Measurement
Measurement
Measurement
MEASUREMENT
OUTLINE:
Units of measurement
Conversion of units
Uncertainty in measurement (errors)
Precision and accuracy
Significant figures
Measurement
• Measurement is the process of observing and
recording the observations that are collected.
For Example
If the mass of a sample is 20 grams, it means that the
mass is 20 times the mass of 1 gram. Although 20 grams
has the dimension of mass, 20 is a pure dimensionless
number, being the ratio of two masses, that of the
sample and that of the reference, 1 gram.
International System of Units
• The international system of units (usually known as SI units,
from the French word Système
( International d’Unités )
consists of several base units from which all other units (such
as those of volume or energy) are derived.
• Because the base units are sometimes too large or too small
for use, SI prefixes are used to produce smaller or bigger units.
• The cubic metre (written m3) is too large for most purposes in
chemistry, and the cubic decimetre, dm3 (or litre) is commonly
used
1mi.e
3 = 1000 dm3 = 1 000 000 cm3
Basic Unit
SI base unit
Base quantity Name Symbol
Length meter m
Mass kilogram kg
Time second s
Electric current Ampere A
Thermodynamic Kelvin K
temperature
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The Metric System (SI)
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Units in the Metric System
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Length Measurement
Length
• is measured using a
meter stick.
• uses the unit of meter
(m) in both the metric
and SI systems.
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Inches and Centimeters
1 in. = 2.54 cm
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Volume Measurement
Volume
• is the space occupied by a
substance.
• uses the unit liter (L) in
metric system.
• 1 L = 1.057 qt
• uses the unit m3(cubic
meter) in the SI system.
• is measured using a
graduated cylinder.
Copyright © 2005 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Publishing as Benjamin Cummings
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Mass Measurement
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Temperature Measurement
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Time Measurement
Time measurement
• uses the unit second(s)
in both the metric and SI
systems.
• is based on an atomic
clock that uses a
frequency emitted by
cesium atoms.
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Learning Check
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Solution
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Learning Check
Identify the measurement that has an SI unit.
A. John’s height is
1) 1.5 yd. 2) 6 ft . 3) 2.1 m.
B. The race was won in
1) 19.6 s. 2) 14.2 min. 3) 3.5 hr.
D. The temperature is
1) 85C. 2) 255 K. 3) 45F.
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Solution
A. John’s height is
3) 2.1 m.
B. The race was won in
1) 19.6 s.
D. The temperature is
2) 255 K.
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Scientific Notation
Scientific notation
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SCIENTIFIC NOTATION
M x 10n
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Comparing Numbers in Standard
and Scientific Notation
Here are some numbers written in standard format
and in scientific notation.
Number in Number in
Standard Format Scientific Notation
Diameter of the Earth
12 800 000 m 1.28 x 107 m
Mass of a human
68 kg 6.8 x 101 kg
Length of a pox virus
0.000 03 cm 3 x 10-5 cm
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Learning Check
A. 0.000 008
1) 8 x 106 2) 8 x 10-6 3) 0.8 x 10-5
B. 72 000
1) 7.2 x 104 2) 72 x 103 3) 7.2 x 10-4
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Solution
A. 0.000 008
2) 8 x 10-6
B. 72 000
1) 7.2 x 104
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Learning Check
A. 2.0 x 10-2
1) 200 2) 0.0020 3) 0.020
B. 1.8 x 105
1) 180 000 2) 0.000 018 3) 18 000
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Solution
A. 2.0 x 10-2
3) 0.020
B. 1.8 x 105
1) 180 000
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CONVERSION OF UNITS
Conversion of one unit into another unit is done
by multiplication or division. This can be done in
a multi-step process.
Factor-Label Method :
NEW UNIT
5km x 1,000m = 5,000 m
km
OLD UNIT
Convert 7,000m to km
7,000m x 1 km = 7 km
1,000m
CONVERSION OF UNITS
TEST YOURSELF
EXERCISE
Convert
1.1000m to dm
2.180 mL to L
3.0.796 g to ng
5.2.29 ms to ns
6.17. 3 cm to Km
EXERCISE
ii. Random error: this produces some values that are higher
or lower than the true values. Random errors depend on
the external factors that often times may not be
controllable.
Amy:
15.5cm, 15.0cm, 15.2cm, 15.3cm
Susan:
17.0cm, 16.0cm, 18.0cm, 15.0cm
Amy:
15.5cm, 15.0cm, 15.2cm, 15.3cm
ACCURACY AND PRECISION
TEST YOURSELF
15 students were grouped into 3 groups, to measure the
mass of an object. Below was their data:
Group 1- 15.99g; 16.00g; 15.98g; 15.97g; 16.00g.
Group 2- 20.00g; 23.50g; 22.90g; 28.20g; 21.00g.
Group 3- 13.01g; 13.05g; 13.00g; 13.20g; 13.15g.
ii. Starting from the left, move to the right until the first
non zero digit is reached.
iv. Zeroes that end a number and lie either after or before
the decimal point are significant.
Thus, 1.030, and 5.300 x 103 have 4 sf.
Significant Figures (cont.)
Rules for deciding the number of significant figures in a
measured quantity: