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This document provides an overview of probability and statistics. It defines probability as the study of mathematical rules governing random events, and statistics as the application of probability to analyze random data. The document outlines two main classifications of statistics: descriptive statistics which summarizes data, and inferential statistics which makes conclusions about populations from samples. It also defines key statistical terms like population, sample, parameter, and scale of measurement.

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Abel Gulilat
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17 views13 pages

Class 1 SP

This document provides an overview of probability and statistics. It defines probability as the study of mathematical rules governing random events, and statistics as the application of probability to analyze random data. The document outlines two main classifications of statistics: descriptive statistics which summarizes data, and inferential statistics which makes conclusions about populations from samples. It also defines key statistical terms like population, sample, parameter, and scale of measurement.

Uploaded by

Abel Gulilat
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Probability and Statistics

(STAT2015)
What is Probability?
• Probability theory is the study of the mathematical
rules that govern random events.

• But what is randomness? a random event is an event in


which we do not know the outcome without observing
it.

• Probability tells us what we can say about such events,


given our assumptions about the possible outcomes.
What is Statistics?
• Statistics is the application of probability to
the collection, analysis, and description of
random data.
• Statistics is used to:
• Design experiments
• Summarize data
• Make conclusions about the world
• Explore complex data
Generally:
Classifications of Statistics

• There are two basic forms:


• Descriptive statistics and Inferential statistics.
• Descriptive Statistics is primarily about summarizing a given data
set through numerical summaries and graphs.

• It can be used for exploratory analysis to visualize the


information contained in the data.
Cont.….
• Inferential Statistics is concerned with methods for making
conclusions about a population using information from a sample.
(by examining samples)

• This allows us to make judgements in the presence of uncertainty


and variability, which is extremely important in underpinning
evidence-based decision making in science, government, business
etc.
STAGES IN STATISTICAL INVESTIGATION

Collection of data
Organization of data
Presentation of the data .
Analysis of data
Interpretation of data
DEFINITION OF SOME TERMS IN STATISTICS

• A population is the collection of all individuals or items


under consideration in the study. For a given population
there will typically be one or more variables in which we are
interested.
• Sample :- is any subset of population selected to draw some
valuable conclusions about the entire population on its basis.
• Parameter:- is numerical measurement, which describes
some characteristics of a population.
• Sample statistic:- is a numerical measurement , which
describes some characteristics of a sample.
Cont.…

• In general, the variables of interest may be either


qualitative or quantitative.
• A) Qualitative data (categorical data)

• B) Quantitative data

• Quantitative variables are again divided in two groups: -


discrete and continuous
Cont.……
• Discrete data:-are described by integers only and their
values are obtained by counting.

• Continuous data:-are those quantitative figures which can


take any numbers, including fractions. Their values are
obtained by measurement
SCALES OF MEASUREMENT

• Measurement scale refers to the property of value assigned


to the data based on the properties of order, distance and
fixed zero.

• The scales of measurement also show what mathematical


operations and what statistical analyses are permissible to
be done on the values of the variable.
Cont.……..
a) Nominal scale variables
• These are those qualitative variables that consist of name
label or categories of individuals.

b) Ordinal scale
• This refers to the variables whose values can be ordered or
ranked but the difference between data values either can’t
be determined or is meaningless.

• ><Both are Discrete type of data


Cont.….
• c) Interval scale
• These variables have the properties of the ordinal scale plus the
difference between two values is constant. There is no true zero
origin; that is, zero doesn’t show absence in this case.

• d) Ratio scale
• Ratio scale variables have the properties of the interval scale but
in this case there is true zero origin. That is, zero shows absence
of something in this case.
• All mathematical operations are allowed to be operated on the
values of such variables.
• ><Both are continuous type of data

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