Hollow Block slabs

 One-way Hollow block slabs

 Two-way slabs Hollow block
 If the ribs are arranged in one direction, loads are transferred
in one direction; the slab is called
one-way ribbed (joist) slab
 If ribs are arranged in two directions, loads are transferred in
two directions; the slab is called
two-way ribbed (joist) slab.
Hollow Block Slabs
Figure 1: One-Way hollow-block slab system
Code Requirements for the Geometry
The code sets the following geometrical conditions
e = 400 : 700 mms.
bo= 50 mm or t/3, whichever is greater. Practically, not
less than 100 mms.
ts = 50 mms or e/10 whichever is greater.
Code Requirements for the Analysis
The code sets the following conditions:
 Design of hollow-block slabs is based on the assumption
that the blocks are structurally ineffective in the analysis,
Compression slab is capable of transmitting the directly
acting loads
One-way Ribbed or Hollow-block Slabs
 It is recommended to use one-way ribbed or hollow-block slab
system if the effective span of rib is less than or equal to 7.0 ms.
 the direction of ribs in one-way hollow-block slab is provided in the
following cases:
 In the short direction of the slab panel.
 In case of small span between two relatively big spans it is better to
use continuous ribs and the small span may be ribbed or solid slab
 In the direction of cantilever regardless of the short direction,

Cantilever slab in direction of long span of panel

Reinforcement
the reinforcement details of one-way hollow-block slab systems.

Sec 1-1
 Sec. (2-2)

Sec. (3-3)
Reinforcement details of one-way hollow-block slab
system on plan and in cross-sections
Two-way Ribbed or Hollow-block Slabs :
It is recommended to use the two-way ribbed or hollow-block
slab systems when: Lrib (two-way) > 7.0 ms , (L long / L short) < 4/3
, ribs arrange in the two direction
Two-Way Ribbed or Hollow-Block Slab System
 B. Two-way rib system with voids between the ribs that
obtained by using special removable forms (pans),
normally square in shape, is called two-way ribbed (joist)
slab system.

Structural plan of two-way ribbed slab

C. Two-way rib system, with voids between the ribs, has the ribs
continuing in both directions without supporting beams and resting
directly on columns through solid panels above the columns. This
type is called a waffle slab system,

Interior panel of waffle slab system

Reinforcement details and blocks arrangement:
 The arrangement of hollow-block and shape of reinforcement
details of two-way slab system stems are shown in Figure.
 The reinforcement in the compression slab must not be less than
4 ∅6mm/m` in each direction.

Plan of reinforcement details of two-way simply

supported hollow-block slab system
reinforcement &details for Special
H.B.Slabs
Sec 1-1 Sec 2-2
Cairo University Prof. Dr. Hamed Hadhoud

DESIGN OF RC PANELED BEAMS

Prof. Dr. Hamed Hadhoud

1
Cairo University Prof. Dr. Hamed Hadhoud

Paneled Beams

2
Cairo University Prof. Dr. Hamed Hadhoud

Paneled Beams

Edge Beam Edge Beam

Top Slab

Edge Beam Edge Beam

Paneled Beams
(Grid) 3
Cairo University Prof. Dr. Hamed Hadhoud

Concept

Secondary Beams

Main Beams

4
Cairo University Prof. Dr. Hamed Hadhoud

Concept

Grid

Paneled Beams

5
Cairo University Prof. Dr. Hamed Hadhoud

Paneled
Edge Beams
Paneled beams are used for
Beam
large spans > ~10 m

Paneled beams work as a grid Edge

(perpendicular beams support Beam
each other)

To work as a grid, the stiffness

difference of beams in both LS
directions should be limited;
• Beam depth should be the
same
• LL/LS should not exceed 1.5 b Solid
a Slab

w L
 r 4 (Grashoff ) , r  L
w LS
LL
w   w & w   w
Edge
4
r 1 Beam
 &   Paneled
1 r 4 1 r 4
Beams
6
a & b= 2~4 m
Cairo University Prof. Dr. Hamed Hadhoud

Types of Paneled Beams

(1) Simple Paneled Beams

Rectangular Skew
7
Cairo University Prof. Dr. Hamed Hadhoud

Rectangular Skew

Calculated deformed shape using numerical structural analysis

8
Cairo University Prof. Dr. Hamed Hadhoud

Rectangular Skew
9
Cairo University Prof. Dr. Hamed Hadhoud

Types of Paneled Beams

(2) Continuous Paneled Beams

Rectangular Skew

10
Cairo University Prof. Dr. Hamed Hadhoud

Types of Paneled Beams

(3) Paneled Frames

11
Cairo University Prof. Dr. Hamed Hadhoud

Analysis of Paneled Beams

Methods of Analysis

Computer FEM Programs

Hand Calculations
(SAP, STAAD, ETABS)

Simplified Method
Deformation
Compatibility (Only Rectangular
Simply Supported)

12
Cairo University Prof. Dr. Hamed Hadhoud

Deformation Compatibility Method

Joint Load Pu= wu A Area (A)
Joint Load is divided between each two perpendicular beams
@ joint a:
Pu= PaS + PaL
@ joint b:
Pu= PbS + PbL From symmetry, PbS= PbL = Pu/2 a a
@ joint c: b
Pu= PcS + PcL c c
@ joint d:
Pu= PdS + PdL From symmetry, PdS= PdL = Pu/2 b b
d
PaS
c c
B1
a a
b
Pu/2 PcS Pu/2

B2

Pu-PaS Pu-PcS Pu/2 Pu-PcS Pu-PaS

B3
13
Cairo University Prof. Dr. Hamed Hadhoud
PaS

B1

da a a
b
Pu/2 PcS Pu/2 c c
b b
B2 d
db db c c
dc
a a
Pu-PaS Pu-PcS Pu/2 Pu-PcS Pu-PaS b

B3

da da
dc dc
dd
Deflection compatibility
da (calculated from B1)= da (calculated from B3) (Eq. 1)
PaS & PcS
dc (calculated from B2)= dc (calculated from B3) (Eq. 2)
1
Deflection is calculated using virtual work method d
EI  M 0 M 1dL
14
Cairo University Prof. Dr. Hamed Hadhoud

Simplified Method
LL
r
LS w
 (Grashoff )   , 
w
w   w LS
w   w

r4 1
 &  
1 r 4 1 r 4
LL

r 1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 …… 1.9 2

 0.5 0.595 0.672 0.742 0.797 0.834 …… 0.928 0.941

 0.5 0.405 0.328 0.258 0.203 0.166 …… 0.072 0.059

15
Cairo University Prof. Dr. Hamed Hadhoud

• Moment distribution is not uniform for all beams

• Beams in the middle carry more moments than others

16
Cairo University Prof. Dr. Hamed Hadhoud

Sin q

1.0
0o

90o
q
180o

wu  w or  a sin(q )

17
Cairo University Prof. Dr. Hamed Hadhoud

Design Procedure
1. Design the solid slab supported by the beams
2. Assume the dimensions of the Paneled beams

b  250 mm  350 mm
Ls
t
12 ~ 16
3. Calculate the average load on the slab
   RC bt  t s nL LL  nS LS  
wav  1.4 RC t s  Flooring  partitions      1.6LL 
  LL LS 
4. Calculate  and  using Grashoff
LL r4 1
r   &    w   wav & w   wav
LS 1 r 4 1 r 4
r 1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 …… 1.9 2
 0.5 0.595 0.672 0.742 0.797 0.834 …… 0.928 0.941
 0.5 0.405 0.328 0.258 0.203 0.166 …… 0.072 0.059
18
Cairo University Prof. Dr. Hamed Hadhoud

 L/3
q3     90  60
o o
5. Calculate Loads on Beams  L/2
wu ) B1  w a sin(90o )  w a
Sin q
wu ) B 2  w a sin(45o )
B2 B1
wu ) B 3  w b sin(60 )
o
q3=60o LS
6. Calculate internal forces, q=90o
B3
Design critical sections and
draw details b
a

q
LL
q2=45o q1=90o q

Sin q
19
Cairo University Prof. Dr. Hamed Hadhoud

Detailing
1

Lns 1
LS
≥ Ldtop ≥ 0.15 Lns ≥ 0.15 Lns ≥ Ldtop

≤ 0.1 Lns ≤ 0.1 Lns

≤ 2As/3
≥ As/3

Sec. (1-1) 20
Cairo University Prof. Dr. Hamed Hadhoud

Detailing
2

2 LnL
LL
≥ Ldtop ≥ 0.15 LnL ≥ 0.15 LnL ≥ Ldtop

≤ 0.1 LnL ≤ 0.1 LnL

≤ 2As/3
≥ As/3

Sec. (2-2) 21
Cairo University Prof. Dr. Hamed Hadhoud

Design of Edge Beams

When most of paneled When most of paneled

beams are directly beams are not supported
supported on columns directly on columns

LS
LS

LL LL

22
Cairo University Prof. Dr. Hamed Hadhoud

Example
1

3.6
For the shown Paneled beam floor

6.0 m
given that: B2
1) Flooring = 1.5 kN/m2
2) Live Load= 3 kN/m2

3.6
3) fcu=25 N/mm2 2
B1
4) fy=360 N/mm2

6.0 m
5) ts= 100 mm

B4
3.6

B4

B3
B1
It required to:
1) Calculate loads on B1, B2, B3 and 3

3.6
B4
B2
2) Design and give RFT details for
6.0 m
B1, B3
3.6

3.75 3.75 3.75 3.75

5.0 m 5.0 m 5.0 m
A B C D
23
Cairo University Prof. Dr. Hamed Hadhoud

1. Design the solid slabs (refer to solid slab lectures)

2. Assume the dimensions of the Paneled beams
b  300 mm
Ls 15 m
t   1100 mm
12 ~ 16 14
3. Calculate the average load on the slab
   RC bt  t s nL LL  nS LS  
wav  1.4  RC t s  Flooring  partitions      1.6LL 
  LL LS 
  25  0.3  1.1  0.13 18  4 15 
 1.4 25  0.1  1.5     1.6  3
  18 15 
14.8 kN / m 2

4. Calculate  and  using Grashoff

LL 18
r   1.2    0.672 &   0.328
LS 15
 w  9.95 & w  4.85 kN / m 2
24
Cairo University Prof. Dr. Hamed Hadhoud

Sin q o
0
3.6 5. Calculate Loads on Beams
7.2
B2 q B1   90o  72o
36o 9
3.6

3.6
qB2   90o  36o
B1 9
72o
q B 3  90o

B4
3.6

B4

90o B3
3.75
72o
B1 qB4   90o  45o
7.5
3.6

wu ) B1  9.95  3.6  sin(72o )  34 kN / m'

B2
36o wu ) B 2  9.95  3.6  sin(36o )  21 kN / m'
3.6

wu ) B 3  4.85  3.75  sin(90o ) 18.2 kN / m'

0o
wu ) B 4  4.85  3.75  sin(45o ) 12.9 kN / m'
q

3.75 3.75 3.75 3.75

0o 45o 90o 0o
q

Sin q
25
Cairo University Prof. Dr. Hamed Hadhoud

6. Design of Beam (B1)

6.1 Middle Section
34 152
Mu   956.3 kN .m
8
T Section

16t s  b  16 100  300  1900 mm

B  smallest CL to CL  3600 mm  B  1900 mm
 L2 15000
 5  b   300  3300 mm
5
d  1100  50 1050
Use C1  J Curve
Assume Neutral Axis lies inside slab
Mu
d  C1
f cu B
956.3 106
1050  C1  C1  7.4
25 1900
c c c
   use   0.125 26
d d  min d  min
Cairo University Prof. Dr. Hamed Hadhoud

c  0.125 1050 131.25 mm

a  0.8 131.25  105 mm  t s  Assumption " a  t s " is not correct
N . A. lies outside flange  Neglect Compression force in web 
Mu 956.3 106
Tu    956300 N
ts 100
d 1050 
2 2
T 956300
As  u   3055 mm 2
 f y   360 
   

 s  1.15 
Mu 956.3 106
Or a  t s  As    3066 mm 2 Use 10F20 3142 mm2
f y Jd 360  0.825 1050
 0.15
 100 bd  473 mm 2


As min Bigger of   1.1
bd  963 mm 2  963 mm 2
< 10F20  OK

 Smaller of  f y
 1.3 As ) req  3980 mm 2
 
27
Cairo University Prof. Dr. Hamed Hadhoud

6.2 Edge Section

34 152
Mu   318.8 kN .m
24
ler
Section
Use R  w Curves
Mu 318.8 106
R   0.039
f cu b d 2
25  300 1050 2

w  0.046
f cu 25
As  wbd  0.046  300 1050   1006 mm 2
fy 360

Use 4F20 1257 mm2 > As)min =963

28
Cairo University Prof. Dr. Hamed Hadhoud

6.3 Check for Shear

wu L d C
Qu   wu   
2 2 2
34 15  1.05 0.5 
Qu   34      228.7 kN
2  2 2 
228.7 1000
qu   0.73 N / mm 2
300 1050
f
qcu  0.24 cu  0.98 N / mm 2
c
 qu  qcu  use min shear RFT

Ast min 
0.4
bS
f yst
Let f yst  240 N / mm 2 , S  200 mm  Ast min 100 mm 2
Use  8 ( Ast  2  50.3  100.6 mm 2 )

29
Cairo University Prof. Dr. Hamed Hadhoud

7. Design of Beam (B3)

7.1 Middle Section
18.2 182
Mu   737.1 kN .m
8
T Section

16t s  b  16 100  300  1900 mm

B  smallest CL to CL  3750 mm  B  1900 mm
 L2 18000
 5  b   300  3900 mm
5
d  1100  100 1000
Use C1  J Curve
Assume Neutral Axis lies inside slab
Mu
d  C1
f cu B
737.1106
1000  C1  C1  8.03
25 1900
c c c
   use   0.125 30
d d  min d  min
Cairo University Prof. Dr. Hamed Hadhoud

c  0.125 1000 125 mm

a  0.8 125  100 mm  t s  Assumption " a  t s " is correct
Mu 737.1106
 As    2481 mm 2 Use 8F20 2513 mm2
f y Jd 360  0.826 1000
 0.15
 100 bd  473 mm 2


As min Bigger of   1.1
 2  963 mm 2 < 8F20  OK
 bd 963 mm
 Smaller of  f y
 1.3 As ) req  3980 mm 2
 

31
Cairo University Prof. Dr. Hamed Hadhoud

7.2 Edge Section

18.2 182
Mu   245.7 kN .m
24
ler
Section
Use R  w Curves
Mu 245.7 106
R   0.033
f cu b d 2
25  300 1000 2

w  0.04
f cu 25
As  wbd  0.04  300 1000   833 mm 2
fy 360
Use 4F18 1018 mm2 > As)min =963

32
Cairo University Prof. Dr. Hamed Hadhoud

7.3 Check for Shear

wu L d C
Qu   wu   
2 2 2
18.2 18  1.0 0.5 
Qu   18.2      150.2 kN
2  2 2 
150.2 1000
qu   0.5 N / mm 2
300 1000
f
qcu  0.24 cu  0.98 N / mm 2
c
 qu  qcu  use min shear RFT

Ast min 
0.4
bS
f yst
Let f yst  240 N / mm 2 , S  200 mm  Ast min 100 mm 2
Use  8 ( Ast  2  50.3  100.6 mm 2 )

33
Cairo University Prof. Dr. Hamed Hadhoud

8. Details of B1 5f8/m’
1

1
15 m

3F16
4F20 4F20

100 5F20

5F20
3F16

2F10
1000
1100

2F10

10F20 Sec. (1-1)

34
300 mm
Cairo University Prof. Dr. Hamed Hadhoud

8. Details of B3 5f8/m’
2

2
18 m

3F16
4F18 4F18

100 4F20

4F20
3F16

2F10
1000
1100

2F10

8F20 Sec. (2-2)

35
300 mm
 Cairo University
Faculty of Engineering
Credit Hours System – CEM, STE, WEE
Reinforced Concrete Design (II)
STRN 303

Short Notes
On
Reinforced Concrete
Flat Slabs

Instructor: Prof. Dr. Hatem Mostafa

Cairo University
Faculty of Engineering
Structure Eng. department

Lecture Notes on
Flat Slab
Paneled beam Slab

Prepared by
Assc. Prof. Dr. Nasser. El-Shafey

2019- 2020
 Flat Slabs
Types of flat slabs:
Flat slabs without Flat slabs with Flat slabs with Flat slabs with
drop panel or drop panel only column head only both column head
column head and drop panel

L.L. < 300 kg/m 2

To resist –ve moment over columns and to reduce –ve RFT To
resist slab punching
300< LL < 1000 kg/m2 LL> 1000 kg/m2
Notation:
L1 = Length of the panel in the direction of span
L2 = Width of the panel perpendicular to span direction
L = the bigger span either L1 or L2.
D= Diameter of largest circle to be drawn inside column section or column
capital if any.
w = Total load per unit area of panel.
ts = Total slab thickness.
d = Effective slab depth.
Minimum Dimensions
a- Minimum Slab Thickness (ts):
Minimum slab thickness shall be not less than the greater of the following:
• 150 mm.
• L/32 for exterior panels without drop.
• L/36 for continuous interior panels without drop or exterior panels with drop.
• L/40 for continuous interior panels with drop
b- Minimum Column Width:
Minimum Column width or diameter shall be not less than the greater of the following:
• 1/20 of panel length in the direction under consideration.
• 1/15 total story height.
• 300 mm.
Minimum dimensions of flat slabs: D D
(4) Column Head:
Maximum angle of inclination with the
vertical= 45º ≤ 45º
Effective diameter (D) ≤ Lsmaller/4
Note: If  > 45º 
D D
Note:
D= diameter of circular column or its head, if there.
D= the smaller dimension of rectangular column or 45º
its head, if there.

(5) Edge support condition:

ts ts ts

tb
tb

Case (B) Case (A)

tb ≥ 3ts No marginal beam or tb < 3ts
METHODS OF DESIGN
• The simplified method ( Empirical Analysis) .
• The equivalent frame method.

Empirical Analysis of Flat Slab:

Conditions for this method;
• Columns are on straight lines and may not be offset by more
than 10% of the span in the offset direction
• Flat slabs are rectangular panels with nearly constant thickness
• Flat slabs are arranged in at least three Panels in two
perpendicular directions
• Panels rectangularity ratio shall not exceed 1.3
• Adjacent spans do not differ by more than 10% of longer span
• Maximum difference in the non adjacent spans in a row
shall not exceed 20% of the longest span.
• The exterior panels may be less than the interior ones, but the
opposite is not true.
Division of flat slab into column strips and field strips
(Slab with drop panel(
L1 (Longer) L1
edge Column
S2/2 strip

L2(smaller) L2-S2 Field strip

S2 Column strip

Field
Field

strip
strip

L2-S2 Field strip

L2

S2 Column strip

S1/2 L1-S1 S1 L1-S1 S1

Field strip
Column strip

Column strip
Column strip

Field strip
Edge
Bending Moments
Long direction L1

Short direction L2
 ity
m’ m’ m’
m’

m’ m’
m’ m’

m’ m’ m’

m’
m’

  m’ m’

Longer
Direction
m’ m’ m’ m’ m’
m’
 m’ Column Strip
  m’ m’
m’ m’
m’ m’ m’ m’

Field Strip
×m’   m’ ×m’
A : Top Reinforcement Mesh R.F.T Details
B : Bottom Reinforcement Mesh
C : Additional Top column strip Rft. L , L’ : Distance between Axes of column
D : Additional Bottom column strip Ln, Ln’ : Clear distance between Axes of
Rft. column
Flat Slab without Drop
panel
Flat Slab with Drop panel
Critical section

For punching the

critical section is
taken at a
distance d/2 from
the face of the
column, capital
or drop panel
Direct Punching stresses (For symmetric Loading)
Punching Load
Qup  wsu L1L2  C1  d C2  d 
Punching Area
AP  bo d  2C1  d C2  d d
bo  perimeter of critical section
Punching Stress Q qUP
 up qup  qcup
qup A
p
C2+d
Concrete Punching Strength
C1+d

q  smallest of 
cup

bo  perimeter of critical section

  4,3, 2 for interior, exterior and corner column
a & b  smaller and larger dimensions of the column
Cairo University Prof. Dr. Hamed Hadhoud

DESIGN OF RC STAIRS:
Lecture (1)

Prof. Dr. Hamed Hadhoud

1
Cairo University Prof. Dr. Hamed Hadhoud

Types of RC Stairs

Slab Type

Slab-and-Beam Type

RC Stairs Cantilever Type

Free-Standing Type

Spiral (Helical) Type

2
Cairo University Prof. Dr. Hamed Hadhoud

Slab Type

3
Cairo University Prof. Dr. Hamed Hadhoud

Slab-and-Beam Type

4
Cairo University Prof. Dr. Hamed Hadhoud

Cantilever Type

Wall Beam

5
Cairo University Prof. Dr. Hamed Hadhoud

Free-Standing Type

6
Cairo University Prof. Dr. Hamed Hadhoud

Spiral (Helical) Type

7
Cairo University Prof. Dr. Hamed Hadhoud

Stairs Structural Plan

Architectural Structural

Flight
Floor Level

Landing
Landing

Flight

40 mm 20 mm
(marble) (tiles)

(40~50 mm)

300
20 mm
150

(tiles) 80 mm
20 mm (Sand & mortar)
(mortar)
(40~50 mm)

8
80 mm (Sand & mortar)
Cairo University Prof. Dr. Hamed Hadhoud

Slab Type
Floor Level
Supporting Beam
B1 (Floor level)

Main Slab B1
B3
&B4 (Landing level)

Landing
Secondary Slab
B3 (Floor level)

B2 B4

B2 (landing level)

9
Cairo University Prof. Dr. Hamed Hadhoud

Slab Type
Floor Level
Supporting Beam
B1 (Floor level)

Main Slab B1
B3
Landing
Secondary Slab
B3 (Floor level)
&B4 ( Inclined)

B2 B4

B2 (landing level)

10
Cairo University Prof. Dr. Hamed Hadhoud

Slab Type

Door ?
B1
B3
Landing

B2 B4

11
Cairo University Prof. Dr. Hamed Hadhoud

Slab Type

Door

B1
B3
Landing

B2 B4

12
Cairo University Prof. Dr. Hamed Hadhoud

Slab Type
Supporting Beam

B1 (Floor level) Floor Level

Secondary
Slab
B1
Landing
Main Slab

B2

B2 (Landing level)

13
Cairo University Prof. Dr. Hamed Hadhoud

Slab Type

B1 (Floor level) Floor Level

B1
Main Slab

14
Cairo University Prof. Dr. Hamed Hadhoud

Slab Type
B1 (Floor level)

B1
Floor Level

B1
Main Slab

B2
B2

B2

15
Cairo University Prof. Dr. Hamed Hadhoud

Loads
Flight Landing

300 mm

150 mm
t
t’
t
t’=t/cos q
q =26.5º

Average vertical thickness

Own wt.= gRC (t’+0.15/2) Own wt.= gRC t

Flooring = 0.75 kN/m2 Horizontal

Projection
Flooring =1.8 kN/m2
wu= 1.4(Own wt. +Flooring) +1.6 LL wu= 1.4(Own wt. +Flooring) +1.6 LL

16
Cairo University Prof. Dr. Hamed Hadhoud

Design of Secondary Slab (S1)

L2
x x

S2
wu y

L1

S1
S1
 L  2y 
2

wu  1 
wu L1  2 y   L1  y   2 
RS1  M u  RS1  
2  2  2

y/2 L1-2y y/2 y

L1-y

S2
17
Cairo University Prof. Dr. Hamed Hadhoud

Design of Secondary Slab (S1)

Design for Flexure
t
d= t – 30 mm 0.25
bd Mild Steel
100
MU f cu
R w As  wbd ≥ Asmin
f cubd 2 fy
0.15 High-grade
bd
100 Steel
1000 mm Use (5~10) F (12~22)/m’

Design for Shear

wu L1  2 y 
Qu  RS 1 
2
Qu qcu  0.16 f cu / g c N / mm 2
qu  ≤
bd
18
1000 mm
Cairo University Prof. Dr. Hamed Hadhoud

Design of Main Slab (S2)

L2
x x

Rs1/y Rs1/y S2
y
wu

L1

S1
S1
2
wu L2 ( Rs1 / y ) x 2
wu L2 Mu  
RS 2   ( Rs1 / y ) x 8 2
2
x x
L2 y

S2
19
Cairo University Prof. Dr. Hamed Hadhoud

Design of Main Slab (S2)

Design for Flexure

d= t – 20 mm 0.25
bd Mild Steel
100
MU f cu
R w As  wbd ≥ Asmin
f cubd 2 fy
0.15 High-grade
bd
100 Steel
1000 mm Use (5~10) F (12~22)/m’

Design for Shear

wu L2
Qu  RS 2   ( Rs1 / y ) x
2
Qu qcu  0.16 f cu / g c N / mm 2
qu  ≤
bd
20
1000 mm
Cairo University Prof. Dr. Hamed Hadhoud

Detailing
Connections Subjected to Negative BM (Closing Joints)

21
Cairo University Prof. Dr. Hamed Hadhoud

Detailing
Connections Subjected to Positive BM (Opening Joints)

22
Cairo University Prof. Dr. Hamed Hadhoud

Detailing

(Opening Joint)

(Closing Joint)

23
Cairo University Prof. Dr. Hamed Hadhoud

Detailing
5F10/m

2F10/step

Landing RFT/m’
5f8/m
5f8/m
(Flight RFT/2)/m’
Flight RFT/m’ (Flight RFT/2)/m’

Landing RFT/m’

24
Cairo University Prof. Dr. Hamed Hadhoud

Detailing
5F10/m

Landing RFT/m’ Flight RFT/m’

(Landing RFT/2)/m’
(Landing RFT/2)/m’

When ts> 160 mm, top RFT mesh with area ≥ 0.2 main RFT is used
(not less than 5f8 for mild steel or 5F6 for high-grade steel)

25
Cairo University Prof. Dr. Hamed Hadhoud

Detailing 5F10/m

2F10/step

Landing RFT/m’
5f8/m
5f8/m
(Flight RFT/2)/m’
(Flight RFT/2)/m’
Flight RFT/m’
Construction
Joint

26
Cairo University Prof. Dr. Hamed Hadhoud

Example
4.0 m
1.5 1.0 1.5

Design the shown staircase as slab type given

that: 1.5
1) Floor height= 3 m
2) Live Load= 3 kN/m2
3) fcu=25 N/mm2
4) fy=360 N/mm2

6.0 m
3

1.5

27
Cairo University Prof. Dr. Hamed Hadhoud

Design of Flight (S1)

4.0 m
300 mm 1.5 1.0 1.5
150 mm
t’ t
S2
q =26.5º 1.5

Loads
Assume (t) ≈ secondary slab span/30

4.5 m
6.0 m
t = 4500/30= 150 mm 3

S1
q = tan-1(150/300) = 26.50
t’=t/cos q= 167.6 mm

Own wt.= gRC (t’+0.15/2)

1.5
=25(0.1676+0.075)
= 6.06 kN/m2
Flooring = 0.75 kN/m2

wu= 1.4(Own wt. +Flooring) +1.6 LL

= 1.4(6.06+0.75)+1.6(3)
= 14.33 kN/m2 28
Cairo University Prof. Dr. Hamed Hadhoud

Design for Flexure

14.33 kN/m’
d=t-30= 120 mm
MU 32.3 106
R   0.075
f cu bd 2 30 1000 1202
w= 0.096
f cu 30
Rs1=21.5 kN Mu=32.3 kN. m As  wbd  0.096 1000 120   960 mm2
fy 360
0.15 0.15
0.75 3 0.75 As min  bd  1000 120  180 mm2
100 100
4.5 m As  Asmin OK

Choose (5 F 16)/m’ (1005 mm2)

Bending Moment and Shear in S1
Design for Shear
14.33  3
RS1   21.5 kN Qu=21.5 kN
2 qu=(21.5 x 1000)/(1000 x 120)= 0.18 N/mm2
(Maximum shear= Rs1)
qcu  0.16 30 / 1.5  0.715 N / mm2
4.5 14.33 1.5
2
M u  21.5    32.3 kN.m
2 2 qu < qcu OK 29
Cairo University Prof. Dr. Hamed Hadhoud

Bending Moment and Shear in S2

21.5/1.5 21.5/1.5 12.6  4.0
RS 2   (21.5 / 1.5)1.5  46.7 kN
12.6 kN/m 2
(Maximum shear= Rs2)
12.6  4.02 (21.5 / 1.5)1.52
Mu    41.3 kN.m
8 2
46.7 kN 41.3 kN.m
Design for Flexure
1.5 1.5
d=t-20= 130 mm
4.0 MU 41.3 106
R   0.08
f cu bd 2 30 1000 1302
Design of Landing(S2) w= 0.1
Loads f cu 30
Own wt.= gRC t As  wbd  0.11000 130  1084 mm2
= 25 x 0.15
fy 360
0.15 0.15
= 3.75 kN/m2 As min  bd  1000 130  195 mm2
Flooring = 1.8 kN/m2 100 100
As  Asmin OK
wu= 1.4(Own wt. +Flooring) +1.6 LL
= 1.4(3.75+1.8)+1.6(3)
Choose (6 F 16)/m’ (1206 mm2) 30
= 12.6 kN/m2
Cairo University Prof. Dr. Hamed Hadhoud

Design for Shear

Qu=46.7 kN
qu=(46.7 x 1000)/(1000 x 130)= 0.36 N/mm2 5F10/m’
qcu  0.16 30 / 1.5  0.715 N / mm2
2F10/step
qu < qcu OK

Detailing 6F16/m’
5f8/m’
5f8/m’
2.5 F16/m’
5F16/m’ 2.5 F16/m’

6F16/m’

31
Cairo University Prof. Dr. Hamed Hadhoud

5F10/m

6F16/m 5F16/m

3F16/m
3F16/m

32
Cairo University Prof. Dr. Hamed Hadhoud

DESIGN OF RC STAIRS:
Lecture (2)

Prof. Dr. Hamed Hadhoud

1
Cairo University Prof. Dr. Hamed Hadhoud

Slab-and-Beam Type
B3 (Floor level) &B4 ( Inclined)

S1
B1
Floor Level
B5 B2 B2 B5
B1 B5
S2 S1 B1
S2

B3 (Floor level) &B4 ( Inclined) B3

B4
B5

B2

2
Cairo University Prof. Dr. Hamed Hadhoud

Slab-and-Beam Type
B3 (Floor level) &B4 ( Inclined)

S1
Inverted beams
B1
(part of the handrail) Floor Level
B5 B2 B2 B5
B1
B1 B5
S2 S1
S2 B1

B3 (Floor level) &B4 ( Inclined) B3

B4
B5

B2

3
Cairo University Prof. Dr. Hamed Hadhoud

Cantilever Type
B3 (Floor level)
&B4 ( Inclined)
x x Floor Level

B2 B3
B1
B1
B3 B3
Landing

B2
B3 (Floor level) B4
&B4 ( Inclined)

B4

Section X-X 4
Cairo University Prof. Dr. Hamed Hadhoud

Cantilever Type

Floor Level

x Ca2 Ca1 x Ca1

Landing
B4
Ca2
Ca1

Ca2

Section X-X
5
Cairo University Prof. Dr. Hamed Hadhoud

Loads
Flight Landing

300 mm

150 mm
t~
=120 mm
t’
t~
= 120 mm
t’=t/cos q
q =26.5º

Average vertical thickness

Own wt.= gRC (t’+0.15/2) Own wt.= gRC t

Flooring = 0.75 kN/m2 Horizontal

Projection
Flooring =1.8 kN/m2
wu= 1.4(Own wt. +Flooring) +1.6 LL wu= 1.4(Own wt. +Flooring) +1.6 LL

6
Cairo University Prof. Dr. Hamed Hadhoud

Design of Flight
(Free-end LL=1.6 x 1kN/m’)
going= 300 mm
PU= 1.6 kN/m’
rise=150 wu kN/m2
mm
L

tavg= t’+ rise/2

wu L2
MU   PU L
2

Support tavg
( beam
or wall) QU  wu L  PU
Lc

Lc  width of support /2
L  smaller of
Lc  t avg
7
Cairo University Prof. Dr. Hamed Hadhoud

Design of Flight
Design for Flexure going= 300 mm

d= tavg – 20 mm rise=150
mm
MU f cu
R w As  wbd
f cubd 2 fy tavg= t’+ rise/2

1000 mm

Check As≥ Asmin

0.25 Calculate As/ step

bd Mild Steel
100 300
Asmin As / step  As
0.15 1000
High-grade
bd Use (2~3) F (10~16)/Step
100 Steel

8
Cairo University Prof. Dr. Hamed Hadhoud

Design of Flight
Design for Shear

QU  wu L  PU
Qu qcu  0.16 f cu / g c N / mm 2
qu  ≤
bd

1000 mm

9
Cairo University Prof. Dr. Hamed Hadhoud

Design of Landing

wu/2 wu/2
wu wu
wu/2 wu/2
Mu & As wu wu
0.5 Mu wu/2 wu/2
wu wu
& 0.5 As wu/2 wu/2

10
Cairo University Prof. Dr. Hamed Hadhoud

Design of Landing
(Free-end LL=1.6 x 1kN/m’)
PU= 1.6 kN/m’
wu kN/m2
t
L

wu L2
MU   PU L
2
Support t
( beam
or wall) Lc
QU  wu L  PU

Lc  width of support /2
L  smaller of
Lc  t
11
Cairo University Prof. Dr. Hamed Hadhoud

Design of Landing
Design for Flexure
d= t – 20 mm
t
MU f cu
R w As  wbd
f cubd 2 fy
1000 mm

Check As≥ Asmin

0.25
bd Mild Steel
100
Asmin Use (5~10) F (10~16)/m’
0.15 High-grade
bd
100 Steel

12
Cairo University Prof. Dr. Hamed Hadhoud

Design of Landing
Design for Shear

QU  wu L  PU
Qu qcu  0.16 f cu / g c N / mm 2
qu  ≤
bd

1000 mm

13
Cairo University Prof. Dr. Hamed Hadhoud

Detailing
(2~3) F (10~16) /step
(2~3) F (10~16) /step
x
5f8/m
> Ld 5f8/m

5f8/m’

5f8/m’
5 f8/m’ 5 f8/m’
x

(2~3) F (10~16) /step

Wall
Section X-X
14
Cairo University Prof. Dr. Hamed Hadhoud

Detailing
(2~3) F (10~16) /step
(2~3) F (10~16) /step
x
5f8/m
> Ld 5f8/m

5f8/m’

5f8/m’
5 f8/m’ 5 f8/m’
x

(2~3) F (10~16) /step

Beam

Section X-X
15
Cairo University Prof. Dr. Hamed Hadhoud

Loads on Supporting Beams

Gravity Loads as well as Torsional Moments are considered in Design of
Supporting Beams

Mtu=0.5 Mu) landing

Mtu=Mu) landing

Mtu=0.5 Mu) landing

Mtu=0.5 Mu) landing Mtu=Mu)flight Mtu=0.5 Mu) landing

16
Cairo University Prof. Dr. Hamed Hadhoud

Loads on Supporting Beams

x
1.4 D + 1.6 L
0.9 D

M2 M1
Mtu= M1-M2

View X-X

17
Cairo University Prof. Dr. Hamed Hadhoud

Example
4.0 m
1.5 1.0 1.5

Design the shown staircase as cantilever type

given that: 1.5
1) Floor height= 3 m
2) Live Load= 3 kN/m2
3) fcu=25 N/mm2
4) fy=360 N/mm2

6.0 m
3

1.375

1.5

18
Cairo University Prof. Dr. Hamed Hadhoud

Design of Flight (S1)

4.0 m
300 mm 1.5 1.0 1.5
150 mm
t’ t
q =26.5º (S3) (S2) (S3) 1.5

Loads
Assume (t) ≈ 120 mm

6.0 m
q = tan-1(150/300) = 26.50 (S1) (S1) 3

t’=t/cos q= 134 mm

Own wt.= gRC (t’+0.15/2)

1.375
=25(0.134+0.075) (S3) (S2) (S3) 1.5
=25(0.209)
= 5.23 kN/m2
Flooring = 0.75 kN/m2

DL= Own wt. +Flooring=5.98 kN/m2

LL= 3 kN/m2
wu = 13.47 kN/m2 19
Cairo University Prof. Dr. Hamed Hadhoud

Design for Flexure

PU= 1.6 kN/m’
d=tavg-20= 209-20= 189 mm
13.47 kN/m2
MU 17.55  106
R   0.016
L f cu bd 2 30  1000  189 2
w= 0.02
MU= 17.55 kN.m/m’
f 30
As  wbd cu  0.02  1000  189   315 mm 2
fy 360
QU= 21.81 kN/m’ 0.15 0.15
Asmin  bd   1000  189  284 mm 2
100 100
As  Asmin OK
As/step= 315 x 0.3= 94.5 mm2
Effective Span of Flight
1 .5 m Choose (3 F 10)/step
L  smaller of
1.375  0.209  1.58 Design for Shear
L= 1.5 m
1 .5 2 Qu=21.81 kN
M u  13.47   1.6 1.5 17.55 kN .m / m' qu=(21.81 x 1000)/(1000 x 189)= 0.12 N/mm2
2
QU  13.47 1.5  1.6  21.81 kN / m' qcu  0.16 30 / 1.5  0.715 N / mm2
qu < qcu OK 20
Cairo University Prof. Dr. Hamed Hadhoud

Effective Span of Landing

PU= 1.6 kN/m’ 1 .5 m
11.7 kN/m2 L  smaller of
1.375  0.209  1.58
L L= 1.5 m
For (S2)
MU= 15.56 kN.m/m’ 1 .5 2
M u  11.7   1.6 1.5 15.56 kN .m / m'
2
QU  11.7 1.5  1.6 19.15 kN / m'
QU= 19.15 kN/m’
Design for Flexure
d=t-20= 100 mm
MU 15.56  106
R   0.052
Design of Landing(S2 and S3) f cu bd 2 30  1000  100 2
Loads
w= 0.062
Own wt.= gRC t
f 30
= 25 x 0.12 As  wbd cu  0.062  1000  100   517 mm 2
= 3.0 kN/m2 fy 360
Flooring = 1.8 kN/m2 0.15 0.15
Asmin  bd   1000  100  150 mm 2
100 100
2
DL= Own wt. +Flooring= 4.8 kN/m A  As
s min OK
wu= 11.7 kN/m2
21
Choose 5 F 12/m’ (565 mm2)
Cairo University Prof. Dr. Hamed Hadhoud

Design for Shear

Qu=19.15 kN
qu=(19.15 x 1000)/(1000 x 100)= 0.19 N/mm2
qcu  0.16 30 / 1.5  0.715 N / mm2
qu < qcu OK

For (S3)
M u  0.5 15.56  7.78 kN .m / m'

QU  0.5 19.15  9.6 kN / m'

Choose 5 F 10/m’ (393 mm2)

22
Cairo University Prof. Dr. Hamed Hadhoud

Detailing
3 F 10 /step

3 F 10 / step
5f8/m x
> Ld 5f8/m

5f8/m’

5 f8/m’ 5 f8/m’ 5f8/m’

x
3 F 10 / step

Section X-X
23
Cairo University Prof. Dr. Hamed Hadhoud

DESIGN OF ECCENTRIC SECTIONS

Prof. Dr. Hamed Hadhoud

1
Cairo University Prof. Dr. Hamed Hadhoud

Sections Subjected to Pure Bending Moment

BMD

CU

MU
NU  0 
 CU  TU
yCT
M U  CU yCT
TU

2
Cairo University Prof. Dr. Hamed Hadhoud

Sections Subjected to Bending Moment and

Axial force

BMD

NFD
CU

yC MU
NU  0 
 CU  TU  NU
NU

yT M U  CU yC  TU yT
TU

3
Cairo University Prof. Dr. Hamed Hadhoud

Eccentric Compression Eccentric Tension

MU MU
PU TU

PU

e=MU/Pu

e=MU/Tu

TU
4
Cairo University Prof. Dr. Hamed Hadhoud

(1) ECCENTRIC COMPRESSION

5
Cairo University Prof. Dr. Hamed Hadhoud

Interaction Diagrams
An interaction diagram is a failure envelope for combined bending moment and
axial compression acting on a column

Pu

Unsafe Zone
b

A’s

t
Safe Zone
As

Mu

66
Cairo University Prof. Dr. Hamed Hadhoud
(a) (b) (c) (d) (e)
MU

PU

0.003 0.003 0.003 0.002~0.003 0.002

Cb

>> ey/gs >> ey/gs ey/gs

Tension Failure Balanced Compression Failure
Pu<Pb Pu=Pb Pu>Pb
Pu
(e)
(d)
Compression Failure
Pu>Pb
(c)
(b) Tension Failure
(a) Pu<Pb
7
Mu
Cairo University Prof. Dr. Hamed Hadhoud

Construction of Interaction Diagrams

b 0.67 fcu/gc
0.003
C’s=A’sf’s
A’s c c e’s a Cc
Pu
d
d-c
As
es Ts= Asfs
1- Assume c
2- Calculate steel and concrete strains
3- Calculate steel and concrete stresses
4- Integrate stresses  Mu and Pu
 0.67 f cu  Mu
PU    ba  As f s  As f s
 gc 
 0.67 f cu   t a  t  t 
M U   ba      As f s  d '   As f s   d ' 
 gc  2 2  2  2 
5- Repeat steps 1~ 4

8
Cairo University Prof. Dr. Hamed Hadhoud

Construction of Interaction Diagrams

Strength Reduction Factors gc and gs

7 e/t  7 e/t 
g c  1 .5      1 .5 g s  1.15      1.15
 6 3   6 3 
MU MU
e e
PU PU

gc 1.8 gs 1.4
1.7 1.35
1.6 1.3
1.5 1.25
1.4 1.2
1.3 1.15
1.2 1.1
1.1 1.05
1 e/t 1 e/t
0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1 1.25 0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1 1.25

e e
e e

e=0 e=0.5 t e>0.5 t e=0 e=0.5 t e>0.5 t 9

Cairo University Prof. Dr. Hamed Hadhoud

Construction of Interaction Diagrams

Plastic Centroid
b
ecu=0.002 0.67 fcu/gc
C’s=A’sfy /gs
A’s

_
t + CG Cc
+ PC
As
Cs= Asfsy/gs

• “It is the location of the resultant force acting on the cross section
when the section is stressed uniformly at failure”
• Bending moments are calculated around plastic centroid

• If the section is symmetrically reinforced, the plastic centroid

coincides with the center of gravity

10
Cairo University Prof. Dr. Hamed Hadhoud

Construction of Interaction Diagrams

Strain Distribution

0.003 0.003 0.003 0.002~0.003 0.002

0.002 0.002
NA
NA
2t/3 2t/3

es NA

NA
NA  infinity

11
Cairo University Prof. Dr. Hamed Hadhoud

Construction of Interaction Diagrams

Minimum Eccentricity e/t=0.0 e/t=0.05 e/t=0.1

• “A minimum eccentricity of 0.05 t

should be considered” Pu

• This is satisfied by the code equation

for short columns;

PU  0.35 f cu bt  0.67 As f y

e/t=3

e/t=

8
Mu

12
Cairo University Prof. Dr. Hamed Hadhoud
300
Example (1)
A’s= 5F20
Construct the interaction diagram for the
shown section knowing that fcu=30 and fy=360
800

As= 5F20

Pu (1) Pu (1)

(2) (2)

(3) (3)

(4) (4)

(5) Mu (5) Mu

Simplified Interaction Diagram

13
Cairo University Prof. Dr. Hamed Hadhoud

Solution
Point 1 (Pure Axial Compression)
300 ecu=0.002 0.67 fcu/gc
C’s=A’sfy /gs
A’s= 1571

_
800 Cc

As= 1571
Cs= Asfsy/gs

7 e/t  7 e/t 
g c  1 .5      1.75 g s  1.15      1.34
6 3  6 3 
Since RFT is symmetric, the plastic centroid coincides with the CG of the section
f fy fy
PU  0.67 cu bt  As  A's
gc gs gs
30 360 360
PU  0.67   300  800  1571  1571  3600 kN
1.75 1.34 1.34

14
Cairo University Prof. Dr. Hamed Hadhoud

Point 2 (Compression failure)

300 0.003 0.67 fcu/gc
Assume (e/t)= 0.1
e’s C’s=A’sfy /gs
 7 0 .1  A’s= 1571
g c  1 .5      1 .7
6 3  800 750
600 Cc
7 e/t 
g s  1.15      1.30
6 3 
NA
c  750 mm 
 a  0.8c  600 mm As= 1571

 750  50   0.0028
0.003
e s 
750
e y 360 / 200000 
  0.0013
gs 1 .3
ey f y 360
 e s >   f s 
   277 N / mm 2
gs g s 1 .3
Cs  277 1571  435 kN
f cu 30
Cc  0.67 ba  0.67   300  600  2128 kN
gc 1 .7 15
Cairo University Prof. Dr. Hamed Hadhoud

PU  Cc  Cs  Cs  2128  435  0  2563 kN

 t a t 
M U  Cc     Cs   cover 
2 2 2 
 800 600   800 
 2128    435  50 
 2 2   2 
 365 kN .m
MU 365
e   0.14 m
PU 2563
e 0.14
  0.17
t 0 .8
 7 0.17 
g c  1 .5      1.67  1.7
 6 3 
Assumption is OK
 7 0.17 
g s  1.15      1.28  1.3
6 3 

16
Cairo University Prof. Dr. Hamed Hadhoud

Point 3 (Balanced Point)

300 0.003 0.67 fcu/gc

ab= 393.8
Assume gc=1.5 & gs=1.15 e’s
C’s=A’sf’s

cb=492.3
A’s= 1571
e y 360 / 200000  Cc
  0.00157 800 750
gs 1.15
e cu
cb  d
e cu  e y / g s ey/gs Ts= Asfy/gs
As= 1571
0.003
cb   750  492.3 mm
0.003  0.00157
ab  0.8 cb  393.8 mm

 492.3  50   0.0027
0.003
e s 
492.3
ey f y 360
 e s >    f s    313 N / mm 2
gs g s 1.15
Cs  1571 313  491.8 kN
fy
Ts  As  1571 313  491.8 kN
gs
17
Cairo University Prof. Dr. Hamed Hadhoud

f cu 30
Cc  0.67 bab  0.67  300  393.8  1583 kN
gc 1.5
PU  Cc  Cs  Ts  1583  491.8  491.8  1583 kN

t a  t  t 
M U  Cc   b   Cs   cover   Ts   cover 
2 2  2  2 
 800 393.8   800   800 
 1583     491.8  50   491.8  50 
 2 2   2   2 
 665.7 kN .m
M U 665.7
e   0.42 m
PU 1583
e 0.42
  0.52
t 0 .8
 7 0.52 
g c  1 .5      1.49  1.5  g c  1.5
 6 3  Assumption is OK
 7 0.52 
g s  1.15     g s  1.15
  1.14  1.15 
6 3 
18
Cairo University Prof. Dr. Hamed Hadhoud

Point 4 (Tension Failure)

Point 4 is a point located between the balanced point and the pure flexure point.
So it has c<cb  Assume c= 0.75 cb= 369.2 mm
Put gc=1.5 & gs=1.15 (This need not to be checked since point 3 has gc& gs
equal 1.5 and 1.15, respectively )
300
a  0.8 c  295.4 mm 0.003 0.67 fcu/gc

a =295.4
c=369.2
C’s=A’sf’s
e’s
A’s= 1571 Cc
 369.2  50   0.0026
0.003
e s 
369.2 800 750
ey f y 360
 e s >  f s    313 N / mm 2
gs g s 1.15
> ey/gs Ts= Asfy/gs
As= 1571
Cs  1571 313  491.8 kN
fy
Ts  As  1571 313  491.8 kN
gs
f 30
Cc  0.67 cu ba  0.67   300  295.4  1187.5 kN
gc 1 .5

19
Cairo University Prof. Dr. Hamed Hadhoud

PU  Cc  Cs  Ts  1187.5  491.8  491.8  1187.5 kN

 t a t  t 
M U  Cc     Cs   cover   Ts   cover 
2 2 2  2 
 800 295.4   800   800 
 1187.5     491 . 8  50   491 . 8  50 
 2 2   2   2 
 643.9 kN .m

20
Cairo University Prof. Dr. Hamed Hadhoud

Point 5 (Pure Flexure) 300 0.003 0.67 fcu/gc

a =55.83
C’s=A’sf’s

c=69.79
PU  0  Cc  Cs  Ts e’s Cc
800
A’s= 1571
gc=1.5 & gs=1.15 750

Since As=A’s, A’s can not be

yielded (Cc=Ts-C’s not equal 0.0) >> ey/gs
As= 1571 Ts= Asfy/gs
 c  50 
0.003
e s 
c
 c  50    c  50    a  40 
0.003 600 600
f s  Ese s  Es
c c a
fy
Ts  As  1571 313  491.8 kN
gs
f 30
Cc  0.67 cu ba  0.67   300  a  4020 a
gc 1 .5
Cc  Cs  Ts
 a  40 1571  491800 
600
4020 (a )   4,020 a 2  450,809 a  37,704,000  0
a
  a  55.83 mm   c  a / 0.8  69.79 mm

 c  50    69.79  50   170.1  f y / g s  Cs  1571170.1  267.23 kN

600 600
f s  21
c 69.79
Cairo University Prof. Dr. Hamed Hadhoud

 t a t  t 
M U  Cc     Cs   cover   Ts   cover 
2 2 2  2 
 800 55.83   800   800 
 224.44     267 . 23  50   491 . 8  50 
 2 2   2   2 
 349.2 kN .m

Minimum Eccentricity (code equation for short columns)

PU  0.35 f cu bt  0.67 As f y

PU  0.35  30  300  800  0.67  2 1571 360  3277 kN

22
Cairo University Prof. Dr. Hamed Hadhoud

Pu
4000

3500

3000

2500

2000

1500

1000

500

0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 Mu

Interaction Diagram

23
Cairo University Prof. Dr. Hamed Hadhoud

Example (2)
For the interaction diagram drawn in example (1), check the safety of
the section if subjected to the following straining actions;

Case 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Mu 50 100 200 300 400 500 650
Pu 3400 3000 3300 2750 100 2000 1000

Pu 4000

3500
(1) (3)
3000 (2) (4)
2500

2000 (6)
1500

1000
(7)
500

0 (5)
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700

Mu 24
Cairo University Prof. Dr. Hamed Hadhoud

Design using Interaction Diagrams

(a =0.4~1.0)
• If (e/t) < 0.05  Code Eqn. for
short column
• If Pu/fcubt <0.04  Compression
force can be neglected

• If  > min and < max Get 

   f cu 10 4 AS   b t AS  a AS
• If  < min use As min
0 .8
Columns  AS  AS  bt
100
Beams  AS  smaller of
 f 
1)0.225 cu  1.1 bd 
 fy fy 
 
 2)1.3 A , 
0.15 0.25
bd ) 
 bd ( or
 
S required
100 100
• If  > max increase section dimensions 25
Cairo University Prof. Dr. Hamed Hadhoud

Design using Interaction Diagrams

(Uniform Steel)

As )Total
4

As )Total
4
   f cu 104

AS )Total   b t

26
Cairo University Prof. Dr. Hamed Hadhoud
250 mm
Example (3)
Design the shown section given that; A’s
• Mu=250 kN.m
t = 500 zt
• Pu=-1500 kN
• fcu=30 Mpa
As
• fy=360 Mpa
• a=0.6

t  2  cov er 500  100

   0 .8
t 500
PU 1500 1000
  0 .4
f cu bt 30  250  500 Interaction
 8
Diagram
MU 250 106
  0.133
f cu bt 2
30  250  500 2

   f cu 10 4  0.024
AS   b t  3000 mm 2

AS  a AS  0.6  3000  1800 mm 2

27
Cairo University Prof. Dr. Hamed Hadhoud
250 mm
Example (4)
Design the shown section given that; A’s
• Mu=250 kN.m
t = 500 zt
• Pu=-1500 kN
• fcu=30 Mpa
As
• fy=360 Mpa
• a=1.0

t  2  cov er 500  100

   0 .8
t 500
PU 1500 1000
  0 .4
f cu bt 30  250  500 Interaction
  5 .8
Diagram
MU 250 106
  0.133
f cu bt 2
30  250  500 2

   f cu 10 4  0.0174
AS   b t  2175 mm 2

AS  a AS  2175 mm 2
28
Cairo University Prof. Dr. Hamed Hadhoud

Approximate Method (Msu Method)

PU

MU t/2
t/2 e

 
es
PU
MSU
t/2 t/2 t/2

PU

cover cover cover

MU
e M SU  PU eS
PU
t
es  e   cover
2
29
Cairo University Prof. Dr. Hamed Hadhoud

1) Design for MSU and PU assuming tension failure

a As1 a As1
t/2
MSU  
t/2 As1 (-As2) As1-As2
PU
MSU PU MSU & PU

Use R-w curves (or C1-J curves for T-sections)

M SU
R 2
   w & a
R  w curves

f cu bd
f cu PU
AS  wbd 
fy fy /g s 
 f 
AS  a  wbd cu 
 f y 

30
Cairo University Prof. Dr. Hamed Hadhoud

2) Check PU < Pb (Check tension failure)

 0.67 f cu  As f y As f y
Pb    b  0.8 cb  
 gc  gs gs
e cu
where cb  d
ey
e cu 
gS
If PU < Pb  Assumption of tension failure is correct

If PU > Pb  Assumption of tension failure is wrong

Either use Interaction Diagrams Or redesign from 1st principles

(where a  0.4) (where stress in tension RFT is calculated
from strain compatibility)

31
Cairo University Prof. Dr. Hamed Hadhoud
b 0.67 fcu/gc
0.003
Cs
A’s c e’s a Cuc
Redesign from
1st principles d
d-c
As
es= 0.003(d-c)/c Ts= Asfs
PU  CUC  CS  TS ................................................................(1)
M U  CUC t / 2  a / 2   CS t / 2  cover   TS (t / 2  cover) ........(2)

Assume A’s is yielded

fy  0.003(d  c) 
PU  0.67  f cu / g c b (0.8 c)  As  As  ES .............(1)
gS  c 
fy
M U  0.67  f cu / g c b (0.8 c)t / 2  a / 2   As t / 2  cover 
gS Get c, As, A’s
 0.003(d  c) 
 As  ES (t / 2  cover) ...............................................(2)
 c 
As  a As ........................................................................................(3)
32
Cairo University Prof. Dr. Hamed Hadhoud

Check assumption that A’s is yielded

0.003(c  cover)
f s  ES
c
fy
If f s  Assumption is correct
gS
Else

 0.003(c  cover)   0.003(d  c) 

PU  0.67  f cu / g c b (0.8 c)  As  ES   As  ES .....(1)
 c   c 
 0.003(c  cover) 
M U  0.67  f cu / g c b (0.8 c)t / 2  a / 2   As  ES  t / 2  cover 
 c  Get c,
As, A’s
 0.003(d  c) 
 As  ES (t / 2  cover) ....................................................................(2)
 c 
As  a As ...............................................................................................................(3)

33
Cairo University Prof. Dr. Hamed Hadhoud
200 mm
Example (5)
Design the shown section given:
b= 200 mm

750 mm
fcu= 30 N/mm2 Pu=-200 kN
t = 750 mm fy= 360 N/mm2 Mu=150 kN.m

1) Design assuming tension failure

Use R-w curves
M U 150
e   0.75 m
PU 200
t 0.75
es  e   cover  0.75   0.05  1.075 m
2 2
M SU  PU eS  215 kN .m
M SU 215 106
R   0 . 073   w  0.092 & a  0.0
R  w curves

f cu bd 2
30  200  700 2

f cu PU 30 200,000
AS  wbd   0.092  200  700    434 mm 2
fy fy /g s  360 360 / 1.15
AS  0.0

34
Cairo University Prof. Dr. Hamed Hadhoud

2) Check PU < Pb (Check tension failure)

e cu 0.003
cb  d  700  460 mm
ey 360
e cu  0.003 
gS 1.15  200,000
 0.67 f cu  A f
Pb    b  0.8 cb  s y
 gc  gs
 0.67  30  434  360
   200  0.8  460   850.4 kN
 1 . 5  1 . 15
Since PU < Pb  Assumption of tension failure is correct

35
Cairo University Prof. Dr. Hamed Hadhoud
200 mm
Example (6)
Design the shown section given:

500 mm
b= 200 mm fcu= 30 N/mm2 Pu=-230 kN
t = 500 mm fy= 360 N/mm2 Mu=150 kN.m

1) Design assuming tension failure

Use R-w curves
M U 150
e   0.652 m
PU 230
t 0.5
es  e   cover  0.652   0.05  0.852 m
2 2
M SU  PU eS  196 kN .m
M SU 196 106
R   0 . 161   w  0.22 & a  0.2
R  w curves

f cu bd 2
30  200  450 2

f cu PU 30 230,000
AS  wbd   0.22  200  450    915 mm 2
fy fy /g s  360 360 / 1.15
 f cu   30 
 
AS  a wbd  0.2 0.22  200  450    330 mm 2
 f y   360 

36
Cairo University Prof. Dr. Hamed Hadhoud

2) Check PU < Pb (Check tension failure)

e cu 0.003
cb  d  450  295.7 mm
ey 360
e cu  0.003 
gS 1.15  200,000
 0.67 f cu  A f A f
Pb    b  0.8 cb  s y  s y
 gc  gs gs
 0.67  30  330  360 915  360
   200  0.8  295.7    450.9 kN
 1 . 5  1 . 15 1 . 15
Since PU < Pb  Assumption of tension failure is correct

37
Cairo University Prof. Dr. Hamed Hadhoud

Example (7) 1300 mm

Design the shown section given:
B=1300 mm ts= 100 mm fcu= 25 N/mm2

700
100
b= 250 mm Pu=-100 kN fy= 360 N/mm2
t = 700 mm Mu=700 kN.m
250
Assume a < ts
M U 700
e   7m
PU 100
t 0.7
es  e   cover  7   0.05  7.3 m
2 2
M SU  PU eS  730 kN .m
Use C1-J curve
M SU 730  106
d  C1 
 650  C1 
 C1  4.34
f cu B 25  1300
1 J Curve
C1  4.34 C   c / d  0.16 
 c  0.16  650  104 mm
a  0.8c  83.2 mm  Since a  t s the assumption is correct
M SU Pu 730  106 100  103
J  0.815  AS      3508 mm 2
f y Jd f y g S 360  0.815  650 360 1.15
38
For T-sections no need to check tension failure condition
Cairo University Prof. Dr. Hamed Hadhoud

(2) ECCENTRIC TENSION

39
Cairo University Prof. Dr. Hamed Hadhoud

e > d  d  / 2 t/2
Big Eccentric

e
(d- d’)/2

MU
t/2 TU
MU
TU e
TU
t/2

t/2

cover
e  d  d  / 2 e
TU
Small Eccentric

40
Cairo University Prof. Dr. Hamed Hadhoud

Big Eccentric Tension

MU t/2
t/2 t/2

TU   MSU
t/2 e t/2

TU
es
TU
cover cover cover

MU
e M SU TU eS
TU
t
es  e   cover
2
41
Cairo University Prof. Dr. Hamed Hadhoud

Big Eccentric Tension

a As1 a As1
t/2
MSU  
t/2 As1 (+As2) As1+As2
TU
MSU TU MSU & TU

Use R-w curves (or C1-J curves for T-sections)

M SU
R 2
   w & a
R  w curves

f cu bd
f cu TU
AS  wbd 
fy fy /g s 
 f 
AS  a  wbd cu 
 f y 

42
Cairo University Prof. Dr. Hamed Hadhoud

Small Eccentric Tension

TU2

TU
TU MU TU 1
TU 1   AS 1 
TU1
2 (d  d ' ) fy /g S 
TU MU TU 2
  AS 2 
TU2 TU 2
2 (d  d ' ) fy /g S 
(d- d’)

MSU
TU
TU1

43
Cairo University Prof. Dr. Hamed Hadhoud
250 mm
Example (8)
Design the shown section given:
b= 250 mm

800 mm
fcu= 30 N/mm2 Tu= +1000 kN
t = 800 mm fy= 360 N/mm2 Mu=250 kN.m

MU 250
e   0.25 m d  d'
TU 1000 e 
 small eccentirc tension
2
d  d ' 0.75  0.05
  0.35 m
2 2
T MU 1000 250
TU 1  U     857.14 kN
2 (d  d ' ) 2 (0.75  0.05)
867.14 1000
AS 1   2738 mm 2
360 / 1.15
T MU 1000 250 AS2
TU 2  U     142.86 kN
2 (d  d ' ) 2 (0.75  0.05)
142.86 1000 AS1
AS 1   456 mm 2
360 / 1.15
44
Cairo University Prof. Dr. Hamed Hadhoud
250 mm
Example (9)
Design the shown section given:
b= 250 mm

800 mm
fcu= 30 N/mm2 Tu= +200 kN
t = 800 mm fy= 360 N/mm2 Mu=350 kN.m
Use R-w curves
M U 350
e   1.75 m d  d'
TU 200 e> 
  big eccentirc tension
2
d  d ' 0.75  0.05
  0.35 m
2 2
t 0.8
es  e   cover  1.75   0.05  1.4 m
2 2
M SU  TU eS  280 kN .m
M SU 280 10 6
R   0.066 R  w  0.083 & a  0.0
 w curves

f cu bd 2
30  250  750 2

f cu TU 30 200,000
AS  wbd   0.083  250  750    1935 mm 2
fy fy /g s  360 360 / 1.15
AS  0.0
45
Cairo University Prof. Dr. Hamed Hadhoud

Example (10) 1300 mm

Design the shown section given:
B=1300 mm ts= 100 mm fcu= 25 N/mm2

700
100
b= 250 mm Pu=+100 kN fy= 360 N/mm2
t = 700 mm Mu=700 kN.m
250
Assume a < ts

 7 m >> d  d ' / 2 
M U 700
e   Big eccentric tension
TU t 100 0.7
es  e   cover  7   0.05  6.7 m
2 2
M SU  TU eS  670 kN .m
Use C1-J curve
M SU 670  106
d  C1 
 650  C1 
 C1  4.53
f cu B 25  1300
1 J Curve
C1  4.53 C   c / d  0.145 
 c  0.145  650  94.3 mm
a  0.8c  75.4 mm  Since a  t s the assumption is correct
M SU Tu 670  106 100  103
J  0.819  AS      3815 mm 2
f y Jd f y g S 360  0.819  650 360 1.15
46
Cairo University
Faculty of Engineering
Structure Eng. department

Analysis and Design of

“Long” Columns
Prepared by
Assc. Prof. Dr. Nasser. El-Shafey

Objectives of the Present lecture March 2016

 To explain what the long columns are, mathematically how

to differentiate long columns from short columns.
 To learn how to calculate slenderness ratio of an RC column
in a braced /un-braced buildings.
 To calculate design Moments in Columns
Classification of Columns Based on Type of Loading
1.Columns with axial loading (applied concentrically)
2.Columns with uniaxial eccentric loading
3.Columns with biaxial eccentric loading
P P P
ey
e ex

axial compression axial compression with axial compression with

uniaxial bending. biaxial bending.
 The combination of Load P applied with an
axial compression (Pu) with eccentricity e = Mu/Pu with
bending moment (Mu) at respect to the longitudinal
any column section centroidal axis of the column
statically section.
equivalent to
Long (slender) column
 Columns being slender when cross sectional area is very small in
proportion to their length.

 A slender column has a significant reduction in its axial-load

capacity due to moments resulting from lateral deflections of
column.

 As length of column increases, probability that failure will

occur due to buckling also increases and failure could occur as a
result of initial crushing of concrete at compression face or by
loss of lateral structural stability (buckling) before concrete or
steel reinforcement yields.
 The transition from short column to long column is defined by the
ratio of effective length ,(He =k Ho), to the radius of gyration,( i )
λi = k Ho/i in addition to the bracing conditions of the column.
Radius of Gyration (r)

Ig
r
Ag
Circular section: Rectangular section:

1 3
Ig bh
12 1
r   h  0.289h
Ag bh 12
 r  0.3h
D

h
Ig (D 4 / 64)
r   0.25D
Ag (D / 4)
2
b
Columns with low slenderness ratios (short) fail
under loads with material (concrete, steel) reaching
its ultimate compressive strength, and not by
buckling
Columns with very high slenderness ratios(long)
undergo buckling (with large lateral deflection)
under relatively low compressive loads, and fail
suddenly.
Effective length of a column
 The effective length of a column He in a given plane define as
the distance between the points of inflection in the buckled
configuration of column in that plane.
 The effective length depends on the unsupported length
Ho and the boundary conditions at column ends.
 Unsupported length of compression member (Ho) :
The unsupported length Ho taken as clear distance between floor slabs,
floor beams, Where capitals or haunches are present, Ho measured to the
lower extremity of the capital or haunch in the plane considered.
Column Length Factor (k)
Column length factor ( k) can be calculated by using code formulae
a) Braced compression members:
The k- factor may be taken as the smaller of the following two expressions:
k = (0.7 + 0.05 ( 1 + 2)  1.0 or
k = (0.85 + 0.05 min )  1.0
b) Unbraced Columns:
The effective length factor may be taken as the smaller of the following:
k = (1.0 + 0.15 ( 1 +  2 ) )  1.0 or
𝐸𝑐 𝐼𝑐
𝐻𝑜 𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛
k = (2.0 + 0.3  min )  1.0 where 𝛼 = 𝐸𝑐 𝐼𝑏 at a joint
𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑚𝑠
𝐿𝑏
α is the ratio of stiffness of all compression members to stiffness of all flexural
members at one end of column (α generally 1 to 10 )
1 and  2 are values of  at lower and upper ends of the column
 min is the smaller value of 1 and 2 .
Ho = clear height between end restraints,
Lb = clear span of beam, and
Ic , Ib = moment of inertia of column and beam cross sections ,respectively
Evaluation of Column Length Factor (k)
Egyptian code gives values of ( k ) for four cases of end restraint condition.
Condition (1) : ( Fixed)
The end of column is connected monolithically to beams or slab which are
at least as deep as overall dimension of column in the plane considered,
where column is connected to a foundation, the foundation should be
designed to carry moment.
Condition (2) : ( partially fixed)
The end of column is connected monolithically to beams or slab which are
shallower than the overall dimensions of column in the plane considered.

Condition (3) : ( hinged )

The end of column is connected to members who, although not specifically
designed to provide restraint to rotation of column, but will, provide some
nominal restraint.
Condition (4) : ( free )
The end of the column is unrestrained against both lateral movement and
rotation (e.g. the free end of a cantilever column in an un-braced structure)
TABLE 1:Ratio of He/Ho for braced column

Condition of upper end Condition of lower end

1 2 3
1 0.75 0.8 0.9
2 0.8 0.85 0.95
3 0.9 0.95 1.0

TABLE 2:Ratio of He/Ho for unbraced column

Condition of upper end Condition of lower end

1 2 3
1 1.20 1.30 1.60
2 1.30 1.50 1.80
3 1.60 1.80 .......
4 2.20 ....... .......

1 2 4
3
Hinged. End. Free end.
Fixed end Partial fixed end
 Limits on Slenderness Ratio

orColumns considered short or long if λb= He /b and λi =He/i is less

more than values given in Table

Column. Types b rec. sec. d Circular i

Condition sec.
braced Short 15 12 50
columns
Un-braced 10 8 35
braced Long 30 25 100
Un-braced columns 23 18 70
 For braced frames k values can never be greater than 1.0.
 For un-braced frames the k values will always be greater
than 1.0 because of side sway.
 Braced and Un-braced columns
If there are elements in structure sufficiently stiff to carry lateral loads without
significant deflection (e.g. shear walls, columns connected by suitable wind
bracing, .etc.) , then it can be assumed that there is no lateral displacement of
the top of the building relative to the bottom

Building is considered braced if :

1. Horizontal loads are resisted by : shear walls
2. The following equation is satisfied :
𝑵
∝=𝑯 𝑬𝑰
≤ 𝟎. 𝟔 For n ≥ 4
≤ 0.2+0.1n for n < 4
where:
 H = height of the building above foundation.
 N = sum of all the vertical loads of the building (total gravity working loads ).
  EI = sum of the flexural rigidities of all the vertical stiffening elements (shear walls).
 n = number of stories .
Example :
Check if the building shown in fig is considered braced or un-braced
No . of floors = 6 floors Y
5.0 5.0
Total building height = 19m C1 C2 C1

C = 400  400 mm . total load / floor = 150 kN.

1 3.0
C = 250  600 mm . Total load / floor = 320 kN. 2.0
2 W1
W1= 250 x 3000 mm. Total load / floor = 640 kN 0.779 X
3.0 W1 2.0

Core thickness = 300 mm 0.3 1.4 0.3

Core load = 400 kN. / floor 3.0

Concrete strength f = 25 N /mm2 C1 C1
cu C2

Solution
Total load = 6 [ 4 (150) + 2(320) + 2(640) +400 ] = 17520 kN.
Inertia about X- X axis for W1
I = 250 x 3000 x 3000x 3000 /12 = 562.5x 10000 cm4
x
Neglect the inertia about Y- Y axis for W1
C.G for the core
A1 =300 X 2000 = 600000 mm2
A2 = 300 X 1400 = 420000 mm2
A total = 2 X 600000 + 420000 = 1620000 mm2
Y = (2 X 600000 X 1000 + 420000 X 150) / 1620000=779.6 mm
Inertia about X- X axis for Core:
Ix =2 [300 X (2000)3/12 +600000 (1000-779.6)2] +1400 X (300)3/12
+ 420000 (779.6 –150 )2 = 627,927,770,000 mm4
Inertia about Y- Y axis for Core:
Iy = 2[2000 X (300) 3 /12 +600000 (850 )2] +300 X (1400 )3 /12 =9.446x1011 mm4
Ix total = 562.5x 109 + (627,927,770,000)
= 1.19043 x 1012 mm4
Iy total = 9.446x1011 mm4
E  4400 25  22000 N / mm2 ................................................................Code Eq(4  61)
In x- direction: - the inertia is taken about Y axis
In y- direction: - the inertia is taken about X axis
ΣN
αH ............................................................................. Code Eq.(art.6  5  4)
ΣEI
As the building more than four stories then it will considered braced only if
17520000
 y  19000  0.491  0.6 ............................ (braced )
22000  1.19043 x 1012

17520000
 x  19000  0.551  0.6 ......................  (braced )
22000  9.446 x 1011

The building is considered braced in Y direction ( around x axis )

The building is considered braced in X direction ( around y axis )
Primary and Secondary Moments

 The moment caused by applied loads, joint

rotations etc.. is called primary moments.
 When a column is subjected to primary
moments, the axis of the member will
deflect laterally.
 This cause additional moments equal to the
(PΔ) that applies to the column. These
moments are called secondary moments.
Design Moment in Braced Slender Columns
If column slenderness ratio exceeds limits for
short, it will buckle prior to reaching its limit of
material failure.
Slender Column subjected to combined axial load
and bending, deforming laterally and developing
additional moment, P., where P is the axial load
and  is deflection of columns buckled shape. i.e.
Mc = Mo + P ,where Mo= P. e is the moment at
the ends of column .
The deflection increases, the moment for which
the column must be designed.
The maximum moment occurs at mid height
where the maximum deflection occurs.
 Additional Moments in Braced Columns
Deformed shape Initial Moments Add. Moments Design Moments

Madd Madd

Madd/2 M2-Madd/2
M2

Mi Mi+ Madd
Madd

Madd/2
M2 M2-Madd/2

Mi Madd Mi+ Madd

M1 M1+Madd/2
Madd/2
Calculation of Additional Moment (Madd)
Effect of buckling taken as additional moment ( Madd) induced by deflection  and given
𝝀𝟐𝒃 𝒃
by Madd = P .  and  is given by 𝜹 ≈ For Rec-column,
𝟐𝟎𝟎𝟎
𝝀𝟐𝑫 𝑫
for Circular column 𝜹 ≈ 𝟐𝟎𝟎𝟎
,
𝝀𝟐𝒊 𝒕′
for general case. 𝜹 ≈ 𝟑𝟎𝟎𝟎 .
The design moments around the secondary axis (y -y) taken as the greater of
(1) M2 = My = applied moment ( from analysis )
Where:
M = primary moment = 0.4M + 0.6 M  0.4 M
i 1 2 2
M = larger calculated end moment
2
M = smaller calculated end moment
1
M is positive for a single curvature bending, and negative for a
1
double curvature bending.

In case of columns subjected to moments around

the major axis only (buckling moment will be
around minor axis),the column design as it is
subjected to biaxial bending moment and primary
moment(Mi) around minor axis equals to zero.
In case of column subjected to moment around
minor axis only, column design as it is subject to
axial load Pu and the design moment obtained.
 ECP Simplified Method for Initial Moments in
Braced Columns
For braced columns carrying beams of almost equal spans and loadings
 The bending moment at the ends of exterior column can be estimated
according to the values given in the Egyptian code provisions, as shown
in the following equations.
 kl, ku and kb are the stiffness’s of lower column, upper column and
beam , respectively.
External Columns
Single-bay Multi-bay
•Mf = fixed end moment of beam considering it to form a frame
with the column and as if it is completely fixed at its both end
 Example: Frames’ Long Columns
25x50
Sec. Beams 20x50 end gable

Wall beam Wall bea m Wall beam

25x50 25x50 25x50
Ho)i
Ho)o

Semelle Semelle
25x50
25x50

(3) (1)

Column Bottom
Condition
 1200
tc,av= 1105 mm

Ho)i=7.5 m
1400 mm
2/3(H) = 5.47 m
H = 8.2 m

Ho)o=4.25 m
850 400

tc,av= 850 + (1200-850)x(5.47/7.5) =1105 mm bc = 400 mm

Frame is unbraced both in plane and out-of-plane
In-plane buckling:
Top End condition tc av= 1105 & tg=1400 Case 1
K= 1.6
Bottom End condition Hinged Base Case 3
He= 1.6 x 7.5= 12 m Mu + Madd
= He/tc,av= 12/1.105= 10.86 > 10 Long column

 tc,av2 10.862 1.105  0.065 m

  M add  Pu   0.065 Pu
2000 2000
Out-of-plane buckling:
Top End condition bc= 400 & tb=500
Case 1
K= 1.2
Bottom End condition Fixed in footing Case 1

He= 1.2 x 4.25= 5.1 m

= He/bc= 5.1/0.4= 12.75 > 10 Long column Madd
400

   bc  12.75  0.4  0.032 m

2 2
M add  Pu   0.032 Pu 1200
2000 2000
Additional Moments in Unbraced Columns

Deformed shape Initial Moments Add. Moments Design Moments

av Madd
M2 M2+Madd

M2 Madd M2+Madd

M1
Madd M1+Madd
Design Moment in unbraced Long or Short Columns (Art 6.4.5.3)
Unbraced columns are generally connected to floors that are rigid enough in their own plane
to induce equal deflection (side sway) to all columns under lateral loads
𝜹
𝜹𝒂𝒗 = Where:
𝒏
av = is the average deflection at ultimate limit states applied to all columns at a given level
𝝀𝟐𝒃 𝒃
 = is the deflection at ultimate limit states for each column calculated from 𝜹 = 𝟐𝟎𝟎𝟎
n =is the number of columns resisting side sway at a given level.
After calculation of ( av ) , any values of (  ) more than twice ( av ) should be ignored and
the average , ( av ) should be recalculated , with reduced n.

M add = P 𝛿 av
M design = the bigger of
1. M applied + M add
2. P. emin
Mi = primary moment = 0.4 M1 + 0.6 M2  0.4 M2
M2 = larger calculated end moment
M1 = smaller calculated end moment
Steps of Calculations
1) Check if the building braced on un-braced
2) For braced buildings calculate b =He/b for each
column
• Short, or long, or unsafe columns
• Increase dimensions for unsafe columns
• No additional moment for short columns
• Calculate  = b2 b / 2000 for each column individually
• Madd for each column= Pu 
3) For un-braced buildings calculate b =He / b 
• Short, or long, or unsafe columns
• Increase dimensions for unsafe columns
• Calculate =b2 b / 2000 for each column (=zero for
short columns)
• Calculate av =  /n
• Madd for each column= Pu av
Code Requirements on Reinforcement and Detailing
Longitudinal Reinforcement
Minimum Reinforcement: The longitudinal bars must have
a cross sectional area not less than 0.8 percent of the
gross area of the column section.
Maximum Reinforcement: The maximum cross-sectional
area of longitudinal bars should not exceed 6 percent of
the gross area of the column section. But a reduced limit
of 4 percent is recommended in general
Minimum Longitudinal reinforcement :
For tied long column, the minimum percentage of longitudinal reinforcement
Is given by:
𝝁𝒎𝒊𝒏 = 𝟎. 𝟐𝟓 + 𝟎. 𝟏𝟓 𝝀𝒊 % From the gross area required
And for rectangular column as
𝝁𝒎𝒊𝒏 = 𝟎. 𝟐𝟓 + 𝟎. 𝟎𝟓𝟐 𝝀𝒃 % From the gross area required
Minimum limit is specified by the Code in order to:
 Ensure nominal flexural resistance under unforeseen
eccentricities in loading; and
 prevent yielding of bars due to creep and shrinkage effects,
which result in a transfer of load from concrete to the steel.

Minimum diameter / number of bars and their location:

 Longitudinal bars in columns should not be less than 12 mm
in diameter and should not be spaced more than 300 mm
apart (center-to- center) along the periphery of the column
At least 4 bars provided in a column with rectangular
cross-section (one at each corner), and at least 6 bars)
in a circular column (equally spaced near periphery).
 A minimum clear cover of 20 mm or bar diameter is
recommended for columns in general
Biaxial Loaded Columns
In some columns, axial compression is accompanied by simultaneous bending about
both principal axes of section (corner columns) .In such cases, the compressive load
P will act at the eccentricities

where M and M are moments about principal axes x-x and y-y
x y
acting simultaneously with axial load P as obtained from structural
analysis.The Egyptian code provides two simplified design method for
the common case of a symmetrically reinforced rectangular section.
The first method (Case I) permits the design of the section to be
carried out as if the section is subjected to a magnified moment about
one axis given
(Case II ) requires design of section in each of the directions under
modified moments .
Case I : Design for a single modified moment
M ,M are the effective uni-axial design moment about x and y axes, respectively ,
x` y`
is a coefficient obtained from Table (6-12-A) in the Egyptian code.

The following Figure gives the value of β as a function of R .
b
Design the column section to resist axial Pu and uni-axial bending
M '=Pu*e '
Case II : Design for M x`, and M y` separately as :

The reinforcement obtained from the design of Mx shall be distributed equally

`
in the two opposite sides of the section in the y-direction and the reinforcement
obtained from the design of My shall be distributed equally in the two opposite
`
sides of the section in the x-direction
Example
The following figure represents a structural plan and sectional elevation of a five – story
residential building , Given that :
b= 250 mm , fcu , =25 N / mm2, fy = 360 N / mm2, all beams are 250x500, typical floor
height = 3m, and loads on beams Wd = 20 kN / m andW1 = 10 kN/m .
It is required to :
1) Calculate the straining actions for column C1 through C6 at the ground floor
2) Design column C6.

A B C D E
4.00 4.00 4.00 4.00
4.00
1 1

0.5m
C3 C2 C1
4.00

2 2
C6 C5 C4
4.00

Ho = 4.25m
Pd =650 kN Pd =1000 kN Pd =1000 kN
PL =400 kN PL =600 kN PL =600 kN
3 3
0.25
4.00

Pd =400 kN Pd =650 kN 0.00

y Pd =650 kN
PL =300 kN PL =400 kN PL =400 kN
4 4
-0.75
Semell 25x60
x A B C D E
-1.75
Structural plan of a five-story building
Estimation of columns dimensions :
The cross sections of columns can be first estimated by considering them subjected to
axial loads only as following :
Pu= 0.35 fcu Ac + 0.67 fy Asc ……………………. Code Eq.( 4.12.a)
Ac
Assume Asc  then :
100
0.67
Pu  A c [0.35 f cu  fy ]
100
0.67
 Ac [8.75   360]  11.162 Ac
100
C1  250 400
C2 , C3 , and C4  250  550 C5 and C6  250  850

Check of building bracing :

The building has not any walls or cores for bracing.
So, the building is unbraced in both X & Y directions.
X- direction :

Column Homm Top* Bottom* He Hemm bmm He mm * * *

End End Ho
**

b
Cond Cond.
C1 4250 1 1 1.2 5100 250 20.4 52
C2 4250 1 1 1.2 5100 250 20.4 52
C3 4250 1 1 1.2 5100 250 20.4 52
C4 4250 2 1 1.3 5525 550 10.05 27.8
C5 4250 1 1 1.2 5100 250 20.4 52
C6 4250 2 1 1.3 5525 850 6.5 18
* Code item : 6-4-5-1 ** Code Table :6-10 *** Code Equation : 6-37

Column C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 C6
(M)yD.L add 17.5 28.5 28.5 28.5 43.8 43.8
(M)yL.L add 13.1 17.5 17.5 17.5 26.3 26.3
Y- direction
Column Homm. Top Bottom He He mm Bmm He mm * * *
Ho
**

End End b
Cond Cond
C1 4250 1 1 1.2 5100 400 12.75 32.5
C2 4250 2 1 1.3 5525 550 10.05 27.8
C3 4250 2 1 1.3 5525 550 10.05 27.8
C4 4250 1 1 1.2 5100 250 20.4 52
C5 4250 2 1 1.3 5525 850 6.5 18
C6 4250 1 1 1.2 5100 250 20.4 52
4  32.5  (4  2)  27.8  4  52  4  18  2  52
 av 
20
* Code item : 6-4-5-1 ** Code Table : 6-10 *** Code Equation : 6-37
av = 34 mm. Mx ) add = 0.034(P)
Column C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 C6
( M)D.L 13.6 22.1 22.1 22.1 34 34
(M) L.L 10.2 13.6 13.6 13.6 20.4 20.4
Edge Columns
C2 and C3 in Y- direction & C4 in X- direction
For edge columns another bending moments must be calculated these bending moment
results from the frame action between the beams and the columns . In other words , the
deflection of the end beam causes a rotation in the connection between the beam and the
column consequently causes bending moments in the column .
C1 (Both x – direction and Y- direction )
1) In y – direction
250  400 3
 u  1   1.33 x 10 9 mm 4
12
1.33 x 10 9
26.7  ( )
Mx) D. L  4 .75  5.4 kN.m
1.33 x 10 9 1.33 x 10 9 2.604 x 10 9
( )( )( )
4.75 3 4
1.33 x 10 9
13.3  ( )
M y ) L. L  4. 75  2.7 kN.m
1.33 x 10 9 1.33 x 10 9 2.604 x 10 9
( )( )( )
4.75 3 4

250  5003
Ib   2604167000 mm4
12
250  5503
I u  I1   3466146000 mm4
12
20  42
Mf ) D . L   26.7kN .m
12
In X- direction
400  250 3
Iu  Il   520833333 mm 4
12
520833333
26.7  ( )
M x ) D. L  4.75  3.1 kN.m
520833333 520833333 2604167000
( )( )( )
4.75 3 4

520833333
13.3  ( )
M x ) L. L  4.75  1.6kN.m
520833333 520833333 2604167000
( )( )( )
4.75 3 4
Design of column C6
PD.L.= 1000 kN
PL.L = 600 kN
MY) D.L.=43.8 kN.m MY)L.L = 26.3 kN.m
Mx)D.L = 34 kN.m Mx)L.L = 20.4 kN.m
Pu =1.4 (1000) +1.6(600) =2360 kN.m
Mxu = 1.4 (34)+ 1.6 (20.4) = 80.2 kN.m ex = Mxu / Pu = 0.034m > ex min *
MYu = 1.4 (43.8) + 1.6 (26.3) = 103.4m.t. ey = Myu / Pu = 0.044m > ey min **
To Design a column subjected to biaxial bending moment, a simplified method in the
code item (6-4-6) can be used in which the column may be designed as if it was
subjected to uniaxial bending moment but after multiplying this moment by a
magnification factor as follows .
b = 850, b = 825 mm. a= 250 , a =225 mm.
Pu 2360  1000
  0.44 M xu
f cu b a 25  250  850

25
16 19
  0.48 M yu

a
85
M xu 80.2
  356.4 kN.m b
a 0.225
M yu 103.4 M xu
  125.3 kN.m
b 0.825
M M Reinforcement Details
 xu  yu
a b
.
  as follows :
Designed for M xu
 a 
  M xu     M yu ............................................................................ Code Eq. (6  43)
M xu
 b 
 225 
 80.2  0.48 x   x 103.4  93.7 kN.m.
 825 

 0.02   0.025 
* e x min  bigger    0.02 m ,* * ey  bigger    0.0425m
 
min
 0.05 * 0.25 0.0125 0.05 0.85
Pu 236  1000
  0.44
f cu b a 250  25  85

M xu 9.37  10 5
  0.07
f cu b a 2
250  85  25 2

Using Chart No. 17 get  =7

= f 10-5 =1.75 %
cu
A (total ) = 3719 mm2 Use 16 f 19 (Uniformly Distributed )
s