CHP 2 Eng

Machine Translated by Google
Chapter 2: Energy Mastery
1. Energy context in Tunisia: 1.1.

Energy resources:
Tunisia's energy resources are mainly made up of fossil fuels5 (oil and natural gas).
These primary energy resources show from the year 2010, a significant and continuous
decline.
1.2. Energy demand

Demand for the two forms of primary energy (oil and natural gas) generally experienced
sustained growth throughout the period 1990-2015. Global demand, meanwhile,
evolved at an average annual rate of 3%.
1.3. The energy balance
Surplus until the year 2000 (+170 Ktoe), the energy balance became
deficit
in 2001 (-356 Ktoe). The rate of deterioration of the energy balance accelerated
between 2010 and 2015 compared to the period 2001-2006.
It is clear that Tunisia's energy mix is largely dominated by

fossil fuels (oil and natural gas). Indeed, these two types of energy covered 99.5%
of the total demand for primary energy in 2016. On the other hand, we note that the deficit of the
primary energy balance represented 43.7% of global demand in 2015 and 41% in
2016.
2. Energy management principle:

Energy management is about using as little energy as possible to provide goods and
services without impacting production, quality or comfort.
3. Applications of energy management:

Energy represents a major source of financial expenditure t. Reducing energy
consumption is a central subject for everyone. To save energy, we offer good advice
to reduce your electricity bill.
• Do not leave unnecessary lights on and turn off night watches

• LED lamps consume little electricity and last a long time. It's here
best home lighting solution.
• Becomes a self-producer of electricity using photovoltaic panels

• Substitution of electric water heater by a solar water heater system
thermal.
• Cogeneration
3.1. Energy labels

For any new purchase, you must check the energy label.
The energy label is an information document that describes

the energy consumption of a household appliance, in order to allow the consumer to
correctly assess which model to buy.
The information on the energy consumption labels is as follows:

• Manufacturer and brand model;
• Energy class of belonging; Consumption in kWh Energy consumption related to the
characteristic functions of the household appliance (eg centrifuge for washing machines);
• Additional specific technical details expressed in symbols and pictograms

(load capacity, water consumption, noise emissions, etc.).
• Energy classes of household appliances
• The current energy classes are divided into seven levels whose value,
expressed in letters ranging from A to G, is highlighted on the labels by the use
of colored arrows, with green representing maximum efficiency, while red indicates
less optimized performance. The classes that provide the greatest savings are A++
+, A++ and A+,
3.2. Photovoltaic solar energy:

3.2.1. Installation connected to the network:
This photovoltaic system has the role of producing electricity from solar energy.
and which will be connected to the STEG meter. During the day, the photovoltaic system produces
the electrical energy that will be consumed by the various housing equipment and
excess production will be stored in the network and thus rewards the
consumption at night.
3.2.2. Stand-alone installation:
This type is used for use in an isolated site which requires a storage system
electricity (batteries) to store energy and use it in the absence of sunlight. He
requires a charge regulator to protect the battery against overcharging and discharging
deep to ensure a long life.
3.2.3. Solar pumping installation:
The use of a generator in irrigation becomes very expensive due to

increase in oil prices and maintenance costs. However solar energy
photovoltaic becomes a better choice.
Photovoltaic pumping over the sun is characterized by a variable flow rate throughout
the day, in the morning the photovoltaic field begins to produce electricity with low pump
flow rate. At noon, the flow rate of the pump becomes maximum thanks to the importance
of solar exposure on the photovoltaic modules. At sunset, the production
of electricity is canceled and the pump stops.
3.3. Hybrid setup:

3.3.1. Eolienne _ solar:
It is a system composed of a wind turbine coupled with solar panels. It is therefore

to use wind energy and solar energy simultaneously or alternately to
generate electricity. We mainly find the hybrid wind/solar system in isolated sites
for powering electrical appliances.
This is a good solution if your area is more windy than sunny and/or you
consider the productivity of your solar installation insufficient during seasons that are not conducive to
solar radiation, for example in winter when the sun, and therefore solar energy, is
lesser.
3.3.2. Generator _ solar:
In large autonomous solar installations, and all the more so on occupied isolated sites
throughout the year, a second source of power is provided such as a generator,
it is a hybrid solar system.
It provides extra energy to recharge the battery in case of bad weather
prolonged, system failure or to temporarily power devices
energy-intensive such as tools and large household appliances.
3.4. Solar thermal energy:
Solar energy can be used to produce heat for domestic hot water. With a
solar water heater, it is possible to make significant savings on your gas bill
natural and electricity.
Solar thermal collectors installed on the roof transform the sun's rays into
heat. The panels contain a heat transfer fluid which heats up as it passes. He
then circulates to the balloon located in the house or on the roof to transmit the heat to
the hot water stored there, thanks to a heat exchanger. The fluid then returns to
the solar collectors to be heated again.
There are three types of thermal sensors:
• Unglazed collectors are the least expensive and heat the water up to around 30°C. They
can provide a small part of the heat needed by your hot water tank but do not
can't feed it alone. Unglazed collectors are often used to increase
slightly the temperature of a swimming pool at a lower cost.
• Glazed flat collectors are the most commonly used. They allow you to warm
water between 50 and 80°C or even up to 90°C for double-glazed models.

• Vacuum sensors are effective, but expensive. Their configuration makes it possible to reduce
heat losses and to obtain hot water of 60 to 85°C
3.5. Cogeneration:
3.5.1. Principle of cogeneration:
Cogeneration is a technique for the combined production of electrical energy and heat.
In the most common applications of the power range studied here, cogeneration
is made from an internal combustion engine. It is, in general, a gas-powered engine
natural. This drives a generator that converts mechanical energy into electricity. The
heat contained in the exhaust gases, in the cooling water and in the engine oil
lubrication can be recovered by heat exchangers to produce hot water
plumbing or any type of heating.
3.5.2. Interest of cogeneration:
Cogeneration saves between 15 and 20% of primary energy compared to the separate
production of these same quantities of heat and electricity.
To produce 350 kWh of electricity and 530 kWh of heat, two solutions are possible:
• A gas cogeneration unit, with an electrical efficiency of 35% and a thermal

efficiency of 53%, will consume 1,000 kWh of primary energy.
• The best power plant (Gas and Steam Turbine), with an efficiency of 55%, will consume
636 kWh of primary energy. In addition, the best boiler, with an annual efficiency of
90%, will consume 589 kWh of primary energy. The total for the separate streams
amounts to 1,225 kWh of primary energy.
4. Load management in buildings:
Load management can be achieved by:

- Reducing energy consumption
- Reducing consumption peaks
- Shifting consumption to off-peak hours (when the price is attractive).

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Machine Translated by Google

Chapter 2: Energy Mastery

1. Energy context in Tunisia: 1.1.

1.2. Energy demand

1.3. The energy balance

It is clear that Tunisia's energy mix is largely dominated by

2. Energy management principle:

3. Applications of energy management:

• Do not leave unnecessary lights on and turn off night watches

• Becomes a self-producer of electricity using photovoltaic panels

3.1. Energy labels

The energy label is an information document that describes

The information on the energy consumption labels is as follows:

• Additional specific technical details expressed in symbols and pictograms

3.2. Photovoltaic solar energy:

3.2.2. Stand-alone installation:

3.2.3. Solar pumping installation:

The use of a generator in irrigation becomes very expensive due to

3.3. Hybrid setup:

It is a system composed of a wind turbine coupled with solar panels. It is therefore

3.3.2. Generator _ solar:

3.4. Solar thermal energy:

the solar collectors to be heated again.

There are three types of thermal sensors:

can't feed it alone. Unglazed collectors are often used to increase

slightly the temperature of a swimming pool at a lower cost.

water between 50 and 80°C or even up to 90°C for double-glazed models.

3.5.2. Interest of cogeneration:

• A gas cogeneration unit, with an electrical efficiency of 35% and a thermal

4. Load management in buildings:

Load management can be achieved by:

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