/stdtypes.html#str
897 https://docs.python.org/3.7/library/stdtypes.html#set
898 https://docs.python.org/3.7/library/stdtypes.html#str
899 https://docs.python.org/3.7/library/constants.html#None
900 https://docs.python.org/3.7/library/constants.html#True
901 https://docs.python.org/3.7/library/constants.html#False
902 https://docs.python.org/3.7/library/stdtypes.html#str
903 https://docs.python.org/3.7/library/exceptions.html#ValueError
904 http://wiringpi.com/pins/
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revision
A string indicating the revision of the Pi. This is unique to each revision and can be considered the
“key” from which all other attributes are derived. However, in itself the string is fairly meaningless.
model
A string containing the model of the Pi (for example, “B”, “B+”, “A+”, “2B”, “CM” (for the Compute
Module), or “Zero”).
pcb_revision
A string containing the PCB revision number which is silk-screened onto the Pi (on some models).
Note: This is primarily useful to distinguish between the model B revision 1.0 and 2.0 (not to be
confused with the model 2B) which had slightly different pinouts on their 26-pin GPIO headers.
released
A string containing an approximate release date for this revision of the Pi (formatted as yyyyQq, e.g.
2012Q1 means the first quarter of 2012).
soc
A string indicating the SoC (system on a chip905 ) that this revision of the Pi is based upon.
manufacturer
A string indicating the name of the manufacturer (usually “Sony” but a few others exist).
memory
An integer indicating the amount of memory (in Mb) connected to the SoC.
Note: This can differ substantially from the amount of RAM available to the operating system as
the GPU’s memory is shared with the CPU. When the camera module is activated, at least 128Mb of
RAM is typically reserved for the GPU.
storage
A string indicating the type of bootable storage used with this revision of Pi, e.g. “SD”, “MicroSD”,
or “eMMC” (for the Compute Module).
usb
An integer indicating how many USB ports are physically present on this revision of the Pi.
Note: This does not include the micro-USB port used to power the Pi.
ethernet
An integer indicating how many Ethernet ports are physically present on this revision of the Pi.
wifi
A bool indicating whether this revision of the Pi has wifi built-in.
bluetooth
A bool indicating whether this revision of the Pi has bluetooth built-in.
csi
An integer indicating the number of CSI (camera) ports available on this revision of the Pi.
dsi
An integer indicating the number of DSI (display) ports available on this revision of the Pi.
headers
A dictionary which maps header labels to HeaderInfo (page 194) tuples. For example, to obtain
information about header P1 you would query headers['P1']. To obtain information about pin
12 on header J8 you would query headers['J8'].pins[12].
905 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/System_on_a_chip
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A rendered version of this data can be obtained by using the PiBoardInfo (page 191) object in a
format string:
from gpiozero import *
print('{0:headers}'.format(pi_info()))
board
An ASCII art rendition of the board, primarily intended for console pretty-print usage. A more usefully
rendered version of this data can be obtained by using the PiBoardInfo (page 191) object in a
format string. For example:
from gpiozero import *
print('{0:board}'.format(pi_info()))
21.3 HeaderInfo
class gpiozero.HeaderInfo
This class is a namedtuple()906 derivative used to represent information about a pin header on a board.
The object can be used in a format string with various custom specifications:
from gpiozero import *
print('{0}'.format(pi_info().headers['J8']))
print('{0:full}'.format(pi_info().headers['J8']))
print('{0:col2}'.format(pi_info().headers['P1']))
print('{0:row1}'.format(pi_info().headers['P1']))
“color” and “mono” can be prefixed to format specifications to force the use of ANSI color codes907 . If
neither is specified, ANSI codes will only be used if stdout is detected to be a tty:
print('{0:color row2}'.format(pi_info().headers['J8'])) # force use of ANSI
˓→codes
print('{0:mono row2}'.format(pi_info().headers['P1'])) # force plain ASCII
The following attributes are defined:
pprint(color=None)
Pretty-print a diagram of the header pins.
If color is None908 (the default, the diagram will include ANSI color codes if stdout is a color-capable
terminal). Otherwise color can be set to True909 or False910 to force color or monochrome output.
name
The name of the header, typically as it appears silk-screened on the board (e.g. “P1” or “J8”).
rows
The number of rows on the header.
columns
The number of columns on the header.
pins
A dictionary mapping physical pin numbers to PinInfo (page 195) tuples.
906 https://docs.python.org/3.7/library/collections.html#collections.namedtuple
907 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ANSI_escape_code
908 https://docs.python.org/3.7/library/constants.html#None
909 https://docs.python.org/3.7/library/constants.html#True
910 https://docs.python.org/3.7/library/constants.html#False
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21.4 PinInfo
class gpiozero.PinInfo
This class is a namedtuple()911 derivative used to represent information about a pin present on a GPIO
header. The following attributes are defined:
number
An integer containing the physical pin number on the header (starting from 1 in accordance with
convention).
function
A string describing the function of the pin. Some common examples include “GND” (for pins con-
necting to ground), “3V3” (for pins which output 3.3 volts), “GPIO9” (for GPIO9 in the Broadcom
numbering scheme), etc.
pull_up
A bool indicating whether the pin has a physical pull-up resistor permanently attached (this is usually
False912 but GPIO2 and GPIO3 are usually True913 ). This is used internally by gpiozero to raise
errors when pull-down is requested on a pin with a physical pull-up resistor.
row
An integer indicating on which row the pin is physically located in the header (1-based)
col
An integer indicating in which column the pin is physically located in the header (1-based)
911 https://docs.python.org/3.7/library/collections.html#collections.namedtuple
912 https://docs.python.org/3.7/library/constants.html#False
913 https://docs.python.org/3.7/library/constants.html#True
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CHAPTER 22
API - Pins
As of release 1.1, the GPIO Zero library can be roughly divided into two things: pins and the devices that are
connected to them. The majority of the documentation focuses on devices as pins are below the level that most
users are concerned with. However, some users may wish to take advantage of the capabilities of alternative GPIO
implementations or (in future) use GPIO extender chips. This is the purpose of the pins portion of the library.
When you construct a device, you pass in a pin specification. This is passed to a pin Factory (page 202) which
turns it into a Pin (page 203) implementation. The default factory can be queried (and changed) with Device.
pin_factory (page 177). However, all classes (even internal devices) accept a pin_factory keyword argument
to their constructors permitting the factory to be overridden on a per-device basis (the reason for allowing per-
device factories is made apparent in the Configuring Remote GPIO (page 43) chapter).
This is illustrated in the following flow-chart:
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LED(pin_spec, ...,
pin_factory=None)
pin_factory
is None?
yes no
Device.pin_factory
is None?
self.pin_factory =
yes
pin_factory
Device.pin_factory =
no
Device._default_pin_factory()
self.pin_factory =
Device.pin_factory
self.pin =
self.pin_factory.pin(pin_spec)
The default factory is constructed when the first device is initialised; if no default factory can be constructed
(e.g. because no GPIO implementations are installed, or all of them fail to load for whatever reason), a
BadPinFactory (page 216) exception will be raised at construction time.
After importing gpiozero, until constructing a gpiozero device, the pin factory is None914 , but at the point of first
construction the default pin factory will come into effect:
pi@raspberrypi:~ $ python3
Python 3.7.3 (default, Apr 3 2019, 05:39:12)
[GCC 8.2.0] on linux
Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.
>>> from gpiozero import Device, LED
>>> print(Device.pin_factory)
None
>>> led = LED(2)
(continues on next page)
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(continued from previous page)
>>> Device.pin_factory
<gpiozero.pins.rpigpio.RPiGPIOFactory object at 0xb667ae30>
>>> led.pin_factory
<gpiozero.pins.rpigpio.RPiGPIOFactory object at 0xb6323530>
As above, on a Raspberry Pi with the RPi.GPIO library installed, (assuming no environment variables are set), the
default pin factory will be RPiGPIOFactory (page 210).
On a PC (with no pin libraries installed and no environment variables set), importing will work but attempting to
create a device will raise BadPinFactory (page 216):
ben@magicman:~ $ python3
Python 3.6.8 (default, Aug 20 2019, 17:12:48)
[GCC 8.3.0] on linux
Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.
>>> from gpiozero import Device, LED
>>> print(Device.pin_factory)
None
>>> led = LED(2)
...
BadPinFactory: Unable to load any default pin factory!
22.1 Changing the pin factory
The default pin factory can be replaced by specifying a value for the GPIOZERO_PIN_FACTORY (page 74)
environment variable. For example:
pi@raspberrypi:~ $ GPIOZERO_PIN_FACTORY=native python3
Python 3.7.3 (default, Apr 3 2019, 05:39:12)
[GCC 8.2.0] on linux
Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.
>>> from gpiozero import Device
>>> Device._default_pin_factory()
<gpiozero.pins.native.NativeFactory object at 0x762c26b0>
To set the GPIOZERO_PIN_FACTORY (page 74) for the rest of your session you can export this value:
pi@raspberrypi:~ $ export GPIOZERO_PIN_FACTORY=native
pi@raspberrypi:~ $ python3
Python 3.7.3 (default, Apr 3 2019, 05:39:12)
[GCC 8.2.0] on linux
Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.
>>> import gpiozero
>>> Device._default_pin_factory()
<gpiozero.pins.native.NativeFactory object at 0x762c26b0>
>>> quit()
pi@raspberrypi:~ $ python3
Python 3.7.3 (default, Apr 3 2019, 05:39:12)
[GCC 8.2.0] on linux
Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.
>>> import gpiozero
>>> Device._default_pin_factory()
<gpiozero.pins.native.NativeFactory object at 0x762c26b0>
If you add the export command to your ~/.bashrc file, you’ll set the default pin factory for all future sessions
too.
If the environment variable is set, the corresponding pin factory will be used, otherwise each of the four GPIO pin
factories will be attempted to be used in turn.
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The following values, and the corresponding Factory (page 202) and Pin (page 203) classes are listed in the
table below. Factories are listed in the order that they are tried by default.
Name Factory class Pin class
rpig- gpiozero.pins.rpigpio. gpiozero.pins.rpigpio.
pio RPiGPIOFactory (page 210) RPiGPIOPin (page 211)
rpio gpiozero.pins.rpio.RPIOFactory gpiozero.pins.rpio.RPIOPin
(page 211) (page 211)
pig- gpiozero.pins.pigpio.PiGPIOFactory gpiozero.pins.pigpio.PiGPIOPin
pio (page 211) (page 212)
na- gpiozero.pins.native.NativeFactory gpiozero.pins.native.NativePin
tive (page 212) (page 212)
If you need to change the default pin factory from within a script, either set Device.pin_factory (page 177)
to the new factory instance to use:
from gpiozero.pins.native import NativeFactory
from gpiozero import Device, LED
Device.pin_factory = NativeFactory()
# These will now implicitly use NativePin instead of RPiGPIOPin
led1 = LED(16)
led2 = LED(17)
Or use the pin_factory keyword parameter mentioned above:
from gpiozero.pins.native import NativeFactory
from gpiozero import LED
my_factory = NativeFactory()
# This will use NativePin instead of RPiGPIOPin for led1
# but led2 will continue to use RPiGPIOPin
led1 = LED(16, pin_factory=my_factory)
led2 = LED(17)
Certain factories may take default information from additional sources. For example, to default to creating pins
with gpiozero.pins.pigpio.PiGPIOPin (page 212) on a remote pi called “remote-pi” you can set the
PIGPIO_ADDR (page 74) environment variable when running your script:
$ GPIOZERO_PIN_FACTORY=pigpio PIGPIO_ADDR=remote-pi python3 my_script.py
Like the GPIOZERO_PIN_FACTORY (page 74) value, these can be exported from your ~/.bashrc script too.
Warning: The astute and mischievous reader may note that it is possible to mix factories, e.g. using
RPiGPIOFactory (page 210) for one pin, and NativeFactory (page 212) for another. This is un-
supported, and if it results in your script crashing, your components failing, or your Raspberry Pi turning into
an actual raspberry pie, you have only yourself to blame.
Sensible uses of multiple pin factories are given in Configuring Remote GPIO (page 43).
22.2 Mock pins
There’s also a MockFactory (page 213) which generates entirely fake pins. This was originally intended for
GPIO Zero developers who wish to write tests for devices without having to have the physical device wired in
to their Pi. However, they have also proven useful in developing GPIO Zero scripts without having a Pi to hand.
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This pin factory will never be loaded by default; it must be explicitly specified, either by setting an environment
variable or setting the pin factory within the script. For example:
pi@raspberrypi:~ $ GPIOZERO_PIN_FACTORY=mock python3
or:
from gpiozero import Device, LED
from gpiozero.pins.mock import MockFactory
Device.pin_factory = MockFactory()
led = LED(2)
You can create device objects and inspect their value changing as you’d expect:
pi@raspberrypi:~ $ GPIOZERO_PIN_FACTORY=mock python3
Python 3.7.3 (default, Apr 3 2019, 05:39:12)
[GCC 8.2.0] on linux
Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.
>>> from gpiozero import LED
>>> led = LED(2)
>>> led.value
0
>>> led.on()
>>> led.value
1
You can even control pin state changes to simulate device behaviour:
>>> from gpiozero import LED, Button
# Construct a couple of devices attached to mock pins 16 and 17, and link the
˓→devices
>>> led = LED(17)
>>> btn = Button(16)
>>> led.source = btn
# Initailly the button isn't "pressed" so the LED should be off
>>> led.value
0
# Drive the pin low (this is what would happen electrically when the button is
˓→pressed)
>>> btn.pin.drive_low()
# The LED is now on
>>> led.value
1
>>> btn.pin.drive_high()
# The button is now "released", so the LED should be off again
>>> led.value
0
Several sub-classes of mock pins exist for emulating various other things (pins that do/don’t support PWM, pins
that are connected together, pins that drive high after a delay, etc), for example, you have to use MockPWMPin
(page 213) to be able to use devices requiring PWM:
pi@raspberrypi:~ $ GPIOZERO_PIN_FACTORY=mock GPIOZERO_MOCK_PIN_CLASS=mockpwmpin
˓→python3
or:
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from gpiozero import Device, LED
from gpiozero.pins.mock import MockFactory, MockPWMPin
Device.pin_factory = MockFactory(pin_class=MockPWMPin)
led = LED(2)
Interested users are invited to read the GPIO Zero test suite915 for further examples of usage.
22.3 Base classes
class gpiozero.Factory
Generates pins and SPI interfaces for devices. This is an abstract base class for pin factories. Descendents
must override the following methods:
• ticks() (page 203)
• ticks_diff() (page 203)
Descendents may override the following methods, if applicable:
• close() (page 202)
• reserve_pins() (page 202)
• release_pins() (page 202)
• release_all() (page 202)
• pin() (page 202)
• spi() (page 202)
• _get_pi_info()
close()
Closes the pin factory. This is expected to clean up all resources manipulated by the factory. It it
typically called at script termination.
pin(spec)
Creates an instance of a Pin (page 203) descendent representing the specified pin.
Warning: Descendents must ensure that pin instances representing the same hardware are identi-
cal; i.e. two separate invocations of pin() (page 202) for the same pin specification must return
the same object.
release_all(reserver)
Releases all pin reservations taken out by reserver. See release_pins() (page 202) for further
information).
release_pins(reserver, *pins)
Releases the reservation of reserver against pins. This is typically called during close() (page 177)
to clean up reservations taken during construction. Releasing a reservation that is not currently held
will be silently ignored (to permit clean-up after failed / partial construction).
reserve_pins(requester, *pins)
Called to indicate that the device reserves the right to use the specified pins. This should be done
during device construction. If pins are reserved, you must ensure that the reservation is released by
eventually called release_pins() (page 202).
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spi(**spi_args)
Returns an instance of an SPI (page 205) interface, for the specified SPI port and device, or for the
specified pins (clock_pin, mosi_pin, miso_pin, and select_pin). Only one of the schemes can be used;
attempting to mix port and device with pin numbers will raise SPIBadArgs (page 217).
ticks()
Return the current ticks, according to the factory. The reference point is undefined and thus the result
of this method is only meaningful when compared to another value returned by this method.
The format of the time is also arbitrary, as is whether the time wraps after a certain duration. Ticks
should only be compared using the ticks_diff() (page 203) method.
ticks_diff(later, earlier)
Return the time in seconds between two ticks() (page 203) results. The arguments are specified
in the same order as they would be in the formula later - earlier but the result is guaranteed to be in
seconds, and to be positive even if the ticks “wrapped” between calls to ticks() (page 203).
pi_info
Returns a PiBoardInfo (page 191) instance representing the Pi that instances generated by this
factory will be attached to.
If the pins represented by this class are not directly attached to a Pi (e.g. the pin is attached to a board
attached to the Pi, or the pins are not on a Pi at all), this may return None916 .
class gpiozero.Pin
Abstract base class representing a pin attached to some form of controller, be it GPIO, SPI, ADC, etc.
Descendents should override property getters and setters to accurately represent the capabilities of pins.
Descendents must override the following methods:
• _get_function()
• _set_function()
• _get_state()
Descendents may additionally override the following methods, if applicable:
• close() (page 203)
• output_with_state() (page 204)
• input_with_pull() (page 203)
• _set_state()
• _get_frequency()
• _set_frequency()
• _get_pull()
• _set_pull()
• _get_bounce()
• _set_bounce()
• _get_edges()
• _set_edges()
• _get_when_changed()
• _set_when_changed()
close()
Cleans up the resources allocated to the pin. After this method is called, this Pin (page 203) instance
may no longer be used to query or control the pin’s state.
916 https://docs.python.org/3.7/library/constants.html#None
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input_with_pull(pull)
Sets the pin’s function to “input” and specifies an initial pull-up for the pin. By default this is equivalent
to performing:
pin.function = 'input'
pin.pull = pull
However, descendents may override this order to provide the smallest possible delay between config-
uring the pin for input and pulling the pin up/down (which can be important for avoiding “blips” in
some configurations).
output_with_state(state)
Sets the pin’s function to “output” and specifies an initial state for the pin. By default this is equivalent
to performing:
pin.function = 'output'
pin.state = state
However, descendents may override this in order to provide the smallest possible delay between con-
figuring the pin for output and specifying an initial value (which can be important for avoiding “blips”
in active-low configurations).
bounce
The amount of bounce detection (elimination) currently in use by edge detection, measured in seconds.
If bounce detection is not currently in use, this is None917 .
For example, if edges (page 204) is currently “rising”, bounce (page 204) is currently 5/1000 (5ms),
then the waveform below will only fire when_changed (page 205) on two occasions despite there
being three rising edges:
TIME 0...1...2...3...4...5...6...7...8...9...10..11..12 ms
bounce elimination |===================| |==============
HIGH - - - - > ,--. ,--------------. ,--.
| | | | | |
| | | | | |
LOW ----------------' `-' `-' `-----------
: :
: :
when_changed when_changed
fires fires
If the pin does not support edge detection, attempts to set this property will raise
PinEdgeDetectUnsupported (page 218). If the pin supports edge detection, the class must
implement bounce detection, even if only in software.
edges
The edge that will trigger execution of the function or bound method assigned to when_changed
(page 205). This can be one of the strings “both” (the default), “rising”, “falling”, or “none”:
HIGH - - - - > ,--------------.
| |
| |
LOW --------------------' `--------------
: :
: :
Fires when_changed "both" "both"
when edges is ... "rising" "falling"
If the pin does not support edge detection, attempts to set this property will raise
PinEdgeDetectUnsupported (page 218).
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frequency
The frequency (in Hz) for the pin’s PWM implementation, or None918 if PWM is not currently in
use. This value always defaults to None919 and may be changed with certain pin types to activate or
deactivate PWM.
If the pin does not support PWM, PinPWMUnsupported (page 219) will be raised when attempting
to set this to a value other than None920 .
function
The function of the pin. This property is a string indicating the current function or purpose of the pin.
Typically this is the string “input” or “output”. However, in some circumstances it can be other strings
indicating non-GPIO related functionality.
With certain pin types (e.g. GPIO pins), this attribute can be changed to configure the function of a
pin. If an invalid function is specified, for this attribute, PinInvalidFunction (page 218) will be
raised.
pull
The pull-up state of the pin represented as a string. This is typically one of the strings “up”, “down”,
or “floating” but additional values may be supported by the underlying hardware.
If the pin does not support changing pull-up state (for example because of a fixed pull-up resistor),
attempts to set this property will raise PinFixedPull (page 218). If the specified value is not
supported by the underlying hardware, PinInvalidPull (page 218) is raised.
state
The state of the pin. This is 0 for low, and 1 for high. As a low level view of the pin, no swapping is
performed in the case of pull ups (see pull (page 205) for more information):
HIGH - - - - > ,----------------------
|
|
LOW ----------------'
Descendents which implement analog, or analog-like capabilities can return values between 0 and 1.
For example, pins implementing PWM (where frequency (page 205) is not None921 ) return a value
between 0.0 and 1.0 representing the current PWM duty cycle.
If a pin is currently configured for input, and an attempt is made to set this attribute, PinSetInput
(page 218) will be raised. If an invalid value is specified for this attribute, PinInvalidState
(page 218) will be raised.
when_changed
A function or bound method to be called when the pin’s state changes (more specifically when the
edge specified by edges (page 204) is detected on the pin). The function or bound method must
accept two parameters: the first will report the ticks (from Factory.ticks() (page 203)) when
the pin’s state changed, and the second will report the pin’s current state.
Warning: Depending on hardware support, the state is not guaranteed to be accurate. For in-
stance, many GPIO implementations will provide an interrupt indicating when a pin’s state changed
but not what it changed to. In this case the pin driver simply reads the pin’s current state to sup-
ply this parameter, but the pin’s state may have changed since the interrupt. Exercise appropriate
caution when relying upon this parameter.
If the pin does not support edge detection, attempts to set this property will raise
PinEdgeDetectUnsupported (page 218).
918 https://docs.python.org/3.7/library/constants.html#None
919 https://docs.python.org/3.7/library/constants.html#None
920 https://docs.python.org/3.7/library/constants.html#None
921 https://docs.python.org/3.7/library/constants.html#None
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class gpiozero.SPI
Abstract interface for Serial Peripheral Interface922 (SPI) implementations. Descendents must override the
following methods:
• transfer() (page 206)
• _get_clock_mode()
Descendents may override the following methods, if applicable:
• read() (page 206)
• write() (page 206)
• _set_clock_mode()
• _get_lsb_first()
• _set_lsb_first()
• _get_select_high()
• _set_select_high()
• _get_bits_per_word()
• _set_bits_per_word()
read(n)
Read n words of data from the SPI interface, returning them as a sequence of unsigned ints, each no
larger than the configured bits_per_word (page 206) of the interface.
This method is typically used with read-only devices that feature half-duplex communication. See
transfer() (page 206) for full duplex communication.
transfer(data)
Write data to the SPI interface. data must be a sequence of unsigned integer words each of which
will fit within the configured bits_per_word (page 206) of the interface. The method returns the
sequence of words read from the interface while writing occurred (full duplex communication).
The length of the sequence returned dictates the number of words of data written to the inter-
face. Each word in the returned sequence will be an unsigned integer no larger than the configured
bits_per_word (page 206) of the interface.
write(data)
Write data to the SPI interface. data must be a sequence of unsigned integer words each of which
will fit within the configured bits_per_word (page 206) of the interface. The method returns the
number of words written to the interface (which may be less than or equal to the length of data).
This method is typically used with write-only devices that feature half-duplex communication. See
transfer() (page 206) for full duplex communication.
bits_per_word
Controls the number of bits that make up a word, and thus where the word boundaries appear in the
data stream, and the maximum value of a word. Defaults to 8 meaning that words are effectively bytes.
Several implementations do not support non-byte-sized words.
clock_mode
Presents a value representing the clock_polarity (page 207) and clock_phase (page 207)
attributes combined according to the following table:
mode polarity (CPOL) phase (CPHA)
0 False False
1 False True
2 True False
3 True True
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Adjusting this value adjusts both the clock_polarity (page 207) and clock_phase (page 207)
attributes simultaneously.
clock_phase
The phase of the SPI clock pin. If this is False923 (the default), data will be read from the MISO
pin when the clock pin activates. Setting this to True924 will cause data to be read from the MISO
pin when the clock pin deactivates. On many data sheets this is documented as the CPHA value.
Whether the clock edge is rising or falling when the clock is considered activated is controlled by the
clock_polarity (page 207) attribute (corresponding to CPOL).
The following diagram indicates when data is read when clock_polarity (page 207) is
False925 , and clock_phase (page 207) is False926 (the default), equivalent to CPHA 0:
,---. ,---. ,---. ,---. ,---. ,---. ,---.
CLK | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
----' `---' `---' `---' `---' `---' `---' `-------
: : : : : : :
MISO---. ,---. ,---. ,---. ,---. ,---. ,---.
/ \ / \ / \ / \ / \ / \ / \
-{ Bit X Bit X Bit X Bit X Bit X Bit X Bit }------
\ / \ / \ / \ / \ / \ / \ /
`---' `---' `---' `---' `---' `---' `---'
The following diagram indicates when data is read when clock_polarity (page 207) is
False927 , but clock_phase (page 207) is True928 , equivalent to CPHA 1:
,---. ,---. ,---. ,---. ,---. ,---. ,---.
CLK | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
----' `---' `---' `---' `---' `---' `---' `-------
: : : : : : :
MISO ,---. ,---. ,---. ,---. ,---. ,---. ,---.
/ \ / \ / \ / \ / \ / \ / \
-----{ Bit X Bit X Bit X Bit X Bit X Bit X Bit }--
\ / \ / \ / \ / \ / \ / \ /
`---' `---' `---' `---' `---' `---' `---'
clock_polarity
The polarity of the SPI clock pin. If this is False929 (the default), the clock pin will idle low, and
pulse high. Setting this to True930 will cause the clock pin to idle high, and pulse low. On many data
sheets this is documented as the CPOL value.
The following diagram illustrates the waveform when clock_polarity (page 207) is False931
(the default), equivalent to CPOL 0:
on on on on on on on
,---. ,---. ,---. ,---. ,---. ,---. ,---.
CLK | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
------' `---' `---' `---' `---' `---' `---' `------
idle off off off off off off idle
The following diagram illustrates the waveform when clock_polarity (page 207) is True932 ,
923 https://docs.python.org/3.7/library/constants.html#False
924 https://docs.python.org/3.7/library/constants.html#True
925 https://docs.python.org/3.7/library/constants.html#False
926 https://docs.python.org/3.7/library/constants.html#False
927 https://docs.python.org/3.7/library/constants.html#False
928 https://docs.python.org/3.7/library/constants.html#True
929 https://docs.python.org/3.7/library/constants.html#False
930 https://docs.python.org/3.7/library/constants.html#True
931 https://docs.python.org/3.7/library/constants.html#False
932 https://docs.python.org/3.7/library/constants.html#True
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equivalent to CPOL 1:
idle off off off off off off idle
------. ,---. ,---. ,---. ,---. ,---. ,---. ,------
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
CLK | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
`---' `---' `---' `---' `---' `---' `---'
on on on on on on on
lsb_first
Controls whether words are read and written LSB in (Least Significant Bit first) order. The default
is False933 indicating that words are read and written in MSB (Most Significant Bit first) order.
Effectively, this controls the Bit endianness934 of the connection.
The following diagram shows the a word containing the number 5 (binary 0101) transmitted on
MISO with bits_per_word (page 206) set to 4, and clock_mode (page 206) set to 0, when
lsb_first (page 208) is False935 (the default):
,---. ,---. ,---. ,---.
CLK | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | |
----' `---' `---' `---' `-----
: ,-------. : ,-------.
MISO: | : | : | : |
: | : | : | : |
----------' : `-------' : `----
: : : :
MSB LSB
And now with lsb_first (page 208) set to True936 (and all other parameters the same):
,---. ,---. ,---. ,---.
CLK | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | |
----' `---' `---' `---' `-----
,-------. : ,-------. :
MISO: | : | : | :
| : | : | : | :
--' : `-------' : `-----------
: : : :
LSB MSB
select_high
If False937 (the default), the chip select line is considered active when it is pulled low. When set to
True938 , the chip select line is considered active when it is driven high.
The following diagram shows the waveform of the chip select line, and the clock when
clock_polarity (page 207) is False939 , and select_high (page 208) is False940 (the de-
fault):
---. ,------
__ | |
CS | chip is selected, and will react to clock | idle
`-----------------------------------------------------'
(continues on next page)
933 https://docs.python.org/3.7/library/constants.html#False
934 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endianness#Bit_endianness
935 https://docs.python.org/3.7/library/constants.html#False
936 https://docs.python.org/3.7/library/constants.html#True
937 https://docs.python.org/3.7/library/constants.html#False
938 https://docs.python.org/3.7/library/constants.html#True
939 https://docs.python.org/3.7/library/constants.html#False
940 https://docs.python.org/3.7/library/constants.html#False
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(continued from previous page)
,---. ,---. ,---. ,---. ,---. ,---. ,---.
CLK | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
----' `---' `---' `---' `---' `---' `---' `-------
And when select_high (page 208) is True941 :
,-----------------------------------------------------.
CS | chip is selected, and will react to clock | idle
| |
---' `------
,---. ,---. ,---. ,---. ,---. ,---. ,---.
CLK | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
----' `---' `---' `---' `---' `---' `---' `-------
class gpiozero.pins.pi.PiFactory
Extends Factory (page 202). Abstract base class representing hardware attached to a Raspberry Pi. This
forms the base of LocalPiFactory (page 210).
close()
Closes the pin factory. This is expected to clean up all resources manipulated by the factory. It it
typically called at script termination.
pin(spec)
Creates an instance of a Pin descendent representing the specified pin.
Warning: Descendents must ensure that pin instances representing the same hardware are identi-
cal; i.e. two separate invocations of pin() (page 209) for the same pin specification must return
the same object.
release_pins(reserver, *pins)
Releases the reservation of reserver against pins. This is typically called during close() (page 177)
to clean up reservations taken during construction. Releasing a reservation that is not currently held
will be silently ignored (to permit clean-up after failed / partial construction).
reserve_pins(requester, *pins)
Called to indicate that the device reserves the right to use the specified pins. This should be done
during device construction. If pins are reserved, you must ensure that the reservation is released by
eventually called release_pins() (page 209).
spi(**spi_args)
Returns an SPI interface, for the specified SPI port and device, or for the specified pins (clock_pin,
mosi_pin, miso_pin, and select_pin). Only one of the schemes can be used; attempting to mix port
and device with pin numbers will raise SPIBadArgs (page 217).
If the pins specified match the hardware SPI pins (clock on GPIO11, MOSI on GPIO10, MISO on
GPIO9, and chip select on GPIO8 or GPIO7), and the spidev module can be imported, a hardware
based interface (using spidev) will be returned. Otherwise, a software based interface will be returned
which will use simple bit-banging to communicate.
Both interfaces have the same API, support clock polarity and phase attributes, and can handle half
and full duplex communications, but the hardware interface is significantly faster (though for many
things this doesn’t matter).
941 https://docs.python.org/3.7/library/constants.html#True
22.3. Base classes 209
Gpiozero Documentation, Release 1.5.1
class gpiozero.pins.pi.PiPin(factory, number)
Extends Pin (page 203). Abstract base class representing a multi-function GPIO pin attached to a Rasp-
berry Pi. Descendents must override the following methods:
• _get_function()
• _set_function()
• _get_state()
• _call_when_changed()
• _enable_event_detect()
• _disable_event_detect()
Descendents may additionally override the following methods, if applicable:
• close()
• output_with_state()
• input_with_pull()
• _set_state()
• _get_frequency()
• _set_frequency()
• _get_pull()
• _set_pull()
• _get_bounce()
• _set_bounce()
• _get_edges()
• _set_edges()
class gpiozero.pins.local.LocalPiFactory
Extends PiFactory (page 209). Abstract base class representing pins attached locally to a Pi. This
forms the base class for local-only pin interfaces (RPiGPIOPin (page 211), RPIOPin (page 211), and
NativePin (page 212)).
static ticks()
Return the current ticks, according to the factory. The reference point is undefined and thus the result
of this method is only meaningful when compared to another value returned by this method.
The format of the time is also arbitrary, as is whether the time wraps after a certain duration. Ticks
should only be compared using the ticks_diff() (page 210) method.
static ticks_diff(later, earlier)
Return the time in seconds between two ticks() (page 210) results. The arguments are specified
in the same order as they would be in the formula later - earlier but the result is guaranteed to be in
seconds, and to be positive even if the ticks “wrapped” between calls to ticks() (page 210).
class gpiozero.pins.local.LocalPiPin(factory, number)
Extends PiPin (page 209). Abstract base class representing a multi-function GPIO pin attached to the
local Raspberry Pi.
22.4 RPi.GPIO
class gpiozero.pins.rpigpio.RPiGPIOFactory
Extends LocalPiFactory (page 210). Uses the RPi.GPIO942 library to interface to the Pi’s GPIO pins.
942 https://pypi.python.org/pypi/RPi.GPIO
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This is the default pin implementation if the RPi.GPIO library is installed. Supports all features including
PWM (via software).
Because this is the default pin implementation you can use it simply by specifying an integer number for
the pin in most operations, e.g.:
from gpiozero import LED
led = LED(12)
However, you can also construct RPi.GPIO pins manually if you wish:
from gpiozero.pins.rpigpio import RPiGPIOFactory
from gpiozero import LED
factory = RPiGPIOFactory()
led = LED(12, pin_factory=factory)
class gpiozero.pins.rpigpio.RPiGPIOPin(factory, number)
Extends LocalPiPin (page 210). Pin implementation for the RPi.GPIO943 library. See
RPiGPIOFactory (page 210) for more information.
22.5 RPIO
class gpiozero.pins.rpio.RPIOFactory
Extends LocalPiFactory (page 210). Uses the RPIO944 library to interface to the Pi’s GPIO pins. This
is the default pin implementation if the RPi.GPIO library is not installed, but RPIO is. Supports all features
including PWM (hardware via DMA).
Note: Please note that at the time of writing, RPIO is only compatible with Pi 1’s; the Raspberry Pi 2
Model B is not supported. Also note that root access is required so scripts must typically be run with sudo.
You can construct RPIO pins manually like so:
from gpiozero.pins.rpio import RPIOFactory
from gpiozero import LED
factory = RPIOFactory()
led = LED(12, pin_factory=factory)
class gpiozero.pins.rpio.RPIOPin(factory, number)
Extends LocalPiPin (page 210). Pin implementation for the RPIO945 library. See RPIOFactory
(page 211) for more information.
22.6 PiGPIO
class gpiozero.pins.pigpio.PiGPIOFactory(host=None, port=None)
Extends PiFactory (page 209). Uses the pigpio946 library to interface to the Pi’s GPIO pins. The pigpio
library relies on a daemon (pigpiod) to be running as root to provide access to the GPIO pins, and
communicates with this daemon over a network socket.
While this does mean only the daemon itself should control the pins, the architecture does have several
advantages:
943 https://pypi.python.org/pypi/RPi.GPIO
944 https://pythonhosted.org/RPIO/
945 https://pythonhosted.org/RPIO/
946 http://abyz.me.uk/rpi/pigpio/
22.5. RPIO 211
Gpiozero Documentation, Release 1.5.1
• Pins can be remote controlled from another machine (the other machine doesn’t even have to be a
Raspberry Pi; it simply needs the pigpio947 client library installed on it)
• The daemon supports hardware PWM via the DMA controller
• Your script itself doesn’t require root privileges; it just needs to be able to communicate with the
daemon
You can construct pigpio pins manually like so:
from gpiozero.pins.pigpio import PiGPIOFactory
from gpiozero import LED
factory = PiGPIOFactory()
led = LED(12, pin_factory=factory)
This is particularly useful for controlling pins on a remote machine. To accomplish this simply specify the
host (and optionally port) when constructing the pin:
from gpiozero.pins.pigpio import PiGPIOFactory
from gpiozero import LED
factory = PiGPIOFactory(host='192.168.0.2')
led = LED(12, pin_factory=factory)
Note: In some circumstances, especially when playing with PWM, it does appear to be possible to get the
daemon into “unusual” states. We would be most interested to hear any bug reports relating to this (it may
be a bug in our pin implementation). A workaround for now is simply to restart the pigpiod daemon.
class gpiozero.pins.pigpio.PiGPIOPin(factory, number)
Extends PiPin (page 209). Pin implementation for the pigpio948 library. See PiGPIOFactory
(page 211) for more information.
22.7 Native
class gpiozero.pins.native.NativeFactory
Extends LocalPiFactory (page 210). Uses a built-in pure Python implementation to interface to the
Pi’s GPIO pins. This is the default pin implementation if no third-party libraries are discovered.
Warning: This implementation does not currently support PWM. Attempting to use any class which
requests PWM will raise an exception.
You can construct native pin instances manually like so:
from gpiozero.pins.native import NativeFactory
from gpiozero import LED
factory = NativeFactory()
led = LED(12, pin_factory=factory)
class gpiozero.pins.native.NativePin(factory, number)
Extends LocalPiPin (page 210). Native pin implementation. See NativeFactory (page 212) for
more information.
947 http://abyz.me.uk/rpi/pigpio/
948 http://abyz.me.uk/rpi/pigpio/
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22.8 Mock
class gpiozero.pins.mock.MockFactory(revision=None, pin_class=None)
Factory for generating mock pins. The revision parameter specifies what revision of Pi the mock factory
pretends to be (this affects the result of the pi_info (page 203) attribute as well as where pull-ups are
assumed to be). The pin_class attribute specifies which mock pin class will be generated by the pin()
(page 213) method by default. This can be changed after construction by modifying the pin_class
(page 213) attribute.
pin_class
This attribute stores the MockPin (page 213) class (or descendent) that will be used when constructing
pins with the pin() (page 213) method (if no pin_class parameter is used to override it). It defaults
on construction to the value of the pin_class parameter in the constructor, or MockPin (page 213) if
that is unspecified.
pin(spec, pin_class=None, **kwargs)
The pin method for MockFactory (page 213) additionally takes a pin_class attribute which can
be used to override the class’ pin_class (page 213) attribute. Any additional keyword arguments
will be passed along to the pin constructor (useful with things like MockConnectedPin (page 213)
which expect to be constructed with another pin).
reset()
Clears the pins and reservations sets. This is primarily useful in test suites to ensure the pin factory is
back in a “clean” state before the next set of tests are run.
class gpiozero.pins.mock.MockPin(factory, number)
A mock pin used primarily for testing. This class does not support PWM.
class gpiozero.pins.mock.MockPWMPin(factory, number)
This derivative of MockPin (page 213) adds PWM support.
class gpiozero.pins.mock.MockConnectedPin(factory, number, input_pin=None)
This derivative of MockPin (page 213) emulates a pin connected to another mock pin. This is used in the
“real pins” portion of the test suite to check that one pin can influence another.
class gpiozero.pins.mock.MockChargingPin(factory, number, charge_time=0.01)
This derivative of MockPin (page 213) emulates a pin which, when set to input, waits a predetermined
length of time and then drives itself high (as if attached to, e.g. a typical circuit using an LDR and a
capacitor to time the charging rate).
class gpiozero.pins.mock.MockTriggerPin(factory, number, echo_pin=None,
echo_time=0.04)
This derivative of MockPin (page 213) is intended to be used with another MockPin (page 213) to emulate
a distance sensor. Set echo_pin to the corresponding pin instance. When this pin is driven high it will trigger
the echo pin to drive high for the echo time.
22.8. Mock 213
Gpiozero Documentation, Release 1.5.1
214 Chapter 22. API - Pins
CHAPTER 23
API - Exceptions
The following exceptions are defined by GPIO Zero. Please note that multiple inheritance is heavily used in the
exception hierarchy to make testing for exceptions easier. For example, to capture any exception generated by
GPIO Zero’s code:
from gpiozero import *
led = PWMLED(17)
try:
led.value = 2
except GPIOZeroError:
print('A GPIO Zero error occurred')
Since all GPIO Zero’s exceptions descend from GPIOZeroError (page 215), this will work. However,
certain specific errors have multiple parents. For example, in the case that an out of range value is passed
to OutputDevice.value (page 131) you would expect a ValueError949 to be raised. In fact, a
OutputDeviceBadValue (page 218) error will be raised. However, note that this descends from both
GPIOZeroError (page 215) (indirectly) and from ValueError950 so you can still do the obvious:
from gpiozero import *
led = PWMLED(17)
try:
led.value = 2
except ValueError:
print('Bad value specified')
23.1 Errors
exception gpiozero.GPIOZeroError
Bases: Exception951
Base class for all exceptions in GPIO Zero
949 https://docs.python.org/3.7/library/exceptions.html#ValueError
950 https://docs.python.org/3.7/library/exceptions.html#ValueError
951 https://docs.python.org/3.7/library/exceptions.html#Exception
215
Gpiozero Documentation, Release 1.5.1
exception gpiozero.DeviceClosed
Bases: gpiozero.exc.GPIOZeroError
Error raised when an operation is attempted on a closed device
exception gpiozero.BadEventHandler
Bases: gpiozero.exc.GPIOZeroError, ValueError952
Error raised when an event handler with an incompatible prototype is specified
exception gpiozero.BadWaitTime
Bases: gpiozero.exc.GPIOZeroError, ValueError953
Error raised when an invalid wait time is specified
exception gpiozero.BadQueueLen
Bases: gpiozero.exc.GPIOZeroError, ValueError954
Error raised when non-positive queue length is specified
exception gpiozero.BadPinFactory
Bases: gpiozero.exc.GPIOZeroError, ImportError955
Error raised when an unknown pin factory name is specified
exception gpiozero.ZombieThread
Bases: gpiozero.exc.GPIOZeroError, RuntimeError956
Error raised when a thread fails to die within a given timeout
exception gpiozero.CompositeDeviceError
Bases: gpiozero.exc.GPIOZeroError
Base class for errors specific to the CompositeDevice hierarchy
exception gpiozero.CompositeDeviceBadName
Bases: gpiozero.exc.CompositeDeviceError, ValueError957
Error raised when a composite device is constructed with a reserved name
exception gpiozero.CompositeDeviceBadOrder
Bases: gpiozero.exc.CompositeDeviceError, ValueError958
Error raised when a composite device is constructed with an incomplete order
exception gpiozero.CompositeDeviceBadDevice
Bases: gpiozero.exc.CompositeDeviceError, ValueError959
Error raised when a composite device is constructed with an object that doesn’t inherit from Device
(page 177)
exception gpiozero.EnergenieSocketMissing
Bases: gpiozero.exc.CompositeDeviceError, ValueError960
Error raised when socket number is not specified
exception gpiozero.EnergenieBadSocket
Bases: gpiozero.exc.CompositeDeviceError, ValueError961
Error raised when an invalid socket number is passed to Energenie (page 161)
952 https://docs.python.org/3.7/library/exceptions.html#ValueError
953 https://docs.python.org/3.7/library/exceptions.html#ValueError
954 https://docs.python.org/3.7/library/exceptions.html#ValueError
955 https://docs.python.org/3.7/library/exceptions.html#ImportError
956 https://docs.python.org/3.7/library/exceptions.html#RuntimeError
957 https://docs.python.org/3.7/library/exceptions.html#ValueError
958 https://docs.python.org/3.7/library/exceptions.html#ValueError
959 https://docs.python.org/3.7/library/exceptions.html#ValueError
960 https://docs.python.org/3.7/library/exceptions.html#ValueError
961 https://docs.python.org/3.7/library/exceptions.html#ValueError
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exception gpiozero.SPIError
Bases: gpiozero.exc.GPIOZeroError
Base class for errors related to the SPI implementation
exception gpiozero.SPIBadArgs
Bases: gpiozero.exc.SPIError, ValueError962
Error raised when invalid arguments are given while constructing SPIDevice (page 139)
exception gpiozero.SPIBadChannel
Bases: gpiozero.exc.SPIError, ValueError963
Error raised when an invalid channel is given to an AnalogInputDevice (page 139)
exception gpiozero.SPIFixedClockMode
Bases: gpiozero.exc.SPIError, AttributeError964
Error raised when the SPI clock mode cannot be changed
exception gpiozero.SPIInvalidClockMode
Bases: gpiozero.exc.SPIError, ValueError965
Error raised when an invalid clock mode is given to an SPI implementation
exception gpiozero.SPIFixedBitOrder
Bases: gpiozero.exc.SPIError, AttributeError966
Error raised when the SPI bit-endianness cannot be changed
exception gpiozero.SPIFixedSelect
Bases: gpiozero.exc.SPIError, AttributeError967
Error raised when the SPI select polarity cannot be changed
exception gpiozero.SPIFixedWordSize
Bases: gpiozero.exc.SPIError, AttributeError968
Error raised when the number of bits per word cannot be changed
exception gpiozero.SPIInvalidWordSize
Bases: gpiozero.exc.SPIError, ValueError969
Error raised when an invalid (out of range) number of bits per word is specified
exception gpiozero.GPIODeviceError
Bases: gpiozero.exc.GPIOZeroError
Base class for errors specific to the GPIODevice hierarchy
exception gpiozero.GPIODeviceClosed
Bases: gpiozero.exc.GPIODeviceError, gpiozero.exc.DeviceClosed
Deprecated descendent of DeviceClosed (page 215)
exception gpiozero.GPIOPinInUse
Bases: gpiozero.exc.GPIODeviceError
Error raised when attempting to use a pin already in use by another device
exception gpiozero.GPIOPinMissing
Bases: gpiozero.exc.GPIODeviceError, ValueError970
962 https://docs.python.org/3.7/library/exceptions.html#ValueError
963 https://docs.python.org/3.7/library/exceptions.html#ValueError
964 https://docs.python.org/3.7/library/exceptions.html#AttributeError
965 https://docs.python.org/3.7/library/exceptions.html#ValueError
966 https://docs.python.org/3.7/library/exceptions.html#AttributeError
967 https://docs.python.org/3.7/library/exceptions.html#AttributeError
968 https://docs.python.org/3.7/library/exceptions.html#AttributeError
969 https://docs.python.org/3.7/library/exceptions.html#ValueError
970 https://docs.python.org/3.7/library/exceptions.html#ValueError
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Gpiozero Documentation, Release 1.5.1
Error raised when a pin specification is not given
exception gpiozero.InputDeviceError
Bases: gpiozero.exc.GPIODeviceError
Base class for errors specific to the InputDevice hierarchy
exception gpiozero.OutputDeviceError
Bases: gpiozero.exc.GPIODeviceError
Base class for errors specified to the OutputDevice hierarchy
exception gpiozero.OutputDeviceBadValue
Bases: gpiozero.exc.OutputDeviceError, ValueError971
Error raised when value is set to an invalid value
exception gpiozero.PinError
Bases: gpiozero.exc.GPIOZeroError
Base class for errors related to pin implementations
exception gpiozero.PinInvalidFunction
Bases: gpiozero.exc.PinError, ValueError972
Error raised when attempting to change the function of a pin to an invalid value
exception gpiozero.PinInvalidState
Bases: gpiozero.exc.PinError, ValueError973
Error raised when attempting to assign an invalid state to a pin
exception gpiozero.PinInvalidPull
Bases: gpiozero.exc.PinError, ValueError974
Error raised when attempting to assign an invalid pull-up to a pin
exception gpiozero.PinInvalidEdges
Bases: gpiozero.exc.PinError, ValueError975
Error raised when attempting to assign an invalid edge detection to a pin
exception gpiozero.PinInvalidBounce
Bases: gpiozero.exc.PinError, ValueError976
Error raised when attempting to assign an invalid bounce time to a pin
exception gpiozero.PinSetInput
Bases: gpiozero.exc.PinError, AttributeError977
Error raised when attempting to set a read-only pin
exception gpiozero.PinFixedPull
Bases: gpiozero.exc.PinError, AttributeError978
Error raised when attempting to set the pull of a pin with fixed pull-up
exception gpiozero.PinEdgeDetectUnsupported
Bases: gpiozero.exc.PinError, AttributeError979
Error raised when attempting to use edge detection on unsupported pins
971 https://docs.python.org/3.7/library/exceptions.html#ValueError
972 https://docs.python.org/3.7/library/exceptions.html#ValueError
973 https://docs.python.org/3.7/library/exceptions.html#ValueError
974 https://docs.python.org/3.7/library/exceptions.html#ValueError
975 https://docs.python.org/3.7/library/exceptions.html#ValueError
976 https://docs.python.org/3.7/library/exceptions.html#ValueError
977 https://docs.python.org/3.7/library/exceptions.html#AttributeError
978 https://docs.python.org/3.7/library/exceptions.html#AttributeError
979 https://docs.python.org/3.7/library/exceptions.html#AttributeError
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exception gpiozero.PinUnsupported
Bases: gpiozero.exc.PinError, NotImplementedError980
Error raised when attempting to obtain a pin interface on unsupported pins
exception gpiozero.PinSPIUnsupported
Bases: gpiozero.exc.PinError, NotImplementedError981
Error raised when attempting to obtain an SPI interface on unsupported pins
exception gpiozero.PinPWMError
Bases: gpiozero.exc.PinError
Base class for errors related to PWM implementations
exception gpiozero.PinPWMUnsupported
Bases: gpiozero.exc.PinPWMError, AttributeError982
Error raised when attempting to activate PWM on unsupported pins
exception gpiozero.PinPWMFixedValue
Bases: gpiozero.exc.PinPWMError, AttributeError983
Error raised when attempting to initialize PWM on an input pin
exception gpiozero.PinUnknownPi
Bases: gpiozero.exc.PinError, RuntimeError984
Error raised when gpiozero doesn’t recognize a revision of the Pi
exception gpiozero.PinMultiplePins
Bases: gpiozero.exc.PinError, RuntimeError985
Error raised when multiple pins support the requested function
exception gpiozero.PinNoPins
Bases: gpiozero.exc.PinError, RuntimeError986
Error raised when no pins support the requested function
exception gpiozero.PinInvalidPin
Bases: gpiozero.exc.PinError, ValueError987
Error raised when an invalid pin specification is provided
23.2 Warnings
exception gpiozero.GPIOZeroWarning
Bases: Warning988
Base class for all warnings in GPIO Zero
exception gpiozero.DistanceSensorNoEcho
Bases: gpiozero.exc.GPIOZeroWarning
Warning raised when the distance sensor sees no echo at all
980 https://docs.python.org/3.7/library/exceptions.html#NotImplementedError
981 https://docs.python.org/3.7/library/exceptions.html#NotImplementedError
982 https://docs.python.org/3.7/library/exceptions.html#AttributeError
983 https://docs.python.org/3.7/library/exceptions.html#AttributeError
984 https://docs.python.org/3.7/library/exceptions.html#RuntimeError
985 https://docs.python.org/3.7/library/exceptions.html#RuntimeError
986 https://docs.python.org/3.7/library/exceptions.html#RuntimeError
987 https://docs.python.org/3.7/library/exceptions.html#ValueError
988 https://docs.python.org/3.7/library/exceptions.html#Warning
23.2. Warnings 219
Gpiozero Documentation, Release 1.5.1
exception gpiozero.SPIWarning
Bases: gpiozero.exc.GPIOZeroWarning
Base class for warnings related to the SPI implementation
exception gpiozero.SPISoftwareFallback
Bases: gpiozero.exc.SPIWarning
Warning raised when falling back to the SPI software implementation
exception gpiozero.PinWarning
Bases: gpiozero.exc.GPIOZeroWarning
Base class for warnings related to pin implementations
exception gpiozero.PinFactoryFallback
Bases: gpiozero.exc.PinWarning
Warning raised when a default pin factory fails to load and a fallback is tried
exception gpiozero.PinNonPhysical
Bases: gpiozero.exc.PinWarning
Warning raised when a non-physical pin is specified in a constructor
exception gpiozero.ThresholdOutOfRange
Bases: gpiozero.exc.GPIOZeroWarning
Warning raised when a threshold is out of range specified by min and max values
exception gpiozero.CallbackSetToNone
Bases: gpiozero.exc.GPIOZeroWarning
Warning raised when a callback is set to None when its previous value was None
220 Chapter 23. API - Exceptions
CHAPTER 24
Changelog
24.1 Release 1.5.2 (unreleased)
• Added Pibrella (page 155) class (thanks to Carl Monk) (#773989 , #798990 )
• Added TrafficpHat (page 154) class (thanks to Ryan Walmsley) (#845991 , #846992 )
• Allow Motor (page 120) to pass pin_factory (page 177) to its child OutputDevice (page 130)
objects (thanks to Yisrael Dov Lebow) (#792993 )
• Small SPI exception fix (thanks to Maksim Levental) (#762994 )
• Warn users when using default pin factory for Servos and Distance Sensors (thanks to Sofiia Kosovan and
Daniele Procida at the EuroPython sprints) (#780995 , #781996 )
• Add pulse_width (page 124) property to Servo (page 123) (suggested by Daniele Procida at the PyCon
UK sprints) (#795997 , #797998 )
• Various docs updates
24.2 Release 1.5.1 (2019-06-24)
* Added Raspberry Pi 4 data for pi_info() (page 191) and pinout * Minor docs updates
989 https://github.com/gpiozero/gpiozero/issues/773
990 https://github.com/gpiozero/gpiozero/issues/798
991 https://github.com/gpiozero/gpiozero/issues/845
992 https://github.com/gpiozero/gpiozero/issues/846
993 https://github.com/gpiozero/gpiozero/issues/792
994 https://github.com/gpiozero/gpiozero/issues/762
995 https://github.com/gpiozero/gpiozero/issues/780
996 https://github.com/gpiozero/gpiozero/issues/781
997 https://github.com/gpiozero/gpiozero/issues/795
998 https://github.com/gpiozero/gpiozero/issues/797
221
Gpiozero Documentation, Release 1.5.1
24.3 Release 1.5.0 (2019-02-12)
• Introduced pin event timing to increase accuracy of certain devices such as the HC-SR04
DistanceSensor (page 101). (#664999 , #6651000 )
• Further improvements to DistanceSensor (page 101) (ignoring missed edges). (#7191001 )
• Allow source to take a device object as well as values or other values. See Source/Values (page 59).
(#6401002 )
• Added internal device classes LoadAverage (page 172) and DiskUsage (page 172) (thanks to Jeevan
M R for the latter). (#5321003 , #7141004 )
• Added support for colorzero1005 with RGBLED (page 115) (this adds a new dependency). (#6551006 )
• Added TonalBuzzer (page 119) with Tone (page 189) API for specifying frequencies raw or via MIDI
or musical notes. (#6811007 , #7171008 )
• Added PiHutXmasTree (page 149). (#5021009 )
• Added PumpkinPi (page 164) and JamHat (page 154) (thanks to Claire Pollard). (#6801010 , #6811011 ,
#7171012 )
• Ensured gpiozero can be imported without a valid pin factory set. (#5911013 , #7131014 )
• Reduced import time by not computing default pin factory at the point of import. (#6751015 , #7221016 )
• Added support for various pin numbering mechanisms. (#4701017 )
• Motor (page 120) instances now use DigitalOutputDevice (page 127) for non-PWM pins.
• Allow non-PWM use of Robot (page 156). (#4811018 )
• Added optional enable init param to Motor (page 120). (#3661019 )
• Added --xyz option to pinout command line tool to open pinout.xyz1020 in a web browser. (#6041021 )
• Added 3B+, 3A+ and CM3+ to Pi model data. (#6271022 , #7041023 )
• Minor improvements to Energenie (page 161), thanks to Steve Amor. (#6291024 , #6341025 )
• Allow SmoothedInputDevice (page 105), LightSensor (page 99) and MotionSensor (page 97)
to have pull-up configured. (#6521026 )
999 https://github.com/gpiozero/gpiozero/issues/664
1000 https://github.com/gpiozero/gpiozero/issues/665
1001 https://github.com/gpiozero/gpiozero/issues/719
1002 https://github.com/gpiozero/gpiozero/issues/640
1003 https://github.com/gpiozero/gpiozero/issues/532
1004 https://github.com/gpiozero/gpiozero/issues/714
1005 https://colorzero.readthedocs.io/en/stable
1006 https://github.com/gpiozero/gpiozero/issues/655
1007 https://github.com/gpiozero/gpiozero/issues/681
1008 https://github.com/gpiozero/gpiozero/issues/717
1009 https://github.com/gpiozero/gpiozero/issues/502
1010 https://github.com/gpiozero/gpiozero/issues/680
1011 https://github.com/gpiozero/gpiozero/issues/681
1012 https://github.com/gpiozero/gpiozero/issues/717
1013 https://github.com/gpiozero/gpiozero/issues/591
1014 https://github.com/gpiozero/gpiozero/issues/713
1015 https://github.com/gpiozero/gpiozero/issues/675
1016 https://github.com/gpiozero/gpiozero/issues/722
1017 https://github.com/gpiozero/gpiozero/issues/470
1018 https://github.com/gpiozero/gpiozero/issues/481
1019 https://github.com/gpiozero/gpiozero/issues/366
1020 https://pinout.xyz
1021 https://github.com/gpiozero/gpiozero/issues/604
1022 https://github.com/gpiozero/gpiozero/issues/627
1023 https://github.com/gpiozero/gpiozero/issues/704
1024 https://github.com/gpiozero/gpiozero/issues/629
1025 https://github.com/gpiozero/gpiozero/issues/634
1026 https://github.com/gpiozero/gpiozero/issues/652
222 Chapter 24. Changelog
Gpiozero Documentation, Release 1.5.1
• Allow input devices to be pulled up or down externally, thanks to Philippe Muller. (#5931027 , #6581028 )
• Minor changes to support Python 3.7, thanks to Russel Winder and Rick Ansell. (#6661029 , #6681030 ,
#6691031 , #6711032 , #6731033 )
• Added zip_values() (page 186) source tool.
• Correct row/col numbering logic in PinInfo (page 195). (#6741034 )
• Many additional tests, and other improvements to the test suite.
• Many documentation corrections, additions and clarifications.
• Automatic documentation class hierarchy diagram generation.
• Automatic copyright attribution in source files.
24.4 Release 1.4.1 (2018-02-20)
This release is mostly bug-fixes, but a few enhancements have made it in too:
• Added curve_left and curve_right parameters to Robot.forward() (page 157) and Robot.
backward() (page 157). (#3061035 and #6191036 )
• Fixed DistanceSensor (page 101) returning incorrect readings after a long pause, and added a lock
to ensure multiple distance sensors can operate simultaneously in a single project. (#5841037 , #5951038 ,
#6171039 , #6181040 )
• Added support for phase/enable motor drivers with PhaseEnableMotor (page 122),
PhaseEnableRobot (page 158), and descendants, thanks to Ian Harcombe! (#3861041 )
• A variety of other minor enhancements, largely thanks to Andrew Scheller! (#4791042 , #4891043 , #4911044 ,
#4921045 )
24.5 Release 1.4.0 (2017-07-26)
• Pin factory is now configurable from device constructors (page 199) as well as command line. NOTE:
this is a backwards incompatible change for manual pin construction but it’s hoped this is (currently) a
sufficiently rare use case that this won’t affect too many people and the benefits of the new system warrant
such a change, i.e. the ability to use remote pin factories with HAT classes that don’t accept pin assignations
(#2791046 )
1027 https://github.com/gpiozero/gpiozero/issues/593
1028 https://github.com/gpiozero/gpiozero/issues/658
1029 https://github.com/gpiozero/gpiozero/issues/666
1030 https://github.com/gpiozero/gpiozero/issues/668
1031 https://github.com/gpiozero/gpiozero/issues/669
1032 https://github.com/gpiozero/gpiozero/issues/671
1033 https://github.com/gpiozero/gpiozero/issues/673
1034 https://github.com/gpiozero/gpiozero/issues/674
1035 https://github.com/gpiozero/gpiozero/issues/306
1036 https://github.com/gpiozero/gpiozero/issues/619
1037 https://github.com/gpiozero/gpiozero/issues/584
1038 https://github.com/gpiozero/gpiozero/issues/595
1039 https://github.com/gpiozero/gpiozero/issues/617
1040 https://github.com/gpiozero/gpiozero/issues/618
1041 https://github.com/gpiozero/gpiozero/issues/386
1042 https://github.com/gpiozero/gpiozero/issues/479
1043 https://github.com/gpiozero/gpiozero/issues/489
1044 https://github.com/gpiozero/gpiozero/issues/491
1045 https://github.com/gpiozero/gpiozero/issues/492
1046 https://github.com/gpiozero/gpiozero/issues/279
24.4. Release 1.4.1 (2018-02-20) 223
Gpiozero Documentation, Release 1.5.1
• Major work on SPI, primarily to support remote hardware SPI (#4211047 , #4591048 , #4651049 , #4681050 ,
#5751051 )
• Pin reservation now works properly between GPIO and SPI devices (#4591052 , #4681053 )
• Lots of work on the documentation: source/values chapter (page 59), better charts, more recipes, re-
mote GPIO configuration (page 43), mock pins, better PDF output (#4841054 , #4691055 , #5231056 , #5201057 ,
#4341058 , #5651059 , #5761060 )
• Support for StatusZero (page 162) and StatusBoard (page 162) HATs (#5581061 )
• Added pinout command line tool to provide a simple reference to the GPIO layout and information about
the associated Pi (#4971062 , #5041063 ) thanks to Stewart Adcock for the initial work
• pi_info() (page 191) made more lenient for new (unknown) Pi models (#5291064 )
• Fixed a variety of packaging issues (#5351065 , #5181066 , #5191067 )
• Improved text in factory fallback warnings (#5721068 )
24.6 Release 1.3.2 (2017-03-03)
• Added new Pi models to stop pi_info() (page 191) breaking
• Fix issue with pi_info() (page 191) breaking on unknown Pi models
24.7 Release 1.3.1 (2016-08-31 . . . later)
• Fixed hardware SPI support which Dave broke in 1.3.0. Sorry!
• Some minor docs changes
24.8 Release 1.3.0 (2016-08-31)
• Added ButtonBoard (page 145) for reading multiple buttons in a single class (#3401069 )
• Added Servo (page 123) and AngularServo (page 124) classes for controlling simple servo motors
(#2481070 )
1047 https://github.com/gpiozero/gpiozero/issues/421
1048 https://github.com/gpiozero/gpiozero/issues/459
1049 https://github.com/gpiozero/gpiozero/issues/465
1050 https://github.com/gpiozero/gpiozero/issues/468
1051 https://github.com/gpiozero/gpiozero/issues/575
1052 https://github.com/gpiozero/gpiozero/issues/459
1053 https://github.com/gpiozero/gpiozero/issues/468
1054 https://github.com/gpiozero/gpiozero/issues/484
1055 https://github.com/gpiozero/gpiozero/issues/469
1056 https://github.com/gpiozero/gpiozero/issues/523
1057 https://github.com/gpiozero/gpiozero/issues/520
1058 https://github.com/gpiozero/gpiozero/issues/434
1059 https://github.com/gpiozero/gpiozero/issues/565
1060 https://github.com/gpiozero/gpiozero/issues/576
1061 https://github.com/gpiozero/gpiozero/issues/558
1062 https://github.com/gpiozero/gpiozero/issues/497
1063 https://github.com/gpiozero/gpiozero/issues/504
1064 https://github.com/gpiozero/gpiozero/issues/529
1065 https://github.com/gpiozero/gpiozero/issues/535
1066 https://github.com/gpiozero/gpiozero/issues/518
1067 https://github.com/gpiozero/gpiozero/issues/519
1068 https://github.com/gpiozero/gpiozero/issues/572
1069 https://github.com/gpiozero/gpiozero/issues/340
1070 https://github.com/gpiozero/gpiozero/issues/248
224 Chapter 24. Changelog
Gpiozero Documentation, Release 1.5.1
• Lots of work on supporting easier use of internal and third-party pin implementations (#3591071 )
• Robot (page 156) now has a proper value (page 158) attribute (#3051072 )
• Added CPUTemperature (page 171) as another demo of “internal” devices (#2941073 )
• A temporary work-around for an issue with DistanceSensor (page 101) was included but a full fix is
in the works (#3851074 )
• More work on the documentation (#3201075 , #2951076 , #2891077 , etc.)
Not quite as much as we’d hoped to get done this time, but we’re rushing to make a Raspbian freeze. As always,
thanks to the community - your suggestions and PRs have been brilliant and even if we don’t take stuff exactly as
is, it’s always great to see your ideas. Onto 1.4!
24.9 Release 1.2.0 (2016-04-10)
• Added Energenie (page 161) class for controlling Energenie plugs (#691078 )
• Added LineSensor (page 96) class for single line-sensors (#1091079 )
• Added DistanceSensor (page 101) class for HC-SR04 ultra-sonic sensors (#1141080 )
• Added SnowPi (page 163) class for the Ryanteck Snow-pi board (#1301081 )
• Added when_held (page 95) (and related properties) to Button (page 93) (#1151082 )
• Fixed issues with installing GPIO Zero for python 3 on Raspbian Wheezy releases (#1401083 )
• Added support for lots of ADC chips (MCP3xxx family) (#1621084 ) - many thanks to pcopa and lurch!
• Added support for pigpiod as a pin implementation with PiGPIOPin (page 212) (#1801085 )
• Many refinements to the base classes mean more consistency in composite devices and several bugs
squashed (#1641086 , #1751087 , #1821088 , #1891089 , #1931090 , #2291091 )
• GPIO Zero is now aware of what sort of Pi it’s running on via pi_info() (page 191) and has a fairly
extensive database of Pi information which it uses to determine when users request impossible things (like
pull-down on a pin with a physical pull-up resistor) (#2221092 )
• The source/values system was enhanced to ensure normal usage doesn’t stress the CPU and lots of utilities
were added (#1811093 , #2511094 )
1071 https://github.com/gpiozero/gpiozero/issues/359
1072 https://github.com/gpiozero/gpiozero/issues/305
1073 https://github.com/gpiozero/gpiozero/issues/294
1074 https://github.com/gpiozero/gpiozero/issues/385
1075 https://github.com/gpiozero/gpiozero/issues/320
1076 https://github.com/gpiozero/gpiozero/issues/295
1077 https://github.com/gpiozero/gpiozero/issues/289
1078 https://github.com/gpiozero/gpiozero/issues/69
1079 https://github.com/gpiozero/gpiozero/issues/109
1080 https://github.com/gpiozero/gpiozero/issues/114
1081 https://github.com/gpiozero/gpiozero/issues/130
1082 https://github.com/gpiozero/gpiozero/issues/115
1083 https://github.com/gpiozero/gpiozero/issues/140
1084 https://github.com/gpiozero/gpiozero/issues/162
1085 https://github.com/gpiozero/gpiozero/issues/180
1086 https://github.com/gpiozero/gpiozero/issues/164
1087 https://github.com/gpiozero/gpiozero/issues/175
1088 https://github.com/gpiozero/gpiozero/issues/182
1089 https://github.com/gpiozero/gpiozero/issues/189
1090 https://github.com/gpiozero/gpiozero/issues/193
1091 https://github.com/gpiozero/gpiozero/issues/229
1092 https://github.com/gpiozero/gpiozero/issues/222
1093 https://github.com/gpiozero/gpiozero/issues/181
1094 https://github.com/gpiozero/gpiozero/issues/251
24.9. Release 1.2.0 (2016-04-10) 225
Gpiozero Documentation, Release 1.5.1
And I’ll just add a note of thanks to the many people in the community who contributed to this release: we’ve had
some great PRs, suggestions, and bug reports in this version. Of particular note:
• Schelto van Doorn was instrumental in adding support for numerous ADC chips
• Alex Eames generously donated a RasPiO Analog board which was extremely useful in developing the
software SPI interface (and testing the ADC support)
• Andrew Scheller squashed several dozen bugs (usually a day or so after Dave had introduced them ;)
As always, many thanks to the whole community - we look forward to hearing from you more in 1.3!
24.10 Release 1.1.0 (2016-02-08)
• Documentation converted to reST and expanded to include generic classes and several more recipes (#801095 ,
#821096 , #1011097 , #1191098 , #1351099 , #1681100 )
• New CamJamKitRobot (page 160) class with the pre-defined motor pins for the new CamJam EduKit
• New LEDBarGraph (page 144) class (many thanks to Martin O’Hanlon!) (#1261101 , #1761102 )
• New Pin (page 203) implementation abstracts out the concept of a GPIO pin paving the way for alternate
library support and IO extenders in future (#1411103 )
• New LEDBoard.blink() (page 142) method which works properly even when background is set to
False (#941104 , #1611105 )
• New RGBLED.blink() (page 116) method which implements (rudimentary) color fading too! (#1351106 ,
#1741107 )
• New initial_value attribute on OutputDevice (page 130) ensures consistent behaviour on con-
struction (#1181108 )
• New active_high attribute on PWMOutputDevice (page 128) and RGBLED (page 115) allows use of
common anode devices (#1431109 , #1541110 )
• Loads of new ADC chips supported (many thanks to GitHub user pcopa!) (#1501111 )
24.11 Release 1.0.0 (2015-11-16)
• Debian packaging added (#441112 )
• PWMLED (page 113) class added (#581113 )
• TemperatureSensor removed pending further work (#931114 )
1095 https://github.com/gpiozero/gpiozero/issues/80
1096 https://github.com/gpiozero/gpiozero/issues/82
1097 https://github.com/gpiozero/gpiozero/issues/101
1098 https://github.com/gpiozero/gpiozero/issues/119
1099 https://github.com/gpiozero/gpiozero/issues/135
1100 https://github.com/gpiozero/gpiozero/issues/168
1101 https://github.com/gpiozero/gpiozero/issues/126
1102 https://github.com/gpiozero/gpiozero/issues/176
1103 https://github.com/gpiozero/gpiozero/issues/141
1104 https://github.com/gpiozero/gpiozero/issues/94
1105 https://github.com/gpiozero/gpiozero/issues/161
1106 https://github.com/gpiozero/gpiozero/issues/135
1107 https://github.com/gpiozero/gpiozero/issues/174
1108 https://github.com/gpiozero/gpiozero/issues/118
1109 https://github.com/gpiozero/gpiozero/issues/143
1110 https://github.com/gpiozero/gpiozero/issues/154
1111 https://github.com/gpiozero/gpiozero/issues/150
1112 https://github.com/gpiozero/gpiozero/issues/44
1113 https://github.com/gpiozero/gpiozero/issues/58
1114 https://github.com/gpiozero/gpiozero/issues/93
226 Chapter 24. Changelog
Gpiozero Documentation, Release 1.5.1
• Buzzer.beep() (page 118) alias method added (#751115 )
• Motor (page 120) PWM devices exposed, and Robot (page 156) motor devices exposed (#1071116 )
24.12 Release 0.9.0 (2015-10-25)
Fourth public beta
• Added source and values properties to all relevant classes (#761117 )
• Fix names of parameters in Motor (page 120) constructor (#791118 )
• Added wrappers for LED groups on add-on boards (#811119 )
24.13 Release 0.8.0 (2015-10-16)
Third public beta
• Added generic AnalogInputDevice (page 139) class along with specific classes for the MCP3008
(page 135) and MCP3004 (page 135) (#411120 )
• Fixed DigitalOutputDevice.blink() (page 128) (#571121 )
24.14 Release 0.7.0 (2015-10-09)
Second public beta
24.15 Release 0.6.0 (2015-09-28)
First public beta
24.16 Release 0.5.0 (2015-09-24)
24.17 Release 0.4.0 (2015-09-23)
24.18 Release 0.3.0 (2015-09-22)
24.19 Release 0.2.0 (2015-09-21)
Initial release
1115 https://github.com/gpiozero/gpiozero/issues/75
1116 https://github.com/gpiozero/gpiozero/issues/107
1117 https://github.com/gpiozero/gpiozero/issues/76
1118 https://github.com/gpiozero/gpiozero/issues/79
1119 https://github.com/gpiozero/gpiozero/issues/81
1120 https://github.com/gpiozero/gpiozero/issues/41
1121 https://github.com/gpiozero/gpiozero/issues/57
24.12. Release 0.9.0 (2015-10-25) 227
Gpiozero Documentation, Release 1.5.1
228 Chapter 24. Changelog
CHAPTER 25
License
Copyright © 2015-2020 Ben Nuttall <[email protected]> and contributors; see gpiozero (page 1) for current
list
Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without modification, are permitted provided that the
following conditions are met:
• Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright notice, this list of conditions and the follow-
ing disclaimer.
• Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright notice, this list of conditions and the
following disclaimer in the documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
• Neither the name of the copyright holder nor the names of its contributors may be used to endorse or promote
products derived from this software without specific prior written permission.
THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS “AS IS” AND
ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WAR-
RANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED.
IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT HOLDER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DI-
RECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUD-
ING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE,
DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF
LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR
OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF
THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
229
Gpiozero Documentation, Release 1.5.1
230 Chapter 25. License
Python Module Index
g
gpiozero, 3
gpiozero.boards, 141
gpiozero.devices, 175
gpiozero.exc, 215
gpiozero.input_devices, 93
gpiozero.internal_devices, 169
gpiozero.output_devices, 111
gpiozero.pins, 197
gpiozero.pins.data, 191
gpiozero.pins.local, 210
gpiozero.pins.mock, 213
gpiozero.pins.native, 212
gpiozero.pins.pi, 209
gpiozero.pins.pigpio, 211
gpiozero.pins.rpigpio, 210
gpiozero.pins.rpio, 211
gpiozero.spi_devices, 133
gpiozero.tones, 189
gpiozero.tools, 181
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232 Python Module Index
Index
Symbols beep() (gpiozero.Buzzer method), 118
-c, -color bits (gpiozero.AnalogInputDevice attribute), 139
pinout command line option, 71 bits_per_word (gpiozero.SPI attribute), 206
-h, -help blink() (gpiozero.DigitalOutputDevice method),
pinout command line option, 71 128
-m, -monochrome blink() (gpiozero.LED method), 112
pinout command line option, 71 blink() (gpiozero.LEDBoard method), 142
-r REVISION, -revision REVISION blink() (gpiozero.PWMLED method), 113
pinout command line option, 71 blink() (gpiozero.PWMOutputDevice method), 129
-x, -xyz blink() (gpiozero.RGBLED method), 116
pinout command line option, 71 blue (gpiozero.RGBLED attribute), 117
_shared_key() (gpiozero.SharedMixin class bluetooth (gpiozero.PiBoardInfo attribute), 193
method), 178 board (gpiozero.PiBoardInfo attribute), 194
booleanized() (in module gpiozero.tools), 181
A bounce (gpiozero.Pin attribute), 204
Button (class in gpiozero), 93
absoluted() (in module gpiozero.tools), 181
button (gpiozero.Pibrella attribute), 156
active_high (gpiozero.OutputDevice attribute),
button (gpiozero.StatusBoard attribute), 163
131
button (gpiozero.TrafficLightsBuzzer attribute), 149
active_time (gpiozero.DigitalInputDevice at-
ButtonBoard (class in gpiozero), 145
tribute), 105
Buzzer (class in gpiozero), 117
active_time (gpiozero.EventsMixin attribute), 179
buzzer (gpiozero.JamHat attribute), 155
all_values() (in module gpiozero.tools), 184
buzzer (gpiozero.Pibrella attribute), 156
alternating_values() (in module gpi-
buzzer (gpiozero.TrafficLightsBuzzer attribute), 149
ozero.tools), 186
amber (gpiozero.TrafficLights attribute), 148
AnalogInputDevice (class in gpiozero), 139
C
angle (gpiozero.AngularServo attribute), 126 CallbackSetToNone, 220
AngularServo (class in gpiozero), 124 CamJamKitRobot (class in gpiozero), 160
any_values() (in module gpiozero.tools), 185 channel (gpiozero.MCP3002 attribute), 134
arms (gpiozero.SnowPi attribute), 164 channel (gpiozero.MCP3004 attribute), 135
averaged() (in module gpiozero.tools), 185 channel (gpiozero.MCP3008 attribute), 135
channel (gpiozero.MCP3202 attribute), 136
B channel (gpiozero.MCP3204 attribute), 136
channel (gpiozero.MCP3208 attribute), 136
backward() (gpiozero.Motor method), 121
channel (gpiozero.MCP3302 attribute), 137
backward() (gpiozero.PhaseEnableMotor method),
122 channel (gpiozero.MCP3304 attribute), 137
backward() (gpiozero.PhaseEnableRobot method), clamped() (in module gpiozero.tools), 182
159 clock_mode (gpiozero.SPI attribute), 206
backward() (gpiozero.Robot method), 157 clock_phase (gpiozero.SPI attribute), 207
clock_polarity (gpiozero.SPI attribute), 207
BadEventHandler, 216
close() (gpiozero.CompositeDevice method), 167
BadPinFactory, 216
BadQueueLen, 216 close() (gpiozero.Device method), 177
BadWaitTime, 216 close() (gpiozero.Factory method), 202
close() (gpiozero.GPIODevice method), 108
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close() (gpiozero.Pin method), 203 eyes (gpiozero.SnowPi attribute), 164
close() (gpiozero.pins.pi.PiFactory method), 209
close() (gpiozero.SPIDevice method), 139 F
closed (gpiozero.CompositeDevice attribute), 168 Factory (class in gpiozero), 202
closed (gpiozero.Device attribute), 177 FishDish (class in gpiozero), 153
closed (gpiozero.GPIODevice attribute), 109 forward() (gpiozero.Motor method), 121
closed (gpiozero.SPIDevice attribute), 140 forward() (gpiozero.PhaseEnableMotor method),
col (gpiozero.PinInfo attribute), 195 122
color (gpiozero.RGBLED attribute), 117 forward() (gpiozero.PhaseEnableRobot method),
columns (gpiozero.HeaderInfo attribute), 194 159
CompositeDevice (class in gpiozero), 167 forward() (gpiozero.Robot method), 157
CompositeDeviceBadDevice, 216 frame_width (gpiozero.Servo attribute), 124
CompositeDeviceBadName, 216 frequency (gpiozero.Pin attribute), 205
CompositeDeviceBadOrder, 216 frequency (gpiozero.PWMOutputDevice attribute),
CompositeDeviceError, 216 130
CompositeOutputDevice (class in gpiozero), 166 frequency (gpiozero.tones.Tone attribute), 190
cos_values() (in module gpiozero.tools), 187 from_frequency() (gpiozero.tones.Tone class
CPUTemperature (class in gpiozero), 171 method), 190
csi (gpiozero.PiBoardInfo attribute), 193 from_midi() (gpiozero.tones.Tone class method),
190
D from_note() (gpiozero.tones.Tone class method),
detach() (gpiozero.Servo method), 124 190
Device (class in gpiozero), 177 function (gpiozero.Pin attribute), 205
DeviceClosed, 215 function (gpiozero.PinInfo attribute), 195
differential (gpiozero.MCP3002 attribute), 134
differential (gpiozero.MCP3004 attribute), 135 G
differential (gpiozero.MCP3008 attribute), 135 GPIODevice (class in gpiozero), 108
differential (gpiozero.MCP3202 attribute), 136 GPIODeviceClosed, 217
differential (gpiozero.MCP3204 attribute), 136 GPIODeviceError, 217
differential (gpiozero.MCP3208 attribute), 136 GPIOPinInUse, 217
differential (gpiozero.MCP3302 attribute), 137 GPIOPinMissing, 217
differential (gpiozero.MCP3304 attribute), 137 gpiozero (module), 3
DigitalInputDevice (class in gpiozero), 104 gpiozero.boards (module), 141
DigitalOutputDevice (class in gpiozero), 127 gpiozero.devices (module), 175
DiskUsage (class in gpiozero), 172 gpiozero.exc (module), 215
distance (gpiozero.DistanceSensor attribute), 102 gpiozero.input_devices (module), 93
DistanceSensor (class in gpiozero), 101 gpiozero.internal_devices (module), 169
DistanceSensorNoEcho, 219 gpiozero.output_devices (module), 111
down() (gpiozero.tones.Tone method), 190 gpiozero.pins (module), 197
dsi (gpiozero.PiBoardInfo attribute), 193 gpiozero.pins.data (module), 191
gpiozero.pins.local (module), 210
E gpiozero.pins.mock (module), 213
echo (gpiozero.DistanceSensor attribute), 103 gpiozero.pins.native (module), 212
edges (gpiozero.Pin attribute), 204 gpiozero.pins.pi (module), 209
end_time (gpiozero.TimeOfDay attribute), 170 gpiozero.pins.pigpio (module), 211
Energenie (class in gpiozero), 161 gpiozero.pins.rpigpio (module), 210
EnergenieBadSocket, 216 gpiozero.pins.rpio (module), 211
EnergenieSocketMissing, 216 gpiozero.spi_devices (module), 133
environment variable gpiozero.tones (module), 189
GPIOZERO_PIN_FACTORY, 46, 56, 74, 77, 199, gpiozero.tools (module), 181
200 GPIOZERO_PIN_FACTORY, 46, 56, 77, 199, 200
GPIOZERO_TEST_INPUT_PIN, 90 GPIOZERO_TEST_INPUT_PIN, 90
GPIOZERO_TEST_PIN, 90 GPIOZERO_TEST_PIN, 90
PIGPIO_ADDR, 46, 56, 74, 200 GPIOZeroError, 215
PIGPIO_PORT, 74 GPIOZeroWarning, 219
ethernet (gpiozero.PiBoardInfo attribute), 193 green (gpiozero.RGBLED attribute), 117
EventsMixin (class in gpiozero), 179 green (gpiozero.StatusBoard attribute), 163
eyes (gpiozero.PumpkinPi attribute), 165 green (gpiozero.StatusZero attribute), 162
234 Index
Gpiozero Documentation, Release 1.5.1
green (gpiozero.TrafficLights attribute), 148 LEDBarGraph (class in gpiozero), 144
LEDBoard (class in gpiozero), 141
H LedBorg (class in gpiozero), 150
HeaderInfo (class in gpiozero), 194 LEDCollection (class in gpiozero), 166
headers (gpiozero.PiBoardInfo attribute), 193 leds (gpiozero.LEDCollection attribute), 166
held_time (gpiozero.Button attribute), 94 left() (gpiozero.PhaseEnableRobot method), 159
held_time (gpiozero.HoldMixin attribute), 180 left() (gpiozero.Robot method), 158
hold_repeat (gpiozero.Button attribute), 95 left_motor (gpiozero.PhaseEnableRobot attribute),
hold_repeat (gpiozero.HoldMixin attribute), 180 159
hold_time (gpiozero.Button attribute), 95 left_motor (gpiozero.Robot attribute), 157
hold_time (gpiozero.HoldMixin attribute), 180 light_detected (gpiozero.LightSensor attribute),
HoldMixin (class in gpiozero), 180 100
host (gpiozero.PingServer attribute), 170 lights (gpiozero.Pibrella attribute), 156
lights (gpiozero.StatusBoard attribute), 163
I lights (gpiozero.TrafficLightsBuzzer attribute), 149
inactive_time (gpiozero.DigitalInputDevice at- LightSensor (class in gpiozero), 99
tribute), 105 LineSensor (class in gpiozero), 96
inactive_time (gpiozero.EventsMixin attribute), lit_count (gpiozero.LEDBarGraph attribute), 145
179 load_average (gpiozero.LoadAverage attribute),
input_with_pull() (gpiozero.Pin method), 203 172
InputDevice (class in gpiozero), 107 LoadAverage (class in gpiozero), 172
InputDeviceError, 218 LocalPiFactory (class in gpiozero.pins.local), 210
inputs (gpiozero.Pibrella attribute), 156 LocalPiPin (class in gpiozero.pins.local), 210
InternalDevice (class in gpiozero), 174 lsb_first (gpiozero.SPI attribute), 208
inverted() (in module gpiozero.tools), 182
is_active (gpiozero.AngularServo attribute), 126 M
is_active (gpiozero.Buzzer attribute), 119 manufacturer (gpiozero.PiBoardInfo attribute),
is_active (gpiozero.CompositeDevice attribute), 193
168 max() (gpiozero.AngularServo method), 126
is_active (gpiozero.CPUTemperature attribute), max() (gpiozero.Servo method), 124
171 max_angle (gpiozero.AngularServo attribute), 126
is_active (gpiozero.Device attribute), 177 max_distance (gpiozero.DistanceSensor attribute),
is_active (gpiozero.DiskUsage attribute), 173 103
is_active (gpiozero.InputDevice attribute), 108 max_pulse_width (gpiozero.Servo attribute), 124
is_active (gpiozero.LoadAverage attribute), 172 max_tone (gpiozero.TonalBuzzer attribute), 120
is_active (gpiozero.Motor attribute), 121 max_voltage (gpiozero.AnalogInputDevice at-
is_active (gpiozero.PhaseEnableMotor attribute), tribute), 139
122 MCP3001 (class in gpiozero), 134
is_active (gpiozero.PWMOutputDevice attribute), MCP3002 (class in gpiozero), 134
130 MCP3004 (class in gpiozero), 135
is_active (gpiozero.Servo attribute), 124 MCP3008 (class in gpiozero), 135
is_active (gpiozero.SmoothedInputDevice at- MCP3201 (class in gpiozero), 135
tribute), 106 MCP3202 (class in gpiozero), 136
is_active (gpiozero.TonalBuzzer attribute), 120 MCP3204 (class in gpiozero), 136
is_held (gpiozero.Button attribute), 95 MCP3208 (class in gpiozero), 136
is_held (gpiozero.HoldMixin attribute), 180 MCP3301 (class in gpiozero), 137
is_lit (gpiozero.LED attribute), 112 MCP3302 (class in gpiozero), 137
is_lit (gpiozero.LEDCollection attribute), 166 MCP3304 (class in gpiozero), 137
is_lit (gpiozero.PWMLED attribute), 114 memory (gpiozero.PiBoardInfo attribute), 193
is_lit (gpiozero.RGBLED attribute), 117 mid() (gpiozero.AngularServo method), 126
is_pressed (gpiozero.Button attribute), 95 mid() (gpiozero.Servo method), 124
is_pressed (gpiozero.ButtonBoard attribute), 147 mid_tone (gpiozero.TonalBuzzer attribute), 120
midi (gpiozero.tones.Tone attribute), 190
J min() (gpiozero.AngularServo method), 126
JamHat (class in gpiozero), 154 min() (gpiozero.Servo method), 124
min_angle (gpiozero.AngularServo attribute), 126
L min_pulse_width (gpiozero.Servo attribute), 124
LED (class in gpiozero), 111 min_tone (gpiozero.TonalBuzzer attribute), 120
Index 235
Gpiozero Documentation, Release 1.5.1
MockChargingPin (class in gpiozero.pins.mock), outputs (gpiozero.Pibrella attribute), 156
213
MockConnectedPin (class in gpiozero.pins.mock), P
213 partial (gpiozero.SmoothedInputDevice attribute),
MockFactory (class in gpiozero.pins.mock), 213 107
MockPin (class in gpiozero.pins.mock), 213 pcb_revision (gpiozero.PiBoardInfo attribute),
MockPWMPin (class in gpiozero.pins.mock), 213 193
MockTriggerPin (class in gpiozero.pins.mock), 213 PhaseEnableMotor (class in gpiozero), 122
model (gpiozero.PiBoardInfo attribute), 193 PhaseEnableRobot (class in gpiozero), 158
motion_detected (gpiozero.MotionSensor at- physical_pin() (gpiozero.PiBoardInfo method),
tribute), 98 192
MotionSensor (class in gpiozero), 97 physical_pins() (gpiozero.PiBoardInfo method),
Motor (class in gpiozero), 120 192
multiplied() (in module gpiozero.tools), 185 pi_info (gpiozero.Factory attribute), 203
pi_info() (in module gpiozero), 191
N PiBoardInfo (class in gpiozero), 191
name (gpiozero.HeaderInfo attribute), 194 Pibrella (class in gpiozero), 155
namedtuple (gpiozero.CompositeDevice attribute), PiFactory (class in gpiozero.pins.pi), 209
168 PIGPIO_ADDR, 46, 56, 200
NativeFactory (class in gpiozero.pins.native), 212 PiGPIOFactory (class in gpiozero.pins.pigpio), 211
NativePin (class in gpiozero.pins.native), 212 PiGPIOPin (class in gpiozero.pins.pigpio), 212
negated() (in module gpiozero.tools), 182 PiHutXmasTree (class in gpiozero), 149
nose (gpiozero.SnowPi attribute), 164 PiLiter (class in gpiozero), 151
note (gpiozero.tones.Tone attribute), 190 PiLiterBarGraph (class in gpiozero), 151
number (gpiozero.PinInfo attribute), 195 Pin (class in gpiozero), 203
pin (gpiozero.Button attribute), 95
O pin (gpiozero.Buzzer attribute), 119
octaves (gpiozero.TonalBuzzer attribute), 120 pin (gpiozero.GPIODevice attribute), 109
off() (gpiozero.Buzzer method), 118 pin (gpiozero.LED attribute), 112
off() (gpiozero.CompositeOutputDevice method), pin (gpiozero.LightSensor attribute), 100
166 pin (gpiozero.LineSensor attribute), 97
off() (gpiozero.DigitalOutputDevice method), 128 pin (gpiozero.MotionSensor attribute), 99
off() (gpiozero.Energenie method), 161 pin (gpiozero.PWMLED attribute), 114
off() (gpiozero.JamHat method), 155 pin() (gpiozero.Factory method), 202
off() (gpiozero.LED method), 112 pin() (gpiozero.pins.mock.MockFactory method),
off() (gpiozero.LEDBoard method), 143 213
off() (gpiozero.OutputDevice method), 130 pin() (gpiozero.pins.pi.PiFactory method), 209
off() (gpiozero.Pibrella method), 156 pin_class (gpiozero.pins.mock.MockFactory
off() (gpiozero.PWMLED method), 114 attribute), 213
off() (gpiozero.PWMOutputDevice method), 129 pin_factory (gpiozero.Device attribute), 177
off() (gpiozero.RGBLED method), 116 PinEdgeDetectUnsupported, 218
on() (gpiozero.Buzzer method), 118 PinError, 218
on() (gpiozero.CompositeOutputDevice method), 166 PinFactoryFallback, 220
on() (gpiozero.DigitalOutputDevice method), 128 PinFixedPull, 218
on() (gpiozero.Energenie method), 161 PingServer (class in gpiozero), 170
on() (gpiozero.JamHat method), 155 PinInfo (class in gpiozero), 195
on() (gpiozero.LED method), 112 PinInvalidBounce, 218
on() (gpiozero.LEDBoard method), 143 PinInvalidEdges, 218
on() (gpiozero.OutputDevice method), 130 PinInvalidFunction, 218
on() (gpiozero.Pibrella method), 156 PinInvalidPin, 219
on() (gpiozero.PWMLED method), 114 PinInvalidPull, 218
on() (gpiozero.PWMOutputDevice method), 129 PinInvalidState, 218
on() (gpiozero.RGBLED method), 116 PinMultiplePins, 219
output_with_state() (gpiozero.Pin method), PinNonPhysical, 220
204 PinNoPins, 219
OutputDevice (class in gpiozero), 130 pinout command line option
OutputDeviceBadValue, 218 -c, -color, 71
OutputDeviceError, 218 -h, -help, 71
236 Index
Gpiozero Documentation, Release 1.5.1
-m, -monochrome, 71 release_all() (gpiozero.Factory method), 202
-r REVISION, -revision REVISION, 71 release_pins() (gpiozero.Factory method), 202
-x, -xyz, 71 release_pins() (gpiozero.pins.pi.PiFactory
PinPWMError, 219 method), 209
PinPWMFixedValue, 219 released (gpiozero.PiBoardInfo attribute), 193
PinPWMUnsupported, 219 reserve_pins() (gpiozero.Factory method), 202
pins (gpiozero.HeaderInfo attribute), 194 reserve_pins() (gpiozero.pins.pi.PiFactory
PinSetInput, 218 method), 209
PinSPIUnsupported, 219 reset() (gpiozero.pins.mock.MockFactory method),
PinUnknownPi, 219 213
PinUnsupported, 218 reverse() (gpiozero.Motor method), 121
PinWarning, 220 reverse() (gpiozero.PhaseEnableMotor method),
PiPin (class in gpiozero.pins.pi), 209 122
PiStop (class in gpiozero), 152 reverse() (gpiozero.PhaseEnableRobot method),
PiTraffic (class in gpiozero), 152 159
play() (gpiozero.TonalBuzzer method), 119 reverse() (gpiozero.Robot method), 158
PololuDRV8835Robot (class in gpiozero), 160 revision (gpiozero.PiBoardInfo attribute), 192
post_delayed() (in module gpiozero.tools), 183 RGBLED (class in gpiozero), 115
post_periodic_filtered() (in module gpi- right() (gpiozero.PhaseEnableRobot method), 159
ozero.tools), 183 right() (gpiozero.Robot method), 158
pprint() (gpiozero.HeaderInfo method), 194 right_motor (gpiozero.PhaseEnableRobot at-
pprint() (gpiozero.PiBoardInfo method), 192 tribute), 159
pre_delayed() (in module gpiozero.tools), 183 right_motor (gpiozero.Robot attribute), 157
pre_periodic_filtered() (in module gpi- Robot (class in gpiozero), 156
ozero.tools), 183 row (gpiozero.PinInfo attribute), 195
pressed_time (gpiozero.ButtonBoard attribute), rows (gpiozero.HeaderInfo attribute), 194
147 RPiGPIOFactory (class in gpiozero.pins.rpigpio),
pull (gpiozero.Pin attribute), 205 210
pull_up (gpiozero.Button attribute), 95 RPiGPIOPin (class in gpiozero.pins.rpigpio), 211
pull_up (gpiozero.InputDevice attribute), 108 RPIOFactory (class in gpiozero.pins.rpio), 211
pull_up (gpiozero.PinInfo attribute), 195 RPIOPin (class in gpiozero.pins.rpio), 211
pulled_up() (gpiozero.PiBoardInfo method), 192 RyanteckRobot (class in gpiozero), 160
pulse() (gpiozero.LEDBoard method), 143
pulse() (gpiozero.PWMLED method), 114 S
pulse() (gpiozero.PWMOutputDevice method), 129 scaled() (in module gpiozero.tools), 184
pulse() (gpiozero.RGBLED method), 116 select_high (gpiozero.SPI attribute), 208
pulse_width (gpiozero.Servo attribute), 124 Servo (class in gpiozero), 123
PumpkinPi (class in gpiozero), 164 SharedMixin (class in gpiozero), 178
PWMLED (class in gpiozero), 113 sides (gpiozero.PumpkinPi attribute), 164
PWMOutputDevice (class in gpiozero), 128 sin_values() (in module gpiozero.tools), 187
smoothed() (in module gpiozero.tools), 184
Q SmoothedInputDevice (class in gpiozero), 105
quantized() (in module gpiozero.tools), 183 SnowPi (class in gpiozero), 163
queue_len (gpiozero.SmoothedInputDevice at- soc (gpiozero.PiBoardInfo attribute), 193
tribute), 107 socket (gpiozero.Energenie attribute), 161
queued() (in module gpiozero.tools), 183 source (gpiozero.LEDBarGraph attribute), 145
source (gpiozero.SourceMixin attribute), 178
R source_delay (gpiozero.SourceMixin attribute),
ramping_values() (in module gpiozero.tools), 178
187 SourceMixin (class in gpiozero), 178
random_values() (in module gpiozero.tools), 187 SPI (class in gpiozero), 205
raw_value (gpiozero.AnalogInputDevice attribute), spi() (gpiozero.Factory method), 202
139 spi() (gpiozero.pins.pi.PiFactory method), 209
read() (gpiozero.SPI method), 206 SPIBadArgs, 217
red (gpiozero.RGBLED attribute), 117 SPIBadChannel, 217
red (gpiozero.StatusBoard attribute), 163 SPIDevice (class in gpiozero), 139
red (gpiozero.StatusZero attribute), 162 SPIError, 216
red (gpiozero.TrafficLights attribute), 148 SPIFixedBitOrder, 217
Index 237
Gpiozero Documentation, Release 1.5.1
SPIFixedClockMode, 217 usage (gpiozero.DiskUsage attribute), 173
SPIFixedSelect, 217 usb (gpiozero.PiBoardInfo attribute), 193
SPIFixedWordSize, 217 utc (gpiozero.TimeOfDay attribute), 170
SPIInvalidClockMode, 217
SPIInvalidWordSize, 217 V
SPISoftwareFallback, 220 value (gpiozero.AnalogInputDevice attribute), 139
SPIWarning, 219 value (gpiozero.AngularServo attribute), 126
star (gpiozero.PiHutXmasTree attribute), 150 value (gpiozero.Button attribute), 95
start_time (gpiozero.TimeOfDay attribute), 170 value (gpiozero.ButtonBoard attribute), 147
state (gpiozero.Pin attribute), 205 value (gpiozero.Buzzer attribute), 119
StatusBoard (class in gpiozero), 162 value (gpiozero.CompositeDevice attribute), 168
StatusZero (class in gpiozero), 162 value (gpiozero.CompositeOutputDevice attribute),
stop() (gpiozero.Motor method), 121 167
stop() (gpiozero.PhaseEnableMotor method), 122 value (gpiozero.CPUTemperature attribute), 171
stop() (gpiozero.PhaseEnableRobot method), 159 value (gpiozero.Device attribute), 177
stop() (gpiozero.Robot method), 158 value (gpiozero.DigitalInputDevice attribute), 105
stop() (gpiozero.TonalBuzzer method), 120 value (gpiozero.DigitalOutputDevice attribute), 128
storage (gpiozero.PiBoardInfo attribute), 193 value (gpiozero.DiskUsage attribute), 173
summed() (in module gpiozero.tools), 186 value (gpiozero.DistanceSensor attribute), 103
value (gpiozero.Energenie attribute), 161
T value (gpiozero.GPIODevice attribute), 109
temperature (gpiozero.CPUTemperature attribute), value (gpiozero.InputDevice attribute), 108
171 value (gpiozero.LED attribute), 112
threshold (gpiozero.SmoothedInputDevice at- value (gpiozero.LEDBarGraph attribute), 145
tribute), 107 value (gpiozero.LightSensor attribute), 100
threshold_distance (gpiozero.DistanceSensor value (gpiozero.LineSensor attribute), 97
attribute), 103 value (gpiozero.LoadAverage attribute), 172
ThresholdOutOfRange, 220 value (gpiozero.MCP3001 attribute), 134
ticks() (gpiozero.Factory method), 203 value (gpiozero.MCP3002 attribute), 134
ticks() (gpiozero.pins.local.LocalPiFactory static value (gpiozero.MCP3004 attribute), 135
method), 210 value (gpiozero.MCP3008 attribute), 135
ticks_diff() (gpiozero.Factory method), 203 value (gpiozero.MCP3201 attribute), 135
ticks_diff() (gpiozero.pins.local.LocalPiFactory value (gpiozero.MCP3202 attribute), 136
static method), 210 value (gpiozero.MCP3204 attribute), 136
TimeOfDay (class in gpiozero), 169 value (gpiozero.MCP3208 attribute), 137
to_gpio() (gpiozero.PiBoardInfo method), 192 value (gpiozero.MCP3301 attribute), 137
toggle() (gpiozero.Buzzer method), 119 value (gpiozero.MCP3302 attribute), 137
toggle() (gpiozero.CompositeOutputDevice value (gpiozero.MCP3304 attribute), 138
method), 166 value (gpiozero.MotionSensor attribute), 99
toggle() (gpiozero.LED method), 112 value (gpiozero.Motor attribute), 121
toggle() (gpiozero.LEDBoard method), 143 value (gpiozero.OutputDevice attribute), 131
toggle() (gpiozero.OutputDevice method), 130 value (gpiozero.PhaseEnableMotor attribute), 123
toggle() (gpiozero.PWMLED method), 114 value (gpiozero.PhaseEnableRobot attribute), 159
toggle() (gpiozero.PWMOutputDevice method), value (gpiozero.PingServer attribute), 170
129 value (gpiozero.PWMLED attribute), 114
toggle() (gpiozero.RGBLED method), 117 value (gpiozero.PWMOutputDevice attribute), 130
TonalBuzzer (class in gpiozero), 119 value (gpiozero.RGBLED attribute), 117
Tone (class in gpiozero.tones), 189 value (gpiozero.Robot attribute), 158
tone (gpiozero.TonalBuzzer attribute), 120 value (gpiozero.Servo attribute), 124
TrafficHat (class in gpiozero), 153 value (gpiozero.SmoothedInputDevice attribute), 107
TrafficLights (class in gpiozero), 147 value (gpiozero.TimeOfDay attribute), 170
TrafficLightsBuzzer (class in gpiozero), 148 value (gpiozero.TonalBuzzer attribute), 120
TrafficpHat (class in gpiozero), 154 values (gpiozero.LEDBarGraph attribute), 145
transfer() (gpiozero.SPI method), 206 values (gpiozero.ValuesMixin attribute), 178
trigger (gpiozero.DistanceSensor attribute), 103 ValuesMixin (class in gpiozero), 178
voltage (gpiozero.AnalogInputDevice attribute), 139
U
up() (gpiozero.tones.Tone method), 190
238 Index
Gpiozero Documentation, Release 1.5.1
W when_released (gpiozero.ButtonBoard attribute),
wait_for_active() (gpiozero.DigitalInputDevice 147
method), 105 wifi (gpiozero.PiBoardInfo attribute), 193
wait_for_active() (gpiozero.EventsMixin write() (gpiozero.SPI method), 206
method), 179
wait_for_dark() (gpiozero.LightSensor method), Y
100 yellow (gpiozero.TrafficLights attribute), 148
wait_for_in_range() (gpiozero.DistanceSensor
method), 102 Z
wait_for_inactive() (gpi- zip_values() (in module gpiozero.tools), 186
ozero.DigitalInputDevice method), 105 ZombieThread, 216
wait_for_inactive() (gpiozero.EventsMixin
method), 179
wait_for_light() (gpiozero.LightSensor
method), 100
wait_for_line() (gpiozero.LineSensor method),
96
wait_for_motion() (gpiozero.MotionSensor
method), 98
wait_for_no_line() (gpiozero.LineSensor
method), 97
wait_for_no_motion() (gpiozero.MotionSensor
method), 98
wait_for_out_of_range() (gpi-
ozero.DistanceSensor method), 102
wait_for_press() (gpiozero.Button method), 94
wait_for_press() (gpiozero.ButtonBoard
method), 146
wait_for_release() (gpiozero.Button method),
94
wait_for_release() (gpiozero.ButtonBoard
method), 147
when_activated (gpiozero.DigitalInputDevice at-
tribute), 105
when_activated (gpiozero.EventsMixin attribute),
179
when_changed (gpiozero.Pin attribute), 205
when_dark (gpiozero.LightSensor attribute), 100
when_deactivated (gpiozero.DigitalInputDevice
attribute), 105
when_deactivated (gpiozero.EventsMixin at-
tribute), 179
when_held (gpiozero.Button attribute), 95
when_held (gpiozero.HoldMixin attribute), 180
when_in_range (gpiozero.DistanceSensor at-
tribute), 103
when_light (gpiozero.LightSensor attribute), 101
when_line (gpiozero.LineSensor attribute), 97
when_motion (gpiozero.MotionSensor attribute), 99
when_no_line (gpiozero.LineSensor attribute), 97
when_no_motion (gpiozero.MotionSensor at-
tribute), 99
when_out_of_range (gpiozero.DistanceSensor at-
tribute), 103
when_pressed (gpiozero.Button attribute), 95
when_pressed (gpiozero.ButtonBoard attribute),
147
when_released (gpiozero.Button attribute), 95
Index 239
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