Adama Science and Technology University

School of Electrical Engineering and Computing

Department of CSE

Wireless Mobile Networks

(CSE5309-Major Elective Course)

Chapter 1: Introduction
Main Topics
• Introduction to Wireless mobile networks
• Generation of Wireless Systems
• PCS Architecture
• Cellular Telephony

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 Introduction
• Definition of wireless network: A wireless network is a computer network that uses
wireless data connections between network nodes.
• It is Un-tethered, no physical wire attachment
• It is a communication over the wireless link
• Cellular network: telephone system that uses a number of short-range radio stations
to cover the area that it serves.
• The signal is automatically switched from one station to another as the user travels.
• Definition of Mobility: handling the mobile user who changes the point of attachment
to the network.
• User Mobility: users communicate anytime, anywhere, with anyone
• Device portability: devices can be connected anytime, anywhere to the network.
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Introduction

▪ Wireless Mobile Network: The art of connecting mobile devices to

the network without having a physical connection between devices.
▪ The need for mobility creates the need for integration of wireless
networks into existing fixed network environments:
▪ Local area networks: standardization of IEEE 802.11b/g/a
▪ Internet: Mobile IP extension of the internet protocol IP
▪ Wide Area Networks: e.g., internetworking of 3G and IP

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Evolution of Mobile Radio Communication
▪ Guglielmo Marconi invented the wireless telegraph in 1896
▪ Communication by encoding alphanumeric characters in analog signal
▪ Sent telegraphic signals across the Atlantic Ocean
▪ Communications satellites launched in 1960s
▪ Advances in wireless technology
▪ Radio, television, mobile telephone, communication Satellites
▪ More recently
▪ Satellite communications, wireless networking, cellular technology

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Evolution of mobile radio Continued…
• Radio (infrared) propagation
– Reflection, Refraction, Diffraction
– Shadowing, fading, multipath
• Time-varying channel
– Dynamic channel capacity, time-varying interference
– Location dependent and time-varying channel errors: Channel coding, source coding,
modulation
• Narrow bandwidth
– Limited radio frequency: scarce radio resources
– Cellular concept
• Broadcasting
– Sharing the medium 6
– Less secure
Wireless vs. Mobile
• Wireless ≠ Mobile
• Wireless systems (Nomadic systems)
– WiFi
– Bluetooth
– Zigbee
– Fixed WiMAX

• Mobile wireless systems

– Cellular systems (2G, 3G)
– WiBro / Mobile WiMAX 7
Evolution of Mobile Communication..
▪ 1G (1st Generation) - 1980s
▪ Analog cellular telephones
▪ Based on FDMA (Frequency Division Multiple Access )
▪ Provide only voice service
▪ Use cellular technology like AMPS,TACS
▪ Drawback: Exposed to noisy and not include security issue
▪ 2G (second generation) -1990
▪ Digital cellular telephones
▪ Contain two track first use FDMA+TDMA (Time Division Multiple Access ) while second use CDMA
▪ Provide higher secure voice call +SMS and Limit mobile data service
▪ Digital modulation
▪ Data compression
▪ Error control 8
▪ Soft handoff( make before break )
Evolution of Mobile Communication…
• Contain three systems
– IS 136 TDMA (1994~) add digital control channel to dual mode standard
– GSM (1991)
– IS - 95 CDMA (1996) (The first commercial CDMA system was launched in
Korea)
• 800- 900MHz , 1.7 1.9GHz (PCS)
• 2G services are frequently referred to as Personal Communications Service
Disadvantages: The network was circuit-switched
: Not designed to provide efficient data service
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Evolution of Mobile Communication…
▪ 3G standard groups divided
▪ Enhanced based on CDMA
▪ Multimedia
▪ WCDMA/FDD (1998) -> 3GPP Release 7
▪ IMT (International Mobile Telecommunication) 2000
▪ Meaning of 2000: global roaming around 2GHz
▪ Finalized its standard: 3GPP Release 7
▪ Provide peak down load speed 2Mbps average data rate 384Kbps
▪ Circuit switching for voice/SMS and packet switching for data services.
▪ 3GPP (3rd generation partnership project)
▪ European, Korean, Japanese service providers
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▪ UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunication System) - WCDMA, 2GHz (bandwidth
5MHz)
Evolution of Mobile Communication…
▪ Allow up link and downlink at the same time but at different frequencies.
▪ 3GPP systems
▪ GSM
▪ WCDMA / FDD
▪ HSDPA (High-Speed Downlink Packet Access) support up to 42Mbps
▪ HSUPA (High-Speed Uplink Packet Access) supports 11.5Mbps
▪ LTE (Long Term Evolution )
▪ 3.5G
▪ HSPA (High Speed Packet Access), 3GPP
▪ HSDPA, HSUPA
▪ WiBro , Mobile WiMAX
▪ OFDMA 11
Evolution of Mobile Communication…
▪ 4G – enabled by LTE technology
▪ Support both packet switch and circuit switch
▪ Realizable mobile broadband
▪ IMT - Advanced
▪ Full IP-based packet switching
▪ Data rates: 1Gbps (downlink), 500Mbps (UL)
▪ Max. spectral efficiency: 30bps/Hz (DL),
▪ LTE Advanced by 3GPP
▪ OFDMA
▪ 802.16m (next-generation WiMAX)
▪ 5G: Enabled by a technology called new radio based on OFDMA
▪ Enhance mobile broadband (EMBB)
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▪ Ultra reliable low latency communication(ULLC)
▪ Massive machine Type communication(MMTC)
Circuit Switching and packet-switched communication
• Circuit switching is a method of implementing a
telecommunications network in which two network nodes
establish a dedicated communications channel (circuit)
through the network before the nodes may communicate
• Uses a dedicated path between two stations
• can be inefficient
• channel capacity dedicated for the duration of the
connection.
• if no data, capacity wasted
• set up (connection) takes time
• once connected, the transfer is transparent 13
Packet Switching
• line efficiency
– single link shared by many packets over time
– packets queued and transmitted as fast as
possible
• data rate conversion
– stations connects to local node at own speed
– nodes buffer data if required to equalize rates
• packets accepted even when network is
busy
• priorities can be used 100 Mb/s

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Generalized Mobile Network
Generation

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Trends in Cellular Radio+Personal Communication
1. Personal Communication Services (PCS) or PCN.
✓ voice + data(PDA)
✓ wireless internet services
2. Low earth orbit (LEO) satellite communication
3. Indoor Wireless Networking
▪ WLAN
▪ Hyper LAN
▪ Bluetooth(PAN)
4. Future Public Land Mobile Telephone System (FPLMTS)---A worldwide
Standard
▪ 3G, 4G
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▪ Software-defined Radio
 Personal Communication Services (PCS) or PCN
• PCN refers to a wide variety of Wireless access and personal mobility service provided through a
small terminal,
• The goal is to enable communications at any time at any place and in any form.
• Business opportunities for such services are tremendous.
• Several PCS systems have been developed to meet rapid growth prompted by heavy market
demand.
• Traditionally, various PCS systems were connected to the Public Switched Telephony System
(PSTN) and driven by telephony standards (and at the rate of change of telephony standards).
• Today, these systems are increasingly connected to the internet and driven by the internet standards
& and change at internet speeds.
✓ Examples include High tier digital cellular systems(Mobile phone systems) for widespread
vehicular and pedestrian services.
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Trends Cont’d…
High-tier digital cellular systems
• Global system for mobile communication(GSM)
• IS-136 TDMA based Digital Advanced Mobile Phone Service(DAMPS).
• Personal Digital Cellular(PDC)
• IS-95 CDMA-based CDMA One system.
Low-tier telecommunication systems standards for residential, business and public cordless access
systems.
• Cordless telephone 2(CT2)
• Digital Enhanced Cordless Telephone(DECT)
• Personal Access Communication Systems(PACS).
• Personal Handy phone system(PHS).
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Trends…

▪ Further More wideband wireless systems have been developed to accommodate internet
and multimedia services.
Examples:
▪ Cdama2000, evolved from CDMA One.
▪ W-CDMA ( Wideband ) proposed by Europe.
• SCDMA (Synchronous Code Division Multiple Access ) proposed by China/Europe
• PCS umbrella also includes
• Special data systems such as Cellular Digital Packet Data, RAM Mobile Data, etc..
• Specialized Mobile Radio(SMR).
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PCS Architecture: Figure.1

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PCS Architecture
• PCS technology have grown rapidly in the telecommunication industry.
• The two most popular are:
• Cellular Telephony and Cordless and Low-Tier PCS Telephony.
• These Technologies have similar architectures as shown in the figure.1
• This Basic architecture consists of two parts, namely a Radio Network and a Wire
line Transport Network.

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PCS Architecture
• Each PCS technology has similar architectures which consist two parts:
Radio Network
• MS (Mobile Station)
• BS (Base Station) System
Wireline Transport Network
• MSC (Mobile Switching Center)
• The Mobility Database connected to MSC is used to track the locations of mobile station.
Mobile Station (MS):Examples
• Handset, mobile phone, subscriber unit,
• Portable multi-mode handset
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PCS Architecture…
Base Station (BS)
• The radio coverage of a BS is called a Cell.
• The BS system is partitioned into
➢ A controller
➢ Radio transmitters/receivers
• The BSs usually reach the wire line core network via land links or dedicated microwave Links.
Wireline Transport Network.
• The Mobile switching center (MSC) connected to the Base station is a special switch tailored
to mobile applications.
• The MSC is connected to the PSTN to provide a service between the PCS users and the
Wireline users.
• The MSC also communicates with mobility databases to track the locations of the mobile 23
stations.
Cellular Telephony
➢ It is a type of short-wave analog or digital telecommunication in which a
subscriber has a wireless connection from a mobile phone to a relatively nearby
transmitter.
➢ As the cellular telephone user moves from one cell or area of coverage to
another, the telephone is effectively passed on to the local cell transmitter.
➢ The aim of cellular phone is to provide telephone services to subscribers while in
motion
➢ The Four popular telephony networks :
✓ AMPS(advanced mobile phone service)
✓ GSM (Global System for Mobile communication)
✓ DAMPS(IS-136)(digital advanced mobile phone service),and 24
✓ CDMA(IS-95).
Cellular Telephony…
Advanced Mobile Phone Service(AMPS).
➢ It is the first cellular system developed during 1970 in Bell laboratories, and first generation
analog cellular system.
➢ Based on FDMA technology for radio communications,
➢ AMPS was designed as a high capacity system based on frequency reuse system.
Features of AMPS
• Analog FM radio for voice transmission
• FSK modulation for signal channels
• Total 50 MHz=824-849 MHz(down-link) +869-894 MHz(up-link)
• 832 full-duplex channels using 1664 discrete frequencies
• FDMA, FDD
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• 30kMHz spacing
Cellular Telephony…
• Frequency reuse scheme for radio communication
• 12-cell cluster using Omni-directional antennas
• 7-cell cluster using three sectors per BS
• 4-cell cluster, 6-sector design in Motorola AMPS system. There are about 50
channels per cell.
• EIA/TIA IS-41 standard for roaming management.
• However Digital Networks are replacing AMPS because the digital technology
can cope with higher user densities and offer lower costs.

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Cellular Telephony…
Global system for Mobile Communications.
• GSM is a digital cellular system developed by group special mobile of conference
European des posts et Telecommunications(CEPT) and its Successor European
Telecommunications Standard Institute(ETSI).
Features of GSM
– TDMA/FDD
– 935-960 MHz for Downlink
– 890-915 MHz for Uplink
– 200 kHz for RF channel spacing
– Speech coding rate 13 Kbps . 27
Cellular Telephony…
• Frequency carrier is divided into 8 time slots
• Every pair of radio transceiver-receiver supports 8 voice channels.
• GSM Mobile Application Part (MAP) for roaming management.
• Digital switch can provide many applications:
Example: point-to-point short messaging, group addressing, call waiting, multiparty
services.

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Cellular Telephony…
EIA/TIA IS-136 Digital Cellular System.
• It is also referred to as digital AMPS(DAMPS),American Digital Cellular(ADC),or North American
TDMA(NA-TDMA),IS-136,the successor of IS-54.
• It supports a TDMA air interface similar to that of GSM and is thus considered as evolutionary
technology.
Features of EIA/TIA IS-136 Digital Cellular System.
2 types of channel usage:
– Full-rate: use 2 timeslot for a voice channel
– Half-rate: use 1 timeslot for a voice channel
– Digital switch can provide many applications:
Example: point-to-point short messaging,
broadcast messaging, group addressing, private user groups 29
– IS-41 standard for mobility management
Cellular Telephony…
Cellular Characteristics
The characteristics of the cellular system:
– Support high mobility
– Large coverage area
– High transmission power of BS and handset
– High signal process power (for handset)
– Low voice quality
– High network complexity
– Microcell is developed for:
– Low transmission power
– Low base station cost
– Increase capacity
Cordless Telephony and Low-Tier PCS

• It is handset is portable but able to be used like landline phone communication, only it
operates by radio frequency transmission and not a physical insulated wire, or
telephone line
• The range is limited, usually to the same building or some short distance from the base
station.
• A cordless telephone differs from a mobile telephone by the limited range and by the
base station on the subscriber premises.
Examples of Cordless Telephony and PCS
– Cordless Telephone, Second Generation (CT2)
– Digital European Cordless Telephone (DECT)
– Personal Handy Phone System (PHS)
– Personal Access Communications System (PACS).
Cordless Telephony and Low-Tier PCS…

Cordless Telephone, Second Generation (CT2)

• Developed in Europe since 1989.
• 40 FDMA channels, 32-Kbps speech coding rate, TDD(Time Division
Duplexing)
• The maximum transmit power of a CT2 handset is 10 mW.
• No handoff in CT2
• No call delivery in CT2
• In CT2+, both handoff and call delivery are OK.
Cordless Telephony and Low-Tier PCS
Digital European Cordless Telephone (DECT)
▪ Published in 1992
▪ TDMA/TDD
▪ 12 voice channels per frequency carrier
▪ Sleep mode is employed in DECT to conserve the power of handsets.
▪ 32 Kbps speech coding rate
▪ DECT is typically implemented as a wireless PBX
▪ connected to the PSTN.
▪ Dynamic channel allocation
▪ Time slot transfer
▪ Seamless handoff
▪ Dual mode: DECT + GSM
Cordless Telephony and Low-Tier PCS
Personal Handy Phone System (PHS)
▪ Developed by Research and Development Center (RCR), Japan 1993 Telecommunication
services for homes, offices, and outdoor environment.
▪ TDMA/TDD
▪ 4 multiplexed channels/frequency carrier
▪ 1895-1906.1 MHz = 300 KHz x 37 channels (home/office)
▪ 1906.1-1918.1 MHz = 300 KHz x 40 channels (Public System)
▪ BS: 500 mW; handset < 10mW
▪ 32 Kbps speech coding rate
▪ Dynamic channel allocation.
▪ Dedicated control channels
▪ Dual mode: PHS + GSM
Cordless Telephony and Low-Tier PCS
Personal Access Communications System (PACS)
▪ Developed at Tel cardia, U.S.A.
▪ PACS is designed for wireless local loop and 54 PCS.
▪ TDMA
▪ 8 voice channels/frequency carrier
▪ Both TDD and FDD are accommodated.
▪ The highly effective and reliable mobile-controlled handoff (MCHO) completes in less than 20
msec.
Low-tier PCS Characteristics
It’s a low-tier, low-power system that offers a step up from the portable phone but it won’t be as expensive
as cellular.
The characteristics of the low-tier system:
– Low transmission power
– Long talk time
– Small coverage area
– Large no. of base station
– Low transmission delay
– High voice quality
– Low mobility
– Low network complexity
– Low cost
Characteristics of Cellular and Cordless and
Low-Tier PCS Technologies
 of Chapter O
nd n

e
Thank You for Your
Attention

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