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 Numerical Heat Transfer, Part A: Applications
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Entropy optimization of MHD non-Newtonian fluid

in a wavy enclosure with double diffusive natural
convection

Imran Shabir Chuhan, Jing Li, Ziyu Guo, Hasan Shahzad & Muhammad Yaqub

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10.1080/10407782.2023.2228482

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NUMERICAL HEAT TRANSFER, PART A: APPLICATIONS
https://doi.org/10.1080/10407782.2023.2228482

Entropy optimization of MHD non-Newtonian fluid in a wavy

enclosure with double diffusive natural convection
Imran Shabir Chuhana, Jing Lia, Ziyu Guoa, Hasan Shahzadb , and Muhammad
Yaqubc
a
Faculty of Science, Interdisciplinary Research Institute, Beijing University of Technology, P.R. China; bCollege
of Mechanical Engineering and Applied Electronics Technology, Beijing University of Technology, P.R. China;
c
Faculty of Information Technology, Beijing University of Technology, P.R. China

ABSTRACT ARTICLE HISTORY

This study investigates the impact of an inclined magnetic field (MHD) on Received 1 March 2023
entropy generation in double diffusive natural convective flow in a wavy Revised 31 May 2023
enclosure filled with a non-Newtonian Casson fluid. The Galerkin Finite Accepted 15 June 2023
Element Method (GFEM) is employed to numerically solve the standard for-
KEYWORDS
mulation, utilizing quadratic polynomials for momentum interpolation and Casson fluid; double
a linear interpolating function for model approximation. The discretized diffusive; GFEM; magnetic
system is resolved using Newton’s approach and PARDISO’s matrix factor- field (MHD); wavy cavity
ization. Through simulations of varying ranges of Rayleigh numbers
ð1e3
Ra
1e5 Þ, Casson parameter ð0:1
b
10Þ, Hartmann numbers
ð0
Ha
40Þ, Lewis numbers ð0:1
Le
5Þ, and inclined angle gamma
ð0
c
60o Þ, the study provides valuable insights into the behavior of
double diffusive natural convection in the wavy enclosure. Isotherms, iso-
concentration contours, and streamlines are analyzed to assess different
input distributions, and the study presents graphical representations and
tabular data on heat transfer, mass transfer rate, and entropy production.

1. Introduction
Double diffusive convection (DDC) describes natural convective flow in a gravity field where the
fluid’s density is influenced by both temperature and concentration gradients. This phenomenon
has garnered significant attention from both industry and academia, leading to numerous numer-
ical and experimental studies aimed at better understanding its behavior. With its relevance in
fields such as astrophysics, space science, biology, and various technical applications, including
natural gas storage tanks, solar ponds, and food processing, DDC has a broad range of practical
applications and significant implications. DDC can be affected by fluid rheology, such as yield
stress in Casson fluid. Non-Newtonian fluids like Casson fluid have yield stresses and is of par-
ticular interest within magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) due to its unique rheological properties. In
MHD, magnetic fields can interact with the fluid flow, leading to additional complexities in the
behavior of the fluid. Understanding the behavior of Casson fluid under MHD can be crucial in
the design and optimization of many industrial processes, including metallurgy, chemical engin-
eering, and materials processing. The interaction between fluid flow, heat transfer, and magnetic
fields in MHD can accelerate the entropy generation. The presence of DDC and MHD in Casson
fluid systems can result in significant entropy generation, due to the additional irreversibility’s

CONTACT Jing Li [email protected] Faculty of Science, Interdisciplinary Research Institute, Beijing University of
Technology, Beijing, 100124, P.R. China.
ß 2023 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
2 I. S. CHUHAN ET AL.

Nomenclature
x horizontal coordinate (dimensional) (m) T temperature (dimensional) (K)
y vertical coordinate (dimensional) (m) .e thermal diffusivity (effective) ðm2 :sec1 Þ
X horizontal coordinate (nondimensional) c angle (inclination)(degree)
Y vertical coordinate (nondimensional) Le Lewis number
u velocity for x-coordinate Pr Prandtl number
(dimensional) ðm:s1 Þ g gravity ðm:s1 Þ
v velocity for y-coordinate Ra Rayleigh number


(dimensional) ðm:s1 Þ cp specific heat J:Kg 1 :K 1
U velocity for x-coordinate DOF degree of freedom
(nondimensional) Sh Sherwood number (local)
V velocity for y-coordinate Shavg averaged Sherwood number
(nondimensional) Nu Nusselt number (local)
Ke thermal conductivity (effective) ðW:mK 1 Þ Nuavg averaged Nusselt number
p fluid pressure (dimensional) (Pa) l kinematic viscosity ðm2 :s1 Þ
P fluid pressure (nondimensional)

 NEL number of elements
c concentration (dimensional) Kg:m3 h temperature (nondimensional)
C concentration (nondimensional) b Casson parameter


B magnetic field (Tesla) q fluid density Kg:m3
B0 magnetic field strength (Tesla)

introduced by the interaction between magnetic fields and the fluid flow. The optimization of
such systems involves minimizing the rate of entropy generation while accounting for the com-
plex interplay between these phenomena. The investigation into the existence of this mechanism
was initially carried out in-depth by Stommel et al. [1]. At the time, they referred to the phenom-
enon as an oceanographic curiosity. Since that time, it has gained considerable attention in the
field of oceanography. Later on, Turner [2] described some of the key ideas and conditions
needed to generate DDC in one of the early studies. After that, Huppert and Moore [3] investi-
gated the movement of a fluid that was confined while being heated between two long horizontal
planes. The modeling of DDC at high Rayleigh numbers was carried out by Linden and
Shirtcliffe [4]. Double diffusive convection is a result of variations in concentration, whereas the
thermal Rayleigh number describes the process of natural convection due to temperature varia-
tions. The solute species diffusivity in the fluid is represented by the Schmidt number and the
thermal conductivity is quantified by the Prandtl number. The relationship between the solutal
Rayleigh and thermal Rayleigh numbers is represented by the buoyancy ratio N, and the ratio of
the Schmidt number to the Prandtl number is referred to as the Lewis number. The behavior of
DDC is deeply intertwined with these parameters, making them critical for understanding and
modeling.
In recent years, researchers have been focused on studying the DDC of Casson fluids due to
their practical applications in daily life, such as in the cases of blood, jams, and petroleum pro-
duction [5–8]. In their study Pop and Sheremet [9] investigated the convective flow of a Casson
fluid within a square cavity, considering the influence of thermal radiation. The study found that
increasing Casson parameter improves fluid flow and heat transfer. Natural convection of visco-
elastic fluids using the Casson model was studied by Aghighi et al. [10] in a square cavity having
side heated walls. Galerkin residual weighted FEM (using a quadrilateral element with eight
nodes) was used to obtain the results. Velocity and temperature increase for high value of
Rað103
Ra
106 Þ: Hamid et al. [11] presented the results of their study on the natural convec-
tion of Casson fluid in a trapezoidal enclosure, examining the effects of varying lengths of heated
section. The heated wall and Rayleigh number Rað104
Ra
105:5 Þ conclude that streamlines
represent the main part of the trapezoidal cavity. Casson fluid convection within a square cavity
was studied [12] to determine the impact of heat radiation. In their study Aneja et al. [13]
 NUMERICAL HEAT TRANSFER, PART A: APPLICATIONS 3

investigated the flow characteristics of Casson fluids by examining a square cavity with cooled
side walls and a lower wall that was partially heated. When the fluid parameter increases the heat
transfer also increases. Umair et al. [14] explored the mass and heat transfer phenomena associ-
ated with MHD Casson fluid flow within a wavy cavity featuring a heated circular center. Using
the finite element method, the flow distribution is analyzed by streamlines, isotherms, and isocon-
centration contour patterns. Result shows that increasing the Casson parameter reveals a positive
correlation with the heat transfer rate, whereas a negative relationship is observed between the
mass transfer rate and the Casson parameter. The study [15] investigates the magneto-convective
natural convection in a square enclosure with a porous medium and transverse magnetic flux.
Hooman energy flux vector method and Bejan’s heat line approach are employed for visualization
and analysis. The study conducted by Venkatadri et al. [16] investigated a numerical investigation
of magneto-convective flow in a porous square cavity with Hall currents and thermal radiation
effects. Utilizing a finite-difference vorticity stream function approach implemented in MATLAB,
the research examined the impact of various parameters on streamline patterns, local Nusselt
number and temperature contours. The research findings indicate that the presence of a magnetic
field hinders natural convection at low buoyancy ratios, while it effectively suppresses the thermal
convective flow at higher ratios.
The unique feature of shear thinning is exhibited by the non-Newtonian Casson fluid, which
implies that the fluid’s viscosity decreases with an increase in the shear rate, eventually reaching
zero at an infinite shear rate, whereas its viscosity is infinite at a zero-shear rate. Due to its
unique properties, Casson fluid has found various applications in the medical and pharmaceutical
industries. A study was investigated by Sriram et al. [17] to investigate the effect of the non-
Newtonian properties of blood on microvascular wall shear stress measurements and put forward
a two-layer model based on non-Newtonian principles to predict blood flow behavior. Foong
et al. [18] conducted a study on the impact of the Sisko model parameters and the radius of the
artery on the Nusselt number and the temperature of blood flow, and concluded that non-
Newtonian blood flow has a reduced heat transfer rate compared to Newtonian blood flow.
Hasan [19] conducted a mathematical investigation into the natural convection energy transport
in a trapezoidal enclosure, which was influenced by both solutal buoyancy and thermal effects. In
the context of blood flow properties, numerical simulations revealed a shift from non-Newtonian
flow to Newtonian flow behavior as a result of medical treatment through the body’s vessels. This
change in blood flow properties can have negative health implications due to alterations in body
temperature. The researchers Mahanthesh and Gireesha [20] investigated the thermal Marangoni
convection of magneto-Casson fluid flow that incorporates dust particles into their study. Their
findings indicate that dusty non-Newtonian fluids exhibit a higher rate of heat transfer than dusty
Newtonian fluids. The two-phase flow of a dusty Casson fluid and used the Cattaneo-Christov
model (heat flux) in their examination of three different geometries by Mahanthesh et al. [21].
They found that the results of different flow patterns were qualitatively similar across all flow
conditions. Hasan et al. [22] investigated the behavior of an incompressible, laminar fluid in a
bifurcated channel featuring elastic wavy walls. They also examined the impact of applying a
magnetic field in the axial direction. The study employed an Arbitrary Lagrangian-Eulerian (ALE)
formulation along with finite element methods to approximate the displacement, velocity, and
pressure within the system. The results indicate that as the Hartmann number increases, there is
a corresponding rise in boundary loads and wall shear stresses (WSS). Conversely, an increase in
the Reynolds number corresponds to a decrease in velocity and WSS. Researchers [23–25] contain
some additional research on Casson fluid flow.
The influence of magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) on both conductive and viscous fluids is sub-
stantial and has a significant impact on various commercial operations, including energy produc-
tion, thermonuclear fusion, refining crude oil, and plasma containment. However, partially
ionized liquids and metallic liquids exhibit low Reynolds numbers, resulting in a minimal amount
4 I. S. CHUHAN ET AL.

of induced magnetic field (MHD) during fluid motion. Magnetic fields are utilized to increase
heat transfer because of their effect on fluids’ electrical conductivity [26]. Lorentz force [27, 28],
referred to as MHD convection heat transfer, was a body force that affected flow and heat trans-
fer under magnetohydrodynamics (MHD). Over the past few years, many research studies on
MHD have seen widespread usage among academics [29]. Venkatadri et al. [30] conducted a the-
oretical analysis of MHD convection in a square enclosure with a porous medium. The investiga-
tion focused on an enclosure that was partially filled with a highly permeable medium,
considering the influence of a transverse magnetic field. The study examined the impact of
Hartmann number, Darcy number, and Rayleigh number on temperature contours, streamline
patterns, heat flux distributions, and Nusselt number using Lattice Boltzmann method. In a study
by Gireesh et al.[31], the three-dimensional DDC of a Casson nanofluid was analyzed with the
influence of thermal radiation and magnetohydrodynamics (MHD). Maatki et al. [32] introduced
the impact of varying magnetic field intensities and inclination angles on a 3D cavity. They inves-
tigated heat and solutal convection in a binary solution-filled cavity and found that the magnetic
field intensity could merge 3D vortices into a single main vortex. Additionally, Ahmed et al. [33]
studied the entropy production of DDC of Casson fluid on a nonlinear stretching sheet.
The consideration of entropy generation is essential in the study of natural convection heat trans-
port in cavities. Goodarzi et al. [34] conducted a study to investigate the influence of radiation on
mixed heat transfer in a square enclosure containing a semi-transparent medium. In a rectangular
cavity, hydro magnetic DDC has been explored numerically by Chamkha and Al-Naser [35, 36].
Their cavities and basic conditions were very similar to Nishimura’s [37], but in addition, they gener-
ated magnetic fields and heat. Later on the authors Chamkha et al. [38] conducted a study on the
flow behavior and entropy generation in a C-shaped cavity. The researchers performed a numerical
analysis to investigate the DDC phenomenon in several different types of enclosures, including square
[39], triangular [40], rectangular, trapezoidal [41], semi trapezoidal [42] parallelogram and square lid-
driven cavities. Venkatadri et al. [43] examined the visualization of heat flow within a trapezoidal
enclosure with thermal radiation. Energy flux vectors were employed to analyzed the heat transfer
phenomena, and a finite difference method with incremental time steps was utilized to solve the cor-
responding nonlinear boundary value problem. Hussein et al. [44] used the finite volume method and
heat lines to investigate natural convection visualization in inclined wavy cavities filled with nanofluid.
Results show that the geometry of the cavity significantly affects the flow and temperature distribu-
tion. The local Nusselt numbers increase with higher solid particles and larger amplitudes of the
waves, solid volume fractions and wave amplitudes, while velocity profiles increase near the left
sidewall and decrease near the right sidewall of the cavity with increasing ½e: With higher wave amp-
litude and Rayleigh number, both nano and base fluids exhibit an increase in heat functions. Al-
Rashed et al.[45] conducted the finite volume technique to conduct a numerical investigation of
convective flow and entropy generation within a three-dimensional cubical cavity. The enclosure con-
sisted of vertical walls that subjected to differential heating and cooling conditions. Ali et al. [46]
investigated the influence of magnetohydrodynamics on the transient rotational flow of nanofluids
using the finite element method. Their results suggest that increasing magnetic force and rotational
fluid parameters lead to reduced velocities but increased temperatures, while the thermal relaxation
parameter causes a decrease in nanofluid temperature. Using finite-element discretization, Bagh et al.
[47] investigated the influence of periodic microgravity and magnetic field on mixed convection in
the flow of micropolar nanofluids on an extending inclined sheet. Their results indicate that the
hybrid nanofluid performs better in terms of velocity and temperature distribution, compared to the
alone mono-nanofluid.

 This research investigates the behavior of double-diffusive convection (DDC) in a wavy cavity
filled with a non-Newtonian fluid, aiming to explore its characteristics and impact on fluid
dynamics within the cavity.
 NUMERICAL HEAT TRANSFER, PART A: APPLICATIONS 5

Figure 1. Schematic representation of the problem.

 Examined the impact of various parameters such as Hartmann number ðHaÞ, Casson param-
eter ðbÞ, Lewis number ðLeÞ, buoyancy ratio ðNÞ, and Rayleigh number ðRaÞ on entropy gen-
eration, magnetic effects, and heat and mass transfer rates.
 The Galerkin Finite Element Method is employed to obtain a numerical solution to the gov-
erning equations.
 A hybrid meshing technique, utilizing rectangular and triangular elements, is used to discretize
the domain, providing insights into the behavior of DDC convection in wavy enclosures. The
study presents various patterns of isotherms, iso-concentration contours, and streamlines,
accompanied by graphical representations and tabular data on heat transfer rate, mass transfer
rate, and entropy production.

2. Mathematical model
This study aims to explore the mechanism of double diffusive natural convection in a wavy
enclosure filled with a non-Newtonian fluid by analyzing the changes in fluid density and their
impact on the momentum equation. The cavity obstacles (Right & Left) are heated at high(fixed)
temperature and concentration, whereas the side walls of cavity (Right & Left) having low con-
centration and temperature. The wavy walls and middle obstacle of cavity are adiabatic. The cav-
ity is comprised of two obstacles placed symmetrically on both sides, each with a radius of
0.8 cm, and a middle obstacle with a radius of 0.5 cm. These dimensions have been chosen based
on careful consideration of their impact on the heat transfer and characteristics fluid flow. They
were selected to create a desired flow pattern, improve mixing, and optimize heat transfer effi-
ciency. A magnetic field with a magnitude of B was imposed at an angle c. A 2-D laminar and
steady state flow model was used to simulate the Casson fluid’s flow inside the wavy cavity, with
specific temperature conditions for each side.
The representation of the flow problem and the schematic geometry of the unstructured mesh
can be found in Figure 1a, b, respectively.
The continuity, momentum, energy, and concentration equations in dimensional form can be
derived based on the assumptions mentioned above. These governing equations [24] are as
follows:
ux þ v y ¼ 0 (1)
 
1 l 1þb
u ux þ v uy ¼  px þ ðux x þ uy y Þ þ fx (2)
q q b
 
1 l 1þb
u vx þ v vy ¼  py þ ðvx x þ vy y Þ þ fy (3)
q q b
6 I. S. CHUHAN ET AL.

where


fx ¼ 1B20 v:sinccoscu:sin2 c

   (4)
fy ¼ 1B20 u:coscsincv:cos2 c þ qg bc ðc  cc Þ þ bT ðT  Tc Þ


where bT shows the thermal and bc shows solutal expansions. f ¼ fx , fy represent the force
index which includes the Boussinesq approximation and magnetic field.


u:Tx þ v:Ty ¼ .e Tx:x þ Ty:y (5)

u:cx þ v:cy ¼ Dðcx:x þ cy:y Þ (6)

where, .e is thermal diffusivity, q is fluid density, l is kinematic viscosity, D is magnetic diffusiv-

ity, b is Casson parameter and 1 is diffusion coefficient.
Boundary Conditions:
Cold circles T ¼ Tc u ¼ v ¼ 0, c ¼ cc
Hot circles T ¼ Th u ¼ v ¼ 0 c ¼ ch (7)
Rest of walls Tn ¼ cn , u ¼ v ¼ 0 cn ¼ 0

where n indicates the normal vector on the boundary.

Dimensionless form of governing equation:
The non-dimensional form of Eqs. (1–6) and the boundary condition (7) is obtained by using
dimensionless parameters as

ðu, vÞL ðx, yÞ p L2 c  cc T  Tc

ðU, VÞ ¼ , ðX, YÞ ¼ , P¼ , C¼ ,# ¼ ,
.e L q.e 2 ch  cc Th  Tc
rffiffiffi (8)
ke r q2 bT gL3 DT Pr v .e
.e ¼ , Ha ¼ BL , Ra ¼ , Pr ¼ , Le ¼
ðqcp Þf l r2 a D

The non-dimensional system of equations, with boundary conditions is obtained by inserting

Eq. (8) into Eqs. (1–6) and Eq. (7), as follows
UX þ VY ¼ 0, (9)

1
U:UX þ V: UY ¼  :PX þ WðUX:X þ UY:Y Þ þ fX , (10)
q

1
U:VX þ V: VY ¼  :PY þ WðVX:X þ VY:Y Þ þ fY , (11)
q

where, W ¼ Pr 1 þ b1 , Pr ¼ lq


fX ¼ Ha2 Pr sinccosc V  sin2 cU ,

 (12)
fY ¼ Ha2 Pr sinccosc U  cos2 c V þ Pr RaðNC þ #Þ,

U:#X þ V:#Y ¼ ð#X:X þ #Y:Y Þ, (13)

1
U:CX þ V:CY ¼ ðCX:X þ CY:Y Þ, (14)
Le
Boundary Conditions:
 NUMERICAL HEAT TRANSFER, PART A: APPLICATIONS 7

The specific boundary conditions(non-dimensional) are,

Cold circles #¼0 U ¼ V ¼ 0, C ¼ 0
Hot circles #¼1 U ¼ V ¼ 0, C ¼ 1 (15)
Rest of walls #n ¼ 0, U ¼ V ¼ 0, Cn ¼ 0
On the hot side, local and averaged Nusselt number and Sherwood number are obtained by,
Nulocal ¼ ð#X ÞX¼0 (16)
Shlocal ¼ ðCX ÞX¼0 (17)
ð1
Nuavg ¼ Nu dY (18)
0
ð1
Shavg ¼ Sh dY (19)
0

2.1. Entropy generation

Entropy generation is a term used in thermodynamics to describe the increase in disorder or ran-
domness that occurs during energy transfer or transformation processes. In fluid systems, entropy
generation is a continuous process caused by the irreversible nature of viscous effects and heat
transfer. This entropy generation results from non-equilibrium flow driven by the boundary con-
ditions within the cavity.
k h
 i rB2
Stotal ¼ ðTx Þ2 þ Ty 2 þ 0 ðu:sincv: coscÞ2
T0 T0
 
l bþ1
þ 2 uy :vx þ ðux Þ2 þ ðvy Þ2 þ ðuy Þ2 þ ðvx Þ2 , (20)
T0 b
The above equation includes,
Thermal irreversibility
k h
i
Sth ¼ ðTx Þ2 þ Ty 2 , (21)
T0
Magnetic effects irreversibility
rB20
Smag ¼ ðu: sincv:coscÞ2 , (22)
T0
Viscous irreversibility
 
l bþ1
Svis ¼ ðuy þ vx Þ þ 2ðux Þ þ 2ðvy Þ ,
2 2 2
(23)
T0 b
The entropy generation in dimension less form in [22] is
Thermal irreversibility
2 2
Sth ¼ ð#X Þ þ ð#Y Þ , (24)
Magnetic effects irreversibility
Smag ¼ Ha2 ðsinc:Ucosc:VÞ2 , (25)
8 I. S. CHUHAN ET AL.

Viscous irreversibility
 
bþ1

Svis ¼ /1 ðUY þ VX Þ2 þ 2ðUX Þ2 þ 2ðVY Þ2 , (26)
b

So, the total entropy production is,

2 2


Stotal ¼ ð#X Þ þ ð#Y Þ þ Ha2 /1ðsinc:Ucosc:VÞ2 þ s1 ðUY þ VX Þ2 þ 2ðUX Þ2 þ 2ðVY Þ2 , (27)

where, s1 ¼ /1 1 þ b1 , Hence it can be expressed as,

Stotal ¼ Sth þ Smag þ Svis (28)

3. Solution methodology
Numerous computational methods have been employed to investigate fluid flow and heat transfer
within enclosures. The GFEM is considered the most efficient computational scheme for obtain-
ing an optimized solution while providing a comprehensive physical description of the problem.
In finite element analysis, the initial step is to create a mesh of the computational domain. To
obtain more accurate results, a hybrid meshing technique was used, which involves discretizing
the computational domain using both rectangular and triangular elements. The Newton method
is used to solve the nonlinear system of equations, while the linear inner system is solved using
the direct solver PARDISO with LU matrix factorization to reduce the required number of itera-
tions for achieving the desired level of convergence.

3.1. Grid convergence

The results of a grid independence analysis for Nuavg (averaged Nusselt number) and Shavg (aver-
aged Sherwood Number) are presented in Table 1 and demonstrate the validity of the outcomes
obtained through the use of 1 to 9 grids. Each grid is characterized by its number of NELs (nodes
or elements in the grid), DOFs (degrees of freedom). These grids are used to prove the validity of
the results obtained for Le ¼ 0:1, Pr ¼ 6:8, N ¼ 1, b ¼ 1, Da ¼ 0:02, Ha ¼ 20, Ra ¼ 103 :
Therefore, the DOFs changed from 5,174 to 351,277 and NELs changed from 472 to 39,002. In
the case of the last two grids (L8 and L9), the variance between the heat and mass transfer rate is
insignificant. As a result of utilizing, DOFs of 351,277 and NEL of 39,002 grid independences can
be achieved furthermore, these DOFs and NEL provide the foundation for the numerical results.

Table 1. Grid convergence test and DoF (Degree of Freedom) for the Nuavg and Shavg for different parameter Le ¼ 0:1, Pr ¼
6:8, b ¼ 1, Ra ¼ 103 , Ha ¼ 20, N ¼ 1, Da ¼ 0:02:
Grid NEL DOFs Nuavg Shavg
1 472 5174 6.48105 0.32512
2 840 8863 6.64922 0.33851
3 1276 13059 6.70786 0.34328
4 2374 23483 6.74753 0.34639
5 2770 27563 6.75678 0.34706
6 4412 42387 6.76049 0.34741
7 11584 108691 6.77551 0.34852
8 32498 295993 6.77797 0.34868
9 39002 351277 6.77798 0.34869
 NUMERICAL HEAT TRANSFER, PART A: APPLICATIONS 9

Table 2. Comparison of average Nusselt number for Ha ¼ 25, N ¼ 1, Ra ¼ 1e5 , Pr ¼ 6:8, Le ¼ 2:5
with previous study of Hasan et al. [19] and different value of Casson parameter b:
b [19] Present
0.1 2.39023 2.4001
1 3.81168 3.8921
5 4.27511 4.3385
10 4.35470 4.3824

Figure 2. Impact of b (Casson Parameter) on Streamline Velocity, Isothermal and Isoconcentration.

Figure 3. Effect of Casson parameter b : (a) Variation of Nuavg (average Nusselt number) along Ha (Hartmann number). (b)
Variation of Shavg (averaged Sherwood number) along Ha (Hartmann number) for Ra ¼ 1e3 , N ¼ 1, Pr ¼ 6:8, Le ¼
0:1, c ¼ 0:
10 I. S. CHUHAN ET AL.

Table 3. Variation of b (Casson parameter) and Ha (Hartman number) on Nuavg and Shavg :
Nuavg Shavg
Ha b ¼ 0:1 b¼1 b ¼ 2:5 b¼5 b ¼ 10 b ¼ 0:1 b¼1 b ¼ 2:5 b¼5 b ¼ 10
0 6.6964 8.5804 9.0025 9.1824 9.2828 0.3597 0.5718 0.6109 0.6271 0.6359
10 6.1686 7.0959 7.2526 7.3153 7.3492 0.2730 0.3734 0.3886 0.3947 0.3979
20 5.5291 5.7836 5.8204 5.8346 5.8422 0.1722 0.2039 0.2081 0.2097 0.0973
30 5.2598 5.3297 5.3394 5.3431 5.3451 0.1186 0.1302 0.1316 0.1322 0.2105
40 5.1653 5.1879 5.1909 5.1921 5.1927 0.0915 0.0966 0.0973 0.0975 0.0976

3.2. Code validation

Code validation is demonstrated using the comparison of the Nuavg (mean Nusselt number) with
a previous study by Hasan et al. [19], with fixed values of Ha ¼ 25, Ra ¼ 1e5 , Le ¼ 2:5, Pr ¼
6:8, and varying values of the Casson parameter (b) as shown in Table 2. The validity of our
findings was confirmed through comparison, resulting in a high level of agreement with previous
results. This confirms the reliability and accuracy of the results obtained in this study.

4. Result and discussion

This section presents the valuable insights into the heat and mass transfer characteristics of the
fluid flow system under investigation. Through extensive analysis and interpretation of the data,
significant findings were obtained, influencing the transfer rates and associated phenomena. The
results highlight the effects of various parameters such as inclined angle, Hartmann number,
Lewis number, and Casson parameter on the averaged Nusselt number and averaged Sherwood
number. These findings illustrate the influence of these parameters on the fluid flow characteris-
tics, temperature profiles, and concentration distribution. The section further analyses the velocity
streamlines, temperature contours, and isoconcentration, as well as the averaged Nusselt numbers
Nuavg , averaged Sherwood number Shavg , and entropy generation for different Casson parame-
ters, Lewis number, Rayleigh number, and Hartmann number. Standard values of ðHa ¼ 20, b ¼
0:1, N ¼ 1, Ra ¼ 1e3 , Pr ¼ 6:8, Le ¼ 0:1, c ¼ 0Þ are used in the analysis.

4.1. Impact of b
The results of the study, depicted in Figure 2, clearly demonstrate the impact of the Casson par-
ameter b ¼ 0:1, 1, 10, on the velocity stream lines, isoconcentration and temperature contours.
This generates a flow pattern where the fluid circulates in opposing directions around the max-
imum temperature obstacles located on either side of the channel. Despite the increase in the
number of Casson parameters, the contours remain unchanged, illustrating the characteristic of
double-diffusion heat transfer in an enclosed environment.
Figure 3 displays the relationship between the (a) heat transfer rate and Hartmann number for dif-
ferent Casson parameter (b) mass transfer rate and Hartmann number for different Casson parameter
for N ¼ 1, Ra ¼ 1e3 , Pr ¼ 6:8, Le ¼ 0:1, c ¼ 0: The results of this study represent a positive cor-
relation between the increase of Casson parameter and the enhancement of heat and mass transfer
rate in the fluid flow system. This is due to the formation of stronger shear layers near the walls,
which enhances the fluid mixing and increases the convective transport of heat and mass. Conversely,
when Ha is high the transfer rate of heat and mass goes down and minimum value being observed.
As the Hartmann number increases, the heat and mass transfer rate decrease for all value of Casson
parameter b: This is due to the heigh Hartmann number signifies a strong magnetic field that hinders
the movement and turbulence of the fluid, resulting in a reduced transport of heat and mass.
Table 3 presents the heat transfer rate Nuavg (average Nusselt number) and mass transfer rate
Shavg (average Sherwood number) for varying values of Casson parameter b and Ha: The Hartmann
 NUMERICAL HEAT TRANSFER, PART A: APPLICATIONS 11

Figure 4. Variation in Stream lines, Isothermal and concentration for different Lewis Parameter Le.

Figure 5. Influence of Lewis Number Le, for parameters Ra ¼ 1e3 , N ¼ 1, Pr ¼ 6:8, b ¼ 0:1, c ¼ 0 (a) Relationship between
Nuavg (average Nusselt number) and Ha (Hartmann number). (b) Relationship between Shavg (averaged Sherwood number) along
Ha (Hartmann number).

Table 4. Impact of Lewis number Le and Ha on Nuavg and Shavg :

Nuavg Shavg
Ha
Le 0 10 20 30 40 0 10 20 30 40
0.1 6.6964 6.1686 5.5291 5.2598 5.1653 0.3597 0.2730 0.1722 0.1186 0.0915
1 6.4476 6.0280 5.4977 5.2546 5.1643 1.8414 1.6115 1.1264 0.7298 0.4900
2 6.2116 5.8683 5.4455 5.2429 5.1618 2.2345 0.3886 1.7110 1.2457 0.8803
5 5.8751 5.6254 5.3429 5.2094 5.1515 2.7276 0.3947 2.4201 2.0450 1.6536
12 I. S. CHUHAN ET AL.

Figure 6. Variation in Stream lines (velocity), Isothermal and Isoconcentration for different buoyancy ratio N.

Figure 7. Influence of buoyancy ratio N for set of parameters Ra ¼ 1e3 , c ¼ 0o , Pr ¼ 6:8, b ¼ 0:1, Le ¼ 0:1 (a) Nuavg (aver-
age Nusselt number) and Ha (Hartmann number). (b) Relationship between Shavg (averaged Sherwood number) along Ha
(Hartmann number).

number ranges from 0 to 40, with increments of 10. Based on the findings, it seems that when the
Casson parameter goes up, there is a direct relationship between the Nuavg and Shavg : On the other
hand, when the Hartmann number is high, both the Nuavg and Shavg decrease, reaching their lowest
point.

4.2. Impact of Lewis number

Figure 4 shows the stream line (velocity), temperature contours and isoconcentration for different
value of Lewis number ðLe ¼ 0:1, 1, 5Þ: For low value of Lewis number, the stream lines are
 NUMERICAL HEAT TRANSFER, PART A: APPLICATIONS 13

Figure 8. Variation in Stream lines (velocity), Isothermal and concentration for different Rayleigh number Ra.

Figure 9. Effect of Inclination angle c for parameters Ra ¼ 1e3 , N ¼ 1, Pr ¼ 6:8, b ¼ 0:1, Le ¼ 0:1 : (a) Nuavg (average
Nusselt number) and Ha (Hartmann number). (b) Relationship between Shavg (averaged Sherwood number) along Ha (Hartmann
number).

Table 5. Impact of Inclination angle c and Hartmann number Ha on Nuavg and Shavg :
Nuavg Shavg
Ha c¼0 o
c ¼ 15 o
c ¼ 30 o
c ¼ 45 o
c ¼ 60 o
c¼0 o
c ¼ 15 o
c ¼ 30o c ¼ 45o c ¼ 60o
0 6.6964 6.6964 6.6964 6.6964 6.6964 0.3597 0.3597 0.3597 0.3597 0.3597
10 6.1686 6.2855 6.4105 6.5052 6.5290 0.2730 0.2909 0.3101 0.3244 0.3274
20 5.5291 5.6738 5.8837 6.1151 6.2224 0.1722 0.1965 0.2296 0.2640 0.2788
30 5.2598 5.3442 5.5027 5.7705 6.0495 0.1186 0.1383 0.1702 0.2165 0.2579
40 5.1653 5.2082 5.3030 5.5488 6.8028 0.0915 0.1060 0.1324 0.1860 0.3460
14 I. S. CHUHAN ET AL.

Figure 10. Relationship between Casson parameter b and entropy generation for set of parameters Ra ¼ 1e3 , c ¼ 0o , Pr ¼
6:8, N ¼ 1, Le ¼ 0:1 : (a) Thermal (b) Magnetic (c) Viscous (d) Total entropy along Ha:

aligned as compare to heigh value of Le. Based on the results, it is observed that an increase in
the Lewis number leads to an increase in the fluid concentration near the heated surface due to
the lower rate of mass diffusion compared to thermal diffusion. Higher Lewis numbers corres-
pond to a larger thickness of the concentration boundary layer. The iso-thermal contours provide
information about the temperature distribution of the system, while the isoconcentration contours
show that fluid flows from the cold side wall toward the hot obstacles and circulates around
them. The streamline contours and isotherm patterns do not significantly vary with the Lewis
number, indicating that other parameters have a more dominant effect on the velocity field and
temperature distribution of the fluid flow system.
Figure 5 displays the relationship between Nuavg and Shavg with Le for a set of constant parameters
Ha ¼ 20, N ¼ 1, Ra ¼ 1e3 , Pr ¼ 6:8, b ¼ 0:1, c ¼ 0: The results show that the maximum values
of Nuavg and Shavg are observed for Le ¼ 0:1, 1, 5: When the Lewis number increases, the averaged
Nusselt number Nuavg decreases as the Hartmann number (Ha) increases. A decrease in the averaged
Nusselt number indicates a reduction in the heat transfer rate in a fluid flow system, which is nega-
tively correlated with the Lewis number. The decrease in Nuavg with increasing Lewis number is
because of higher values of the Lewis number indicate a lower rate of diffusion of mass compared to
 NUMERICAL HEAT TRANSFER, PART A: APPLICATIONS 15

Figure 11. Impact of Lewis number Le on entropy generation of: (a) Thermal (b) Magnetic (c) Viscous (d) Total entropy along
Hartmann number Ha for Ra ¼ 1e3 , c ¼ 0o , Pr ¼ 6:8, N ¼ 1, b ¼ 0:1:

the rate of thermal diffusion. At the same time, the averaged Sherwood number Shavg , which
describes the mass transfer in the system, exhibits a direct correlation with the Lewis number. This
means that as the Lewis number increases, the averaged Sherwood number also increases.
Table 4 shows the mean Nusselt and mean Sherwood number ðNuavg & Shavg Þ for different Le and
Hartmann numbers Ha: The table indicates that for Le ¼ 0:1 the maximum heat transfer rate is 6.6964,
which decreases as the Ha increases. On the other side, the minimum value of Shavg is 0.3597, which
also decreases as the Ha increases. Similarly, for Le ¼ 1, the Nuavg decreases as Ha increases and the
minimum Shavg is 1.8414. For Le ¼ 2, the Nuavg shows a similar trend, while the minimum Shavg is
2.2345. Finally, for Le ¼ 5, the Nuavg decreases as Ha increases and the minimum Shavg is 2.7276.

4.3. Impact of N and Rayleigh number

Figure 6 shows the result for different value of buoyancy ratio N ð2, 0, 2Þ on the stream lines for
set of parameters Ra ¼ 1e3 , c ¼ 0o , Pr ¼ 6:8, b ¼ 0:1, Le ¼ 0:1 also on the temperature con-
tours, and isoconcentration. As buoyancy ratio N increases, it is noticeable that the streamlines,
temperature contours, and isoconcentration pattern within the cavity undergo significant changes.
16 I. S. CHUHAN ET AL.

Figure 12. Entropy generation for different angle c : (a) Thermal (b) Magnetic (c) Viscous (d) Total entropy along Hartmann
number Ha for Ra ¼ 1e3 , Le ¼ 0:1, Pr ¼ 6:8, N ¼ 1, b ¼ 0:1:

The relationship between the N and the Nuavg and Shavg is depicted in Figure 7. The highest value of
the buoyancy ratio N results in the Nuavg and Shavg reaching their maximum values as well. The effect of
changes in the Ra on the streamlines, temperature contours, and isoconcentration can be seen in Figure
8, with the conditions N ¼ 1, c ¼ 0o , Pr ¼ 6:8, b ¼ 0:1, Le ¼ 0:1: When ðRaÞ is varied from 1e3
to 1e5 , it can significantly affect the velocity streamlines. For low Rayleigh number (1e3 ) the streamlines
tend to be smooth and stable while for increasing Rayleigh number the streamlines become increasingly
unstable and turbulent. For high Rayleigh number (1e5 ) the streamlines more unstable, turbulent, and
chaotic with the emergence of vortices and eddies. The maximum temperature inside the cavity is found
at a normal value of the Ra, but as the Ra increases, the temperature moves in a clockwise direction and
eventually moves outside the cavity. The isoconcentration pattern shows that the concentration of fluid is
high near the hot obstacles and rotates in a clockwise direction, similar to the isotherms.

4.4. Impact of inclined angle

In Figure 9, we present the relationship between inclination angle c and the heat transfer rate
and mass transfer rate for set of parameters Ra ¼ 1e3 , N ¼ 1, Pr ¼ 6:8, b ¼ 0:1, Le ¼ 0:1: The
 NUMERICAL HEAT TRANSFER, PART A: APPLICATIONS 17

Figure 13. Variation of buoyancy ratio N for set of parameters Ra ¼ 1e3 , Le ¼ 0:1, Pr ¼ 6:8, c ¼ 0o , b ¼ 0:1 : (a) Thermal
(b) Magnetic (c) Viscous (d) Total entropy along Hartmann number Ha for.

results show that the highest value of heat and mass transfer rate are obtained at the maximum
inclination angle c: Table 5 presents the findings of a study that examined the relation between
the inclination angle c and the heat and mass transfer rate under specific conditions Ra ¼
1e3 , N ¼ 1, Pr ¼ 6:8, b ¼ 0:1, Le ¼ 0:1: It displays the heat transfer rate and mass transfer rate
(Nuavg & Shavg ) at various Hartmann number Ha and inclination angle c values. The inclined
angle is measured in degrees and range is 0 to 60 degrees. The range of Hartmann number varies
from 0 to 40. The highest range of heat and mass transfer rate is achieved when the inclined
angle c is at its maximum c ¼ 60o and the Hartmann number (Ha) is at its maximum. There is
an increase in both the Nuavg and Shavg as the inclined angle c increases from 0 to 60 degrees
and the Hartmann number (Ha) increases. This indicates an enhancement in the heat and mass
transfer rates in the fluid flow system with increasing Hartmann number and inclined angle.
Specifically, the averaged Nusselt number increases by 21.30% and the averaged Sherwood num-
ber increases by 97.23% when the inclination angle is increased from 0o to 60o :
The entropy generation for varying Casson parameter b and Ha is depicted in Figure 10. The
thermal, magnetic, and total entropy rise as the Casson parameter increases, while the viscous
entropy exhibits a contrasting behavior. As the Hartmann number grows, the entropy decreases.
18 I. S. CHUHAN ET AL.

Figure 11 illustrates the impact of Lewis number on entropy, for high value of Lewis number the
range of entropy goes low. The maximum entropy values for thermal, viscous, and total entropy
at a Hartmann number of Ha ¼ 0 are 6.6, 1.2, and 7.8, respectively. At the highest Hartmann
number, the thermal entropy, viscous entropy, and total entropy have the lowest values.
The impact of inclination angle c on the entropy (thermal, magnetic, viscous and total
entropy) at Hartmann number is shown in Figure 12. The thermal entropy, viscous entropy and
total entropy have high value at minimum Hartmann number and have low value at maximum
Hartman number that is (6.6, 1.2, 8) and (5.2, 0.1, 5.6), respectively.
Figure 13 illustrates the variations of entropy generation caused by thermal, magnetic field and
fluid friction for different buoyancy ratio N and Hartmann number Ha at Ra ¼ 1e3 , Le ¼
0:1, Pr ¼ 6:8, c ¼ 0o , b ¼ 0:1: As the N increases, there is also an increase in fluid friction and
heat transfer.
The practical applications of our work are numerous. The understanding gained from our
research can be applied to the design of thermal control mechanisms for electronic devices, where
the use of non-Newtonian fluids in wavy cavities can be optimized to improve heat transfer.
Moreover, our findings can be applied to the design of geothermal energy systems, where DDC
plays a vital role in energy transfer. In future work, it is recommended to investigate the wavy
cavity in three dimensions and explore different fluid types (power law fluids, Nano fluid etc.).
This will enhance our understanding of fluid flow, heat transfer behavior, and their practical
applications. Such studies would optimize the design of wavy enclosures for specific applications
and further enhance the practical applicability of the research findings.

5. Conclusions
This study aims to investigate the behavior of non-Newtonian double diffusive natural convection
and entropy generation in a wavy cavity containing two inner heated obstacles. The steady flow
equations governing mass, momentum, and energy conservation are used to model the 2-dimen-
sional, smooth, and incompressible Casson fluid flow within the enclosure. The analysis focuses
on the impact of different parameters, such as the Hartmann number, buoyancy ratio, Rayleigh
number, Lewis number and inclination angle on the flow, magnetic effects, heat and mass transfer
and entropy generation. The fluid’s thermophysical properties remain constant, except for density,
which affects the momentum equation’s body force term. To obtain the solution, a numerical
approach is employed.

 Analyzing the Casson parameter, buoyancy ratio, and inclination angle, it has been observed
that there exists a positive correlation between the mean Sherwood number (representing the
mass transfer rate) and the values of beta, N, and gamma, as well as the mean Nusselt number
(representing the heat transfer rate). The findings suggest that changes in these factors would
have a similar impact on the heat and mass transfer rates.
 The relationship between the Nusselt number and Lewis number is inverse, whereas the
Sherwood number shows a direct relationship with the Lewis number.
 The impact of the Lewis number on the rates of heat and mass transfer, it can be observed
that there is a direct correlation between Shavg and the Lewis number Le, while there is an
inverse correlation between Nuavg and the Lewis number Le: It can be seen that increasing the
Ha and Le values leads to a decrease in the averaged Nusselt number by 2.42% to 6.70% and
an increase in the averaged Sherwood number by 0.39% to 97.23%. These results imply that
changes in the Lewis number have opposite effects on the rates of heat and mass transfer.
 When the Hartmann number decreases, the study shows that there is an increase in both heat
transfer rate and mass transfer rates, while the impact of increasing the Lewis number,
inclined angle, and Casson parameter on these rates varies, with specific conditions showing
 NUMERICAL HEAT TRANSFER, PART A: APPLICATIONS 19

maximum and minimum values. Specifically, when the inclination angle is increased from 0
to 60 , the averaged Nusselt number shows a 21.30% increase, while the averaged Sherwood
number experiences a significant 97.23% increase.
 The thermal entropy, viscous entropy, and total entropy exhibited high values at the minimum
Hartmann number and significantly lower values at the maximum Hartmann number. On the
other hand, the magnetic entropy was observed to be low at the minimum Hartmann number
and reached a maximum at the intermediate value.

Disclosure statement
The authors have stated that they have no competing interests.

Ethics statement
This work did not involve any human data.

Funding
The research received support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No.12272011) and
the National Key Research and Development Program of China (Grant No. 2022YFB3806000).

ORCID
Hasan Shahzad http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9154-5791

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