Chapter I

INTRODUCTION

This Chapter contains background of study, theoretical framework, conceptual

framework, objective of the study, significant of the study,

scope and limitation of the study, and

operational definition of terms.

Background of the study

In regions that are rapidly urbanizing and industrializing, waste management is a

growing problem the Philippine province of Laguna is no exception. Laguna, which is

distinguished by its growing urbanization, population, and industrial activity, is having an

increasing issue with solid waste. By using statistical data to demonstrate the urgency of

the problem and set the groundwork for the installation of an automatic trash segregation

machine, this study aims to provide full information on the waste management issue in

Laguna.

Over the past few decades, Laguna, a city southeast of Metro Manila, has seen

impressive urban and economic growth. Businesses and industries have been drawn to

the area because of its close proximity to the national capital, which has considerably

boosted the economy and increased population. But because of this quick expansion,

there is now more solid waste being produced, frequently in excess of what can be

disposed of in conventional ways. The prevalent waste management system currently in

use, which primarily relies on open dumping and landfilling, has led to environmental

degradation, water and soil pollution, and public health issues.

Additionally, traditional trash segregation techniques heavily rely on physical

work, a time-consuming and error-prone process. This method leads to a less-than-ideal

separation of recyclable and non-recyclable materials, endangering the health of waste

handlers and causing environmental damage. Additionally, the limited capacity of the

nearby landfills emphasizes the necessity of switching to more effective and sustainable

waste control methods.

Furthermore, the prevalence of plastic bottles and cans in the province's trash

circulation highlights the urgent need for green waste management strategies. These

compounds, which are usually connected with beverages and consumer goods, have

come to symbolize modern convenience. However, improper disposal causes serious

environmental risks, including pollution, habitat destruction, and the depletion of natural

resources.

Automatic waste segregation devices designed specifically for the separation of

plastic bottles and cans offer a beacon of hope in this tough landscape. These modern

technologies promise to simplify waste sorting operations, improve recycling rates, and

dramatically minimize the environmental footprint associated with those items.

The primary purpose of this research is to investigate the feasibility and potential

benefits of implementing automated waste segregation devices into Laguna's waste

management infrastructure, with a focus on their role in separating plastic bottles and

cans. This study seeks to provide valuable insights and tips to propel Laguna closer to a
cleaner and more sustainable future, in which plastic bottles and cans are correctly

controlled, recycled, and their environmental impact is minimized, through a thorough

examination of the cutting-edge waste control state of affairs, technical and monetary

analyses, and an exploration of the environmental and logistical effects.

Theoretical Framework

According to a study conducted by Coracero et al. (2021), the Philippines is

currently grappling with excessive waste control trouble. The studies show that waste

technology is on the upward push, growing at a median rate of 3% consistent with 12

months. Residential waste constitutes the most important portion of waste, accounting for

over 50% of the total waste generated. Plastics turn out to be the dominant type of waste,

representing more than 30% of the total waste generated. Unfortunately, a fraction of this

waste is satisfactorily gathered and disposed of, leaving the rest to discover its way into

landfills, dumpsites, and waterways. These statistics underscore the urgency of

addressing waste management-demanding situations inside the Philippines, particularly

in residential regions, and highlight the significance of the right waste collection and

disposal practices.

Furthermore, Tinio's 2022 study on waste control within the Philippines offers a

comprehensive review of the country's waste landscape, revealing four good-sized

developments. Firstly, it highlights a troubling growth in waste technology, with the state

generating 72%. 42 million tons of waste in 2019—a noteworthy 5.7% surge from the

previous year. This surge is predicted to persist as the population boom and monetary

development continue. Secondly, the study underscores the alarming occurrence of

flawed waste disposal, with approximately 40% of waste being competently collected and

disposed of, leaving the rest to be incinerated, dumped in open landfills, or found its way

into waterways. These practices pose excessive environmental and public health risks.

Thirdly, a crucial scarcity of sanitary landfills—around 400 overall—is delivered to mild,

exacerbating the waste management disaster and leading to the proliferation of open

dumps, a good-sized source of environmental pollutants. Finally, low recycling and

composting costs, envisioned at more or less 15%, replicate the demanding situations

confronted by the Philippines in those regions because of factors including constrained

cognizance, inadequate infrastructure, and inadequate incentives.

Conceptual Framework

IPO (Input-Process-Output) diagram is used to identify inputs, outputs and the

required processes to be able to construct the research’s product

INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT

 Brainstorming -Planning Completed and

Evaluated
-Assembling

-Revising
-Ideas Automatic
-Materials  Testing and Waste
-Equipment Evaluation in Segregation
-Components terms of; Machine
-Performance
-Speed
-Effectiveness
-Safety Features

FRAME 1 FRAME 2 FRAME 3

Figure 1. Research Paradigm

Frame 1 contains Brainstorming of the ideas, materials, equipment, and components to be

used.

Frame 2 consists of the processes such as planning, assembling and revising and testing

and evaluation of products in terms of its performance, speed, effectiveness and safety

features.

Frame 3 shows the completed and analyzed output of automatic waste segregation

machine.

Objective of the study

This study would like to present Automatic Waste Segregation Machine is to

investigate, analyze, and evaluate the effectiveness and efficiency of the machine in

segregating and sorting different types of waste materials.

This study specifically aims to:

1. Develop and construct the Automatic Waste Segregation Machine

2. Test of capability of the Automatic Waste Segregation machine to the Waste

Disposal sites or garbage sites

a. Performance

b. Speed

c. Effectiveness

d. Safety Features

3. To find out the essential on the capability of the automatic waste segregation

machine to the employees of waste disposal sites or garbage sites.

Significance of the Study

The research focuses on the Automatic Waste Segregation Machine and how it

should be utilized, as well as its definition and its function in the filtering process.

For the Garbage Workers, to know the proper usage, process and value of

having an Automatic Waste Segregation Machine.

For the Students, to know the importance and proper usage of the Automatic

Waste Segregation Machine.

For the Teachers, to have a better knowledge and appreciation of the research’s

complexity.

For the Future Researchers, to have more information and a deeper

understanding about this research.

Scope and Limitation

This study is creating a tool that will help to segregate the plastic bottles and cans

of the residential of Barangay San Rafael Luisiana, Laguna with the use of Automatic

Waste Segregation Machine. However, to determine the acceptability by evaluating its

Effectiveness, Durability, Performance, Speed, and Safety features. The researches

considered 30 residents in the Barangay San Rafael Luisiana, Laguna as respondents. A

purposive sampling technique will be used in selecting, it will be based on the

perspective of the researcher. This will be conducted in specifically in the Barangay San

Rafael Luisiana, Laguna.

Operational Definition of Terms

The following terms below are defined operationally to have easy understanding

of this study.

Effectiveness – the variable that is used to determine the acceptability of the machine in

terms of its efficiency.

Speed – is a measure of how fast the automatic machine segregates the paper bottles and

cans.

Performance – refers to the execution or accomplishment of a task, activity, or function,

often with an emphasis on how well it is done.

Automatic Waste Segregation Machine – it is an automatic machine use to segregate

paper bottles and cans faster and easier in any places like landfill site or garbage area.

Safety features – serve as a guide to the user and also protect them from the any harmful

incidents caused by misuse or unexpected circumstances.

 CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF THE RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

Performance

Related Literature

According to Kihila (2021), waste segregation is a crucial part in the waste

management chain since it allows for successful reuse, recycling, and recovery. Solid

waste management is critical for environmental conservation and human well-being. The

improper management of waste disposal may cause the contamination of soil, water and

air which will create an inconvenience to human beings.

Stoeva and Alriksson (2017) highlight the importance of waste segregation in

achieving effective recycling programs, particularly at the household level. They

emphasize that proper waste separation strategies are essential for achieving high rates of

recycling and reuse.

Chen and Lee (2020) propose that recycling is a key solution to addressing the

issue of MSW, and emphasize the need for proper waste separation practices to achieve

successful recycling management. The government has been actively promoting the

importance of recycling to the public, and some developed countries have already made

significant steps in this area. For example, Kaza et al.

Environmental risk has emerged as one of the main consequences of population

growth in recent years. The growing volume of garbage is the most serious of these

issues. Waste management is viewed as an efficient way to reduce the problem as the
world's population continues to grow at an unprecedented rate. In this project, an

autonomous trash segregation system was created using the Internet of Things.

(Pamintuan, et. al., 2019)

A portion of the trash individuals produce is biodegradable, some are recyclable,

and some are not one or the other. Waste segregation involves separating wastes

according to how they are handled or handled. Separating garbage at the unloading

locations requires more time and work. A Spontaneous Waste Segregator (SWS), which

is a cheap and easy-to-use solution for an isolation framework for family unit. (Rakib,

et.al, 2021)

The purpose of trash cans is to encourage the separation of recyclable and non-

recyclable garbage in public areas. The four types of trash bins that are often used with

garbage disposal systems are those for combustible waste (burnable waste; BU),

incombustible waste (NC), PET bottles; and cans (CA). The authors previously

conducted research on the psychological preferences for the placement of garbage

cans. (Leeabai, et.al, 2018)

We concentrated on sorting trash items in this investigation. Sorting trash from

biodegradable to non-biodegradable is known as trash segregation. Trash segregation is

essential because improper trash segregation will result in landfills containing mixed

rubbish. This will taint ground water and lead to it. Trash segregation may improve the

quality of life in our nation and on the world by helping us recycle items, reducing the

need for specific raw resources, and cleaning up our streets. (Flores, 2020).

Around the world, Trash is a critical issue in urban, industrial, and rural settings.

The environment experiences exacerbated issues because of improper handling of these

wastes. With the use of this method, we want to reduce the amount of manual

intervention required for the separation of clustered, assorted roadside rubbish, which

will improve the waste management process' overall effectiveness. When segregation is

done at the source, time can then be best used for transportation, recycling, and treatment,

among other management tasks (N. Sivakumar, et al., 2016).

The ecological imbalance created by environmental contamination has

progressively become a thought-provoking problem. Additionally, the emergence of a

potent smart waste management system that can achieve trash segregation is urgently

needed for the development of global smart cities. To address this problem, we developed

a revolutionary deep learning-based algorithm for classifying waste. We use a lightweight

Ghost Netas the detection network's backbone to achieve the effectiveness of real-time

outdoor trash detection by robots. The network was trained using our own dataset, which

contains 4 different types of object (namely: plastic bottle, glass bottle, metal can, carton)

(P. Zhou, et al., 2021).

The two biggest issues facing the globe now are pollution and global warming.

One of the causes is trash generation and it’s not recycled properly. Most emerging and

industrialized nations are now concentrating on appropriate trash segregation at all its

many stages, from trash creation through trash destruction. This essay surveys

the literature on trash monitoring, segregation, and collection systems using cutting-edge

methods. Benefits include improved environmental quality and the healing of many

diseases brought on by pollution and garbage recycling. (Dhyani & Patel, 2018).

Related Studies

Worapat Phatarametravorakul, Suphitsara Cheevanantaporn, Pornsuree Jamsri,

"The Waste Separation Game to Promote Computational Thinking Through Mixed

Reality Technology", 2022 14th International Conference on Information Technology

and Electrical Engineering (ICITEE), pp.148-153, 2022. The primary issue of garbage is

its direct impact on the environment and quality of life. Several types of trash have piled

up in Thailand. Many individuals don’t use the correct way of waste management

because they have lacked knowledge and understanding of how to sort rubbish since

childhood. To increase the possibility to fully utilize the knowledge of waste separation

correctly, the researcher aims to promote computational thinking through the learning of

a game called ―Trashman‖. This game simulates various objects for situations of sorting

garbage into the appropriate sorting bin. Trashman has 3 levels in the game. Each level

increases the number of bins and the amount of garbage, starting from level 1-3 which

refers to easy, moderate, and difficult levels, respectively. The level indicates the error of

separating the waste if putting it into a wrong bin type. The educating about different

types of waste separation through the game utilizes Mixed Reality (MR) technology of

the Magic Leap One device. The developer’s expectation for an alternative learning

medium in the form of a game is to allow players to apply their knowledge by practicing

computational skills by sorting garbage correctly. The game evaluates and summarizes

scores of each level at the game’s end. This will evaluate player’s performance of CT

through their ability separating trash. Moreover, the Sustainable Development Goals can

be applied for lifelong learning to follow-up and assessment in furtherance of correct

trash sorting.

E. Shanthini, V Sangeetha, M. Jagadeeswari, B Shivani, P Selvapriya, K

Anindita, D Divya Shree, R.U Suryanarayanan, "IoT based Smart City Garbage Bin for
Waste Management", 2022 4th International Conference on Smart Systems and Inventive

Technology (ICSSIT), pp.105-110, 2022. Waste disposal is one of the most strenuous

tasks in urban planning. One of the key problems in waste management is negligence

which eventually causes the overflowing of the garbage bins. The traditional way of

garbage vehicles picking up the trash at a certain is highly ineffective as they are poorly

monitored and cause an imbalance in the proper clearing of garbage. The residual

garbage that is overflowing is a serious health and societal hazard causing troubles such

as bad odor, spreading of diseases, and even pest infestation. To optimize and organize

the issue this paper puts forward an ―IoT-based smart city garbage bin‖ as a solution. The

smart garbage bin is equipped with a Node MCU microcontroller with open wi-fi and

water proof sensors is mounted on the lids of the bin to ensure the status of the bin. To

facilitate the entire system to the user, a mobile application is developed for optimal

monitoring of garbage.

Purnima S. Pisal, B. D. Jadhav, "Smart System for Garbage Management", 2021

International Conference on Computing, Communication and Green Engineering

(CCGE), pp.1-5, 2021. The rapid increase in population increases the sanitation related

issues. The current systems used for waste management have lacunas. This is a challenge

that requires innovation and creation of a solution which monitors and manages the

garbage collection. This gap can be bridged by creating a solution that gives prior

information of the bins which are filled. The schedules of waste collection will help for

time management. The route path generated by the software application will optimize the

distance fuel.

Son Thanh Nguyen, Bich Ngoc Le, Quy Xuan Dao, "AI and IoT-powered Smart
University Campus: Design of Autonomous Waste Management", 2021 International

Symposium on Electrical and Electronics Engineering (ISEE), pp.139-144, 2021. This

paper focuses on developing autonomous waste management which helps efficient and

optimal collecting and recycling of garbage. Optimized waste management and green

energy-based approach lead to less fuel consumption, which eventually cuts off the

carbon footprint, making the waste management process eco-friendlier. Specifically, an

autonomous truck is utilized to automatically collect garbage from smart bins to a

transfer station by means of solar-powered sensor networks, trajectory planning, self-

driving car, RFID recognition, etc. To build an autonomous truck and an autonomous bin,

we use hardware including Jetson Nano, Arduino, STM32F4 and camera and open source

software including OpenCV, TensorFlow, Arduino IDE, Keil C.

Kittiya Thibuy, Sorawit Thokrairak, Prajaks Jitngernmadan, "Holistic Solution

Design and Implementation for Smart City Recycle Waste Management Case Study:

Saensuk City", 2020 - 5th International Conference on Information Technology (InCIT),

pp.233-237, 2020. Recycling waste is valuable waste due to its potential to be used as

raw material. According to our observation and data collection at the Bangsaen Beach,

Saensuk City, Chon Buri Province, Thailand, a lot of valuable waste is being thrown

away instead of being collected and separated properly. This leads to not only the raw

material problem but also the environmental pollution. We found out that the 2 main

reasons cause people do not litter their waste appropriately are 1) they lack of basic

knowledge how to separate the valuable waste correctly, and 2) they lack of motivation to

separate the valuable waste. From this point of view, we designed a holistic waste

management system that tries to tackle these problems using modern Information
Technology. The system consists of 2 parts; the first one is the software design and

implementation including web-based waste management application and mobile-

application-based rewarding system; whereas the second one is the hardware design and

implementation based on Internet of Things and Machine Learning technology. This part

can recognize and separate 3 kinds of waste automatically, namely glass bottles, plastic

bottles, and metal cans. The system is tested and it functions as expected. It can separate

the mentioned 3 kinds of waste with good results. The rewarding system on mobile

application allows the people to collect the points and get rewarded. This motivates them

to litter their waste properly.

Zhuang Kang, Jie Yang, Guilan Li, Zeyi Zhang, "An Automatic Garbage

Classification System Based on Deep Learning", IEEE Access, vol.8, pp.140019-140029,

2020. Garbage classification has always been an important issue in environmental

protection, resource recycling and social livelihood. In order to improve the efficiency of

front-end garbage collection, an automatic garbage classification system is proposed

based on deep learning. Firstly, the overall system of the garbage bin is designed,

including the hardware structure and the mobile app. Secondly, the proposed garbage

classification algorithm is based on ResNet-34 algorithm, and its network structure is

further optimized by three aspects, including the multi feature fusion of input images, the

feature reuse of the residual unit, and the design of a new activation function. Finally, the

superiority of the proposed classification algorithm is verified with the constructed

garbage data. The classification accuracy of the proposed algorithm is enhanced by

1.01%. The experimental results show that the classification accuracy is as high as 99%,

the classification cycle of the system is as quick as 0.95 s.

 Alireza Hassani, Alexey Medvedev, Arkady Zaslavsky, Annamalai Saravanan,

"IoT-enabled Smart Waste Disposal System: a Use Case for the Context Management

Platform", 2020 Global Internet of Things Summit (GIoTS), pp.1-6, 2020. In the last few

decades, the world has been witnessing an enormous increase in the amount of produced

garbage, causing multiple environmental challenges. A significant part of the garbage can

be recycled. However, for achieving a high rate of recycling, it is vital to collect different

types of recyclable materials separately. It is often a challenging task for citizens to

identify the type of waste and find the right container for disposal, especially when

disposal uncommon types of garbage. Aligned with this problem, in this paper, we

propose an IoT-enabled waste disposal system, focusing on several novel features, which

make the system different from the existing alternatives. The proposed system relies on

the Context Management Platform (CMP), which provides Context-as-a-Service in a

smart city environment. In this way, we illustrate how a CMP platform can connect IoT

data sources to enable streamlined development of applications. The novelty of the

proposed smart disposal system is in the simple user interface that automatically

recognises the type of waste based on the image taken by a smartphone. Then, the

application navigates the user to the closest available container, based on the real-time

IoT data from waste containers and other related IoT entities. Creating such an

application requires using several advanced features of a CMP platform, which we

illustrate in this paper. Moreover, the proposed system provides a way to interact with a

potentially available locking mechanism of the smart waste container lid to only allow

authorised users to use the container.

Xueying Li, Ryan Grammenos, "Evaluation of practical edge computing CNN‐

based solutions for intelligent recycling bins", IET Smart Cities, 2023. Rapid economic

growth has given rise to the urgent demand for more efficient waste recycling systems.

An innovative smart recycling bin is proposed that automatically separates urban waste to

increase the recycling rate. Over 1800 recycling waste images were collected and

combined with an existing public dataset to train neural network classification models for

two embedded systems, one incorporating a Jetson Nano and the other a K210 unit. The

model developed reached an accuracy of 93.99% on the Jetson Nano and 94.61% on the

K210. A user interface application was also designed to collect feedback from users

during their interaction with the smart bin. In terms of power consumption, the system

employing the Jetson Nano consumed 4.7 W, representing a 30% reduction in power

consumption compared to previous work, while the K210 required just 0.89 W of power

to operate. In summary, our work demonstrated a small‐scale, fully functional prototype

of an energy‐efficient, high‐accuracy smart recycling bin, with the potential of

commercialisation for the purpose of improving urban waste recycling.

S. Sambooranalaxmi, P. Karuppasamy, M. Muthukarthika, C. Petchimuthu, G.

Saranya, "Embedded C-Based Automatic Waste Segregation System", Soft Computing

for Security Applications, vol.1449, pp.427, 2023. The significant development in waste

production and the unpleasant dumping of garbage are becoming issues of concern due to

the environmental damage they cause. An automated trash segregation system is critical

in preventing this situation and making recycling easier. Unsanitary circumstances exist

in cities with overflowing garbage cans. This newly developed technology, which is also

cost-effective, makes waste management more productive.

K.O. Mohammed Aarif, Caffiyar Mohamed Yousuff, B.A. Mohammed Hashim,

C. Mohamed Hashim, P. Sivakumar, "Smart bin: Waste segregation system using deep

learning‐Internet of Things for sustainable smart cities", Concurrency and Computation:

Practice and Experience, vol.34, no.28, 2022. Waste management is a major issue with

the emerging growth in the world population, and we need to find efficient ways to

recycle and reuse waste. Segregating waste has become a primary need in waste

management as different types of waste like Bio & Non‐Bio‐degradable waste should be

processed differently. Effective waste isolation at the fundamental level is especially

required for this. Several Smart cities oriented smart garbage management systems are

also proposed using Internet of Things (IoT) and GSM. The existing smart bins using IoT

and wireless sensor network (WSN) are dependent significantly on two major things.

First, multiple types of sensors, as a single sensor may not be able to detect different

material waste, and second, the console (Microcontroller, Arduino Raspberry Pi) and

connectivity which in turn dependent on programming and operating system. These

limitations of the embedded smart bin are overcome by combining IoT with artificial

intelligence approaches such as deep neural network (DNN) systems. In this paper, we

have presented a Friendly Waste Segregator Using Deep Learning and the IoT to classify

and isolate the waste objects as biodegradable and nonbiodegradable. Our proposed

method utilizes, a robust deep learning network to classify the waste accurately and IoT

for monitoring and connectivity using various sensors. Our proposed method with initial

training can identify and segregte real‐time waste objects without human intervention

with an average accuracy of 97.49 %. Our smart bin intends to provide optimized waste

management of bio and non‐bio‐waste and help to build an ecologically safe society.
Speed

Related Literature

According to (Wesley Pereira et. al. 2019), on their study about Smart Bin (Waste

Segregation and Optimization) stated that the smart bin is an efficient and hygienic waste

disposal and segregation system which will eventually help in waste optimization.

According to the study of SOLARIMPULSE FOUNDATION entitled (how to

shape the future of waste) which they stated that each types of waste correspond to a

management process. To properly manage waste, pre-sorting it necessary. This sorting

allows the separation of recyclable from non-recyclable waste, and subsequently the

energy recovery. In the landscape of contemporary education, raising environmental

awareness is considered a vital goal that lies in the interdependence between humankind

and environment not only to encourage conservation of irreplaceable natural resources

but also to foster a sense of connection to the natural world (SOLARIMPULSE

FOUNDATION, 2019).

Regula schegg (2021), she said in her study about ―The opportunity to invest in

strategies that transform Asia`s waste management and recycling industry‖ that with

near-zero interest rates presenting a favorable investing environment for the foreseeable

future, it is now time to invest in South and Southeast Asia`s recycling and circular

economy industries. The increase in plastic waste must be more effectively manage to

build resilient supply chains and divert plastic waste from the environment. This kind of

win-win scenario is worth the attention and prioritization from governments and investors

across the region. By that it will also generate a positive socio-economic outcome such as

jobs, women empowerment, and improved sanitation while capturing the economic value
of plastic waste.

Even in institutions with previously established waste management programs,

provider knowledge is a large barrier. Implementation of a waste segregation initiative

with education and waste stream optimization requires little upfront costs and can be

easily implemented into the daily OR workflow. (Anna F. et al. 2021)

In this research, we made three colored trash bins by using plastic bottles. We

used plastic bottles to lessen up the trash bottles to our environment. These plastic bottles

can be used to make a trash bin for proper segregation. This action research can improve

the paper segregation of wastes by using three colored trash bins for proper segregation.

(Ronalyn C. et al. 2020).

This research focused on the effectiveness of proper segregation by using trash

bin coal filtration to filter waste in every classroom of Grade 12 Accountancy, Business,

and Management (ABM) Strand students at Best link College of the Philippines in terms

of filtering solid and liquid waste, proper segregation, and odor. Trash bin coal filtration

helps students to maintain the cleanliness of the classroom, students’ behavior, and

teachers’ moods and reactions. (J. Pedro, 2019).

Segregation is the first step to total waste management. The previous study

presented a device that isolates plastic bottles and tin cans through the use of the object's

resonant frequency. However, it was computer-dependent and had limitations with regard

to the position of drop of the object. Thus, this paper presents a standalone system, an

automated trash bin that distinguishes plastic bottles and tin cans regardless of the

object's position of drop. (M. Sejera et al. 2016).

This study suggests classifying garbage as recyclable and aids in improving the
sorting of compact trash that is gathered from the general population. The suggested

method is an advanced hybrid multi-layered deep learning system that sort compact trash

into categories that may be further recycled into usable products using the CNN

algorithm. It lessens human work and aids in automating the trash sorting mechanism. (S.

Sheeba, et al., 2023).

Such a mechanism for separating metal, dry, and wet wastes does not yet exist. To

solve this issue, the idea suggests a spot automated waste segregation device. A parallel

resonance impedance system is employed to separate the metallic trash, and capacitive

sensors are used to separate the wet and dry trash. The trash has a better chance of being

recovered because of this activity, and the occupational risks for trash segregation

personnel are also decreased. (N. S. Gupta, et al., 2018).

The amount of trash produced by a rising population cannot be managed by

India's present waste management infrastructure. A comprehensive waste management

system is required to solve this problem. The appropriate segregation of collected trash

is crucial. The smart trashcan for trash segregation proposed in this paper uses the

Internet of Things to identify wastes inside the dustbin using sensor devices and separates

them right away into several chambers. Using an image processing method, the plastic

and biodegradable materials are separated and recognized. This facilitates the efficient

separation of trash. (P. Bansal, 2021)

Related Studies

Aleena V.J.*, Kavya Balakrishnan, Rosmi T.B., Swathy Krishna K.J., Sreejith S,

T.D. Subha, Waste Segregator and Monitoring System, Journal of Microcontroller

Engineering and Applications, Volume 3, Issue 2, 2016. An Automated Waste Segregator

can be installed at the society level to separate waste into metallic, dry, and wet waste.

The system can only segregate one sort of garbage at a time, with metal, wet, and dry

waste. Cost reduction, resource optimization may all be accomplished by applying this

method.

Nimisha S Gupta, Deepthi V, Mayakunnath, Rejeth Pal S, Badsha T S, Nikhil

Binoy C, Automatic Waste Segregation, IEEE, 2018. India requires an efficient waste

management system, because impetuous urbanization and ever-increasing population.

Only one-fifth of the garbage produced is processed, with the remainder thrown in

landfills. Household waste segregation helps in the reduction of complexity in waste

treatment plants. Typically, household garbage is physically separated into dry and wet

categories by workers collecting the garbage. So, the goal of this study is to develop an

automated waste segregation system for households and small societies. The project's

main output is to minimize the amount of human work and time necessary for waste

segregation, and to do so, we need an automatic waste segregator. This technique to

classifying garbage into three categories: metal waste, dry waste, and wet waste by

automation which is simple and uncomplicated by Arduino Uno. The automated process

saves a lot of time and work for waste treatment plants, making them more efficient. We

have a waste classification system that we employ for each type of waste. An electronic

sensor is utilized for detection, while smaller mechanical arms are used for separation.

This study will assist society in a number of ways. Waste management, with the goal of

recycling waste as much as possible.

S. .. Dudhal, B. S. Jonwal and P. H. P. Chaudhari, "Waste Segregation Using

Programmable Logic Controller," International Journal For Technological Research In

Engineering, pp. 545-547, 2014. The automated waste segregation system can

successfully segregate waste at source. This is possible with the help of machine learning

and material sensors. This system can be easily produced again because multiple waste

bins will be able to use the same model that was trained. This system, if further

improved, may be used to improve the waste management situation. The model that was

trained can also be applied to different uses not only for this system. One of the biggest

pains is the possible wide variation of waste that may be inputted into the system.

Therefore, for the system to be accurate, the dataset needs to be quite large and

continuously updated. The ability for the users to validate the images taken for the waste

classification model is invaluable because it will allow for the dataset to grow and for the

model to be retrained to be more accurate.

Chandramohan, J. Mendonca, N. R. Shankar, N. U. Baheti and N. K. Krishnan,

"Automated Waste Segregator," in 2014 Texas Instruments India Educators' Conference

(TIIEC), Bangalore, 2014. The system has its own limitations. It can only segregate

waste one at a time and its accuracy can be improved. Also, wastes that are large cannot

be segregated with the system, and the time it takes for waste to be segregated is too long.

Thus, improvements can be made to improve the whole system. The design for the

receptacle should be changed to allow for larger wastes to be segregated using the

system. The model could be retrained further with a larger dataset to allow for the

accuracy of classification to improve. The code could be optimized to lessen the time it

takes from sensing the waste has entered the system to it being segregated. Since, the

time for segregation can be minimized; multiple wastes can be thrown in a shorter span

of time. Finally, additional waste classes could be added to the model. This would help in
recycling more materials.

M. S. Sowmyashree, I. G. Saritha, S. Abhilash, Aman Sharma, Sailakshmi

Saravanan, Siri N. Rao, "Machine learning based reward bin for effective waste

segregation", INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON RECENT INNOVATIONS IN

SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY (RIST 2021), vol.2463, pp.020045, 2022. Waste

disposal along with its management is the main concern worldwide. The waste that is

produced on a daily basis is impossible to control hence, it is rising constantly. The

manually segregated garbage is less efficient, less feasible and is time consuming. The

system introduced in this paper is based on machine learning that uses CNN algorithm to

segregate the item to be disposed into the bin as plastics and non-plastics like plastic

bottles, metal cans, paper cups, tetra-packets, and wrappers.

Nan Su, Zhishuo Lin, Wenlong You, Nan Zheng, Kun Ma, "RMGCS: Real-time

multimodal garbage classification system for recyclability", Journal of Intelligent &

Fuzzy Systems, vol.42, no.4, pp.3963, 2022. Management of garbage classification is a

general term for a series of activities to sort, store and transport garbage into public

resources according to certain regulations or standards. Current garbage classification

systems have several drawbacks, such as inability to identify multiple garbage categories,

and high dependence on the surrounding environment. To address these issues, this paper

has proposed the Real Time Multi-Modal Garbage classification System (abbreviated as

RMGCS). It consists of two sub systems: an indoor garbage classification applet

(abbreviated as IGCA) and an outdoor garbage classification system (abbreviated as

OGCS). IGCA provides users with three methods of garbage classification, and OGCS

provides users with outdoor real-time multi-target garbage classification and can
dynamically update the recognition model. RMGCS achieves real-time, accurate, and

multimodal classification. Finally, the experiments with RMGCS show that our

approaches are effective and efficient.

Deveshi Thanawala, Aditya Sarin, Priyanka Verma, "An Approach to Waste

Segregation and Management Using Convolutional Neural Networks", Advances in

Computing and Data Sciences, vol.1244, pp.139, 2020. Population explosion in India has

led to an outburst of some major concerns, one of which is the waste generation and

disposal system. India is accountable for producing 12% of the global municipal waste.

As a result, waste is collectively dumped irrespective of the type leading to drainage

blockages, pollution and diseases. In this paper, we have proposed a model for waste

segregation that uses neural networks to classify waste images into three categories

namely recyclable, non-recyclable and organic. A training accuracy of 83.77% and

testing accuracy of 81.25% was obtained. Along with the proposed neural network, five

standard CNN architectures – VGG-16, Dense-Net, Inception-Net, Mobile-Net and Res-

Net are also tested on the given dataset. The highest test accuracy of 92.65% was

obtained from the Mobile-Net classifier. The paper also proposes an on-site waste

management system using 8051 micro-controller and GSM technology.

Jacklin Presilla Gounder, Rosy Caunder, Shivam Baikerikar, Sejal Chopra,

"Waste Segregation Using Smart Bin and Optimization of Collection Routes", SSRN

Electronic Journal , 2020. Waste management is one of the crucial universal problems at

present. The rapid growth in world population, their intricate living styles and the pace of

urbanization has increased the amount of solid waste produced. Therefore, having a

legitimate checking component is an absolute necessity to deal with the situation. India
has policies to deal with all kinds of waste but implementation is weak and not monitored

effectively. Plastics stay an issue of concern. Protests over strong waste dumping across

India have increased. Our Objective is create a model which will be used to segregate and

optimize waste management and collection process. The proposed system will sense

different types of waste and segregate them at the user end and will inform the authority

when the waste bins are getting filled. It will also provide users with a proper dumping

technology to put their waste into the assigned bins and also guide them to the nearest bin

if they encounter any problem with bins.

Adelodun B, Kim SH, Choi KS (2021) Assessment of food waste generation and

composition among Korean households using novel sampling and statistical approaches.

Waste Manag 122:71–80. Food waste management in Korea has become increasingly

important as the country continues to champion the transition into a circular economy

among the OECD countries to achieve sustainable development target goals. However,

reliable primary data on food waste quantity and composition to achieve its prevention

and managementtargets by understanding food waste patterns among Korean households

is poorly documented.

Ahmmed MS, Arif MF, Hossain MM (2020) Prediction of solid waste generation

and finding the sustainable pathways in the city of Dhaka. Manag Environ Qual

31(6):1587–1601. https://doi.org/10.1108/MEQ-10-2019-0214. Solid waste (SW) is the

result of rapid urbanization and industrialization, and is increasing day by day by the

increasing number of population. This thesis paper emphasizes on the prediction of SW

generation in the city of Dhaka and finding sustainable pathways for minimizing the gaps

in the existing system.

Effectiveness

Related Literature

Nafiz, M. S., Das, S. S., Morol, M. K., Juabir, A. A., & Nandi, D.

(2023).ConvoWaste: An Automatic Waste Segregation Machine Using Deep Learning.

The research paper titled "ConvoWaste: An Automatic Waste Segregation Machine

Using Deep Learning" by MD Shahariar Nafiz and his co-authors offers a comprehensive

solution to the pressing issue of urban waste control. The paper highlights the ever

growing undertaking of waste disposal in urban regions and the need for superior

technological answers to beautify sustainability and promote the circular financial

system. The proposed device employs deep learning and photograph processing

techniques to accurately classify waste, and it sooner or later makes use of servo motor-

based mechanisms to segregate the waste into corresponding bins. Using ultrasonic

sensors and dual-band GSM conversation technology for waste degree monitoring and

notifications provides an extra layer of efficiency to the waste management method. This

research emphasizes the function of automation and current technology in improving

waste control and resource optimization, consistent with the standards of the circular

economic system

Nowakowski, P., & Pamuła, T. (2020). Applications of deep learning object

classifier to improve e-waste collection planning. The study by Piotr Nowakowski and

Teresa Pamuła focuses on leveraging deep learning object classification to enhance e-

waste collection planning. The authors spotlight the growing issue of waste electrical and

digital systems (WEEE) and the need for green strategies for collection and disposal.

They advise a unique system that employs photo popularity via convolutional neural
networks (CNNs) and region-based CNNs (R-CNNs) to classify and become aware of e-

waste items robotically. This device targets the full-size use of smartphones for e-waste

identification and conversation among people and waste collection businesses.

Kadus, T., Nirmal, P., & Kulkarni, K. (2020). Smart Waste Management System

using IoT. International Journal of Engineering Research, V9 (04). The paper by

Tejashree Kadus, Pawankumar Nirmal, and Kartikee Kulkarni introduces an innovative

approach to address the escalating issue of waste management by utilizing the Internet of

Things (IoT). The authors emphasize the developing waste era in each business and

family sector, highlighting the demanding situations posed by the growing use of non-

biodegradable substances. While advanced countries have green waste management

structures, growing international locations often struggle with inadequate waste disposal

practices, contributing to fitness and environmental concerns. The paper's consciousness

of smart waste control offers a possibility to address these issues.

Kang, Z., Yang, J., Li, G., & Zhang, Z. (2020). An Automatic Garbage

Classification System Based on Deep Learning. IEEE Access, 1-1. The paper titled "An

Automatic Garbage Classification System Based on Deep Learning," published in July

2020 in IEEE Access, addresses the crucial issue of rubbish classification within the

context of environmental protection, useful resource recycling, and social well-being.

The authors endorse an automatic garbage category device based on deep knowledge.

The system encompasses the layout of the trash bin, the hardware structure, and a cell

app. The classification set of rules relies on the ResNet-34 algorithm, which was

optimized via multi-function fusion, characteristic reuse of the residual unit, and a new

activation function. The proposed set of rules achieves an outstanding type accuracy of
99% with a quick type cycle of zero.95 seconds.

Meeradevi, Raju, S., & Vigneshkumaran. (2020). Automatic Plastic Waste

Segregation And Sorting Using Deep Learning Model. *International Journal of

Scientific & Technology Research, 9*(2), 5773. The research paper entitled "Automatic

Plastic Waste Segregation and Sorting Using a Deep Learning Model" by K. Raju and

Meera Devi Thiagarajan, published in March 2021, addresses the problem of strong

waste management in urban regions. The authors understand that guide segregation of

recyclable wastes is an effort-intensive challenge and suggest a gadget to automate the

process. The paper describes a gadget that collects photos of various plastic bottles and

employs deep learning, particularly Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN), to categorize

and type the bottles without human intervention. The authors utilize image processing

techniques with the Speeded Up Robust Features (SURF) set of rules for characteristic

extraction and train a CNN to classify the bottles into classes consisting of

polypropylene, high-density polyethylene, and polyethylene terephthalate. This method is

expected to improve the efficiency of waste management and recycling while minimizing

charges. The study underscores the significance of automatic waste segregation systems,

especially in urban environments where waste generation is large. The authors endorse an

answer that leverages deep learning and picture processing, making it a doubtlessly cost-

effective and efficient technique for plastic waste segregation. By developing a custom

dataset and making use of the CNN model to classify distinct plastic bottle kinds, the

authors demonstrate a sensible technique for figuring out and sorting recyclable

materials. The associated paintings phase of the paper presents a top-level view of prior

research efforts in the field of item detection and the usage of deep mastering. It cites
examples of weakly supervised learning for nuclear waste detection, the use of deep

convolutional neural networks (DCNN) for the indoor object class, and combining

convolutional neural networks (CNNs) with conditional random fields (CRFs) for object

segmentation. These references emphasize the growing interest in applying deep learning

to deal with the challenges of object detection and type.

Endaya, J. P. S., Mabitasan Jr., F. S., & Gonzales, J. C. M. (2020). Design and

Implementation of Automated Waste Segregator with Smart Compression. LPU-Laguna

Journal of Engineering and Computer Studies, 4(3). The study entitled "Design and

Implementation of Automated Trash Bin with Smart Compression" with the aid of John

Paul S. Endaya, Ferdinand S. Mabitasan Jr., and Jonela Cyvel Mae Gonzales addresses

the critical difficulty of stable waste control inside the Philippines, where waste

technology is step by step increasing. This observation proposes a progressive solution

concerning an automatic trash bin machine that could efficiently segregate exceptional

types of waste while additionally optimizing the area inside the trash bin. This approach

makes use of technology, which includes Arduino Uno microcontrollers, sensors, and

stepper motors, to automate the segregation procedure. The observation is fairly relevant

given the growing waste technology in the Philippines and the need for green and

sustainable waste control structures. The authors provide an in-depth evaluation of the

waste management problem, emphasizing the importance of efficient waste segregation

from the supply. By automating this procedure, the first class of recyclable substances

may be preserved and infection reduced. This method aligns with global efforts to

enhance aid efficiency and reduce waste, addressing Sustainable Development Goal 12 of

the UNESCO Sustainable Development Goals. The Philippines generates large amounts
of solid waste, and this observation presents a practical technique to tackle this problem

by means of ensuring that recyclable materials are well segregated. The literature review

phase presents a complete evaluation of associated work, such as studies on smart waste

separators, computerized trash bins with content material monitoring, and smart sensor

structures for waste identification and segregation. These studies show the significance of

automating waste segregation and clever waste control structures. The proposed system

on this page is promising, with the integration of diverse sensors and hardware additives

to efficiently segregate unique types of waste. By automating this process, it minimizes

the threat of human negligence and contamination of recyclable substances.

Flores, M. G., & Tan, J. B. Jr. (2019). Literature Review of Automated Waste

Segregation System using Machine Learning: A Comprehensive Analysis. International

Journal of Simulation. The literature overview titled "Literature Review of Automated

Waste Segregation Systems: The Use of Machine Learning: A Comprehensive Analysis"

by Myra G. Flores and Jose B. Tan Jr. Addresses the urgent difficulty of waste

management within the context of rising urbanization. The authors emphasize the

essential role of proper waste disposal at the base level in reaching ecological

sustainability. The review explores various strategies for sorting waste, with a focus on

analyzing and classifying garbage through the use of photo processing. This method is

offered as a productive way to dispose of waste substances more efficiently. The study

objectives are to evaluate present studies, identify demanding situations, algorithms, and

methodologies used, and advocate capacity avenues for additional studies. The literature

review highlights the dimensions of the waste control mission, in particular within the

Philippines, wherein the technology of garbage is increasing because of urbanization. The

disposal of not unusual kinds of waste, which include plastic, paper, and kitchen waste, is

discussed in detail. The document points out that the fallacious disposal of rubbish, which

includes illegal dumping and the proximity of sell-off websites to waterways, contributes

to the pollution of oceans. It also identifies vastly demanding situations within the

implementation of stable waste control plans and the enforcement of policies. The

authors introduce various research projects and systems that try to automate and enhance

waste segregation. These structures range from telephone programs that use photo

reputation to IoT-based total waste series systems that employ convolutional neural

networks (CNN) to classify waste. The assessment discusses the strengths and

weaknesses of those systems and their capacity effects on waste management. Overall,

the literature overview provides treasured insights into the desire for progressive waste

segregation solutions and serves as an aid for researchers looking to address this essential

environmental difficulty

Ang, F. G., Gabriel, M. K. A., Sy, J., Tan, J. J. O., & Abad, A. C. (2013).

Automated Waste Sorter with Mobile Robot Delivery Waste System. Presented at the

Research Congress 2013, HCT-II-016, De La Salle University, Manila, Philippines. The

paper "Automated Waste Sorter with Mobile Robot Delivery Waste System" presented at

the Research Congress 2013 at De La Salle University in Manila addresses a sizable

environmental trouble within the Philippines: the dearth of proper waste segregation and

recycling. The authors highlight that even as recycling centers exist, the procedure is a

guide, and those frequently do not segregate waste nicely. They propose a modern answer

that includes an automated waste sorter (AWS) and a mobile robot waste delivery system

(MRWDS) to automate the sorting process and minimize human interference in waste
collection and segregation. The literature evaluation in this paper discusses the

significance of waste segregation and recycling to reduce waste going to landfills. It

emphasizes that most of the waste thrown away in Manila consists of recyclable

substances; that's a big waste of resources. The authors should be aware that recycling

centers inside the Philippines rely on manual sorting, which may be dangerous to

employees' fitness. Therefore, their proposed system aims to deal with those problems by

automating the sorting process and streamlining waste collection. The methodology

phase outlines the technical details of the AWS and MRWDS, providing a clean know-

how of how those structures operate. The AWS makes use of various sensors and a

conveyor belt to sort recyclables, even as the MRWDS employs a line-following robotic

to gather waste boxes. The paper also discusses layout concerns, including the usage of

sensors for detecting recyclables, a block diagram for the AWS, and the importance of

proper spacing of gadgets on the conveyor belt.

Sigongan, J. B., Sinodlay, H. P., Cuizon, S. X., Redondo, J. S., Macapulay, M. G.,

O., C., & Gumonan, K. M. (2023). GULP: Solar-Powered Smart Garbage Segregation

Bins with SMS Notification and Machine Learning Image Processing. The literature

evaluation provides an intensive evaluation of the demanding situations and traits within

the area of stable waste management, emphasizing the growing trouble of the waste era

globally. The evaluation highlights alarming information related to the sheer extent of

waste produced globally and the inadequacies in waste management and segregation.

This scenario poses widespread environmental issues and underscores the need for

revolutionary solutions. The literature review similarly explores numerous technological

initiatives geared toward enhancing waste segregation, collection, and monitoring. These
tasks comprise a variety of advanced technologies, which include IoT, synthetic

intelligence, and computer vision, to automate and decorate waste control systems. The

studies mentioned show off loads of methods, from smart waste bins that robotically

segregate waste to structures that notify authorities while boxes are complete or want to

be cleaned. Overall, the literature overview highlights the important need for green solid

waste management and the promising efforts to address this challenge through

technology-driven solutions. These modern structures provide the potential to not only

enhance waste control but also inspire accountable waste disposal practices, which can be

essential for mitigating the unfavorable environmental impacts of incorrect waste

management.

Yusiong, J. P. T. (2022). An ensemble of CNN-ELM models for trash

classification. University of the Philippines Visayas. ICIC Express Letters, 16(9), 943–

950. The paper "An Ensemble of CNN-ELM Models for Trash Classification" by John

Paul Tan Yusiong delves into a tremendous problem in urban regions: the management of

strong waste. The escalating amount of rubbish generated day by day necessitates green

waste disposal and segregation. The creator proposes LitterNets, an ensemble of

heterogeneous CNN-ELM models, to deal with this undertaking. Unlike current

techniques that involve lengthy education methods with information augmentation

techniques, LitterNets achieves comparable overall performance with significantly

reduced schooling time. The effects show that the ensemble technique is both simple and

effective, as it boosts accuracy while simplifying the schooling process. The paper

effectively highlights the developing situation of stable waste management in city areas,

emphasizing the significance of waste segregation for correct handling. The paper makes
a valuable contribution by introducing LitterNets, a version that streamlines the education

technique for the waste category. Notably, it utilizes transfer learning and excessive

knowledge of system (ELM) networks, which converge fast, reducing the schooling time

drastically. The research additionally underscores the significance of accurate and rapid

category strategies in building superior waste disposal and segregation structures,

emphasizing the need for automation to replace hard-earned, in-depth guide sorting

methods. The associated literature affords context by summarizing existing techniques in

the automated waste category and mention their barriers, which include lengthy training

periods and the reliance on fact-augmentation techniques. This sets the level for the

proposed answer, LitterNets, which tackles these troubles by combining the strengths of

CNN and ELM fashions and adopting an ensemble approach. The dialogue on the

advantages of using CNN-ELM frameworks for real-world problems reinforces the

credibility of the proposed solution.

Related Studies

Karthikeyan, K., & Selvam, A. P. (2019). Automatic waste segregation machine

using PLC and RFID. International Journal of Engineering Science and Technology

(IJEST), 11(5), 828-833. The study "Automation of Waste Segregation System using

PLC" by Rashmi M., Kittali and Ashok Sutagundar, published in the International

Journal on Emerging Technologies (main issue of ICRIET-2016), provides insights into a

new approach to waste management with increased waste production and environmental

problems. In a cum-filled world, this study highlights the importance of filters. The

authors argue that this initiative can help address key challenges related to waste

management, especially in the context of Prime Minister Modi’s Swachh Bharat

Abhiyan. Utilizing programmable logic controllers (PLCs) and networks of sensors, the

research presents a systematic and efficient method for separating waste types, increasing

the economic value of recyclables, and reducing the environmental impact of waste

disposal. Comprehensive and effective waste management is the contribution of this

study, which is great in addressing the growing issue of waste management, especially in

densely populated areas. Introducing a PLC as an integral part of the system is a unique

approach, offering modularity, flexibility, and adaptability, which can be a game-changer

in waste management. A detailed description of the components and sensors used in the

design of the PLC is also emphasized, which can contribute to a more sustainable future.

Nevertheless, the paper would benefit from a detailed discussion of the challenges,

limitations, and potential shortcomings of the proposed framework. Furthermore, it

would be useful to see empirical results or case studies that demonstrate the effectiveness

of this system in real-world situations. Overall, the study provides promising solutions for

waste management; its implementation can have a significant impact on waste reduction

and recycling; and further research and better implementation of this system, especially

in densely populated areas, can contribute to greater progress in solving the global litter

problem.

Iyer, A. B. (2018, October 20). Arduino-Based Automated Waste Segregator

Final Year Project. Department of Electronics and Telecommunication Sies Graduate

School of Technology. Arukumar Balakrishnan Iyer's research, "Arduino-Based

Automated Waste Segregator," published in October 2018, addresses the important issue

of waste management in the context of increasing population, urbanization, and

industrialization. The paper highlights its importance, emphasizing that waste is properly
separated at source to effectively reduce environmental health risks. It introduces the

Auto Waste Segregator (AWS) as an economical, easy-to-use solution for separating

household waste into metal, solid waste, and liquid waste categories, which are made

from water, cold, and inductive proximity sensors controlled by Arduino. The

development of the study based on the research results is promising to address the

increasing challenge of waste in urban areas. The paper rightly states that the economic

benefits of waste can only be realized through proper waste recycling and recycling,

which requires proper waste separation. Furthermore, it emphasizes the benefits of

household segregation planting, including better recycling and reduced waste worker

health risks. The paper critically considers this technology and shows that noise can be

reduced by increasing the accuracy and efficiency of the classification process. The study

highlights the need for a household waste separation system, which is consistent with the

proposed AWS project.

Shravan K R, Emanti, S. S., Shreyas G, Tejas S, & Pushpaveni H. P. (2020).

Automated Waste Segregation using Machine Learning. International Research Journal

of Engineering and Technology (IRJET), 7(8). The research by Shravan KR and his team,

as published in the "International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology" in

March 2020, addresses an important issue in India: Efficient Separation of Waste. The

authors highlight the challenges posed by rapid urbanization and industrialization in cities

like Mumbai, where waste generation per capita is high. Traditional waste collection

methods rely on manual labor and are inefficient and sometimes dangerous. The

proposed solution incorporates machine learning techniques, especially convolutional

neural networks (CNN), to automatically classify garbage. This approach has the
potential to significantly improve waste disposal and recycling. The authors emphasize

the need for systems that can automate waste separation and enhance sanitation efforts,

especially in urban areas. CNN technology plays an important role in optimizing waste

classification. Using transfer learning, where pre-trained neurons are tailored to specific

bee profiles, the system can achieve even higher accuracy in even fewer cases. The goal

of this method is to classify wastes into various categories and then further process them

for reuse. It is a promising solution that not only provides faster and more efficient waste

disposal but also reduces the risk to workers involved in the process. The study also

includes the separation of microscopy and sensitivity used for the analysis, which

maximizes the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of the educational delivery and

engages in theoretical and theoretical considerations merely in the process of dealing with

it, which contributes valuable assistance towards the decision taken by the Government

of India.

Kabra, Neha, et al. "Automatic Waste Segregation Using Embedded System."

International Journal of Innovations in Engineering Research and Technology, 2017, pp.

1-3. The paper titled "Automatic Waste Segregation Using Embedded Systems" by Neha

Kabra, Pragya Tirthkar, Pratiksha Umak, and Poonam Devkar addresses an important

issue in today's urban environment: waste management and divisions. The authors

emphasize the importance of proper waste segregation to reduce environmental hazards

and ensure clean and hygienic cities. Their proposed system uses a combination of

devices, including a conveyor belt, a high-speed blaster, and an electromagnet, to

automate waste separation in wet and dry steel batches. Using this system, the authors

aim to increase the value generated from waste and facilitate its production for recycling.
The authors’ focus on the importance of waste separation as a means of realizing the

economic value of waste is in line with broader efforts towards waste management and

environmental sustainability, which have improved the corresponding The use of a

system microcontroller, such as the PIC16F877A, is an advantageous option for

commercial and industrial applications due to its low power consumption and high

operational speed. The components used in the system, such as the blower and

electromagnet, are well suited for their tasks, it appear to be simple and effective, making

this system a promising approach to weed-related challenges. The study provides a

detailed and systematic description of the design and operation of the waste separation

system. The use of various components such as microcontrollers, blowers, and

electromagnets is clearly described, providing insight into the technical aspects of the

system, but to enhance the research, authors can report results on waste picking into the

efficiency and performance of the system. This can further demonstrate how it works,

and the system is important.

Srivastava, P., Sindhwani, R., Sharma, B. P., Singla, A. V., Gupta, R., & Goyal,

A. (2020). Development of Automatic Waste Identification and Segregation System. The

paper is titled "Development of Automated Waste Identification and Separation System"

by Priyank Srivastava, Rahul Sindwani, Bhupendra Prakash Sharma, Aditya Vikram

Singla, Raghav Gupta, Aditya Goyal Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) Management, and

Sustainability in India The authors recognize the challenges posed by the increasing

amount of garbage and the problems associated with manual extraction. In response, an

automatic garbage detection and separation system incorporating sensors, including

proximity, humidity, capacitive, and ultrasonic sensors, and the use of a Raspberry Pi 3
Model B+ was developed. The system aims to distinguish various materials, such as

glass, plastic, and metal, from waste. They are also separated, providing an efficient and

practical method of waste management. Considering the tremendous increase in waste

production due to urbanization and technological advancement, the authors’ study is

timely and relevant. It emphasizes the importance of waste management, especially in

developing countries like India, where waste issues are a major concern. The data

presented in the paper highlight the urgency of the problem, showing that waste

contamination is steadily increasing over time. The proposed waste detection and

separation device is a promising solution to address this challenge and improve waste

management. The study survey presented in the paper identifies various approaches to

MSW management, focusing on separation and recovery methods. It emphasizes the

importance of separating the waste for later processing and recycling. Discussing

methods such as the Trommel test, gravity separation, storm separation, etc., the authors

limit their work to existing waste management methods. Although the paper provides

valuable insights into the weed profile of weeds in India, benefits will be gained from

experimental results or operational measures. Nevertheless, the commitment of the

authors to address the important challenges of waste management is to be commended,

and their work is poised to make a significant contribution to the field.

Wu, X., Li, J., Yao, L., & Xu, Z. (2020). Auto-sorting commonly recovered

plastics from waste household appliances and electronics using near-infrared

spectroscopy. The study, published in the Journal of Cleaner Production and titled

"Automatic sorting of plastics commonly recovered from waste house appliances and

electronics by near-infrared spectroscopy," recycles plastics from electrical and electronic

waste for reuse. It provides valuable insights, which greatly contribute to plastic waste.

Research typically uses near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy as a non-destructive and rapid

method to identify and separate recovered WEEE plastics. The research uses a spectral

angle mapper (SAM), partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA), and linear

discriminant analysis (PCA) combined with principal component analysis. The separation

of plastic species in WEEE is important to increase the overall trade value. The study

highlights the importance of developing automated sorting technologies to replace

manual processes in WEEE recycling. Mechanical separation methods are discussed, but

the authors propose the use of NIR spectroscopy for automated sorting, pointing out its

advantages in non-destructive analysis and simultaneous separation of multiple

compounds. Research often focuses on the fragmentation of recovered WEEE plastics,

indicating its potential for extensive use in recycling facilities. The study contributes to

waste management by investigating the use of NIR spectroscopy as an effective plastics

classification tool in WEEE recycling. It addresses the challenges of plastic waste

generated by electronic devices, providing solutions that can improve the efficiency and

accuracy of plastic tracing. Various methods of classification and analysis of plastic

waste other than the use of virginity as a training context deepen analysis, making it a

valuable resource for the recycling industry.

Ghuge, M., & Bhadoria, S. N. (2018). Automatic waste sorting based on image

processing. Journal of Advanced Research in Computer Engineering & Technology

(IJARCET), 7(6), 593. The paper "Automatic Waste Sorting Based on Image

Processing," published in the International Journal of Advanced Research in Computer

Engineering Technology (IJARCET), addresses a special issue of waste management and

recycling research using an artificial neural network (ANN). focuses on the systematic

filtering of potential garbage by identifying the type of garbage from their images. Using

deep learning techniques and back propagation network algorithms, the system classifies

garbage into three main groups based on waste images: plastic, paper, and metal. It

demonstrates the potential of installing a waste extraction system to increase efficiency

and help improve waste management. The authors emphasize the importance of early

waste sorting, especially in developing countries, in order to minimize environmental

damage and minimize the negative impact of waste disposal in the form of improperly

generated waste. The paper highlights the need for intelligent garbage cans that can

separate waste in the home and industrial sectors. This method not only makes waste

management easier but also helps to save the environment. The ability of the proposed

system to operate 24/7 with minimal maintenance is a significant advantage over manual

waste screening, which is limited by human factors such as fatigue and safety concerns. It

provides measured solutions for future challenges and provides valuable support for

waste management, automation, and environmental sustainability.

Rajakumaran, G., Usharani, S., Vincent, C., & Sujatha, M. (2023). Smart Waste

Management: Waste Segregation using Machine Learning. IOP Publishing Ltd. The

research presented by Gayatri Rajakumaran, Shola Ushrani, Christy Vincent, and Sujatha

M. focuses on an important issue in today’s urban environment: waste management and

separation. It uses intelligent techniques, including drones and machine learning, to

improve waste management efficiency. The authors successfully used image

classification and multiple detectors to achieve an impressive 95% accuracy in litter

classification, with an average of 87.4%. This improvement does not seem to improve the
litter management process, which is not only convenient but also significantly reduces

labor costs. Course evaluation provides valuable context for studies. It focuses on a

variety of new waste management techniques and the use of drones for waste detection

and sorting. Many of the studies discussed in the review use different technologies, such

as RFID chips, Arduino microcontrollers, image processing, and CNNs. These strategies

aim to improve the efficiency, effectiveness, and safety of waste management,

contributing to a cleaner, more sustainable environment. Furthermore, the study includes

the safety aspects of computer-physical systems (CPS) internally and as related in this

area, including essentially waste management. The need for advanced security measures

to protect themselves has been emphasized. Overall, the study highlights the importance

of technological advances in waste management and the potential of machine learning,

drones, and IoT-based systems to transform the industry. The findings indicated that this

technology could improve waste management efficiency, be environmentally friendly,

and reduce operating costs. The studies described laid a solid foundation for further

research and development in this important area, promising a cleaner and more

sustainable future.

Widyaningrum, V. T., Romadhon, A. S., & Safitri, R. (2020). Automatic Waste

Sorter Machine using Proximity Sensor. Mechatronics Engineering Department,

University of Trunojoyo Madura, Bangkalan, Indonesia. The research by Vivi Tri

Vidyningram, Ahmad Saharu Romadhon, and Rahmavati Safitri addresses an important

issue in waste management, especially in the Indonesian context, where the problem of

waste disposal and recycling is addressed. The paper introduces an automatic sorter

designed to properly sort through various types of waste, including metal waste and
plastic bottles. The authors use a range of sensors, including inductive proximity sensors

and capacitive proximity sensors, which have been shown to be effective in detecting and

classifying waste species, in addition to a PIR sensor, a device for detecting human

presence, which shall be combined to operate the opening and closing of litter in motion.

The addition of LDR and ultrasonic sensors adds more intelligence to the system. This

study is especially important because of the important issue of waste management in

Indonesia. Lack of awareness among the public about waste disposal and its impact on

the environment is a major concern. The study addresses this problem by providing

innovative solutions that not only encourage responsible waste disposal but also simplify

the process of separating waste for recycling or landfill disposal. This approach is cost-

effective and designed for small businesses, making it a practical solution for

communities and cities. The paper also builds on existing research in the field and

outlines the progress from intelligent waste ports to advanced sorters that can report

completion. This progress is a must, and we especially note it as it meets the specific

need of sorting the waste, which is essential for efficient recycling and waste

management. The ability of the machine to detect waste with 72% accuracy indicates that

it can significantly improve waste management. Overall, this study provides promising

solutions to the waste problem in Indonesia and can serve as a model for other industries

facing similar challenges.

M. Brindha, John Allen, B. Nitish Narayanan, S. Ruba Dharshini, and Dr. R.

Gandhinathan (2023). International Research Journal of Modernization in Engineering,

Technology, and Science. The paper "Design and Fabrication of an Automatic Waste

Segregation System," published in the International Research Journal of Modernization

of Engineering, Technology, and Science, addresses a very important global concern:

efficient waste separation. The study recognizes the need for cost-effective, cost-effective

waste sorting systems with minimal involvement, and emphasizes that inappropriate

segregation gets cuts off severe negative environmental impact in these three levels of

waste focused on the separation of metal waste, non-biodegradable and biodegradable

plastics waste -Introduces a segregation system. This approach has the potential to

improve waste management efficiency while reducing the risks associated with manual

sorting. The authors highlight the growing challenge of waste management. With the

rapid growth of the global population and increasing production, manual waste is often

used for waste sorting, and it produces terrible results. The study acknowledges the

Government of India’s efforts to regulate waste disposal and recycling but also highlights

the persistent issue of public ignorance, resulting in biodegradable and non-biodegradable

waste with mixed results. The proposed automated waste management system aims to

address these challenges by reducing human involvement in the process, which is

necessary for effective waste management. The research paper’s focus on developing an

efficient and functional waste sorting system is commendable. It not only recognizes the

environmental impact of improper waste disposal but also highlights the health hazards of

artisans involved in waste handling. The proposed three-station scheme using an eddy

current divider and an image for plastic detection offers a promising solution. The

objective and problem definition of the study is the urgent need for smart waste sorting to

ensure proper waste disposal, recycling, and environmental protection.

Safety Features

Related Literature

According to (Erik Hollnagel 2018) safety has traditionally been defined as a

condition where the number of adverse outcomes was as low as possible (Safety-I). From

a Safety-I perspective, the purpose of safety management is to make sure that the number

of accidents and incidents is kept as low as possible, or as low as is reasonably

practicable.

Organizations have a responsibility to create workplaces that are safe for their

employees, which can be achieved by implementing evidence-based strategies for

improving workplace safety. Past workplace safety interventions have primarily targeted

safety climate (e.g., Lee, Huang, et al., 2019).

Occupational health and safety is the concern of human well-being, that, this day,

industrialization and service giving sectors development are accelerating, resulting in

workplace work problem booming. Workplace safety and health hazards nowadays

considered as a driving force toward finding solution how to prevent it from the

manufacturing industries employee negative consequences (Jilcha & Kitaw, 2016).

Employers are increasingly interested in offering workplace wellness programs in

addition to occupational health and safety (OHS) activities to promote worker health,

wellbeing, and productivity. (Aviroop Biswas et. al.2018)

Research often highlights the importance of complying with these standards to

ensure the safety of machine operators and reduce workplace accidents (Hassan et al.,

2016).

Waste management is a pervasive problem in today's world and is rising

continuously with a rise in urbanization. Waste management has a vibrant part to have an

ecological environment. Proper waste disposal at the dumping sites has an essential part

in sorting at the base level. Increases in time and more manpower is needed in order to

sort waste using the traditional process. Sorting waste can be done in various methods

and forms.(Myra G Flores, Jose Tan 2019).

Rapid increase in population has led to improper waste management in metro

cities and urban areas which has resulted in spreading of diseases. It is estimated that 2.02

billion tons of municipal solid waste was generated universally in 2006. The segregation,

transport, handling and disposal of waste must be managed properly to minimize the risks

to the public, and the environment. An efficient method to dispose the waste has been

designed in our project,―automatic waste segregator and monitoring system‖.(Aleena VJ,

Kavya Balakrishnan, TB Rosmi, K Swathy Krishna, S Sreejith, TD Subha 2016).

Shah, P.J.; Anagnostopoulos, T.; Zaslaysky, A.; Behdad, S. A stochastic

optimization framework for planning of waste collection and value recovery operations in

smart and sustainable cities. Waste Manag. 2018, 78, 104–114. The concept of City 2.0

or smart city is offering new opportunities for handling waste management practices. The

existing studies have started addressing waste management problems in smart cities

mainly by focusing on the design of new sensor-based Internet of Things (IoT)

technologies, and optimizing the routes for waste collection trucks with the aim of

minimizing operational costs, energy consumption and transportation pollution

emissions. In this study, the importance of value recovery from trash bins is highlighted.

Marques, P.; Manfroi, D.; Deitos, E.; Cegoni, J.; Castilhos, R.; Rochol, J.;

Pignaton, E.; Kunst, R. An IoT-based smart cities infrastructure architecture applied to a

waste management scenario. Ad Hoc Netw. 2019, 87, 200–208. Studies estimate that by

2050 two thirds of the world population will be leaving in urban areas, what leads to the

necessity of intelligent services to meet the needs of the cities residents. An emerging

solution to deal with this scenario is the convergence of information and communication

technologies through the implementation of the concepts of smart cities and Internet of

Things to provide solutions in diverse fields like infrastructure, transportation, and

surveillance.

Puglisi et al., (2019) reported the discriminating bacterial establishment practices

on neoprene waste samples in a wild plastic-dump site [21]. The authors have done a

multidimensional method comprising culturomics, next-gen sequence analyses and fine-

scale physico-chemical dimensions to describe plastic wastes recovered in landfill

abandoned for more than 40 years, besides to evaluate composition of bacterial

populations flourishing as biofilms on the exteriors. Chamas et al., (2020) demonstrated

the rate of degradation of plastics in the environment. The author reviewed the prevailing

works on environmental degradation rates and pathways for the key types of

thermoplastic polymers [22]. The plastic biodegradation was assessed with the use of

frontline microbes and associated enzymes. The authors explore approaches to improve

the degree of bio-deterioration of polyethylene using physical and organic means. The

bacterial species Bacillus subtilis was confirmed for its prospective in utilizing

polyethylene by means of their sole carbon source and described the microbial

degradation of plastics using biofilms and several degradation pathways. The authors

reported the impact of biofilm forming microbes in the degradation of commonly used

plastics. Also, the biodegradation effectiveness of soil intrinsic novel sp. Bacillus tropicus
(MK318648) was evaluated against low density polyethylene matrix.

Related Studies

Mohammad Azmal, Rohollah Kalhor, Nayeb Fadaei Dehcheshmeh, Salimeh

Goharinezhad, Zohreh Asadollahi Heidari, Fereshteh Farzianpour(2014).This article is a

review of the subject matter, in nature, using many library and online sources; it discusses

about the need to move towards the green hospital approach, the administration and

leadership role in its establishment, the environmental impact of hospital operations and

assessment of the effects, wastes management and control, and also the methods in

wastes disposal and treatment.

Kerstin H Wyssusek, Wai Mee Foong, Catherine Steel, Brigid M Gillespie(2016).

Generally, ORs produce approximately one-fifth to one-third of all waste in a hospital.

Before our quality improvement project was performed in our tertiary care facility, all

OR waste was disposed of as clinical waste. Disposal of clinical waste is more costly than

disposal of general waste.

Fatihah Suja, Rakmi Abdul Rahman, Arij Yusof, Mohd Shahbudin Masdar(2014).

e-Waste, or electronic waste, disposal that is uncontrolled can be harmful to human

health and the environment because e-waste contains toxic substances and heavy metals.

However, if the waste is properly managed, it can become a business opportunity that

produces high returns because e-waste also contains valuable materials, such as gold,

silver, platinum, and palladium. The government of Malaysia wants to ensure the safe,

effective, and economically beneficial management of e-waste in Malaysia. Management

approaches have included law enforcement and regulation and the promotion of e-waste

recovery activities.
 Kerstin H Wyssusek, Wai Mee Foong, Catherine Steel, Brigid M

Gillespie(2016).Generally, ORs produce approximately one-fifth to one-third of all waste

in a hospital. Before our quality improvement project was performed in our tertiary care

facility, all OR waste was disposed of as clinical waste. Disposal of clinical waste is more

costly than disposal of general waste.

VP Ajay, A Kishanth, Vaishnavi Kumar, R Santhiya Devi, Amirtharajan

Rengarajan, K Thenmozhi, Padmapriya Praveenkumar(2020).Garbage disposal has

become a vast cause for concern in the world these days. Waste that is generated is

disposed of by means which hurt the environment is a very big amount. Industrial and

domestic waste are major sources of waste. Since people are not concentrating on the

segregation waste into their basic streams is the cause for the unrecognition of the

industrial waste, so the work is mainly concentrating on industrial waste.

S Nandhini, Sharma S Mrinal, Naveen Balachandran, K Suryanarayana, DS

Harish Ram 2019 3rd International Conference on Trends in Electronics and Informatics

(ICOEI), 846-850, (2019). Increasing urbanization has led to a major waste management

crisis with the proliferation of improperly planned structures having no proper facility to

collect, segregate and process waste. Domestic waste has increasing chemical and plastic

content. These chemicals do not perish unless treated properly. The treatment also

necessitates timely collection, segregation and if possible decomposition, reuse or

recycling. Human intervention has been the most popular way to segregate waste, but

when it comes to working with a mixture of wastes, it puts their health and hygiene at

stake.

L Megalan Leo, S Yogalakshmi, A Jerrin Simla, R Thandaiah Prabu, P Sathish

Kumar, G Sajiv(2022)In recent years, one of the vital effects of a growing population is

an environmental hazard. As the world’s population continues to rise, garbage is dumped

at one place, mixing degradable and non-degradable wastes. It spreads infestation and

bad smell. In our daily life, the garbage bins being overloaded and the garbage is run over

resulting in pollution can be seen. In India, the total generated waste is expected more

than 1,50,000 metric tons per day. People spill waste along roadsides, and the people in

charge of the model do not collect it regularly. This automated waste segregation bin is a

project to make it more efficient, in line with our Honorable Prime Minister’s Swachh

Bharath Scheme to make India clean and green. These rapid technological advancements

have resulted in a low initial cost.

Manisha Jayson, Sanket Hiremath, HR Lakshmi(2018)The ever growing human

population is imposing a strong demand and pressure on the environment for sustenance.

This growth spurt has resulted in a steady increase in the amount of waste being disposed

on a daily basis. In most of the developing countries, segregation and timely collection of

waste is a major challenge. Due to inefficient waste segregation, a large amount of

recyclable content go waste. The waste, if not separated properly, gets mixed up and may

eventually leak, resulting in toxicity and may contaminate the ground water table through

poisonous methane gas. In this paper, we present SmartBin, a bin that is able to segregate

waste at source with no human intervention and can automatically alert the waste

collection centre when the bin is full. SmartBin will help solve the waste segregation

problem and help build a greener society, with no compromise on health and hygiene.

Ghoushchi, S.J.; Dorosti, S.; Moghaddam, S.H. Qualitative and quantitative

analysis of waste management literature from 2000 to 2015. Int. J. Environ. Waste
Manag. 2020, 26, 471–486. Waste management is one of the significant environmental

issues. It is adverse for the human, environment, and health is avoidable. It is notable to

say that nowadays investigation in all countries growing dramatically. In this study, the

scientific production of waste management (from 2000 to 2015) is assessed in all the

journals with all the subjects related to the Science Citation Index which are provided by

ISI in Philadelphia, USA. The keyword was used in order to search the title is 'waste

management'. As the output analysis showed, the revolution of this subject was increased

over the last 15 years and the annual paper production in 2013 was about three times

2006-paper production. The number of papers considered in this research is 3,557 which

have been published from 2000 to 2015. Considerably, there is a distinction among

author keywords used in publications. The five high-publish countries in waste

management studies are the USA, China, England, India and Italy. In order to evaluate

this work, quantitative and qualitative analysis methods were used to consider the

development of global scientific production in this specific research field. The analytical

results eventually provide several key findings and consider the overview of waste

management.

Yalcintas, D.; Oguz, S.; Ozelturkay, E.Y.; Gulmez, M. Bibliometric Analysis of

Studies on Sustainable Waste Management. Sustainability 2023, 15, 1414. Environmental

issues have spread around the world as a result of rapidly evolving technology,

industrialization, urbanization, and population expansion. Alongside this, wastes are

produced as a result of rising manufacturing activities, the use of natural resources, and

brisk consumption. Thus, waste management poses a great danger to both our

environment and future generations and is one of the most important environmental
problems of our age. Sustainable waste management should be implemented effectively

in order to protect rapidly depleted natural resources within the scope of sustainable

waste management, prevent the negative effects of waste on the environment and human

health, and to ensure their participation as an economic input. The aim of this study is to

examine the studies on sustainable waste management between the years 2010–2021 with

the visual mapping method. In this context, SSCI, SCI and ESCI indexes were selected in

the Web of Science database, and a search was conducted with the concept of

―sustainable waste management‖. There were 599 publications found with the phrase

―sustainable waste management‖ in the title. Later, these publications were visualized

and interpreted through the VOSviewer mapping method. The most frequently used

keyword in the findings was ―sustainable waste management‖. The author with the most

publications was ―Yong Sik Ok‖, while the most cited author was ―Daniel C.W. Tsang‖.

It was observed that the highest number of publications among the countries was in

China. China was also identified as the country with the highest number of citations. The

findings of the study can be graphically visualized to obtain the most relevant

information to be applied in firms. Additionally, because doing a literature review

requires a lot of time, it is believed that the researchers will find the findings of this study

that compiles the literature useful. For policy makers can bring new perspectives about

incorporating strategies in wastes and waste management.

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