ETHICS - Exercise 9 13
ETHICS - Exercise 9 13
ETHICS - Exercise 9 13
4. Relating it to Philippine situation, briefly discuss the four issues in Environmental Ethics.
The four issues in environmental ethics are: consumption of natural resources, which means consuming
resources that we cannot replenish or that cannot sustain themselves at the rate at which we are
consuming them. Excessive resource exploitation strains ecosystems, resulting in biodiversity loss and
environmental degradation. Second, destruction of forests can lead to climate change, desertification,
soil erosion, less crops, flooding, more greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, and a slew of other issues
for most people. Third, environmental pollution is defined as "the contamination of the physical and
biological components of the earth/atmosphere system to such an extent that normal environmental
processes are adversely affected.". Consider urbanization and industrialisation. Since the industrial
revolution, man has continued to introduce harmful elements into the environment at an alarming rate.
Finally, harm to animals encompasses a wide range of abuses, from briefly failing to give needed care
to the intentional death or torturing of an animal. Every state defines animal cruelty differently, both in
terms of the precise activities that are forbidden and the types of animals that are protected.
5. How do you understand the Instrumental Value and Intrinsic Value of Non-Human Ethics?
In ethics, the concepts of instrumental value and intrinsic value are often used to describe the value of
non-human beings, such as animals, plants, and ecosystems.
The value that anything has because of its usefulness or ability to help us reach another aim is referred
to as instrumental value. For example, we may value a tree because it provides shade or yields edible
fruit. Similarly, we may esteem a particular animal because it aids in pest management or provides us
with food or clothing. Intrinsic value, on the other hand, refers to something's inherent value in and of
itself, regardless of its utility to us. In other words, anything has intrinsic worth if it is valued only for
existing. Many people, for example, think that all living organisms have intrinsic value, independent of
their utility to humans. They contend that all living things are equal.
6. What should be our ethical relationship with Nature or the Environment?
Our ethical relationship with nature or the environment is a difficult and critical subject that has grown in
importance in recent years. Many ethicists and environmentalists say that we have a moral
responsibility to safeguard the natural world and its inhabitants, which include plants, animals, and
ecosystems. Environmental ethics is one concept that can help us comprehend our ethical relationship
with nature. Environmental ethics is the study of the moral link between humans and the natural
environment. It tries to investigate the ethical principles and ideals that should govern our interactions
with nature.
1. Business Ethics is a form of the art of applied ethics that examines ethical principles and moral or
ethical problems that can arise in a business environment.
2. Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) is an umbrella term under which the ethical rights and duties
existing between companies and society is debated.
3. Corporate Scandal is a scandal involving allegations of unethical behavior by people acting within or on
behalf of a corporation.
4. Corporate Crime refers to crimes committed either by a corporation or by individuals that may be
identified with a corporation or other business entity.
5. Professional Ethics covers the myriad practical ethical problems and phenomena which arise out of
specific functional areas of companies or in relation to recognized business professions.
6. Business Cartel is an agreement between competing firms to control prices or exclude entry of a new
competitor in a market.
7. Corruption is a dishonest or fraudulent conduct by those in power, typically involving bribery.
8. Environmentally Hazardous Business is any business which has the potential to threaten the
surrounding natural environment and/or adversely affect people's health.
9. Swindling or Staffa is a form of fraudulent transaction or putting forward plausible schemes or use
unscrupulous trickery to defraud others with an intent to gain.
10. Pyramid Scheme is a business model that recruits members via a promise of payments or services for
enrolling others into the scheme, rather than supplying investments or sale of products or services.
II. Discussion
2. Aside from those mentioned in this book, identify 2 most committed unethical or immoral business
practices in the Philippines. Make research on the unethical practices; determine the laws and
moral/ethical standards violated; assess the extent of its commission within the region; and arrive at
some recommendations on how to stop the subject unethical/immoral practice.
Bribery is defined as the act of offering or receiving something of value in exchange for a desired result.
Bribery can take various forms in business, such as sending presents or money to government officials
in exchange for favorable treatment, offering incentives to employees to ignore unethical or illegal
activity, or paying off competitors to gain a competitive advantage. Bribery is prohibited in the
Philippines by the Anti-Graft and Corrupt Practices Act, which forbids public officials from accepting or
soliciting bribes and sets harsh penalties for violators. Bribery is also an ethical infraction since it inhibits
fair competition, erodes public trust, and jeopardizes the integrity of economic transactions.
Tax evasion is the deliberate avoidance of payment of taxes owed to the government. Tax evasion is
prohibited in the Philippines by the National Internal Revenue Code, which mandates individuals and
businesses to pay taxes depending on their income or profits. Underreporting income, omitting to
register taxable assets, and claiming bogus deductions or exemptions are all examples of tax evasion.
Tax evasion is not only illegal, but it is also unethical because it deprives the government of much-
needed money while shifting the tax burden onto honest taxpayers. Bribery and tax evasion are difficult
to quantify in the Philippines because they frequently go unreported or unnoticed. However,
assessments from foreign groups such as Transparency foreign indicate that corruption and tax evasion
continue to be major issues in the country.
There are various recommendations that could be taken to stop these unethical acts. First, the
government should more effectively police current rules and apply harsher punishments for violators.
This could involve boosting the frequency and scope of anti-corruption investigations, aggressively
prosecuting offenders, and raising public awareness of the implications of these acts. Second,
companies and people should be encouraged to implement ethical standards and codes of conduct that
prohibit bribery and tax evasion. This could involve employee training programs, the establishment of
internal controls and reporting mechanisms, and the promotion of a culture of transparency and
responsibility. Finally, civil society organizations and the media should be given the authority to monitor
and disclose cases of corruption and tax evasion in order to raise public awareness and put pressure on
governments and businesses.
Exercise # 11 (For Chapter XI) Sexuality
1. Briefly discuss each of the important roles of marital sex to human society.
Marital sex serves numerous functions in human culture. For starters, it is required for reproduction,
which insures the survival of the human race. Sexual intercourse between a husband and wife can
result in the conception of a child, which is critical for human society's growth and survival. Second,
married sex may be a powerful way for couples to demonstrate their love and affection for one another.
Sexual intimacy can strengthen emotional relationships and foster a sense of closeness and connection
between partners, all of which are essential for a healthy and satisfying relationship. Third, sex can have
physical and mental health benefits such as stress reduction, immune function enhancement, and the
promotion of feelings of happiness and well-being. Regular sexual activity in the context of marriage can
assist promote overall health and wellness for both parties. Fourth, sexual intimacy between spouses is
frequently required for procreation and child-rearing, both of which are crucial purposes of marriage and
family life. Finally, sex might simply provide both people with pleasure and enjoyment. Sexual activity in
a loving and devoted marriage can be a safe and gratifying method to enjoy physical pleasure and
explore one's own sexuality.
3. To you, should sex be enjoyed even without commitment? Explain your answer.
The question of whether sex should be enjoyed without commitment is a personal one that differs
according to one's ideas, values, and cultural standards. Some people feel that sex is a delightful and
natural act that may be experienced outside of committed partnerships, whereas others believe that sex
is a sacred act that should be shared only inside the bounds of marriage or a committed relationship.
No, but ultimately, the decision to engage in sex without commitment should be taken with informed
consent and awareness for the potential implications. When engaging in sexual activities, regardless of
the level of commitment in the relationship, it is critical to stress communication, safety, and mutual
respect.
4. To you, should same-sex sexual relationship be openly allowed by the society? Support your answer.
Countries and societies have made considerable progress in tolerating and legalizing same-sex
couples, acknowledging that everyone has the freedom to love and create intimate relationships with
whoever they choose. Proponents of openly allowing same-sex partnerships claim that denying these
people the opportunity to express and live openly can lead to discrimination, stigma, and harm to their
mental health and well-being.
For me, same-sex couples frequently argue that they violate traditional norms and religious convictions.
Some may consider same-sex partnerships to be unethical or damaging to society's social fabric. It is
crucial to highlight, however, that denying people the ability to express their love and create
partnerships because of their sexual orientation can also be considered discrimination and injury.
Finally, the decision to openly allow or ban same-sex partnerships should be founded on equality,
respect, and freedom ideals. Society should work to establish a welcoming climate in which everyone
may express their sexuality and develop relationships without fear of discrimination or persecution..
5. If some people and sectors are fighting for the acceptance of same-sex sexual relationships, do you
think children/minors (ages 7-17) should also be allowed to engage in sex? Support your answer.
Sexual behaviour at a young age might have negative physical, emotional, and psychological
implications. Young people may lack the maturity or awareness to deal with the repercussions of sexual
activity, such as the danger of sexually transmitted illnesses, unwanted pregnancy, and emotional
suffering. It is consequently critical to give comprehensive sex education to children and teenagers that
highlights the need of safe sex practices, consent, and responsible decision-making. It is critical to
understand that acceptance of same-sex partnerships does not imply endorsement or advocacy of
sexual behavior among adolescents. The two are distinct issues that should be dealt separately in
accordance with the principles of human rights, safety, and well-being of all those involved.
Sex can be a manner of showing respect for the other person when it is done consensually and with
mutual respect for each other's limits, desires, and needs. This includes gaining the other person's
unambiguous and enthusiastic consent, respecting their right to alter their mind at any time, and
emphasizing their comfort and safety during the sexual interaction. This attitude to sex entails seeing
the other person as an equal who deserves respect, and it can result in great encounters and healthier
relationships. When sex is pressured or forced upon someone, it is a kind of disrespect and violation of
their rights. This can include physical or mental manipulation, blackmail, or coercion to engage in
sexual activities with which the other person is uneasy. This form of behavior disregards the autonomy
and boundaries of the other person, and it can result in negative experiences, trauma, and long-term
harm.
To summarize, the manner sex is handled and performed can show either respect or disrespect for the
other person involved. In all sexual experiences, mutual respect, consent, and safety must be
prioritized.
7. How can sex promote the human society? On the other hand, how can it destroy human society?
Sex can benefit human society in a variety of ways. Firstly, it can be an important aspect of intimate
relationships between individuals, fostering emotional connection and strengthening bonds. Sexual
intercourse can also result in the birth of children, which is necessary for the survival of the human race.
Sex can also be a source of joy, stress release, and physical activity, all of which contribute to individual
and social well-being. However, sex can also be destructive to human society if it is engaged in
irresponsibly or without regard for the consequences. Unwanted pregnancies, the spread of sexually
transmitted infections (STIs), and sexual violence are all negative consequences of irresponsible sexual
behavior that can have far-reaching effects on individuals and society as a whole. Sexual exploitation
and human trafficking can devastate the lives of vulnerable people and weaken the social fabric of
communities in extreme circumstances. Furthermore, the encouragement of undesirable views
regarding sex, such as objectification, misogyny, or homophobia, can be harmful to society. These
views have the potential to perpetuate undesirable power dynamics, restrict individual liberties, and lead
to discrimination and marginalization. As a result, while sex has the ability to advance human society, it
is critical that it be approached with responsibility, care, and respect for others. We may help to
establish a society in which sexual conduct contributes to individual and societal well-being by stressing
consent, safe sex practices, and a healthy attitude toward sexuality.
9. Now a days, sex has become a part of courtship or “boyfriend-girlfriend” relationship. To you, is this
practice right or wrong? Support your answer.From an ethical standpoint, sex being a component of
courting or "boyfriend-girlfriend" relationships is a complex problem that must be carefully considered.
On the one hand, consenting sexual activity between adults is a personal choice as well as a
fundamental human right. It is allowed if both partners are aware of and consent to the nature of their
relationship, including sexual activity, and are respectful of each other's limits and well-being. Pressure
or compulsion into sexual behavior, on the other hand, is a severe concern, particularly in the context of
courting or romantic relationships. It is critical to acknowledge and respect each individual's autonomy
and agency, and to guarantee that any sexual engagement is based on mutual agreement and is free of
any type of manipulation or abuse. Finally, the acceptability of sex as part of courting or "boyfriend-
girlfriend" relationships is determined by the unique circumstances and ethical principles involved, such
as autonomy, consent, and harm avoidance.
10. Why do you think should sex be confined to the privacy of a married couple?
Sex is seen as a unique and intimate act that combines both physical and emotional connection. It is a
means for two people to show their love and devotion to each other. Marriage, as a social and legal
institution, recognizes this commitment and provides a solid setting for the couple to create their lives
together. Society recognizes the value of the physical and emotional components of sex, as well as the
need for stability and commitment in a partnership, by keeping sex to the private of a married couple. It
also aids in the prevention of uncommitted sex's negative repercussions, such as undesired
pregnancies, sexually transmitted infections, and emotional damage. Furthermore, confining sex to
marriage protects the moral norms and ethical standards that promote respect for oneself and one's
partner, as well as the importance of the family as the fundamental unit of society.
Exercise # 12 (For Chapter XII) Work
Name: COLLERA, SHANNE D.
Course and Section: BSAR 2B
2. Briefly explain in your own words the Moral Duties in Work and Profession.
Moral responsibilities that individuals have towards their work and profession are referred to as moral
duties in work and profession. To begin, there is a duty to work, which compels individuals to
accomplish their job obligations to the best of their abilities and refrain from engaging in actions that are
detrimental to their employer or colleagues. Second, there is a duty to diligently prepare for one's
career, which means acquiring the essential knowledge, skills, and training to carry out one's
professional tasks competently and successfully. Finally, duties in the profession include conforming to
professional standards of ethics, encouraging the well-being of clients or consumers, and avoiding
conflicts of interest. These moral duties serve as guidelines to ensure that individuals act in a
responsible and ethical manner towards their work and profession.
4. Briefly explain in your own words, the six key factors of effective work ethics.
Six fundamental criteria characterize effective work ethics. The first factor is integrity, which entails
being truthful, trustworthy, and open in all facets of one's employment. The second component is a
focus on work equality, which entails treating all employees fairly and impartially regardless of their
background or position. The third aspect is professionalism, which is behaving oneself in the job with a
high level of ability, competence, and respect for others. Discipline, or being diligent, focused, and
accountable for one's work, is the fourth factor. The fifth aspect is a sense of responsibility, which
entails owning one's work and holding oneself accountable for its quality and outcomes. The sixth and
last aspect is a sense of cooperation, which entails collaborating with others and appreciating their
efforts in order to attain common goals. These factors, when combined, can contribute to a healthy and
productive work atmosphere in which people feel valued, respected, and inspired to achieve their best.
5. As a future worker or employee, how will you demonstrate a strong work ethics to your employer?
Explain briefly.
As a potential worker or employee, demonstrating great work ethics can help develop a positive
reputation and boost prospects for growth and success in the workplace. To do so, I will prioritize the
company's interests and work to achieve its objectives. I will also properly manage my time, be
punctual, and fulfill deadlines. Being honest, accountable, and transparent in my work will help me
create trust with my boss and coworkers. Maintaining a constant level of performance and striving for
perfection will also assist me in distinguishing myself as a valuable employee. In addition, I will always
respect my employer, coworkers, and clients, as well as adhere to workplace laws and regulations.
Finally, I plan to collaborate with others and contribute to a constructive and helpful environment.
6. Explain why work is considered as one’s personal property and why a worker is entitled to a wage or
renumeration?
Work is considered personal property because it is the result of one's labor and effort. It is a
manifestation of one's abilities, skills, and creativity, and hence a valued contribution to society. A
worker, on the other hand, has the right to be paid for their work as a kind of recognition and
compensation for their efforts. The salary is used to meet their fundamental demands and provide for
their sustenance. Furthermore, a worker's wage reflects the worth and significance of their labor in the
organization or industry, and it is their right to be compensated fairly and justly for their contribution.
Work and wage are considered personal property and entitlements in this sense.
7. What do you understand by “professionalism” and why is it essential in the performance of work?
Professionalism refers to the behavior, abilities, and attitudes that are expected of someone in a specific
profession. It entails displaying a high level of expertise, honesty, respect, and responsibility for one's
work, colleagues, clients, and the general public. Professionalism is vital in work performance because
it guarantees that work is completed to the acceptable standards and that the individual's behavior is
appropriate for their role. It also aids in the development of trust and credibility with clients, colleagues,
and the general public, which is critical for the success of both the individual and the business for which
they work. Professionalism is essential for developing personal and professional growth, as well as
creating a healthy and ethical work environment.
8. Identify 5 types of work that dehumanizes and 5 types of work that promotes human dignity. Briefly give
your reasons, respectively, why they are dehumanizing and dignifying.
Some jobs can dehumanize people by abusing their labor and ignoring their basic human needs.
Sweatshop labor, for example, which frequently involves long hours, little pay, and hazardous working
conditions, can be dehumanizing. Jobs in the pornography industry or human trafficking, for example,
can be dehumanizing because they frequently include the objectification and exploitation of persons.
Jobs in factory farming, where animals are mistreated and maintained in horrific conditions, can likewise
be deemed dehumanizing because they ignore animals' basic needs and dignity. Work that promotes
human dignity, on the other hand, exists. Human dignity can be promoted by jobs that pay a living
wage, provide safe working conditions, and provide possibilities for growth and promotion. Human
dignity can be promoted through careers in healthcare, education, social work, and other sectors that
entail aiding and serving others. Jobs that allow people to express their creativity, work autonomously,
and make a constructive difference in society can also be considered dignifying. Finally, labor that
recognizes and respects individuals' intrinsic dignity, regardless of their origin or social standing, can
enhance human dignity.
9. Scan the 1987 Philippine Constitution and find all provision therein pertaining to work or labor. In your
answer, state the Article, section and the provision.
Article II: Declaration of Principles and State Policies Section 18: The State affirms labor as a primary social
economic force. It shall protect the rights of workers and promote their welfare.
Article III: Bill of Rights Section 3: The State shall afford full protection to labor, local and overseas, organized
and unorganized, and promote full employment and equality of employment opportunities for all.
Article XIII: Social Justice and Human Rights Section 3: The State shall afford full protection to labor, local and
overseas, organized and unorganized, and promote full employment and equality of employment opportunities
for all.
Section 14: The State shall protect working women by providing safe and healthful working conditions, taking into
account their maternal functions, and such facilities and opportunities that will enhance their welfare and enable
them to realize their full potential in the service of the nation.
Section 18: The State affirms labor as a primary social economic force. It shall protect the rights of workers and
promote their welfare.
Section 19: The State shall develop a comprehensive and integrated system of education and training for the
labor force geared to develop productive efficiency, individual discipline, and collective bargaining and
negotiation skills, and shall establish a career service.
Section 20: The State recognizes the indispensable role of the private sector, encourages private enterprise, and
provides incentives to needed investments.
Section 21: The State shall promote comprehensive rural development and agrarian reform.
Section 22: The State recognizes and promotes the rights of indigenous cultural communities within the
framework of national unity and development.
Section 23: The State shall encourage non-governmental, community-based, or sectoral organizations that
promote the welfare of the nation.
Section 24: The State recognizes the vital role of communication and information in nation-building.
Section 25: The State shall ensure the autonomy of local governments.
Section 26: The State shall guarantee equal access to opportunities for public service and prohibit political
dynasties as may be defined by law.
Article XIV: Education, Science and Technology, Arts, Culture, and Sports Section 2: The State shall establish,
maintain, and support a complete, adequate, and integrated system of education relevant to the needs of the
people and society.
Section 5: The State shall assign the highest budgetary priority to education and ensure that teaching will attract
and retain its rightful share of the best available talents through adequate remuneration and other means of job
satisfaction and fulfillment.
Section 6: The State shall encourage non-formal, informal, and indigenous learning systems, as well as self-
learning, independent, and out-of-school study programs particularly those that respond to community needs.
Section 7: The State shall provide programs and incentives for the education and training of the handicapped,
the gifted, and other exceptional children.
Section 8: The State shall ensure that a competent and independent civil service embraces all branches,
subdivisions, instrumentalities, and agencies of the government, including government-owned or controlled
corporations with original charters.
Section 9: The State shall promote a just and dynamic social order that will ensure the prosperity and
independence of the nation and free the people from poverty through policies that provide adequate social
services, promote full employment, a rising standard of living, and an improved quality of life for all.
Section 10: The State shall promote social justice in all phases of national development.
Section 11: The State values the dignity of every human person and guarantees full respect for human rights.
Section 12: The State recognizes the sanctity of family life and shall protect and strengthen the family as a basic
autonomous social institution.
10. Browse the internet and search on how Karl Marx and Adams Smith view Labor. On your answer, write
your own understanding. Copy-pasted answers will be considered wrong.
Karl Marx regarded labor as the foundation of human society and the source of all value. He thought
that the capitalism system exploited workers by paying them less than the worth of their labor and
profited from their surplus value. Marx advocated for a socialist economy in which workers own the
means of production and are fairly compensated for their effort. Adam Smith, on the other hand, saw
labor as a method of creating wealth and encouraging economic expansion. He felt that individuals
pursuing their self-interest via employment would result in a prosperous society. Smith argued for a
capitalist society in which the market governs the value of labor and pay and competition fosters
innovation and efficiency.
Exercise # 13 (For Chapter XIII)
1. From what you have understood in Chapter XIII, what is the importance of power to Human Society?
According to Chapter XIII, power is extremely important in human society. The ability to influence,
control, or guide the conduct of individuals or events is referred to as power. Power is required in human
society for people or groups to attain their aims and objectives. It is also required for the maintenance of
social order and the proper operation of society. Power is essential in many facets of human existence,
including politics, economics, and interpersonal relationships. Power can provide a variety of benefits,
including access to resources, decision-making authority, and social position. However, it can also lead
to abuse of power, which can be harmful to both people and society as a whole.
3. What do you understand by power-over and what are its advantages and disadvantages to us,
humans?
The use of power to control, dominate, or manipulate others is referred to as power-over. Power
includes the ability to make and enforce decisions, as well as the ability to attain goals and influence
others. However, the drawbacks of power include the possibility of misuse and corruption, the
detrimental impact on relationships, the tendency to produce resentment and resistance among those
under control, and the possibility of abuse of authority. Power-over can harm relationships and social
systems in the long run by reducing trust and collaboration.
4. Does one have to use force and violence in order to exercise power?
No, one does not need to employ force or violence to wield authority. Persuasion, influence, and
authority can all be used to wield power. Force and violence are two techniques for exercising authority,
but they are not the only ones. In reality, using force and violence can be counterproductive, leading to
resistance and rebellion from those who are oppressed or dominated. Instead of fear and intimidation,
persuasion can be more effective in winning others' support and cooperation, and power can be built via
legitimacy and respect rather than fear and intimidation.