Objective of the project:

In this project, we shall investigate various factors such as nature of liquid, surface
of liquid and temperature and find their correlation with the rate of evaporation
of different liquids.

Introduction:

When a liquid is placed in an open vessel, it slowly escapes into gaseous phase
eventually leaving the vessel empty. This phenomenon is known as vaporization or
evaporation. Evaporation of liquids can be explained in the terms of kinetic
molecular model although there are strong molecular attractive forces which hold
molecules together. The molecules having sufficient kinetic energy can escape into
gaseous phase. If such molecules happen to come near the surface in a sample of
liquid all the molecules do not have same kinetic energy.
There is a small fraction of molecules which have enough kinetic energy to
overcome the attractive forces and escapes into gaseous phase. 3 4 Chemistry
project Evaporation causes cooling. This is due to the reason that the molecules
which undergo evaporation have high Kinetic energy therefore the kinetic energy
of the molecules which are left behind is less. Since the remaining molecules
which are left have lower average kinetic energy. Therefore temperature is kept
constant the remaining liquid will have same distribution of the molecular kinetic
energy and high molecular energy will kept one escaping from liquid into gaseous
phase of the liquid is taken in an open vessel evaporation will continue until whole
of the liquid evaporates.
Evaporation is an essential part of the water cycle. Solar energy drives evaporation
of water from oceans, lakes, moisture in the soil, and other sources of water. In
hydrology, evaporation and transpiration (which involves evaporation within plant
stomata) are collectively termed evapotranspiration. Evaporation is caused when
water is exposed to air and the liquid molecules turn into water vapour which
rises up and forms clouds.

Factors influencing rate of evaporation:

1.concentration of the substances evaporating in the air:
If the air already has a high concentration of the substance evaporating, then the
given substance will evaporate more slowly.
2. Concentration of other substances in the air:
If the air is already saturated with other substances, it can have a lower capacity
forth substance evaporating.
3. Temperature of the substance:
If the substance is hotter, then evaporation will be faster.
4. Flow rate of air:
This is in part related to the concentration points above. If fresh air is moving over
the substance all the time, then the concentration of the substance in the air is
less likely to go up with time, thus encouraging faster evaporation. In addition,
molecules in motion have more energy than those at rest, and so the stronger the
flow of air, the greater the evaporating power of the air molecules.
5. Inter-molecular forces:
The stronger the forces keeping the molecules together in the liquid or solid state
the more energy that must be input in order to evaporate them.
6. Surface area and temperature:
The rate of evaporation of liquids varies directly with temperature. With the
increase in the temperature, fraction of molecules having sufficient kinetic energy
to escape out from the surface also increases. Thus with the increase in
temperature rate of evaporation also increases. Molecules that escape the surface
of the liquids constitute the evaporation. Therefore larger surface area contributes
accelerating evaporation.
7. Nature of Liquids:
The magnitude of inter-molecular forces of attraction in liquid determines the
speed of evaporation. Weaker the inter-molecular forces of attraction larger are
the extent of evaporation. In diethyl ether rate of evaporation is greater than that
of ethyl alcohol.
8. Composition of Environment:
The rate of evaporation of liquids depends upon the flow of air currents above the
surface of the liquid. Air current flowing over the surface of the liquid took away
the molecules of the substance in vapour state thereby preventing condensation.
9. Density:
The higher the density, the slower a liquid evaporates. In the US, the National
Weather Service measures the actual rate of evaporation from a standardized
"pan" open water surface outdoors, at various locations nationwide. Others do
likewise around the world. The US data is collected and compiled into an annual
evaporation map. The measurements range from under 30 to over the120 inches
(3,000 mm) per year.
10. Pressure:
In an area of less pressure, evaporation happens faster because there is less
exertion on the surface keeping the molecules from launching themselves.

Application:

When clothes are hung on a laundry line, even though the ambient temperature is
below the boiling point of water, water evaporates. This is accelerated by factors
such as low humidity, heat (from the sun), and wind. In a cloth dryer hot air is
blown through the clothes, allowing water to evaporate very rapidly.

Theory:

For molecules of a liquid to evaporate, they must be located near the surface, be
moving in the proper direction, and have sufficient kinetic energy to overcome
liquid -phase intermolecular forces. Only a small proportion of the molecules
meet these criteria, so the rate of evaporation is limited. Since the kinetic energy
of a molecule is proportional to its temperature, evaporation proceeds more
quickly at higher temperatures. As the faster-moving molecules escape, the
remaining molecules have lower average kinetic energy, and the temperature of
the liquid thus decreases. This phenomenon is also called evaporative cooling.
This is why evaporating sweat cools the human body. Evaporation also tends to
proceed more quickly with higher flow rates between the gaseous and liquid
phase and in liquids with higher vapour pressure. For example, laundry on a
clothes line will dry (by evaporation) more rapidly on a windy day than on a still
day. Three key parts to evaporation are heat, humidity and air movement.
Vapour pressure of water vs. temperature.760Torr=1atm. If evaporation takes
place in a closed vessel, the escaping molecules return to the liquid, with
returning molecules becoming more frequent as the density and pressure of the
vapour increases.when the process of escape return reaches equilibrium, the
vapour is said to be "saturated", and no further change in either vapour, pressure
or density or liquid temperature will occur. For a system consisting of vapour and
liquid of a pure substances,as given by the clausius-clapeyron relation:

We here P¹,P² are the vapour pressures at temperatures T¹,T² respectively,H vap
is the enthalpy of vaporization, and R is the universal gas constant. The rate of
evaporation in an open system is related to the vapour pressure found in a closed
system. If a liquid is heated, when the vapour pressure reaches the ambient
pressures the liquid will boil. the ability for a molecule of a liquid to evaporate is
largely based on the amount of kinetic energy an individual particule may process.
Even at lower temperatures, individual molecules of a liquid can evaporate if they
have more than minimum amount of kinetic energy required for vaporization. But
vaporization is not only the process of a change of state from a solid to gas, this
process is also known as sublimation (vaporization).

Experiment no.1 :

Aim:
To compare the rates of evaporation of acetone, benzene and chloroform.

Requirments:
Three same size Petri dishes of diameter 10 cm, 10 ml. pipettes, stop watch,
acetone benzene and chloroform.

Procedure:

1. Clean and dry all Petri dishes and identify them as A, B and C.
2. Pipette out of 10 ml. acetone in Petri dish "A" with stopper similarly pipette out
10 ml of benzene and chloroform in each of Petri "B" and "C".

3. Remove the cover plates from all Petri dishes and start the stop watch.

4. Let the Petri dishes remain exposed for 10 minute. Now cover each of the Petri
dish and note the volume of remaining material in them.

Observation:

Results:
1. Rate of evaporation of Acetone is ml/s.

2. Rate of evaporation of Benzene is ml/s.

3. Rate of evaporation of Chloroform is ml/s.

Conclusion:
The intermolecular forces of acetone, benzene and chloroform are in order.

Chloroform > Benzene > Acetone.

Experiment no.2 :
Aim:
To study the effect of surface area on the rate of evaporation of diethyl ether.

Requirments:
Three Petri dishes of diameter 2.5 cm, 5 cm, 7.5 cm. with cover 10 ml. of pipette
and stop watch.

Procedure:
1. Clean and dry all Petri dishes and mark them as A, B and C.
2. Pipette out of 10 ml. diethyl ether in each of the Petri dishes A, B and C and
cover them immediately.

3. Uncover all three Petri dishes and start the stop watch.

4. Note the remaining volume after 10 min. vaporization of diethyl ether from
each Petri dish.

Observation:

Results:
The order of evaporation of acetone in three Petri dishes as

Conclusion:
Larger the surface area more is evaporation.

Experiment no.3 :
Aim:
To study the effect of temperature on the rate of evaporation of acetone.

Requirments:
Two Petri dishes of 5 cm. diameter each stop watch, 10 ml. pipette, thermometer
and thermostat.

Procedure:
1. Wash and Clean, dry the Petri dishes and mark them as A, B.

2. Pipette out of 10 ml. of acetone to each of Petri dishes A and B and cover them.

3. Put one Petri dish at room temperature and to the other heat for same time.
4. Note the reading.

Observation:

Results:
The order of evaporation of acetone in two Petri dishes as given

Room Temperature ----- Heating

Conclusion:
Observation clearly shows that the evaporation increases with temperature.

Experiment no.4 :
Aim:
To study the effect of air current on the rate of evaporation of acetone.

Requirments:
Two Petri dishes acetone.

Procedure:
1. Clean and dry the Petri dishes and mark them as A and B.

2. Keep one dish where no air current and other under a fast air current.

3. Note the reading.

Observation:
• Initial Volume 10 ml. of Acetone.

Results:
The order of evaporation of acetone in two Petri dishes as given

With fan ------ Without Fan.

Conclusion:
The rate of evaporation of liquid increases with the increase in rate of flow of air
current.

Bibliography:
1. www.google.com

2. www.wikipedia.org

3. www.allprojectreports.com

4. www.chemistryprojects.com

5. Comprehensive practical book