1.

4 Perform the following unit conversions:

3
0.0353 ft 3 12 in.
(a) 1 L  61 in.3 ←
1L 1 ft

1 kJ 1 Btu
(b) 650 J  0.616 Btu ←
103 J 1.0551 kJ

3413 Btu/h 1 h 778.17 ft  lbf ft  lbf

(c) 0.135 kW  99.596 ←
1 kW 3600 s 1 Btu s

g 1 kg 1 lb 60 s lb
(d) 378  50 ←
s 10 3 g 0.4536 kg 1 min min

1 lbf/in. 2 10 3 Pa lbf
(e) 304 kPa  44.09 ←
6894.8 Pa 1 kPa in. 2

3
m 3 3.2808 ft 1h ft 3
(f) 55  0.54 ←
h 1m 3600 s s

km 10 3 m 3.2808 ft 1 h ft
(g) 50  45.57 ←
h 1 km 1m 3600 s s

1 lbf 1 ton
(h) 8896 N  1 ton ←
4.4482 N 2000 lbf

1
1.5 Perform the following unit conversions:

3
1 cm 3 1m 1L
(a) 122 in. 3
 2L←
0.061024 in.3 10 2 cm 10 - 3 m 3

1 kJ
(b) 778.17 ft  lbf  1.0551 kJ ←
737.56 ft  lbf

1 kW
(c) 100 hp  74.57 kW ←
1.341 hp

lb 1 h 1 kg kg
(d) 1000  0.126 ←
h 3600 s 2.2046 lb s

lbf 6894.8 Pa 1 N/m2 1 bar

(e) 29.392  2.027 bar ←
in.2 1 lbf/in. 2 1 Pa 105 N/m2

ft 3 0.028317 m3 1 min m3
(f) 2500  1.18 ←
min 1 ft 3 60 s s

mile 1.6093 km/h km

(g) 75  120.7 ←
h 1 mile/h h

2000 lbf 4.4482 N

(h) 1 ton  8896 N ←
1 ton 1 lbf

1
1.6 Which of the following food items weighs approximately one newton?

a. a grain of rice
b. a small strawberry
c. a medium-sized apple
d. a large watermelon

1
1.7 A fully-loaded shipping container has a mass of 30,000 kg. If local acceleration of gravity
is 9.81 m/s2, determine the container’s weight, in kN.

KNOWN: A fully-loaded shipping container has a specified mass. The local acceleration of
gravity is known.

FIND: Determine the container’s weight.

SCHEMATIC AND GIVEN DATA:

g = 9.81 m/s2
Shipping Container

m = 30,000 kg

Fgrav = ?

ENGINEERING MODEL:
1. Local gravitational acceleration is constant at 9.81 m/s2.

ANALYSIS: The force due to gravitational acceleration is computed using Eq. 1.1, where Fgrav
is the container weight and acceleration is local gravitational acceleration (g).

Fgrav = mg

Substituting values and solving give

 m  1N 1 kN
Fgrav = (30,000 kg)  9.81 2  = 294 kN
 s  1 kg  m/s 103 N
2

1
1.8 The Phoenix with a mass of 350 kg was a spacecraft used for exploration of Mars.
Determine the weight of the Phoenix, in N, (a) on the surface of Mars where the acceleration of
gravity is 3.73 m/s2 and (b) on Earth where the acceleration of gravity is 9.81 m/s2.

KNOWN: Phoenix spacecraft has mass of 350 kg.

FIND: (a) Weight of Phoenix on Mars, in N, and (b) weight of Phoenix on Earth, in N.

SCHEMATIC AND GIVEN DATA:

m = 350 kg
gMars = 3.73 m/s2
gEarth = 9.81 m/s2

ENGINEERING MODEL:
1. Acceleration of gravity is constant at the surface of both Mars and Earth.

ANALYSIS: Weight is the force of gravity. Applying Newton’s second law using the mass of
the Phoenix and the local acceleration of gravity

F = mg

(a) On Mars,

 m  1N
F  (350 kg)  3.73 2  = 1305.5 N
 s  1 kg  m/s 2

(b) On Earth,

 m 1N
F  (350 kg)  9.81 2  = 3433.5 N
 s  1 kg  m/s 2

Although the mass of the Phoenix is constant, the weight of the Phoenix is less on Mars than on
Earth since the acceleration due to gravity is less on Mars than on Earth.

1
1.9 Water with a density of 62.3 lb/ft3 completely fills an 80-ft3 vessel. If the local acceleration
of gravity is 32.08 ft/s2, determine the weight of the water, in lbf.

KNOWN: Water of known density completely fills a vessel of known volume.

FIND: Determine weight of the water.

SCHEMATIC AND GIVEN DATA:

Water
Water = 62.3 lb/ft3 V = 80 ft3
g = 32.08 ft/s2

Fgrav = ?

ENGINEERING MODEL:
1. Local gravitational acceleration is constant at 32.08 ft/s2.
2. Standard gravitational acceleration is constant at 32.174 ft/s2.

ANALYSIS: From Eq. 1.1 the weight of the water is the mass of water times the local
acceleration of gravity.

Fgrav = mg (1)

The mass is determined using the volume of the water in the full vessel and the water density.

 = m/V → m = V

Solving for the mass

 lb 
m   62.3 3 (80 ft 3 ) = 4984 lb
 ft 

Solving (1) for the water weight

 ft  1 lbf
Fgrav  (4984 lb) 32.08 2  = 4969 lbf
 s  32.174 lb  ft/s2

Since the water is located in an area where the local acceleration of gravity is less than the
standard acceleration of gravity, the water weighs less than an equivalent volume of water
located where the acceleration of gravity is the standard value.
1.10 At the grocery store you place a pumpkin with a mass of 12.5 lb on the produce spring
scale. The spring in the scale operates such that for each 4.7 lbf applied, the spring elongates one
inch. If local acceleration of gravity is 32.2 ft/s2, what distance, in inches, did the spring
elongate?

KNOWN: Pumpkin placed on a spring scale causes the spring to elongate.

FIND: Distance spring elongated, in inches.

SCHEMATIC AND GIVEN DATA:

m = 12.5 m

ENGINEERING MODEL:
1. Spring constant is 4.7 lbf/in.
2. Local acceleration of gravity is 32.2 ft/s2.

ANALYSIS:
The force applied to the spring to cause it to elongate can be expressed as the spring constant, k,
times the elongation, x.
F = kx

The applied force is due to the weight of the pumpkin, which can be expressed as the mass (m) of
the pumpkin times acceleration of gravity, (g).

F = Weight = mg = kx

Solving for elongation, x, substituting values for pumpkin mass, acceleration of gravity, and
spring constant, and applying the appropriate conversion factor yield

12.5 lb  32.2 ft2 

x
mg
  s  1 lbf
= 2.66 in.
k  lbf  lb  ft
 4.7  32.174 2
 in.  s
1.11 A spring compresses in length by 0.14 in. for every 1 lbf of applied force. Determine the
mass of an object, in pounds mass, that causes a spring deflection of 1.8 in. The local
acceleration of gravity = 31 ft/s2.

KNOWN: A spring is compressed by an object of unknown mass. The local acceleration of

gravity is known.

FIND: Determine the object’s mass.

SCHEMATIC AND GIVEN DATA:

State 1 State 2
m=?
x g = 31 ft/s2
x = 1.8 in.

ENGINEERING MODEL:
1. Local gravitational acceleration is constant at 31 ft/s2.

ANALYSIS: The spring is known to deflect 0.14 inch for every 1 lbf of applied force. Thus,
we begin by determining the weight of the object (Fgrav) using the deflection (x) given as 1.8
inches.
 in. 
x = 1.8 in. =  0.14  (Fgrav)
 1 lbf 

1.8 in.
(Fgrav) = = 12.86 lbf
 in. 
 0.14 
 1 lbf 

The mass can be determined by using the equation, Fgrav = mg.

rounded

lb  ft
Fgrav 32.2
12.86 lbf s 2 = 13.36 lb
m 
g ft 1 lbf
31 2
s
1.12 At a certain elevation, the pilot of a balloon has a mass of 120 lb and a weight of 119 lbf.
What is the local acceleration of gravity, in ft/s2, at that elevation? If the balloon drifts to another
elevation where g = 32.05 ft/s2, what is her weight, in lbf, and mass, in lb?

KNOWN: A pilot of a balloon has a known mass and weight at a certain elevation.

FIND: Determine the local acceleration of gravity at the certain elevation and the pilot’s weight
and mass at another elevation with known acceleration of gravity.

SCHEMATIC AND GIVEN DATA:

Elevation 1 Elevation 2
g = 32.05 ft/s2
m=?
m = 120 lb Fgrav = ?
Fgrav = 119 lbf
g=?
z

ENGINEERING MODEL:
1. Local gravitational acceleration varies with elevation.

ANALYSIS: Weight refers to the force of gravity: Fgrav = mg. Thus, when her mass is 120 lb
and weight is 119 lbf, we have

lb  ft
Fgrav 32.174
119 lbf s 2 = 31.906 ft/s2
g 
m 120 lb 1 lbf

Since mass does not change with location, at the subsequent elevation, m = 120 lb. When her
mass is 120 lb and g = 32.05 ft/s2, we have

 ft  1 lbf
Fgrav = mg = (120 lb) 32.05 2  = 119.54 lbf
 s  32.174 lb  ft
s2

COMMENT: Her mass remains constant, but weight depends on the local acceleration of
gravity.
1.13 Estimate the magnitude of the force, in lbf, exerted on a 12-lb goose in a collision of
duration 10−3 s with an airplane taking off at 150 miles/h.

KNOWN: A goose of known mass collides with known duration with an airplane with known
velocity.

FIND: Determine the magnitude of the force exerted on the goose.

SCHEMATIC AND GIVEN DATA:

m = 12 lb
Dt = 10−3 s

V = 150 miles/h

ENGINEERING MODEL:
1. Initial goose velocity is negligible compared to aircraft velocity.

ANALYSIS: The actual forces developed when birds and aircraft collide are difficult to
determine precisely, but estimates can be calculated using average values of acceleration and
force magnitudes as follows:

The goose is accelerated from a very low velocity to 150 miles/h in 10−3 s. Thus, the average
acceleration magnitude is

 150 miles/h  0  1 h 5280 ft

a  3  = 2.2 × 105 ft/s2
 10 s  3600 s 1 mile

The magnitude of the average force applied is

 ft  1 lbf
F  m a  (12 lb) 2.2  105 2  = 82,000 lbf
 s  32.2 lb  ft
s2

rounded
1.14 A communications satellite weighs 4400 N on Earth where g = 9.81 m/s2. What is the
weight of the satellite, in N, as it orbits Earth where the acceleration of gravity is 0.224 m/s2?
Express each weight in lbf.

KNOWN: Weight of communications satellite on Earth.

FIND: Determine weight of the satellite, in N, as it orbits Earth where the acceleration of
gravity is 0.224 m/s2. Express the satellite weight, in lbf, on Earth and in orbit.

SCHEMATIC AND GIVEN DATA:

WSat(Earth) = 4400 N
gEarth = 9.81 m/s2
gorbit = 0.224 m/s2

ENGINEERING MODEL:
1. Gravitational acceleration on Earth is constant at 9.81 m/s2.
2. Gravitational acceleration at orbital altitude is constant at 0.224 m/s2.

ANALYSIS: Weight of the satellite is the force of gravity and varies with altitude. Mass of the
satellite remains constant. Applying Newton’s second law to solve for the mass of the satellite
yields

W = mg → m = W/g

On Earth,
m = WSat(Earth)/gEarth

(4400 N) 1 kg  m/s 2
m = 448.5 kg
 m 1N
 9.81 
 s2 

Solving for the satellite weight in orbit,

WSat(orbit) = mgorbit

 m  1N
WSat(orbit)  (448.5 kg)  0.224 2  = 100.5 N
 s  1 kg  m/s 2

Although the mass of the communications satellite is constant, the weight of the satellite is less at
orbital altitude than on Earth since the acceleration due to gravity is less at orbital altitude than
on Earth.

1
To determine the corresponding weights in lbf, apply the conversion factor, 1 lbf = 4.4482 N.

1 lbf
WSat(Earth)  (4400 N) = 989.2 lbf
4.4482 N

1 lbf
WSat(orbit)  (100.5 N) = 22.6 lbf
4.4482 N

2
1.15 Using local acceleration of gravity data from the Internet, determine the weight, in N, of a
person whose mass is 80 kg living in:

(a) Mexico City, Mexico

(b) Cape Town, South Africa
(c) Tokyo, Japan
(d) Chicago, IL
(e) Copenhagen, Denmark

KNOWN: Person with a known mass living in multiple specified locations.

FIND: The person’s weight in each location using local acceleration of gravity data from the
Internet.

SCHEMATIC AND GIVEN DATA:

Mexico City, Mexico
Fgrav = ?

Cape Town, South Africa

Fgrav = ?

Tokyo, Japan
Fgrav = ?
m = 80 kg
Chicago, IL
Fgrav = ?

Copenhagen, Denmark
Fgrav = ?
ANALYSIS:

(a) Mexico City, g = 9.779 m/s2.

 m  1N
Fgrav = mg = (80 kg)  9.779 2  = 782.32 N
 s  1 kg  m
s2

(b) Cape Town, g = 9.796 m/s2.

 m  1N
Fgrav = mg = (80 kg)  9.796 2  = 783.68 N
 s  1 kg  m
s2
(c) Tokyo, g = 9.798 m/s2.

 m  1N
Fgrav = mg = (80 kg)  9.798 2  = 783.84 N
 s  1 kg  m
s2

(d) Chicago, g = 9.803 m/s2.

 m  1N
Fgrav = mg = (80 kg)  9.803 2  = 784.24 N
 s  1 kg  m
s2

(e) Copenhagen, g = 9.815 m/s2.

 m  1N
Fgrav = mg = (80 kg)  9.815 2  = 785.2 N
 s  1 kg  m
s2
1.16 A town has a 1-million-gallon storage capacity water tower. If the density of water is 62.4
lb/ft3 and local acceleration of gravity is 32.1 ft/s2, what is the force, in lbf, the structural base
must provide to support the water in the tower?

KNOWN: A town has a 1-million-gallon storage capacity water tower.

FIND: Determine force, in lbf, the structural base must provide to support the water in the
tower.

SCHEMATIC AND GIVEN DATA:

Water = 62.4 lb/ft3

V = 1 million gallons
glocal = 32.1 ft/s2

ENGINEERING MODEL:
1. Local gravitational acceleration is constant at 32.1 ft/s2.
2. Standard gravitational acceleration is constant at 32.174 ft/s2.
3. The weight of the tower itself is ignored.

ANALYSIS: The structure must exert a minimum force equivalent to the weight of the water,
which can be expressed as the mass (m) of the water times acceleration of gravity, g.

F = Weight = mg

The mass of the water can be determined from its density times the volume the water occupies

 lbf  0.13368 ft 3
m = V =  62.4 3 (1,000,000 gal) = 8,341,632 lbf
 ft  1 gal

Substituting for mass and acceleration of gravity and applying the appropriate conversion factor
yield

 ft  1 lbf
F  mg  (8,341,632 lb) 32.1 2  = 8,322,446 lbf
 s  32.174 lb  ft/s2

Since the water is located in an area where the local acceleration of gravity is less than the
standard acceleration of gravity, the water weighs less than an equivalent volume of water
located where the acceleration of gravity is the standard value.
1.17 A closed system consists of 0.3 kmol of octane occupying a volume of 5 m3. Determine (a)
the weight of the system, in N, and (b) the molar- and mass-based specific volumes, in m3/kmol
and m3/kg, respectively. Let g = 9.81 m/s2.

KNOWN: A specified number moles of octane occupies a known volume.

FIND: Determine (a) the weight of the system, and (b) the specific volumes on molar and mass
bases.

SCHEMATIC AND GIVEN DATA:

g = 9.81 m/s2
Moctane = 114.22 kg/kmol (Table A-1) 0.3 kmol
Octane (C8H18)
V = 5 m3

ENGINEERING MODEL:
1. Octane is a closed system.
2. The acceleration of gravity is constant at 9.81 m/s2.

ANALYSIS:
(a) Weight of the octane is the mass of octane times the local acceleration of gravity.

Fgrav = mglocal

Using Eq. 1.8 to determine the mass of the octane

 kg 
m = nM = (0.3 kmol)114.22  = 34.266 kg
 kmol 

Solving for the octane weight,

 m  1N
Fgrav  (34.266 kg)  9.81 2  = 336.1 N
 s  1 kg  m/s 2

(b) Specific volume on a molar basis is

V 5 m3
v  = 16.67 m3/kmol
n 0.3 kmol

Specific volume on a mass basis is

V 5 m3
v  = 0.146 m3/kg
m 34.266 kg
1.18 A 2-lb sample of an unknown liquid occupies a volume of 62.6 in.3 For the liquid
determine (a) the specific volume, in ft3/lb, and (b) the density, in lb/ft3.

KNOWN: Volume and mass of an unknown liquid sample.

FIND: Determine (a) the specific volume, in ft3/lb, and (b) the density, in lb/ft3.

SCHEMATIC AND GIVEN DATA:

m = 2 lb
V = 62.6 in.3

ENGINEERING MODEL:
1. The liquid can be treated as continuous.

ANALYSIS:
(a) The specific volume is volume per unit mass and can be determined from the total volume
and the mass of the liquid

V 62.6 in.3 1 ft 3
v  = 0.0181 ft3/lb
m 2 lb 1728 in.3

(b) Density is the reciprocal of specific volume. Thus,

1 1
  = 55.2 lb/ft3
v ft3
0.0181
lb
1.19 A closed vessel having a volume of 1 liter holds 1.2 × 1022 molecules of nitrogen gas. For
the nitrogen, determine (a) the amounts present, in kmol and kg, and (b) the specific volumes, in
m3/kmol and m3/kg.

KNOWN: A vessel of known volume holds a specified number of molecules of nitrogen gas.

FIND: Determine (a) the mass and number of moles present, and (b) the specific volumes on
molar and mass bases.

SCHEMATIC AND GIVEN DATA:

g = 9.81 m/s2
Mnitrogen = 28.01 kg/kmol (Table A-1) 1.2 1022 molecules
nitrogen gas
V = 1 liter

ENGINEERING MODEL:
1. Nitrogen is a closed system.

ANALYSIS:
(a) From Section 1.5, the number of molecules in a gram mole (mol) is 6.022 × 1023
(Avogadro’s number). Thus

1.2  1022 molecules

n = 0.0199 mol
23 molecules
6.022  10
mol

Converting to kmol
1 kmol
n  (0.0199 mol) 3
= 1.99×10−5 kmol
10 mol

Using Eq. 1.8 to determine the mass of the nitrogen

 kg 
m = nM = (1.99  105 kmol) 28.01 −4
 = 5.57×10 kg
 kmol 

(b) Specific volume on a molar basis is

V 1 liter 103 m3
v  = 50.25 m3/kmol
n 1.99  10-5 kmol 1 liter
Specific volume on a mass basis is

V 1 liter 10-3 m
v  = 1.80 m3/kg
m 5.57  10- 4 kg 1 liter

2
1.20 The specific volume of 5 kg of water vapor at 1.5 MPa, 440oC is 0.2160 m3/kg. Determine
(a) the volume, in m3, occupied by the water vapor, (b) the amount of water vapor present, in
gram moles, and (c) the number of molecules.

KNOWN: Mass, pressure, temperature, and specific volume of water vapor.

FIND: Determine (a) the volume, in m3, occupied by the water vapor, (b) the amount of water
vapor present, in gram moles, and (c) the number of molecules.

SCHEMATIC AND GIVEN DATA:

m = 5 kg
p = 1.5 MPa
T = 440oC
v = 0.2160 m3/kg

ENGINEERING MODEL:
1. The water vapor is a closed system.

ANALYSIS:
(a) The specific volume is volume per unit mass. Thus, the volume occupied by the water vapor
can be determined by multiplying its mass by its specific volume.

 m 3 
V  mv  (5 kg) 0.2160 = 1.08 m3
 kg 
 

(b) Using molecular weight of water from Table A-1 and applying the appropriate relation to
convert the water vapor mass to gram moles gives

 
m  5 kg  1000 moles

n  = 277.5 moles
M  kg  1 kmol
 18.02 
 kmol 

(c) Using Avogadro’s number to determine the number of molecules yields

 molecules 
# Molecules  Avogadro' s Number  # moles   6.022  10 23 (277.5 moles)
 mole 

# Molecules = 1.671×1026 molecules

1.21 The pressure of the gas contained in the piston-cylinder assembly of Fig. 1.1 varies with its
volume according to p = A + (B/V), where A, B are constants. If pressure is in lbf/ft2 and
volume is in ft3, what are the units of A and B?

KNOWN: Relationship between pressure and volume.

FIND: Determine units of A and B.

SCHEMATIC AND GIVEN DATA:

p [lbf/ft2]
V [ft3]
p = A + (B/V), where A and B are constants

ENGINEERING MODEL:
1. The gas is a closed system.

ANALYSIS:

B
pA
V

 lbf 
 ft 2  ft 
3

By inspection of this equation, A has units of lbf/ft2.

Rearranging,
B = [p – A] V

 
 lbf  3
 ft 2  ft

 B has units of ft∙lbf.

1.22 As shown in Figure P1.22, a vertical piston-cylinder assembly containing a gas is placed
on a hot plate. The piston initially rests on the stops. With the onset of heating, the gas pressure
increases. At what pressure, in bar, does the piston start rising? The piston moves smoothly in
the cylinder and g = 9.81 m/s2.

KNOWN: A piston-cylinder assembly contains gas that is heated.

FIND: At what pressure the piston starts rising.

SCHEMATIC AND GIVEN DATA:

patm = 1 bar

mpiston = 50 kg
piston
Apiston = 0.01 m2

Gas

hot plate

ENGINEERING MODEL:
1. The gas is a closed system.
2. The piston is in static equilibrium.
3. Atmospheric pressure is exerted on the top of the piston.
4. Local gravitational acceleration is 9.81 m/s2.

ANALYSIS:
Since the piston moves smoothly within the cylinder, the piston begins to rise when the force
exerted by the gas exceeds the resisting force comprised of the piston weight and the force
exerted by the atmospheric pressure. That is,
Fatm
Fgas ≥ Weight + Fatm Weight

pgasApiston ≥ mpistong + patmApiston

mpiston g
pgas   patm
A piston FGas

  m 
 (50 kg)  9.81 s 2   1 bar
pgas     1N
 1 bar → pgas ≥ 1.49 bar
 0.01 m 2
 105 N kg m
1
  m2 s2

1
1.23 A closed system consisting of 4 lb of a gas undergoes a process during which the relation
between pressure and volume is pVn = constant. The process begins with p1 = 15 lbf/in.2, v1 =
1.25 ft3/lb and ends with p2 = 53 lbf/in.2, v2 = 0.5 ft3/lb. Determine (a) the volume, in ft3,
occupied by the gas at states 1 and 2 and (b) the value of n. (c) Sketch Process 1-2 on pressure-
volume coordinates.

KNOWN: Gas undergoes a process from a known initial pressure and specific volume to a
known final pressure and specific volume.

FIND: Determine (a) the volume, in ft3, occupied by the gas at states 1 and 2 and (b) the value
of n. (c) Sketch Process 1-2 on pressure-volume coordinates.

SCHEMATIC AND GIVEN DATA:

State 1 State 2

Gas
Gas

m = 4 lb p2 = 53 lbf/in.2
p1 = 15 lbf/in.2 v2 = 0.5 ft3/lb
v1 = 1.25 ft3/lb

ENGINEERING MODEL:
1. The gas is a closed system.
2. The relation between pressure and volume is pVn = constant during process 1-2.

ANALYSIS:
(a) The specific volume is volume per unit mass. Thus, the volume occupied by the gas can be
determined by multiplying its mass by its specific volume.

V = mv
For state 1
 ft 3 
V1  mv1  (4 lb)1.25 = 5 ft3
 lb 
 
For state 2
 ft 3 
V2  mv2  (4 lb) 0.5  = 2 ft3
 lb 


1
(b) The value of n can be determined by substituting values into the relationship:

p1(V1)n = constant = p2(V2)n

Solving for n
n
p1  V2 
 
p2  V1 

 p1  V 
ln    n ln  2 
 p2   V1 

 p1  ln  15 lbf/in. 
2
ln    53 lbf/in. 2 
n  2   = 1.38
p
V   2 ft 
3
ln  2  ln  3 
 V1   5 ft 
 

(c) Process 1-2 is shown on pressure-volume coordinates below:

Process 1-2
60
State 2
50
Pressure (lbf/in.2)

40

30

20 State 1

10

0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Volume (ft3)

2
1.24 Figure P1.24 shows a gas contained in a vertical piston-cylinder assembly. A vertical
shaft whose cross-sectional area is 0.8 cm2 is attached to the top of the piston. Determine the
magnitude, F, of the force acting on the shaft, in N, required if the gas pressure is 3 bar. The
masses of the piston and attached shaft are 24.5 kg and 0.5 kg, respectively. The piston diameter
is 10 cm. The local atmospheric pressure is 1 bar. The piston moves smoothly in the cylinder
and g = 9.81 m/s2.

KNOWN: A piston-cylinder assembly with a vertical shaft attached to the piston contains gas.

FIND: The required magnitude of the force acting on the shaft if the gas is at a specified
pressure.

SCHEMATIC AND GIVEN DATA:

mshaft = 0.5 kg F
Ashaft = 0.8 cm2
Shaft patm = 1 bar

piston mpiston = 24.5 kg

D = 10 cm
Gas at p = 3 bar

hot plate

ENGINEERING MODEL:
1. The gas is a closed system.
2. The piston is in static equilibrium.
3. Atmospheric pressure is exerted on the top of the piston.
4. Local gravitational acceleration is 9.81 m/s2.

ANALYSIS:
F
Since the piston moves smoothly within the
cylinder, the force exerted by the gas equals
the resisting force comprised of the piston Shaft Piston
Fatm
weight, shaft weight, the force exerted by the Weight Weight
atmospheric pressure, and the force acting on
the shaft, F. That is, the sum of the forces
acting vertically is zero, giving

Fgas = Piston Weight + Shaft Weight + Fatm + F FGas

Solving,

F = Fgas − Piston Weight − Shaft Weight − Fatm (*)

1
In this expression,

Fgas = pgasApiston, where Apiston is the piston force area:

Dpiston
2
 (10 cm)2
A piston   = 78.54 cm2
4 4

N
105 2
m 2
2 1m
Therefore, Fgas = (3 bar) (78.54 cm ) 2 = 2356.2 N
1 bar 10 cm

The pressure of the atmosphere acts only on the net area at the top of the piston – namely, the
piston face area less the area occupied by the shaft. The force is then

Fatm = patm(Apiston – Ashaft)

N
105
2
m 2 1m
Fatm = (1 bar)(78.54 cm  0.8 cm )
2 2
= 777.4 N
1 bar 102 cm

The total weight of the piston and shaft is

Total Weight = (mpiston + mshaft)g

 m  1N
Total Weight = (24.5 kg  0.5 kg)  9.81 2  = 245.3 N
 s  1 kg  m
s2

Collecting results, Eq. (*) gives

F = 2356.2 N – 245.3 N – 777.4 N = 1333.5 N

2
1.25 A gas contained within a piston-cylinder assembly undergoes four processes in series:

Process 1-2: Constant-pressure expansion at 1 bar from V1 = 0.5 m3 to V2 = 2 m3

Process 2-3: Constant volume to 2 bar

Process 3-4: Constant-pressure compression to 1 m3

Process 4-1: Compression with pV−1 = constant

Sketch the process in series on a p-V diagram labeled with pressure and volume values at each
numbered state.

p (bar)

2 4• •3

1 • •
1 2

V (m3)
0.5 1 2

1
1.26 Referring to Fig. 1.7,
(a) if the pressure in the tank is 1.5 bar and atmospheric pressure is 1 bar, determine L, in m, for
water with a density of 997 kg/m3 as the manometer liquid. Let g = 9.81 m/s2.
(b) determine L, in cm, if the manometer liquid is mercury with a density of 13.59 g/cm3 and the
gas pressure is 1.3 bar. A barometer indicates the local atmospheric pressure is 750 mmHg. Let
g = 9.81 m/s2.

KNOWN: A manometer is attached to a tank containing a gas.

FIND: L considering two different manometer liquids with associated gas pressures.

SCHEMATIC AND GIVEN DATA:

(a) pgas = 1.5 bar patm

patm = 1 bar
Gas at
water = 997 kg/m3
pressure p
(b) pgas = 1.3 bar
patm = 750 mmHg Tank
mercury = 13.59 g/cm3 L
a b

Manometer
liquid
ENGINEERING MODEL:
1. Local gravitational acceleration is 9.81 m/s2.

ANALYSIS:
(a) We have pa = pgas and pa = pb. pb is evaluated using Eq. 1.11. Collecting results,

pgas = patm + wgL

where w = 997 kg/m3 and g = 9.81 m/s2.

Solving for L
N kg  m
pgas  patm 105 2 1 2
(1.5  1) bar m s
L  = 5.11 m
w g  kg  m  1 bar 1N
 997 3  9.81 2 
 m  s 

(b) First solve for patm with L = 750 mmHg and mercury = 13.59 g/cm3.

patm = mercurygL

1
 3
 g  1 kg 102 cm  m
 9.81 2 750 mmHg  3
1m 1N
patm = 13.59 3  3 = 105 N/m2
 cm  10 g 1 m  s  10 mm 1 kg  m
s2

Following the approach of part (a) and solving for L

5 N kg  m
pgas  patm 3 10 1 2
(1.3  1) bar 3
10 g 1 m m2 s 100 cm
L  = 22.5 cm
w g  g  m  1 kg 102 cm 1 bar 1N 1m
13.59 3  9.81 2 
 cm  s 

2
1.27 Figure P1.27 shows a storage tank holding natural gas. In an adjacent instrument room, a
U-tube mercury manometer in communication with the storage tank reads L = 1.0 m. If the
atmospheric pressure is 101 kPa, the density of the mercury is 13.59 g/cm3, and g = 9.81 m/s2,
determine the pressure of the natural gas, in kPa.

KNOWN: A manometer is in communication with natural gas in a storage tank.

FIND: The pressure of the natural gas.

SCHEMATIC AND GIVEN DATA:

patm
Natural Gas
at pressure p
L = 1.0 m
patm = 101 kPa
mercury = 13.59 g/cm3
L = 1.0 m
Natural Gas
a b

Mercury
ENGINEERING MODEL:
1. Local gravitational acceleration is 9.81 m/s2.

ANALYSIS:
Considering a manometer connected to the storage tank by a line filled with gas, we have
pa = pgas and pa = pb. pb is evaluated using Eq. 1.11. Collecting results,

pgas = patm + gL

3
 g  1 kg 102 cm  m
 9.81 2 1.0 m 
1N 1 kPa
pgas = 101 kPa  13.59 3  3
 cm  10 g 1 m  s  kg  m N
1 2 103 2
s m

pgas = 101 kPa + 133.3 kPa

pgas = 234.3 kPa

1
1.28 As shown in Figure P1.28, the exit of a gas compressor empties into a receiver tank,
maintaining the tank contents at a pressure of 200 kPa. If the local atmospheric pressure is 1 bar,
what is the reading of the Bourdon gage mounted on the tank wall in kPa? Is this a vacuum
pressure or a gage pressure? Explain.

KNOWN: The exit of a gas compressor empties into a receiver tank.

FIND: The Bourdon gage reading. Identify whether the reading is a vacuum pressure or a gage
pressure and explain.

SCHEMATIC AND GIVEN DATA:

patm = 1 bar

Gas Exit Receiver

Inlet
compressor tank at
200 kPa

ANALYSIS:
Converting the local atmospheric pressure to kPa, we get patm = 100 kPa. Since the pressure in
the tank, 200 kPa, is greater than the atmospheric pressure, the Bourdon reading is a gage
pressure. Using the relationship

pgage = pabs − patm = 200 kPa – 100 kPa = 100 kPa

The Bourdon reading is 100 kPa.

1
1.29 Liquid kerosene flows through a Venturi meter, as shown in Fig. P1.29. The pressure of
the kerosene in the pipe supports columns of kerosene that differ in height by 12 cm. Determine
the difference in pressure between points a and b, in kPa. Does the pressure increase or decrease
as the kerosene flows from point a to point b as the pipe diameter decreases? The atmospheric
pressure is 101 kPa, the specific volume of kerosene is 0.00122 m3/kg, and the acceleration of
gravity is g = 9.81 m/s2.

KNOWN: Kerosene flows through a Venturi meter.

FIND: The pressure difference between points a and b, in kPa and whether pressure increases or
decreases as the kerosene flows from point a to point b as the pipe diameter decreases.

SCHEMATIC AND GIVEN DATA:

patm = 101 kPa

g = 9.81 m/s2
L = 12 cm

Kerosene • •
v = 0.00122 kg/m3 a b

ENGINEERING MODEL:
1. The kerosene is incompressible.
2. Atmospheric pressure is exerted at the open end of the fluid columns.

ANALYSIS:
Equation 1.11 applies to both columns of fluid (a and b). Let hb be the height of the fluid above
point b. Then hb + L is the height of the fluid above point a. Applying Eq. 1.11 to each column
yields

pa = patm + g(hb + L) = patm + ghb + gL

and

pb = patm + ghb

Thus, the difference in pressure between point a and point b is

p = pb – pa = (patm + ghb) – (patm + ghb + gL)

p = –gL

1
Density of kerosene is the reciprocal of its specific volume

 = 1/v = 1/0.00122 m3/kg = 820 kg/m3

Solving for the difference in pressure yields

 kg  m 1N 1m 1 kPa
p   820 3  9.81 2 (12 cm) = −0.965 kPa
 m  s  kg  m N
1 2 100 cm 1000 2
s m

Since points a and b are at the same elevation in the flow, the difference in pressure is indicated
by the difference in height between the two columns. The negative sign indicates pressure
decreases as the kerosene flows from point a to point b as the pipe diameter decreases.

2
1.30 Figure P1.30 shows a tank within a tank, each containing air. Pressure gage A, which
indicates pressure inside tank A, is located inside tank B and reads 5 psig (vacuum). The U-tube
manometer connected to tank B contains water with a column length of 10 in. Using data on the
diagram, determine the absolute pressure of the air inside tank B and inside tank A, both in psia.
The atmospheric pressure surrounding tank B is 14.7 psia. The acceleration of gravity is g =
32.2 ft/s2.

KNOWN: A tank within a tank, each containing air.

FIND: Absolute pressure of air in tank B and in tank A, both in psia.

SCHEMATIC AND GIVEN DATA:

patm = 14.7 psia

Tank B

L = 10 in.

Tank A

Gage A
Water ( = 62.4 lb/ft3)
g = 32.2 ft/s2

pgage, A = 5 psig (vacuum)

ENGINEERING MODEL:
1. The gas is a closed system.
2. Atmospheric pressure is exerted at the open end of the manometer.
3. The manometer fluid is water with a density of 62.4 lb/ft3.

ANALYSIS:
(a) Applying Eq. 1.11

pgas,B = patm + gL

where patm is the local atmospheric pressure to tank B,  is the density of the manometer fluid
(water), g is the acceleration due to gravity, and L is the column length of the manometer fluid.
Substituting values

lbf  lb  ft  1 lbf 1 ft 3
pgas, B  14.7   62.4  32.2 (10 in.) = 15.1 lbf/in.2
in. 2
 3
ft  2
s  lbm  ft 1728 in. 3
32.2
2
s

1
Since the gage pressure of the air in tank A is a vacuum, Eq. 1.15 applies.

p(vacuum) = patm(absolute) – p(absolute)

The pressure of the gas in tank B is the local atmospheric pressure to tank A. Solving for p
(absolute) and substituting values yield

p(absolute) = patm(absolute) – p(vacuum) = 15.1 psia – 5 psig = 10.1 psia

2
1.31 The Mariana Trench in the western Pacific Ocean includes the greatest known ocean
depth at approximately 6.8 miles. The atmosphere exerts a pressure of 14.7 lbf/in.2 at the ocean
surface. Modeling the ocean seawater as static and assuming constant local acceleration of
gravity of 32.1 ft/s2 and constant seawater density of 64.2 lb/ft3, determine the absolute pressure,
in lbf/in.2, at this depth.

KNOWN: The Mariana Trench in the western Pacific Ocean includes the greatest known ocean
depth.

FIND: The absolute pressure at the greatest depth in the Mariana Trench.

SCHEMATIC AND GIVEN DATA:

patm = 14.7 lbf/in.2

Seawater g = 32.1 ft/s2

 = 64.2 lb/ft3
6.8 miles

ENGINEERING MODEL:
1. Local gravitational acceleration is 32.1 ft/s2.
2. Seawater density is constant at 62.4 lb/ft3.
3. The ocean seawater is modeled as static.

ANALYSIS: The pressure acting at the bottom of the Mariana Trench at a depth of 6.8 miles is

p = patm + gL

Substituting values and applying unit conversions yield

lbf  lb  ft  5280 ft 1 ft 2 1 lbf

p  14.7   64.2  32.1 ( 6.8 mi) = 15,985 lbf/in.2
in. 
2
ft 
3
s 
2
mi 144 in. 32.174 lb  ft
2

s2
1.32 Show that a standard atmospheric pressure of 760 mmHg is equivalent to 101.3 kPa. The
density of mercury is 13,590 kg/m3 and g = 9.81 m/s2.

KNOWN: Standard atmospheric pressure of 760 mmHg.

FIND: Show that 760 mmHg is equivalent to 101.3 kPa.

SCHEMATIC AND GIVEN DATA:

Mercury vapor

L = 760 mm
Hg = 13,590 kg/m3

Mercury (Hg)

ENGINEERING MODEL:
1. Local gravitational acceleration is 9.81 m/s2.
2. Pressure of mercury vapor is much less than that of the atmosphere and can be neglected.

ANALYSIS:
Equation 1.12 applies.

patm = pvapor + HggL = HggL

Neglecting the pressure of mercury vapor and applying appropriate conversion factors yield

 kg  m 1N 1m 1 kPa
patm  13,590 3  9.81 2 (760 mm) = 101.3 kPa
 m  s  kg  m 1000 mm N
1 2 1000 2
s m
1.33 A gas enters a compressor that provides a pressure ratio (exit pressure to inlet pressure)
equal to 8. If a gage indicates the gas pressure at the inlet is 5.5 psig, what is the absolute
pressure, in psia, of the gas at the exit? Atmospheric pressure is 14.5 lbf/in.2

KNOWN: Gas pressure is measured at the inlet of a compressor for which the pressure ratio is
known.

FIND: Determine the absolute pressure of the gas at the compressor exit.

SCHEMATIC AND GIVEN DATA:

patm = 14.5 psia

Inlet Compressor Exit

pin = 5.5 psig (Pressure Ratio = 8)

ENGINEERING MODEL:
1. Atmospheric pressure is 14.5 lbf/in.2

ANALYSIS:
From the compressor pressure ratio, the exit pressure can be determined from

pressure ratio = pexit/pin → pexit = pin(pressure ratio)

Inlet pressure must be expressed as absolute pressure to solve for exit pressure. Conversion from
the inlet pressure gage reading to absolute pressure is determined from

pin(gage) = pin(absolute) – patm(absolute)

Rearranging the equation to solve for pin(absolute) and substituting values yield

pin(absolute) = pin(gage) + patm(absolute) = 5.5 psig + 14.5 psia = 20 psia

Substituting absolute pressure at the inlet into the equation for exit pressure yields

pexit = (20 psia)(8) = 160 psia

1
1.34 As shown in Figure P1.34, air is contained in a vertical piston-cylinder assembly such
that the piston is in static equilibrium. The atmosphere exerts a pressure of 14.7 lbf/in.2 on top of
the 6-in.-diameter piston. The absolute pressure of the air inside the cylinder is 16 lbf/in.2 The
local acceleration of gravity is g = 32.2 ft/s2. Determine (a) the mass of the piston, in lb, and (b)
the gage pressure of the air in the cylinder, in psig.

KNOWN: A piston-cylinder assembly contains air such that the piston is in static equilibrium.

FIND: (a) The mass of the piston, in lb, and (b) the gage pressure of the air in the cylinder, in
psig.

SCHEMATIC AND GIVEN DATA:

patm = 14.7 lbf/in.2

g = 32.2 ft/s2

Dpiston = 6 in.

Air

pAir = 16 lbf/in.2

ENGINEERING MODEL:
1. The air is a closed system.
2. The piston is in static equilibrium.
3. Atmospheric pressure is exerted on the top of the piston.
4. Local gravitational acceleration is 32.2 ft/s2.

ANALYSIS:
(a) Draw a free body diagram indicating all forces acting on the piston. Taking upward as the
positive y-direction, the sum of the forces acting on the piston in the y-direction must equal zero
for static equilibrium of the piston.
Free Body Diagram
 Fy  0 mpistong
patmApiston y
pAirApiston – patmApiston – mpistong = 0

Solving for the mass of the piston,

pAir A piston  patm A piston pAirApiston

mpiston 
g

1
  pAir  patm Apiston
mpiston 
g

The area of the piston is determined from the piston diameter

 
A piston  D2  (6 in.) 2 = 28.3 in.2
4 4

Substituting values and solving for the mass of the piston,

 lbf lbf 

16 2  14.7 2  28.3 in.2 32.2 
lb  ft
mpiston   in. in.  s 2 = 36.8 lb
ft 1 lbf
32.2 2
s

(b) Gage pressure of the air is given by Eq. 1.14

p(gage) = p(absolute) – patm(absolute) = 16.0 psia – 14.7 psia = 1.3 psig