Mahardika Institute of Technology Inc.

BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

Ilmoh Street, Bongao, Tawi-Tawi
Telefax: +63(68)-2681259 Email: [email protected]

Module 1
COURSE TITLE: Introduction to Computing
Course Description
The course deals with the study of fundamentals of computing technology and the
basic concepts of computer hardware and software. In this course, the students will gain
knowledge on number systems and data representation as well as on operating systems,
networks, and database fundamentals. Logic formulation and programming, data structures,
file structures, software engineering, computing security, and ethics will also be covered.
Moreover, this subject will also include the basic of internet concepts and applications
such as surfing, email, and other internet related services.

TOPIC: Introduction to Computing: its basic concepts and history.

OBJECTIVES:

1. Identify and discuss the generations of computer.

2. Identify and name computer part.
3. Define basic concepts used in computer.
4. Discuss advantages & disadvantages of computers.

CONTENT:

1.0 Introduction and Definition of Computer

1.1 History of Computers:

The computer as we know it today had its beginning with a 19thcentury English
mathematics professor named Charles Babbage. He designed the Analytical Engine and it
was this design that the basic framework of the computers of today are based on. Generally
speaking, computers can be classified into three generations. Each generation lasted for a
certain period of time, and each gave us either a new and improved computer or an
improvement to the existing computer.

1.1.1 First Generation 1937 – 1946

In 1937 the first electronic digital computer was built by Dr. John V.
Atanasoff and Clifford Berry. It was called the Atanasoff-Berry Computer (ABC). In
1943 an electronic computer name the Colossus was built for the military. Other
developments continued in 1946 the first general– purpose digital computer, the
Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer (ENIAC) was built. It is said that this
computer weighed 30 tons, and had 18,000 vacuum tubes which were used for
processing. When this computer was turned on for the first time lights dim in sections
 Mahardika Institute of Technology Inc.
BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
Ilmoh Street, Bongao, Tawi-Tawi
Telefax: +63(68)-2681259 Email: [email protected]

of Philadelphia. Computers of this generation could only perform a single task, and
they had no operating system.

1.1.2 Second Generation 1947 – 1962

This generation of computers used transistors instead of vacuum tubes which
were more reliable. In 1951 the first computer for commercial use was introduced to
the public; the Universal Automatic Computer (UNIVAC 1). In 1953 the International
Business Machine (IBM) 650 and 700 series computers made their mark in the
computer world. During this generation of computers over 100 computer
programming languages were developed, computers had memory and operating
systems. Storage media such as tape and disk were in use also were printers for
output.

1.2.3 Third Generation: 1963 - 1970

The invention of integrated circuit brought us the third generation of
computers. With these invention computers became smaller, more powerful more
reliable and they are able to run many different programs at the same time. In1980
Microsoft Disk Operating System (MS-Dos) was born and in 1981 IBM introduced
the personal computer (PC) for home and office use. Three years later Apple gave us
the Macintosh computer with its icon-driven interface and the 90s gave us Windows
operating system.

1.2.4 The Fourth Generation: 1970 – Present

The microprocessor brought the fourth generation of computers, as thousands
of integrated circuits were built onto a single silicon chips. As these small computers
become more powerful, they could be linked together to form networks, which
eventually led to the development of the internet. Fourth generation computers also
saw the development of GUIs, the mouse and handheld devices.

1.2.5 The Fifth Generation: Today to Future

This generation based on Artificial Intelligence (AI). In this generation, still in
development. The use of parallel processing and superconductors is helping to make
artificial intelligence a reality. The goal is to develop a devices that respond to
natural language input and are capable of learning and self-organization. There are
some applications, such as voice recognition, that are being used today.

As a result of the various improvements to the development of the computer,

we have seen the computer being used in all areas of life.
It is a very useful tool that will continue to experience new development as time
passes.

The 20th century saw the birth of one of the most important tools widely in use today
called a computer. Today, computers are used for communication, management, research,
drawing and design as well as entertainment.

This 21st century is being referred to as the digital age

 Mahardika Institute of Technology Inc.
BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
Ilmoh Street, Bongao, Tawi-Tawi
Telefax: +63(68)-2681259 Email: [email protected]

A computer is an electronic device that accepts user input (data) and processes it
under the influence of a set of instructions referred to as programs to produce the desired
output generally referred to as information.

• Data are the raw facts may not make much meaning to the user.
• Programs are set of instructions that instruct a computer what to do.
• Information is result after data has been processed.

1.2 Computer Parts

There are 4 basic types of computer parts:

a) Input devices - parts of the computer that allow information or data to be given to the
computer like keyboard or a mouse.

b) Storage devices – parts of the computer that hold information. The primary storage device
is the computer’s memory called RAM (random access memory).
It remembers everything that is read, input, or output. But, because the computer’s memory is
on a temporary area—it forgets everything when turned off—it must have another place to
store information permanently. This secondary storage device is usually a disk.

c) Processing device – part of the computer that processes and controls the flow of
information; it actually does the work. The one part of the computer that handles this job is
the central processing unit or CPU.

d) Output devices - parts of the computer that gives out information generated by the
computer, like a monitor, printer or speaker.

Input – Process - Output

 Mahardika Institute of Technology Inc.
BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
Ilmoh Street, Bongao, Tawi-Tawi
Telefax: +63(68)-2681259 Email: [email protected]

1.3 Computers and their Functions

Computer - An electronic device that receives data and computes high-speed

mathematical or logical operations or that assembles, stores, correlates, or otherwise
processes and presents information.

Glossary of Basic Concepts

GUI – A Graphical User Interface – which uses visual displays to eliminate the need for
typing commands.
Formatting – The process of preparing a disc so that it can store information. During
formatting, sectors, tracks, a director and the FAT are created on the disc.
Sector – disc space normally 512 bytes long.
Track – A track is also a data storage ring on a computer floppy diskette or
hard disk drive that is capable of containing information. a track goes all
around the platter and is used to help locate and retrieve information from a
disk or diskette.
 Mahardika Institute of Technology Inc.
BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
Ilmoh Street, Bongao, Tawi-Tawi
Telefax: +63(68)-2681259 Email: [email protected]

Directory- an area on disc where information relating to a group of files is

kept.
FAT – the File Allocation Table – an area on disc where information is kept
on which part of the disc the file is to be found.
Directory tree – a pictorial representation of your disc’s structure.
Boot – to start up the computer and load the DOS.
BIOS – The BASIC Input/output System. It allows the core of the operating system to
communicate with the hardware.
Bit – a binary digit, the smallest unit of information that can be stores either as 1 or 0.
Byte – a grouping of binary digits (0 or 1) which represent information.
CPU – the Central Processing Unit – the main chip that executes all commands.
Disc – a device which you can store programs and data
Cold boot – the process of starting your PC by switching it on.
Warm boot - the process of starting your PC by using the Ctrl+Alt+Del key
combination.
File – the name given to an area on disc containing a program or data.
Filename – the name given to a file. It must not exceed 8-characters in length and can
have up to 3-characters.
File extension – the optional three-letter suffix following the period in a filename.
Processor – The electronic device which performs calculations.
Prompt – A symbol that appears on a monitor to indicate that DOS is ready to receive
input or commands, such as A> or C>.
Peripheral – A device attached to a PC.
Path – The drive and directories that DOS should look in for files. A path tells
DOS how to locate a file within the directory structure. E.g.
C:\SPREADSH\SSFILES\SALARY.TMP
Port – an Input/output address through which your PC interacts with external devices.
Program – a set of instructions which cause a computer to perform certain tasks.
Hardcopy – Output on paper
Hardware – the visible, tangible equipment that makes up a computer system.
 Mahardika Institute of Technology Inc.
BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
Ilmoh Street, Bongao, Tawi-Tawi
Telefax: +63(68)-2681259 Email: [email protected]

Software – the non- visible, non-tangible programs and instructions that control your
PC’s functionality
Root directory – The main disc directory under which a number of sub-directories can
be created.
ROM – Read Only Memory – the microcomputers non-volatile memory. Data are
written into this memory at manufacture and are not affected by power loss.
RAM – Random Access Memory – the microcomputer’s volatile memory. Data held
in it is lost when power is switched off.
Memory – Storage elements organized into addressable locations that can hold data
and instructions in a PC.
Megabyte – MB – 1024 kilobytes of information or storage space.
Megahertz – MHz – Speed of processor in millions of cycles/second.
Mouse – a devise used to manipulate a pointer around the display.
Monitor – the display devices connected to a PC. Also known as the Screen,
VDU.
Microprocessor – A PC’s calculating chip.
Multitasking – Running more than one computer application at the same time. An
operating system that permits multitasking allows the user to be printing a document
from one program while working in another, as well as downloading content from the
Internet in the background.
Backbone - A cable to which multiple nodes or workstations are attached.
Bit - Binary digit in the binary numbering system. Its value can be 0 or 1. In an 8-bit
character scheme, it takes 8 bits to make a byte (character) of data.
Client/Server - A networking system in which one or more file servers (Server) provide
services; such as network management, application and centralized data storage for
workstations (Clients).
Hub - A hardware device that contains multiple independent but connected modules of
network and internetwork equipment. Hubs can be active (where they repeat signals sent
through them) or passive (where they do not repeat but merely split signals sent through
them).
Infrared - Electromagnetic waves whose frequency range is above that of microwaves, but
below that of the visible spectrum.
Intranet - Network internal to an organization that uses Internet protocols.
 Mahardika Institute of Technology Inc.
BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
Ilmoh Street, Bongao, Tawi-Tawi
Telefax: +63(68)-2681259 Email: [email protected]

Internet - A global network of networks used to exchange information using the TCP/IP
protocol. It allows for electronic mail and the accessing ad retrieval of information from
remote sources.
LAN (Local Area Network) - A network connecting computers in a relatively small area such
as a building.
MAN (Metropolitan Area Network) - A network connecting computers over a large
geographical area, such as a city or school district.
Modem (Modulator/Demodulator) - Devices that convert digital and analog signals.
Modems allow computer data (digital) to be transmitted over voice-grade telephone lines
(analog).
Multiplexer - A device that allows multiple logical signals to be transmitted simultaneously
across a single physical channel.
Network Modem - A modem connected to a Local Area Network (LAN) that is accessible
from any workstation on the network.
Network Interface Card (NIC) - A board that provides network communication capabilities to
and from a computer.
Network Operating System (NOS) - Operating system designed to pass information and
communicate between more than one computers. Examples include AppleShare, Novell
NetWare, and Windows NT Server.
Node - End point of a network connection. Nodes include any device attached to a network
such as file servers, printers, or workstations.
Node Devices - Any computer or peripheral that is connected to the network.
Peer-to-Peer Network - A network in which resources and files are shared without a
centralized management source.
Physical Topology - The physical layout of the network; how the cables are arranged; and
how the computers are connected.
Point-to-Point - A direct link between two objects in a network.
Ports - A connection point for a cable.
Protocol -A formal description of a set of rules and conventions that govern how devices on a
network exchange information.
Repeater - A device used in a network to strengthen a signal as it is passed along the network
cable.
Star Topology - LAN topology in which each node on a network is connected directly to a
central network hub or concentrator.
 Mahardika Institute of Technology Inc.
BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
Ilmoh Street, Bongao, Tawi-Tawi
Telefax: +63(68)-2681259 Email: [email protected]

Star-Wired Ring - Network topology that connects network devices (such as computers and
printers) in a complete circle.
Topology - There are two types of topology: physical and logical. The physical topology of a
network refers to the configuration of cables, computers, and other peripherals.
Logical topology is the method used to pass the information between workstations. Issues
involving logical topologies are discussed on the Protocol chapter
Tree Topology - LAN topology similar to linear bus topology, except that tree networks can
contain branches with multiple nodes.
WAN (Wide Area Network) - A network connecting computers within very large areas, such
as states, countries, and the world.
Workstation - A computer connected to a network at which users interact with software
stored on the network.
Business Information Systems: Information systems within a business organization that
support one of the traditional functions of business such as marketing, finance, or production.
Business information systems can be either operations or management information systems.
Control: The systems component that evaluates feedback to determine whether the system is
moving toward the achievement of its goal and then makes any necessary adjustments to the
input and processing components of the system to ensure that proper output is produced.
Cross-Functional Information System: Information systems that cross the boundaries of
functional business areas in order to support business processes across the organization.
Data: Facts or observations about physical phenomena or business transactions. More
specifically, data are objective measurements of the attributes (characteristics) of entities,
such as people, places, things, and events.

Advantages and disadvantages of computer

In this lecture, you will be introduced to the advantages and disadvantages of
computers.
Advantages of computers
 Large storage of data in small amount of space.
 Quick and accurate calculations than humans.
 Continuously work with repetitive work (contusive environment)
 Simulation of dangerous situations.

Disadvantages
 Expensive to introduce.
 Health hazards.
 Mahardika Institute of Technology Inc.
BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
Ilmoh Street, Bongao, Tawi-Tawi
Telefax: +63(68)-2681259 Email: [email protected]

 Downtime.
 Redundancy in the work place.
 It can lead to misuse of information.

Evaluation: Answer the following.

1. Define the concepts in their own words and practice with each other the
terminologies and applications of the terms.
2. Define and discuss the four basic parts of a computer.
3. Discuss the generations of computers.
4. What are the advantages and disadvantages of a computer?

Feedback:

SOURSE:
1. Bartee, T.,1984. Introduction to Computer Systems McGrall-Hill
International Book company, Aukland
2. Timothy J. O’Leary et al., Computing today, McGraw-Hill
Technology Education, 2004.
3. Stephen Haag, Maeve Cummings, Allan Rea Jr., Computing
Concepts, McGraw-Hill Technology Education, 2004.
 Mahardika Institute of Technology Inc.
BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
Ilmoh Street, Bongao, Tawi-Tawi
Telefax: +63(68)-2681259 Email: [email protected]

Topic: Computer System

OBJECTIVES: By the end of the lecture, the students will be able to:

1. Identify and name the computer hardware

2. Describe the various functions of computer hardware
3. Discuss the hardware and software.
4. Describe the CPU and its functions.
5. State the process of converting input into output.
CONTENT:
2.0 Computer Hardware
These are physical parts such as the system unit and peripheral devices. Peripheral
devices connect to the system unit. They include:
 Input devices,
 Central processing unit (CPU),
 Output devices
 Storage devices

Computer Hardware is different from computer software as illustrated below:

Hardware is the physical parts of the computer like the monitor, keyboard, mouse,
speakers, and of course the computer itself called the system unit. Hardware is also the parts
inside the system unit that you can’t see unless you open.

Computer hardware is the physical part of a computer, including its digital circuitry,
as distinguished from the computer software that executes within the hardware. The hardware
of a computer is infrequently changed.
 Mahardika Institute of Technology Inc.
BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
Ilmoh Street, Bongao, Tawi-Tawi
Telefax: +63(68)-2681259 Email: [email protected]

Typical PC hardware

A typical personal computer consists of a case or chassis in a tower shape (desktop)

and the following parts:

Motherboard - It is the "body" or mainframe of the computer, through which all other
components interface.

Central processing unit (CPU) - Performs most of the calculations which enable a computer
to function, sometimes referred to as the "brain" of the computer.
Computer fan - Used to lower the temperature of the computer; a fan is almost always
attached to the CPU, and the computer case will generally have several fans to maintain a
constant airflow.

Random Access Memory (RAM) - Fast-access memory that is cleared when the computer is
powered-down. RAM attaches directly to the motherboard, and is used to store programs that
are currently running.

Power supply - A case control, and (usually) a cooling fan, and supplies power to run the rest
of the computer.

Storage controllers - Controllers for hard disk, CD-ROM and other drives.

Video display controller - Produces the output for the visual display unit. This will either be
built into the motherboard or attached in its own separate slot.

Removable media devices:

1. CD-ROM Drive - a device used for reading data from a CD.

2. CD Writer - a device used for both reading and writing data to and from a CD.
 Mahardika Institute of Technology Inc.
BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
Ilmoh Street, Bongao, Tawi-Tawi
Telefax: +63(68)-2681259 Email: [email protected]

3. DVD (digital versatile disc) - a popular type of removable media that is the
same dimensions as a CD but stores up to 6 times as much information. It is
the most common way of transferring digital video.
4. DVD-ROM Drive - a device used for reading data from a DVD.
5. DVD Writer - a device used for both reading and writing data to and from a
DVD.
6. DVD RAM Drive - a device used for rapid writing and reading of data from a
special type of DVD.

Floppy disk - an outdated storage device consisting of a thin disk of a flexible magnetic
storage medium.

Zip drive - an outdated medium-capacity removable disk storage system, first introduced by
Iomega in 1994.

USB flash drive - a flash memory data storage device integrated with a USB interface,
typically small, lightweight, removable, and rewritable.

Tape drive - a device that reads and writes data on a magnetic tape, usually used for long
term storage.

Internal storage
Hardware that keeps data inside the computer for later use and remains persistent
even when the computer has no power.

Hard disk - for medium-term storage of data.

Sound card Networking

Connects the computer to the Internet and/or other computers.

Modem - for dial-up connections

Network card - for DSL/Cable internet, and/or connecting to other computers Direct

Cable Connection - Use of a null modem, connecting two computers together using their
serial ports or a Laplink Cable, connecting two computers together with their parallel ports.

Other peripherals
In addition, hardware devices can include external components of a computer system.
The following are either standard or very common.
Includes various input and output devices, usually external to the computer system.

Input Text input devices:

Keyboard - a device, to input text and characters by depressing buttons (referred to as

keys), similar to a typewriter. The most common English-language key layout is the
QWERTY layout.
 Mahardika Institute of Technology Inc.
BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
Ilmoh Street, Bongao, Tawi-Tawi
Telefax: +63(68)-2681259 Email: [email protected]

 Such as keyboards and keypads are used for typing data and instructions.
This is the most common way of entering data into the computer.

Pointing devices:

Mouse - a pointing device that detects two dimensional motion relative to its
supporting surface.

Trackball - a pointing device consisting of an exposed portruding ball housed in a

socket that detects rotation about two axes.

Xbox 360 Controller - A controller used for Xbox 360, which with the use of the
application Switchblade(tm), can be used as an additional pointing device with the left
or right thumb stick.

Gaming devices:

Joystick - a general control device that consists of a handheld stick that pivots around
one end, to detect angles in two or three dimensions.

Gamepad - a general game controller held in the hand that relies on the digits
(especially thumbs) to provide input.

Game controller - a specific type of controller specialized for certain gaming

purposes.

Image, Video input devices:

 Mahardika Institute of Technology Inc.
BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
Ilmoh Street, Bongao, Tawi-Tawi
Telefax: +63(68)-2681259 Email: [email protected]

Image scanner - a device that provides input by analysing images, printed text,
handwriting, or an object.

Webcam - a low resolution video camera used to provide visual input that can be
easily transferred over the internet.

Audio input devices:

Microphone - an acoustic sensor that provides input by converting sound into an

electrical signals

Parts like the motherboard, expansion cards, and modem. Many hardware devices can
be attached to a system unit to expand its capabilities, such as a speaker, scanner or printer.

Hardware Elements

Storage devices
Secondary storage devices (auxiliary storage) are so called because unlike
primary storage, they are not directly accessible by the CPU.

Secondary storage offer long term storage for data and information. They can
be classified according to:

 Portability (removable or fixed)

 Technology used to store (magnetic, optical or solid state).

Magnetic tapes

A magnetic tape is made using a thin ribbon of Mylar (plastic) coated with a thin layer
of magnetic material composed of iron oxide.
 Mahardika Institute of Technology Inc.
BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
Ilmoh Street, Bongao, Tawi-Tawi
Telefax: +63(68)-2681259 Email: [email protected]

Floppy disks

A floppy disk has concentric circles called tracks in which data is written. The tracks
are further divided into units called sectors.

Solid state storage devices

Solid state storage is a kind of non-volatile storage media that employs integrated
circuits rather than mechanical, magnetic or optical technology.

Examples of solid state devices include flash disks and memory cards

Hard Disks

A hard disks also known as hard drive is an example of fixed storage. However, this is
not absolutely the case because some hard disks are removable.
 Mahardika Institute of Technology Inc.
BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
Ilmoh Street, Bongao, Tawi-Tawi
Telefax: +63(68)-2681259 Email: [email protected]

It is called a hard disk because it is made up of metallic disk platters housed in a

protective metal case. The read/write head moves just above the surface of the rapidly
rotating disk to read or write data.

One of the advantages of the hard disk over the other storage media is that they store
very large volumes of data and offer faster data access.

To avoid accidental loss of data or information observe the following:

Care of Storage Media

1. Do not expose a magnetic media to strong magnetic fields.
2. Do not expose a media to excessive heat.
3. Do not drop, bend or scratch the media
4. Do not remove a media from the drive when it is still being accessible by the
computer

2.1 CATEGORIES OF COMPUTER SYSTEMS

Central Processing Unit (CPU)

We are going to learn about the brain of a computer called the CPU. It is the
brain of the computer because it is where data is manipulated and arithmetic and logic
carried out.

 The central processing unit (CPU) also referred to as the processor is the central part
of the computer where data processing takes part. It is regarded as the brain of the
computer. Take out the intestine, and you are dead. In the same way, take out the
CPU, the computer would be dead
 Mahardika Institute of Technology Inc.
BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
Ilmoh Street, Bongao, Tawi-Tawi
Telefax: +63(68)-2681259 Email: [email protected]

 As mentioned earlier, the CPU of a microcomputer is a tiny chip etched into a silicon
chip. The processor is mounted onto a board known as the motherboard or system
board.
 The Central Processing Unit (CPU) is the brain of the computer. It is a computer chip
found on the motherboard that carries out instructions, directs the flow of information
through the system, and makes calculations. It works very quickly carrying out
millions of instructions each second. It is a very complex computer chip.
Manufacturers are continually improving CPUs to be more powerful and faster. Just
as there are different makes of cars and other products, there are different
manufactures of computer chips such as Intel, MD and Cyrix are improved, each
generation is more powerful than those.

The CPU and the Memory are the two components in a computer that handle data processing.

The CPU is where data is manipulated.

It is considered the brain of the computer.

In a PC, the entire CPU is contained on a tiny chip called the micro-processor.

Every CPU has at least 2 basic part – the Control Unit and the Arithmetic and
Logic Unit (ALU).

Control Unit
The CPU’s function is to coordinate al the activities of the computer.

All the computer resources are managed from the CPU.

The CPU can be considered as a traffic policeman directing the flow of data
around the CPU and around the computer.

The CU contains the CPU’s instructions for command execution.

The instruction set, which is built into the circuitry of the CPU is a list of all
possible operations that the CPU can perform.

Each instruction in the instruction set is accompanied by a micro-code which are very
basic instructions that tell the tell CPU how to execute the instruction.

The control circuitry is the primary functional unit within the CPU using clock inputs.

The CU maintains the proper sequence of events required for any processing

Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU)

When the CU encounters an instruction that involves arithmetic or logic, it

passes control to the 2nd components of the CPU – the ALU.
 Mahardika Institute of Technology Inc.
BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
Ilmoh Street, Bongao, Tawi-Tawi
Telefax: +63(68)-2681259 Email: [email protected]

ALU includes a group of registers which are memory locations built directly
into the CPU that are used to hold data that are being processed by the current
instruction.

The ALU must contain an adder capable of combining the contents of two
registers in accordance with the logic of binary arithmetic.

Memory
The CPU contains the Logic and Circuitry to run the computer but does not have
room to store programs and data.

The CPU contains registers for holding data and instructions.

The CPU also requires space where it can holed whole programs and data being
manipulated by these programs.

There are two types of memory – RAM and ROM

ROM
Means that computer can read contents of this memory but cannot write to that area of
memory.

The contents of ROM cannot be altered.

ROM performs a check the functionality of a PC when it is first powered on.

ROM contains boot (start-up) instructions that ensure that the rest of memory is
functioning properly.

ROM is non-volatile

Functions:
Checks if the rest of the memory is functioning
Checks for al hardware devices available
Check the operating system in hard disc Passes control to the OS.

RAM
Memory that can be changed or altered
 Mahardika Institute of Technology Inc.
BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
Ilmoh Street, Bongao, Tawi-Tawi
Telefax: +63(68)-2681259 Email: [email protected]

The computer holds data for the current processing task

RAM serves as a place to store instructions which direct the activities of the CPU and
data processed by the CPU.

RAM is volatile.

INPUT-PROCESS-OUTPUT

Input- Have you heard of a typewriter? How many have seen a typewriter and
how it works?
How a bout a mouse not a rat? Anybody who has ever been taken a picture by
a camera?
Have you ever scanned a document, a letter?

Input devices are used to enter data into a computer. Data entered is first converted
into machine code (binary digitsform – 1s and 0s) in short bits before processing takes place.

Input devices can be classified according into:

 Keying devices
 Pointing devices
 Scanners
 other technologies

Processing

Information processing (or data processing) activities that occur in information

system include the following:

 Input of data resources

 Processing of data into information
 Output of information products
 Storage of data resources
 Control of system performance

Input of Data Resources

Data about business transactions and other events must be captured and
prepared for processing by the input activity. Input typically takes the form of
data entry activities such as recording and editing.
Once entered, data may be transferred onto a machine-readable
medium such as magnetic disk or type, until needed for processing.

Processing of Data into Information

 Mahardika Institute of Technology Inc.
BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
Ilmoh Street, Bongao, Tawi-Tawi
Telefax: +63(68)-2681259 Email: [email protected]

Data is typically subjected to processing activities such as calculating,

comparing, sorting, classifying, and summarizing. These activities organize,
analyse, and manipulate data, thus converting them into information for end
users.

Output of Information Products

Information in various forms is transmitted to end-users and made
available to them in the output activity. The goal of information systems is the
production of appropriate information products for end users.

OUTPUT

Output devices - make it possible for the user to get processed information
from the computer. Examples of output include monitors, speakers, data
projector, printers and plotters.

Sound output devices

Sound output devices produce sound such as beeps, audio or
digital sounds.
Examples are speakers and headphones. Some computers come with
inbuilt speakers hence no need to connect external ones. An external
speaker should be connected to a sound the jacks on the system unit or
on a multimedia monitor.

Data projector
A data projectors is used to display output from a computer on plain
white screen like a wall or whiteboard. It is a creative way of presenting
computer output to an audience and this technology is gradually replacing the
traditional overhead projectors.

Printers
Printers are used to produce hardcopies. A hardcopy can be defined as
tangible output that can be seen and touched such as a print out.
 Mahardika Institute of Technology Inc.
BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
Ilmoh Street, Bongao, Tawi-Tawi
Telefax: +63(68)-2681259 Email: [email protected]

Plotter
A plotter print their output by moving a pen across the surface of a
piece of paper.
They are mostly used to line art such as engineering and architectural designs,
maps and photos.

EVALUATION: Answer the following.

1. Students open computers for identification of hardware and naming.

2. Defined the input and output devices.
3. Enumerate the hardware.
4. Participant learn how to use computer by inputting data and printing output
5. They practice in groups using computers

FEEDBACK:
 Mahardika Institute of Technology Inc.
BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
Ilmoh Street, Bongao, Tawi-Tawi
Telefax: +63(68)-2681259 Email: [email protected]

SOURCE:
1. Timothy J.O’Leary and Linda I.O”Leary 2010. Computing
Essentials, Introductory The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
2. Timothy J. O’Leary et al., Computing today, McGraw-Hill Technology
Education, 2004.
3. Stephen Haag, Maeve Cummings, Allan Rea Jr., Computing Concepts,
McGraw-Hill Technology Education, 2004.

TOPIC: Workstation Ergonomics

OBJECTIVES:
 Mahardika Institute of Technology Inc.
BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
Ilmoh Street, Bongao, Tawi-Tawi
Telefax: +63(68)-2681259 Email: [email protected]

TOPIC: Number System

OBJECTIVES:

CONTENT: Binary Numbers

The number system that you are familiar with, that you use every day, is the
decimal number system, also commonly referred to as the base-10 system. When you
perform computations such as 3 + 2 = 5, or 21 – 7 = 14, you are using the decimal
number system. This system, which you likely learned in first or second grade, is
ingrained into your subconscious; it’s the natural way that you think about numbers.
Of course it is not just you: It is the way that everyone thinks—and has always
thought—about numbers and arithmetic. Evidence exists that Egyptians were using a
decimal number system five thousand years ago.
The Roman numeral system, predominant for hundreds of years, was also a
decimal number system (though organized differently from the Arabic base-10
number system that we are most familiar with).
Indeed, base-10 systems, in one form or another, have been the most widely
used number systems ever since civilization started counting.

In dealing with the inner workings of a computer, though, you are going to
have to learn to think in a different number system, the binary number system, also
referred to as the base-2 system.

Before considering why we might want to use a different number system, let’s
first consider: Why do we use base-10? The simple answer: We have 10 fingers.
Before the days of calculators and computers, we counted on our hands (many of us
still do!).