Chapter three:

Java Objects and Classes

1
Introduction

• Java is an object-oriented programming language

• In object-oriented programming (OOP),
programs are organized into objects
• The properties of objects are determined by their
class
• Objects act on each other by passing messages

2
OOP Concepts

• Object • Encapsulation

• Class • Abstraction

• Polymorphism • Method

• Inheritance • Message

3
Object
• A programming entity that contains state (data) and
behavior (methods).
– State: A set of values (internal data) stored in an
object.
– Behavior: A set of actions an object can perform.
• Example 1: Dogs
– States: name, color, breed
– Behaviors: bark, run, and wag tail
• Example 2: Cars
– States: color, model, speed, direction
– Behaviors: accelerate, change gears
4
What is an Object?
• An Object has two primary components:
– state – properties of the object
– behavior – operations the object can perform

• Examples

object state behavior

dog breed, isHungry eat, bark
grade book grades mean, median
light on/off switch
State = Properties Behavior = Method 5
Java Class
• A class is a collection of fields (data) and methods
(procedure or function) that operate on that data.
Class= fields + methods

• A class is the blueprint from which individual objects

are created.

• Thus, a class is a template for an object, and an

object is an instance of a class.

6
Classes and Objects
• A Java program consists of one or more classes.
• A class is an abstract description of objects.
• Here is an example class:
class Dog {
...
description of a dog goes here
...
}
• Here are some objects of that class:

7
Class and object image

8
Creating objects of a class
• Object – block of memory that contains space to store
all instance variables.
• Objects are created dynamically using the new keyword.
It’s called instantiating an object.
• Example:
class_name object_name;
object_name=new class_name();
or
class_name object_name=new class_name();

Object’s created:
ObjectName.VariableName
ObjectName.MethodName(parameter-list)
9
Constructor in Java

• Constructor is a special type of method that is used to

initialize the object.

• Rules for creating constructor

• Constructor name must be same as its class name
• Constructor Name=Class Name
• Constructor is invoked at the time of object creation.
• Constructor must have no explicit return type

10
Types of Constructors
• Default constructor (No-argument constructor)
• A constructor that have no parameter
• Default values to the object like 0, null etc.
depending on the type.
<class_name>()
{
}
• Parameterized constructor
• A constructor that have parameters
• Used to provide different values to the distinct
objects.
<class_name>(parameter list)
{
} 11
Example
class Student {
int id;
String name;
void display()
{
System.out.println(id+" "+name);
}
public static void main(String args[]) {
Student s1=new Student();
Student s2=new Student();
s1.display();
s2.display();
}
}
class_name object_name=new class_name();
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 Example:
class Student }
{ public static void main(St
int id; ring args[])
String name; {
Student(int i,String n){ Student s1 = new Studen
id = i; t(111,“Abay");
name = n;
} Student s2 = new Studen
t(222,“Gebissa");
void display(){
s1.display();
System.out.println(id+" "+na s2.display();
me); }
}
13
Constructor Overloading
• Constructor overloading is a technique in Java in
which a class can have any number of constructors
that differ in parameter lists.
• The compiler differentiates these constructors by
taking into account the number of parameters in the
list and their type.
Method Overloading
• class have multiple methods by the same name but
different parameters, it is known as Method
Overloading. 14
Constructor Overloading
class Student void display()
{ {
int id; System.out.println(id+" "+name+" "+age);
String name; }
int age; public static void main(String args[])
Student(int i,String n) {
{ Student s1 = new Student(111,“yemane");
id = i; Student s2 = new
name = n; Student(222,"Aryan",25);
} s1.display();
Student(int i,String n,int a) s2.display();
{ }
id = i; }
name = n;
age=a;
}
15
 class Calculation
{
void sum(int a,int b)
 Method Overloading {
System.out.println(a+b);
}
void sum(int a,int b,int c)
{
System.out.println(a+b+c);
}
public static void main(String args[])
{
Calculation obj=new Calculation();
obj.sum(10,10,10);
obj.sum(20,20);
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}}
Difference between constructor and method ?

Constructor Method
• Constructor is used to initialize • Method is used to expose
the state of an object. behaviour of an object.
• Constructor must not have • Method must have return
return type. type.
• Constructor is invoked • Method is invoked
implicitly. explicitly.
• The java compiler provides a
• Method is not provided by
default constructor if you don't
compiler in any case.
have any constructor.
• Constructor name must be same • Method name may or may
as the class name. not be same as class name.

17
STATIC KEYWORD

class class_name
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
data / field / instance variables;
methods / instance methods;
}
}
Object creation – class_name object_name=new class_name();
object_name.variables;
object_name.methods();
Every time object created a new copy of each of variable and
methods are created.
Then accessed with (.) operator.
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STATIC VARIABLE / METHOD

• Define a member that is common to all object not to specific

object.
• Static variables – called as class variable
• Static methods – called as class methods
 static variable:
 declare any variable as static, it is known static variable.
 static method:
 static keyword with any method, it is known as static
method.
 A static method belongs to the class rather than object of a
class.
 invoked without the need for creating an instance of a class.
 access static data member and can change the value of it
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• Final Keyword In Java
• The final keyword in java is used to restrict the user.
• Generally all the variables / methods by default overridden in
subclasses
• The final keyword can be used in many context. Final can be:
• Variable - make any variable as final, you cannot change the
value of final variable(It will be constant).
• Method - make any method as final, you cannot override it.
• Class - make any method as final, you cannot override it.

20
Finalizer methods:
• Constructor – used to initialize an object when it’s declared –
initialization
• Finalize() This method is called just before an object is
garbage collected. finalize() method perform clean-up
activities and minimize memory leaks.
• Automatic garbage collection run time, It’s frees up the
memory resources used by objects.
Syntax:
finalize()

21
 Abstract keyword
• Opposite to final – make use of the same method name in
subclass
 Abstract class in Java
• class that is declared with abstract keyword, is known as abstract
class
• is a restricted class that cannot be used to create objects (to access
it, it must be inherited from another class).
abstract class <class_name>
{
}
 abstract method
• method that is declared as abstract - abstract method
• does not have implementation, it’s in derived class

Syntax:
abstract return_type <method_name>();//no braces{} 22
Summary on Objects and Classes

• When writing an object-oriented program, we

define classes, which describe categories of
objects, and the states and behaviors that they
have in common.

• We then create objects which belong to classes,

and share the common features of their class.

• Objects interact with each other by passing

messages.

23
Con’t
• Object is the physical as well as logical entity
whereas class is the logical entity only.
• An entity that has state and behavior is known as
an object
• Object is an instance of a class. Class is a template
or blueprint from which objects are created. So
object is the instance(result) of a class.

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Con’t
• Object Definitions:
– Object is a real world entity.
– Object is a run time entity.
– Object is an entity which has state and behavior.
– Object is an instance of a class.
• Class in java
– A class is a group of objects which have common properties.
– It is a template or blueprint from which objects are created.
– It is a logical entity. It can't be physical.
A class in Java can contain:
– fields
– methods
– constructors
– blocks
– nested class and interface
25
Thank You

?
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