c

HYDROGEN PRODUCTION SCOPING PAPER:

R&D for Alternative production processes

Short summary and propositions

Paul Lucchese
CEA, France
With the contribution of Australia, Brazil, Canada, Germany,
Iceland, Italy, USA, Japan, Korea, Norway, EC

P.LUCCHESE SC Meeting, Paris, 27-28 January 2005 1

 Hydrogen Supply : a key point of future H2 Economy

Hydrogen Demand

Total Demand

H2 as chemical product:
Refinery, Petro/Chemical Cars
Ammonia, Steel … Stationnary

Level of 2004world
production
Total Needs for Europe transportation
550 B m3/Year Fleets,
Niches

2000 2030 2060

P.LUCCHESE SC Meeting, Paris, 27-28 January 2005 2

 Hydrogen Production Today : a Hydrogen Chain issue
Process Production Primary energy cost H2 production cost Final cost for end user
$/GJ (Infrastruture &
delivery included)

Reference: gasoline Extraction Refinery Gasoline : gasoline :

2003 6 $/GJ 8 $/GJ
Natural Gas Centralized 3$/GJ 5-8 $/GJ 22-30 $/GJ
reforming 3 M m3/day ( 8 $/GJ) ( 9-14 $/GJ)
Natural gas decentralized 4-5 $/GJ 7-12 $/GJ 28-33 $/GJ
reforming
Coal gasification Centralized 1,2 $/GJ 13-16 $/GJ 32-37 $/GJ

Biomass gasification Intermediate 2,4 $/GJ 17-22 $/GJ 33-40 $/GJ

Electrolyse Décentralized 14$/GJ 18-25 $/GJ 35-40 $/GJ

Storage- ( 5 c$/kWh)
distribution Cost

Production costs
Transport
by pipe
Cost
• Needs to Alternative production processes
• Needs to reduce Hydrogen Chain costs !!!!!
Final cost distribution
*

P.LUCCHESE SC Meeting, Paris, 27-28 January 2005 3

 Hydrogen production Issues (1)
• Situation of Hydrogen production: opposite of fuel cells
situation:
– Hydrogen production processes exists today at relatively cheap
conditions (less than 1€/kg in large plant) and in massive quantity
(550 Billions M3/year) but not largely distributed (industrial use
only)
– In the future, Hydrogen will become probably more and more
expensive than today; new energy economy in the next decades
will be characterized by
• High cost for fossil fuels
• Taken into account externalities such CO2 emissions (CO2 taxes)
– Clean, sustainable processes for relatively cheap and massive
hydrogen do not exist today: electrolysis with renewable electricity
exists today but very expensive

P.LUCCHESE SC Meeting, Paris, 27-28 January 2005 4

 Hydrogen production Issues (2)
• Objectives of International R&D Collaborative projects
– Propose no so expensive Hydrogen for customers or at least tolerable
costs in a new and sustainable energy economy.
– Propose clean processes and chain including primary energy sources
– Use other energy sources than too sensitive or limited energy like oil,
natural gas
– Propose different transition phases to pass from one step to another
step during next decades and to test at industrial scale different
solutions, components
• Medium/long term R&D effort is needed:
– Hydrogen production linked with Primary energy and Energy policy
• ORDER OF MAGNITUDE OF TIME SCALE IN ENERGY IS DECADES
– We have to start now to be ready in 30 years for new processes
• R&D, demonstration, prototype, deployment phase
• Take into account transport/distribution Chain
• Evaluation on multi criteria basis

P.LUCCHESE SC Meeting, Paris, 27-28 January 2005 5

 Hydrogen Production Road Map

Phase
Phase11 Phase
Phase22 Phase
Phase33 Phase
Phase44
Carbon
CarbonContent
Content Fossils
Fossils&& Sustainable
Sustainable
Processes
Processes Sequestration
Sequestration Clean
CleanEnergy
Energy Development
Development

• H2 prod. by renewable
Strategy for sustainable energy (solar, geoth, ..)
• H2 massive production by
H2 production fusion & fission nuclear

• H2 massive production by solar furnaces

• H2 massive production by nuclear plants (Gén IV)
R&D • H2 massive production from other renewables
biological/PEC processes ?

• H2 Massive production from coal

• gasification with CO2 sequestration
• H2 Production starting from hydrocarbons H2
Demonstration
with CO2 sequestration
• Delocalized production by renewable
H2 Production starting energies
from hydrocarbons

P.LUCCHESE SC Meeting, Paris, 27-28 January 2005 6

 Different criteria to classify Hydrogen production processes:

• Temperature: low (< 150°C), medium(200-400°C)-high

(>500°C°) range;
• Use of thermal (gasification, thermochemical,
cracking/decomposition, catalytic decomposition), electricity
(electrolysis, plasma), light (photobiology,
photoelectrochemistry), or hybrid energy (high temperature
electrolysis, combined cycles…); Hybrid system
• carbon, or no carbon, containing feed stock;
• type of primary energy : renewables, fossils, nuclear; and
• decentralized/ centralized processes

P.LUCCHESE SC Meeting, Paris, 27-28 January 2005 7

Creation of a task force on Hydrogen production innovative processes

• Experts from all type of innovative processes

– From Research/Academic and from Industry origin
• Taken into account all existing expert group and using results from
them
– For example: IEA/HIA Annexes on Photoelectrochemical, biological, high
temperature processes

Bilateral cooperations
Gen IV Framework
Sushy Pro
P.LUCCHESE SC Meeting, Paris, 27-28 January 2005 8
 Recommendations for IPHE collaboration on H2 production

• Focus Collaboration on Innovative and pre competitive R&D

processes:
– Short/medium term processes: Technological breakthroughs, innovations
on classical processes or processes using Hydrocarbons
– Medium/long term processes: Developping new processes with clean
sources (renewables, nuclear)
• High temperature processes
• Low temperature processes
• Define, promote and compare demonstrations/prototypes and
« hybrid » or intermediate demonstrations:
– Example in Industrial needs : solar energy and natural gas, hydrogen for
refinery, oil recovery
– Cogeneration (H2/electricity) Heat ? experiments
– Scale up processes: from lab to large scale for massive production
– Tests of critical components, critical technologies
• Develop a common evaluation and assessment of processes and
give common perspectives

P.LUCCHESE SC Meeting, Paris, 27-28 January 2005 9

 Example of a global evaluation of processes

Safety and
Materials and
Components: Reliability
Industrial Point of
view
Coupling Scheme

Hydrogen Integration of
Production Production Modelization and
Simulation
processes Chains
Industrial Feasability
Energy Sources
Technical
and Electricity
Environnmental
Economic
Evaluation
P.LUCCHESE SC Meeting, Paris, 27-28 January 2005 10
 Actions and Deliverables of the Task Force(1)

• Creation of the task Force: mid 2005

• Annual report on R&D/Demonstration
program/Experimental plat form/Facilities in the IPHE
countries on Hydrogen Production innovative
processes
• Compilation of reports and benchmark results
(database)
• Conference in Sevilla, 18-20 October 2005 Hydrogen
production from Renewables
• Experts Workshop in 2005
• Evaluation and link with others scientific
fields/fundamental research to apply to hydrogen
production

P.LUCCHESE SC Meeting, Paris, 27-28 January 2005 11

 Actions and Deliverables of the Task Force (2)
• Definition of potential intermediate demonstration projects
(2020-2030) and developping methodology to define such
projects. Identify and promote large scale demonstration
by 2010.
• Developping a common and agreed approach
(methodology, criteria, data evaluation, benchmarking…)
to assessing future innovative hydrogen production
processes. Link with socio-economic task.
• Establishing bridge between hydrogen production
processes and needs of the different countries of IPHE.
Technology transfer conditions and early demonstrations

P.LUCCHESE SC Meeting, Paris, 27-28 January 2005 12

 Production of hydrogen for the future

Thank You !!!

P.LUCCHESE SC Meeting, Paris, 27-28 January 2005 13

 Hydrogen chain: economy of H2 production only

Electrolysis
with low costs electricity
production
Today (5-6 c/kWh)
18€/GJ
Oil-NG price increase:
(3€/Kg) If X 2
>> + 80 % H2 price for
large SMR
Cost + 50 % for small SMR
H2 production New processes
12€/GJ Low temperature
New processes: CO
(2€/Kg) High Temperature 0,3 2 Ca
-0, pta
Hybrid Processes Small reformer
6 € tio
/K
g ? n:

6€/GJ
(1€/KG) Large SMR
kWh or heat not expensive Reforming
Today CO2 emissions

P.LUCCHESE SC Meeting, Paris, 27-28 January 2005 14

 Example of a thermochemical cycle:

Iodine/sulfur Hydrogen water splitting process

Hydrogen
Hydrogen Nuclear or Solar Oxygen
Oxygen
Heat
Nuclear
NuclearHeat
Heat
1O
H 2 2
2
400 C 900 C
1
H 2 O2
2 Rejected H SO
+ 2HI Rejected 2 4 +
I Heat
Heat 100 SO +H O
2 100CC 2 2

I (Iodine) 2H I + H SO S (Sulfur)
2 4 • Lack of thermodynamic and kinetics data
• To reach energy efficiency ( around 50 %)
Circulation Circulation
• Material issues:
I + H O + SO +H O
2 2 2 2 SO – Corrosion
2 – High temperature
I + • Distillation problems: needs for innovative
2 HO membranes, study of distillative-reactive column
2 H O
2 concept
• Advanced heat exchangers
• Safety problem :
Water
Water – Chemical plant
– Hydrogen
– Nuclear
• Coupling with nuclear plant

P.LUCCHESE SC Meeting, Paris, 27-28 January 2005 15