INTRODUCTION TO WORD PROCESSING

The process of writing, editing and reviewing our information using a computer and some
software is the one we call word processing.

The application software that we use to create, edit and revising notes/ documents on a computer
is called a word processor or a word processing application.
You can also define a word processor as a program that facilitates the creation of documents
through computerized text, editing, formatting, storing and printing.

Word processing programs have many different examples and some of them include the
following:-
 Microsoft word Apple works
 Word perfect Neo office
 Lotus WordPro King soft writer
 Word star Notepad
 WordPad

The following are some of the examples of documents that can be created by a word
processor:
 Letters proposals
 Reports news letters
 Memos
Applications (uses) or word processor to the computer users
 A word processing application can enable someone write a letter to a friend or a job
application letters.
 Can be used by learners to write their assignments.
 Teachers can use it to write notes which will be used later.
 People use it to earn a living. For example typing exams for schools,
 Can be used when writing adverts.

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 Basic features of word processor
1. Insert text. This is a common feature with word processors that allow the user to insert text
in the document. You can insert in your document by using a keyboard.
2. Copy. This feature will allow you duplicate text or document when using a word processor.
When you copy, the original text remains and you just have more copies.
3. Cut (move). You may decide to move or change the location of some text. And most word
processors have this feature.
4. Paste. When you copy or cut text, it is kept on a space called a clipboard. The process of
putting or placing your text in the required place is what we call pasting. Most word
processors have this feature.
5. Indent or indentation. This is the increase or decrease of space between the left and right
margin of a paragraph.
6. Line and page breaks. These features will enable you apply line breaks or page breaks.
7. Font specifications (font size, color and type or face).This feature will allow you set sizes
for the text, color and lettering style.
8. Header. The text that is put in the top margin is the one we call header. Orit is a text that
appears in the top margin of every page.
9. Footer. The text that is put in the bottom margin. Or the text that appears in the bottom
margin of every page.
10. Word wrap. This is a feature that allows text to move the next line when the original line is
full. Or a feature that automatically moves a word that is too long to fit on a line to the
beginning of the next line.

Microsoft word has many types and among them we have Microsoft word 2000, Microsoft word
2003, Microsoft word 2007, Microsoft word 2010, Microsoft word 1013 and others. Let’s use
Microsoft word 2007 as our area of study since we are not much far from the year 2007 and most
of our computers including the new computers can run it.

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 Introduction to Microsoft office word 2007.
Launching/ starting Microsoft office 2007
To start Ms word be it 2003 or 2007, you can click on the start button on the desktop, a start
menu will appear, click on “all programs” button and this will display another small menu,
choose Microsoft office word 2007. Or
Click on start/ run, type Ms Word 2007, there will appear a screen layout. Or
Right click on the desktop and choose New/ Microsoft office word document from the short cut
menu.
/.
Some features of Microsoft word 2007 include the following:
1. Office button. This button is found in the top left corner of the page. When clicked on, it
displays a dropdown menu with tools like New for creating a new document, Open, save,
print and others.
2. Ribbon. This is a horizontal menu that displayed when a tab is opened. The ribbon displays
all the tools you will need to make changes (formatting) on your text and document.
3. Quick access bar. The quick access bar provides quick access to tools that you use
frequently. You can add more tools of your preference by clicking on the small arrow on its
right e.g. Undo, Redo, Save etc.
4. Title bar. The title bar contains the name of the document or files, and the maximum,
minimum, restore and close.
5. Format painter. This feature can help you copy the formatting from one place and apply it
to another place.
6. Ruler. This will help you set page margins manually within the page.
7. Insertion point. The insertion point shows you where the text, pictures and graphics will be
placed (also known as the cursor).
8. Scroll bars. The scroll bars are used to move quickly to another area of the document.
9. Status bar. The status bar lists information and displays messages like page number or
total number of pages.

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10. The menu bar. The menu bar contains a series of dropdowns e.g. Home, insert, page
layout etc. Clicking on an item in a menu bar will display a dropdown menu from which you
can select the required command.
11. The tool bar. This contains a series of if Icons, which allow you achieve the desired effect as
quickly as possible e.g. Ms Word formatting tool bar tool bar like B for bolding, U for
underlining and others.

Creating a new document

To create a new document, click on Office button on the left hand top corner. This will display a
dropdown menu. From the menu click on “New” and it’s the first option in the menu. Or
You can press Ctrl + N using the keyboard. Both methods can work.
Saving a document
To do this, click on the office button and choose save as, a save as dialog box will appear, enter
the file name, select or choose the location or directory where you want to save your document
and finally click ok.

Note: Besides saving a document, there are other purposes for save as dialog box and they
include:
a. To specify the storage devices.
b. Used to change the location or directory of the document.
c. To specify the file name.
d. To protect a file.
Protecting an existing file
To do this, click on save as, a dialog box will appear, click on tools, select general options, enter
password to open, click ok, again click ok and finally click on save to save changes.

Opening an existing file

To open a document, click on the office button and choose open, from the dialog box displayed,
you can locate your file or just enter your file name, finally click the open button on the dialog
box.
Pressing Ctrl + O will also display an open dialog box.

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 Closing a document
There are several ways of closing a document.
1. Click on the close button located on top right corner labeled
X
2. Click on office button and choose “close” from the drop down menu.
3. Press Alt + F4 on the keyboard.
Renaming a document
To rename or give your document a different name, right click on it choose rename from the
shortcut menu, type a different name of the document and click outside the file.

Selecting or highlighting
This can be done in the following ways but depends on the quantity of your text.
 To select a single word like “information technology”, double click in the word.
 To select a sentence, put your cursor at the end of your sentence, press the left mouse button
while moving to cover the whole sentence.

Selecting or highlighting the whole or entire document

This can be done in three ways; our symbol “/” the forward slash represent “followed by” or
next.
 Click on home/select/select all.
 Put your cursor at the end of your document and push down the cursor while holding the left
mouse button until you cover the whole document page after page.
 Press Ctrl + A on your keyboard.

Formatting your text

To format a text means changing the appearance or text attributes. Or changing the appearance or
overall look of the text.
To format the text, highlight or select the text you want to edit, click on home and the formatting
ribbon will appear, from there you can change font size of your text, font faces or type say to
“Times New Romans”, apply a subscript and super script etc.

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From the same ribbon, you can change the text case by clicking on the button Aa
, align your text to left, center, right and justify.
Copy, cutting (moving) and pasting
 To copy a text, select it first and click on home tab. From the home ribbon click on the copy
button in the section. Or select the text and press Ctrl + Con your keyboard or select the text
and right click, then select copy.
 To cut or move a text, follow the above steps and instead of selecting copy button, select cut
button in the section. Or select the text and press Ctrl + X on your keyboard or select the text
and right click, then select cut.
 To paste the cut or copied text, click where you want your text to go and click on home, then
click on paste. Or press Ctrl + Von your keyboard or select the text and right click, then
select paste.

Deleting text
Deleting can be done in several ways;
 Position the cursor to the right of the text and press the backspace key on the keyboard. Also
you can select the words to be deleted and you press backspace.
 Click on undo button from the quick access bar and this will delete the recent written words.
 Position the cursor on left of the word you want to delete and press delete.
 You can select all the words to delete and press delete button.

Inserting pages
We can insert a cover page in our document. To do this, click on insert tab/cover page, choose
cover type like alphabet, annual or any other.
Inserting page break. This is dividing the page into parts. Click where you want the division or
separation to begin from then click on insert tab/ page break from the tabs.

Inserting tables
 To insert tables in your document, click on insert/tables. A drop down will appear with some
grids of boxes in form rows and columns. Move your pointer and select a grid of cells that
can make your table and finally click once to have the table drawn automatically.

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 Another way of doing this; click on insert/table from the tabs. From a dialog box type in the
number of rows and columns you want your table to have and click ok.
 You can also draw a table manually. Click on insert/table/draw table. Your cursor will
change into a pencil and you begin drawing the table in the space selected. This is very useful
in drawing complicated tables.
Formatting tables
Formatting table may involve changing the appearance of cells, shading rows and columns,
applying borders and so on.
To do all that, click on the table you want to format and two words “design” and “layout” will
be added to the tabs. Click on design to design your table like shade the first row and column
with yellow color and put borders. To add borders, select borders from design ribbon and choose
borders and shading. Then a dialog box will appear select borders/all and select the style, color
and width and finally click ok.
To change the text direction in the table, click on the table and select layout from the tabs, then
text direction.
Inserting pictures or graphics
To insert an image in your document, click in the space where you want your image to go. Click
on insert from the tabs/picture. From the dialog box displayed choose the picture you want to
insert (you should be knowing where the image is located), click on it and finally click on the
insert button.
Picture ribbon: This can help us format our picture. To activate it, click on the picture and a
word format will be added on our menu bar. Click on and view the available options. For
example you can change the brightness, contrast and color, picture, shape, position, compress a
picture and put borders on a picture and text wrap the picture (write in the picture).

Inserting clip arts

Clip arts are inbuilt images in the word processor library. To insert a clip art, click on insert from
the tabs followed by clip art. This will display a task pane on the right, type the name of the
image you want in the area and click go. Many images will be displayed, click on the image you
want and it will appear in your text area.
Inserting shapes

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Click on insert/shapes. A drop down menu of different shapes will appear having lines, basic
shapes, block arrows, flow charts and others.
Click on the shape you want and draw it in the area. Shapes have a tool bar that can help you
format them. Click on the shape you have drawn and select format from the tabs.

Headers, footers and page numbers

 To insert page numbers, click on insert/page number, select the position of the page numbers
for example top page or bottom or page margins. You can also format page numbers.
 To insert header, click on insert/header, select the position of the header for example left,
center and right alignment, finally type the text you want to appear in the top margin of every
page.
 To insert footer, click on insert/header, select the position of the header for example left,
center and right alignment, finally type the text you want to appear in the bottom margin of
every page.
Drop caps
A drop cap is a letter that begins more than one line. To insert a drop cap, select the letter you
want to drop. Then click on insert/drop cap/dropped or you can click on insert/drop cap/drop cap
options. Select dropped and the number of lines to drop from the dialog box. Click ok when
done.
Equations and symbols
To insert equations in the document, click insert/equations and choose the type of equation you
want to insert or select “insert new equation” to enter your own equation.
Click on insert/symbols to insert symbols that are not on your keyboard.

Word arts
You can insert a word art to make your text appear good to the reader. Click on insert/word art
and choose the word art you want to apply on your text.

Page set up and layout.

In the page layout ribbon, we can do the following:

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Change the template theme. Set up margins. Click page layout/margins/custom margins. From
the dialog box, type the margin numbers for the top, bottom, left and right. In the same dialog
box, you can set the page orientation to either portrait or landscape, page size by clicking on
paper and an arrow for the paper size.
Columns
You can put your text in columns. Click on page layout /columns/more columns. From a dialog
box, select the numbers of the columns and click ok.

Page color
To insert a page color in your document, click page layout/page color and click on the color you
want.
Water mark
This can be a text or picture in the background of the document. Or. This is a translucent image
that appears behind the primary text in a document. To put water markers in your document,
click on page layout / watermark/custom watermark. From the dialog box, select text watermark
radio button to insert text or select picture watermark to insert picture in the background.

Page boarders
To put borders on your page, click on page layout / page borders. From dialog box select page
borders, set the styles or art and click ok when done. For text boarders select the text you want to
appear in borders and choose page layout / page borders. Click on borders tab from the dialog
box.
Footnotes and endnotes
Footnotes can help you add extra information on what you have written in your document, it is
put at the end of the page. For example you can put comments, quotations in the footnotes or
endnotes. Endnotes are placed at the end of text. Click where you want to put your footnote or
endnote. Click references tab/an endnote. Type some text for your footnote or endnote. Click on
the “show notes” button on the reference ribbon.

MAIL MERGING

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This feature can help you create one document and make multiple copies of that document with
some different information. For example you can write one letter and send it to different people
with different addresses.

To start mail merging, click on the mailing tab/start mail merge/step by step mail merge wizard.
From the right of your work area, there will appear a task pane. Choose the type of document
you are working on say click on the radio button of letters. Click “next to start a document”.
Define how you want to set up your letters or document say from existing document, click next
to select recipients. If you do not have an existing list, click on “type a new list”. From a dialog
box click on “customize columns” you can delete some “field names” that will be useless to
you and add the one you want. Click ok after adding the field names. Enter the details of the
recipients and click a new entry for more recipients. Click ok when done. Click next to write
your letters, click on insert merge field whenever you want the recipients data in your document.

After inserting merge fields, click next to preview your letters and next to complete the merge.
When merge is complete, you can save your document or print or send it via mail to the
recipients.
Spell checking
It is good to check your spelling and grammar after writing your document. During typing, you
can see wavy red lines drawn on words or statements. This indicates that the word is not
recognized by the computer, poor spacing or repeated words. To solve this, you can right click in
the wavy underlined words and choose the correct word from the shortcut menu.
But that may take a lot of time to finish the whole document. You can click on review/spelling
and grammar. If the suggested word fits your interest, click on the change and if it does not, click
ignore once. Finally click close when done.

Thesaurus
This word feature can help you find the meaning and other words that can be used instead of the
one you want to use.
To start thesaurus, click on review/thesaurus, a task pane will appear on the right, type in the
word you want to search for.

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 Printing a document
To print your document, click on office button and choose print. A print dialog box will appear.
Select the print range if you do not want to print all the pages. Enter the number of copies you
want to print. Enter the number of pages you want to appear on each sheet. In case you want to
have more than one page per sheet, select current and click ok when done.

INTRODUCTION TO ELECTRONIC SPREADSHEET

A spreadsheet is an application program that can help the user to carryout simple calculations
just like a calculator. Or this is a grid of rows and columns that holds information.
This program can also help you create illustrations of the given data sets like charts and graphs
to determine the stand of the situation for example weather of a certain place.
Spreadsheets are widely used and some of the programs on market are include the
following:
 Lotus 1-2-3 for DOS
 Microsoft office Excel for windows
 VisiCalc (Visual Calc). The first spreadsheet.
 Wingz
 SuperCalc
 Quattropro for windows.
 ClarisWorks/ AppleWorks

Applications (uses) of a spreadsheet

 It can help you represent data sets in graphical forms.
 Can help you carryout simple arithmetic on data sets. And also perform calculations when
the data in the worksheets is changed.
 Managing budgets or preparation of budgets.
 Can help you find out relationships between sets of numeric data.
 Creating simple lists and tables.

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The most widely used spreadsheet program is Ms Excel. Is simple to learn, use and supported by
our modern computers. Microsoft excel has got many versions like Ms excel 2000,Ms excel
2003, Ms excel 2007, Ms excel 2010 and Ms excel 2013.
For the purpose of learning and easy understanding, we shall look at Ms Excel 2007 that was
developed in a year that is not too far to date and since many of our computers use it.
Note: Ms Excel is a software package that combines three types of programs i.e. Worksheets,
graphics and database management. Or
This is a program that presents you with large worksheet in which you enter and manipulate
numbers and text, facilities like summation or addition, multiplication and statistical functions,
data functions, user defined formulae that can be easily reproduced and programmed
automatically.
There three types of data entered in spreadsheet;
1. Constants. Any entries that do not change e.g. numbers like 43, 56, 60………..
2. Labels. Text with no numerical value e.g. Okello, Kellen, English, Total etc.
3. Formulas or function. A combination of numerical constants and arithmetic operators e.g.
= (B5 + B7), = Sum(B2:E2) etc.

Introduction to Microsoft office Excel 2007

Launching or starting Microsoft office Excel 2007
 Click on start button from the desktop.
 Start menu will appear, click on all programs button.
 Another menu will appear, choose Microsoft office Excel 2007.
 From another small menu, choose Microsoft office excel 2007.
Or
 From the desktop or anywhere, right click and choose “New” from the shortcut menu.
 Choose Microsoft office Excel 2007 document from another shortcut menu.
The above method can also be used to create other documents of different applications like
ms power point, ms word, ms access……………..
NB. Before you start it, make sure Microsoft office 2007 is installed in your computer.

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 Features of Ms Excel 2007
1. Office button. This button is found in the top left corner of a workbook and can help you
display a menu of options like Open, save and print which can be carried out on a
document.
2. Cell. This is the meeting point of a row and a column. Or it is an intersection of a row and a
column.
3. Worksheet. This is an excel page that is made up of rows and columns.
4. Cell reference. This is the address of a cell. For example B2 means that the cell where
column B meets row 2.
5. Excel formula. This is an expression that is entered in a cell to be evaluated by a spreadsheet
e.g. (B2 + E2).
6. Value. This is a descriptive text in a worksheet like Name, Total…
7. Range. This is a group of cells. Or a selected group of cells e.g. (B2:E2).
8. Workbook. This is a collection of worksheets. Or it can be an excel document e.g. sheet 1,
sheet 2 etc.
Other special features provided in spreadsheets are;
 Charts
 Sorting data
 Functions etc.
Inserting a worksheet
The default number of worksheets in a workbook is three. To insert more worksheets, there are
three ways of doing this;
 Click on home tab, from the home ribbon, click on insert. Finally choose insert sheet. Or
 Click on the insert worksheet button. Or
 Press Shift + F11.
Renaming worksheets
Worksheets have default names like sheet 1, sheet 2. To change these names, click on the Home
tab/Format/Rename sheet. Type the new name. Or

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Right click on the worksheet tab and choose rename from the list. Type the new name and click
in space. Or
Double click on the worksheet tab and type the new name of the worksheet from the ribbon

Deleting a worksheet
To delete a worksheet, select the worksheet and click on the home tab. Choose delete/delete
sheet from the ribbon.
Merging cells
To merge means to combine. Merging cells in excel can help you combine many cells into one
cell. To do this, select a range of cells you want to merge, click on the home tab, from the home
ribbon, click on format and from a drop down menu choose format cells. From the dialog box,
click on alignment and click on the merge cells check box. Finally click ok.

Using the above procedure, you can also insert borders and fill the colors in the cells. To insert
borders, select the range of cells, from the format cells dialog box click on the “outline” and
“inside” buttons, finally click ok.
Hiding worksheets
Select the worksheet you want to hide, click on home tab/format/hide and unhide/hide sheet.
To unhide a worksheet, click on home tab/format/hide and unhide/unhide sheet. Chose the sheet
to unhide from the dialog box, finally click ok.

Page setup
You can set the page margins and change the orientation of your worksheet page. To do this,
click on the page layout tab, from the ribbon, go to the page setup group and choose margins. A
dialog box will appear. Type in the right, left, top and bottom margins.
Click on page in the same dialog box to change the page orientation to landscape or portrait.
Set page sizes say to A4.
Inserting rows and columns
To insert a row, click in the row that is below the area you want your new row to be and click on
the home tab/insert/insert sheet rows. Or

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Right click in the row that is below the area you want to place your new row choose insert. From
the dialog box select the entire row radio button.

To insert a column, click in the column on the left of the area you want your new column to be,
click on the home tab/insert/insert sheet columns. Or
Right click in the column on the left choose insert from the shortcut menu, click on the entire
column radio button in the dialog box.

Adjusting column width and row heights

You can increase or reduce on the column width, put the pointer at the end of the column near
the column label, if the pointer becomes a cross, press the left mouse button and drag up to the
desired position.
Change the row heights by putting the pointer at the end of the row near the row number, click
and drag to the required height.
EXCEL FORMULAS
An excel formula is just like any other formula used in mathematics for computation. A formula
is a combination of characters, symbols and operators.
Some of the operators used in excel are below;
Arithmetic operator Comparison operators Logic operators
+ (for addition) = (equal sign) AND
-(for subtraction) < (less than) OR
*(for multiplication) > (greater than) IF
/ (for division) <= (less or equal to)
% (modulus or percentage) >= (greater or equal to)
<> /!= (not equal to)

Functions
This is a system inbuilt mathematical expression that uses operators and operands to output
results in a sheet e.g. =SUM (B2:E2) etc. Functions can be got from the formulas tab by clicking
on insert formula.
Cell referencing

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Absolute cell referencing. This is a type of cell reference that is fixed. Or it is a cell reference
or address that does not change or remains fixed when copied from one location to another.These
cell references use dollar signs for example $B$10, $C$4. When you copy a formula like =SUM
(B2$E$5) and paste it to another cell, the $B$5 will remain unchanged.
Relative cell referencing. This is a type reference that keeps on changing whenever the formula
is copied to another cell. Or it is a cell reference or address that changes when copied from one
location to another e.g. B6, C4, E2 etc.
Mixed cell referencing. This is a type that combines absolute and relative cell references. It can
either have an absolute column and relative row or vice versa e.g. $B2 has an absolute to column
B and a relative to a row 2. What happens here when the formula is copied, the absolute value
will not change and the relative value will change?

Inserting functions in a worksheet

Click on formulas tab/insert function, select the function like sum, click ok when done and from
another dialog box enter the numbers or cell references you want to sum and click ok.
Note. Functions can also be entered manually by typing using a keyboard. For example click in
the cell where you want or need your answer to be. Enter equal sign and the word “sum”, open a
bracket and click on the first cell, put a comma, click on the second, put another comma, put the
third until you finish all the cells you want to sum up. Close the brackets and press enter on the
keyboard e.g. =SUMB2, C2, D2, E2) enter.
In case the cells you want to sum are together, you can enter an equal sign then the word sum,
open abracket and click on the first cell and select to cover all the cells up to the last cell, close
the brackets and press enter on the keyboard. For example =SUM(B2:E10).

Maximum
This function helps you to find the highest value or data from a given set of data e.g.
=Max(B2,C2,D2,E2) or =Max(B2:E2)
Minimum
This function helps you to find the lowest (smallest) value or data from a given data set e.g.
=Min(B2,C2,D2,E2) or =Min(B2:E2)

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 Product
This function will help you find the product of the data values in a given data set. Instead writing
your formula like =product(B2,B6) or =product(B2:B6)

Count
This function will help you count the number of cells containing your data or number of items.
To count, we write the function in the desired cell =count (B2:B6)

Example
A B
1 NAME WEIGHT
2 JOHN 50
3 JOSEPH 43
4 JONATHAN 38
5 JOANITA 60
6 JACKIE 46
7 Average weight 47.4
8 6
9

Count IF
This function will give you the number of values in a given range of data basing on a given
criteria. This is how the formula is written. =Count IF(range, “criteria”)e.g.
=Count IF(D4:D8,”JACKIE”)as shown below.
A B C D E
1
2
3 SUBJECT NAME TEACHER BEST STUDENT EOT SCORE
4 MATHS JOAN JACKIE 78
5 BIO DAN BEN 80
6 CHEM ISMAIL JACKIE 56
7 COMP HENRY UNICE 50
8 CRE MICHEAL JOSEPH 80
9

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 10 3

Mode
This is a function that will help you find most of appearing data value in a given data set. We
already know from mathematics that a model value say a model mark is the mark that was scored
by many participants. From the above example the modal mark is 80 got by =Mode (D4:D8).

Median
This function will help you find the middle mark value of a given data set e.g.
=Median (D4:D8).

Ranking or positioning function

We can use the function RANK to rank the given range of data. Arrange your data in order and
use this formula =Rank(number, ref, order).
Number. This is the number which you want to find its position in rankings.
Ref. This is the reference or an array of numbers that contain the number whose rank you are
looking for.
Order. This is the ranking order. It can be ascending or descending. If you want to rank in
ascending order, use “1”. For descending order use “0”.
For example
A B C
1 NAME SCORE RANK
2 KATO 75
3 OPIO 66
4 AKELLO 78
5 JOHN 25
6 MUSIIME 95

=Rank (B2,$B$2:$B$6, 0)

LOOKUP

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You can also use the LOOKUP function as an alternative to the IF function for elaborate tests
or tests that exceed the limit for nesting of functions.

Note that for the LOOKUP function we only record the lower limits. If this is not possible,
consider using the VLOOKUP, HLOOKUP, or MATCH functions. See the examples in the
array form.

A B C
1 NAME SCORE GRADE
2 KATO 75
3 OPIO 66
4 AKELLO 78
5 JOHN 25
6 MUSIIME 95

Consider the table below.

MARKS GRADE
00-34 F9
35-39 P8
40-44 P7
45-49 C6
50-54 C5
55-59 C4
60-69 C3
70-74 D2
75-100 D1

Syntax: =Lookup(ref, lookup value array, result vector)

=Lookup(B2,{0,35,40,45,50,55,60,70,75},{“F9”, “P8”, “P7”, “C6”, “C5”, “C4”, “C3”, “D2”,
“D1”})
For If statement use the syntax below;
=IF(B2<=34,"F9",IF(B2<=39,"P8",IF(B2<=44,"P7",IF(B2<=49,"C6",IF(B2<54,"C5",IF(
B2<=59,"C4",IF(B2<69,"c3",IF(B2<=74,"D2",IF(B2>75,"D1")))))))))

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 VLOOKUP
The VLOOKUP stands for vertical lookup. Use VLOOKUP instead of HLOOKUP when your
comparison values are located in a column to the left of the data you want to find.
Example marks grade
comments
A B C D E F G
1 NAME EXAM GRADE COMMENTS 0 F9 Fairly weak
2 Peter 56 C5 Fairly weak 40 P8 Weak
3 John 49 P7 Rather weak 45 P7 Rather weak
4 Ruth 67 C3 Good 50 C6 Fair
5 Joy 90 D1 Excellent 55 C5 Fairly good
6 Annah 12 F9 Very weak 60 C4 Quite good
7 Abby 72 D2 Very good 65 C3 Good
8 Tom 80 D1 Excellent 70 D2 Very good
9 Alu 31 F9 Very weak 75 D1 Excellent
11 Mark 60 C4 Quite good

Syntax
(Lookup value, table array, column index num, range-lookup)
GRADE=VLOOKUP(B2,$E$2:$G$11,2)
COMMENTS= VLOOKUP(B2,$E$2:$G$11,3)
HLOOKUP
The HLOOKUP stands for horizontal lookup. Use HLOOKUP instead of VLOOKUP when your
comparison values are located below the data you want to find.

A B C D E F G H I
1 Student’s MTC GRADED ENG SCIE SST TOTAL
Name BASED ON
MTC
2 Kiryowa 20 F9
3 Kapele 56 C6
4 Maleka 41 P8
5 Wabene 20 F9
6 Katongole 100 D1

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 7 Zirintusa 32 F9
8 Nsereko 56 C6
9 Grading system
10 0 35 45 50 60 65 70 75 80
11 34 44 49 59 64 69 74 79 100
12 F9 P8 P7 C6 C5 C4 C3 D2 D1

Syntax
(Lookup value, table array, column index num, range-lookup)
GRADE=HLOOKUP(B2,$B$10:$I$12,3)
Error alerts
These alerts will appear in form of symbols and phrases whenever you enter wrong values or
data. And these include;
1. VALUE. This will appear when you use a wrong argument or operator.
2. NAME! This will appear when you have entered a wrong formula or some text in the
formula that is not recognized. Or it means that the function name has been misspelled.
3. . This will appear when the data entered in the cell is wider than the size of the cell. Or it
means that the column is not wide enough to hold the data.
4. NUM. This appears when a formula or function has a number that has a problem in it. Or
there is a problem with a number.
5. REF. This appears there the value for the formula or function is not available.
6. DIV/0 The formula is trying to divide by zero. Or it means that the formula is attempting to
divide by zero.
7. #N/A. this means that there is in the cell.

INTRODUCTION TO ELECTRONIC DATABASE

A database refers to any collection of interrelated data. Or it is a collection of records or related
data. Or it is a collection of information organized in such a way that a computer program can
quickly select the desired pieces of data.

Software that is used to manage a database is called Database Management System (DBMS).
Therefore, DBMS refers to the software that facilitates the creation and maintenance and use of
electronic database. Or it is a set of software programs that allow users to create, edit and

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upgrade data in a database file, store and retrieve data from those database files. Or it is a
program that defines a database, stores the data and supports a query language, produces reports
and creates data entry forms. Or this is a program designed to support and maintain a database.

Some of the database software or programs include;

 Microsoft office access
 Oracle
 Dbase
 Sybase
 SQL Lite
 MySQL
 SQL Server
 File marker pro

Applications (uses) areas of database management system

 Can be used in schools and company for data collection and organization.
 A database can be used when carrying out population census for data storage and sorting.
 Used in laboratories to keep books and borrowers’ records.
 Used by researchers to make record of their work.

Using a database is good because;

 It’s accurate.
 Minimizes data redundancy
 Available
 User friendly
 Has data security
 Maintains data integrity and quality
 Avoids inconsistencies
 Allow data sharing
 Saves time

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But to some extent, it may not be the best alternative since it;
 It is costly.
 Some DBMS software are slow
 High impact on failures.
 Some programs are big.
 The program may also need an addition of hardware to the system.

Microsoft access has got many versions and some of these include;
 Microsoft office access 2000
 Microsoft office access 2003
 Microsoft office access 2007
 Microsoft office access 2010
 Microsoft office access 2013

Let’s look at Microsoft office access 2007 that is not too far from the early years and the present.

INTRODUCTION TO MS ACCESS 2007

Common terms used in ms access are;
1. Primary key. This is a field in the table that uniquely identifies a record.
2. Foreign key. This is a field in a table that contains data of primary key in another table.
3. Field. This is the value of a column within a record. Or it is the title of the column that
holds a specific data type or type of data.
4. Record. This is a row which contains data about an entity in the table. Or it is a collection of
data horizontally for each row. Or a record is complete information about an entity.
5. Entity. This is the distinguishable objects of real world e.g. Students, customer, Total etc.
6. Forms. These are screen for data entry. Or these are types of database objects that are
primarily used to enter data or display data in database.
7. Reports. These are requests for summarizing data in tables for easy reading.

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8. Table. This is a primary item of a database. Or this is a collection of data arranged in rows
and columns. Or this is a grid of rows and columns.
9. Query. A query is a request to the database e.g. sorts out female students. Or it is a search or
question that we enter for a record or an item.
There are two types of queries i.e.
 Action query which makes changes to or move many records in just one operation.
 SQL Query which is created by using an SQL statement.
10. Attributes. These are columns in a table.
11. A tuple. Each row in a table is what we call a tuple.
12. Wizard. It is a small inbuilt program which lets us create table, form and reports
automatically.
13. Design view. A window that shows the design of these database objects.
14. Relationship. This is an association among different related tables so that we can pull;
extract the information from different tables easily.
15. A flat file database. This is a type of database that stores data in a single table structure. Or
a text database is a database that stores data in a plain text file.
16. Relational database. This is a type of a database that contains multiple tables or more than
one table.
Starting (launching) access program
Click on the start button, choose all programs and click on Microsoft office, from the
Microsoft office menu, choose Microsoft office 2007.

To start, click on blank database. From blank database panel, enter the file name and click on
create.
Creating a table: Click on home, click on view, from a drop down menu and choose design
view. Or go to menu bar and click on create and then click on table design.

Saving database table: Click on office button, choose save from the menu, from the table popup
message or window, enter the table name and click ok.
Our table has three columns i.e;
 The first column is for field name.

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  The second column is for data type.
 The third column is for description.

The data types will depend on field data for example if you want to enter the amount of money
received, the data type should be currency. Gender of a person you will need to enter MALE
and FEMALE or M and F. But since there are few options, you can use lookup wizard. To do
this,
 Click in the data type field, click on the arrow and choose lookup wizard from the drop down
menu.
 Select the second radio button (I will type in the values I want).
 Click next, what values do you want to see in your lookup column? Enter the number of
columns you want in the list and the type of values you want in each cell.
 Click next and finally click finish.
Still in the design view, there is another field for properties. From this field, you can change the
size of the fields in case you are entering long words; set the format of data types for example the
date/time format.
Populating a table
After designing your table, you can enter your data in the datasheet view and this process is
called populating a table.
Populating a table can be done in two ways;
 Entering data directly in the table.
 You can also enter data in the table using a form.
You may have more than one table in your database depending on the data you want to record.
Take an example of a school where teachers and students may need to be in school database.
Create two tables (teachers and students tables). Feed in students’ data in students table and
feed in teachers’ data in another table.
Teachers in school have relationship with the learners they teach. For example a teacher may
have a certain number of students to teach in a certain subject. Thus after creating the two tables,
you can create a relationship between the two tables. To have a relationship, make sure that you
have a primary key and foreign key (a foreign key is a row in a table that is a primary key in
another table).

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In the example below, we are going to see a school database combining students and teachers’
data and how to create a relationship.
TEACHERS TABLE
TID LAST NAME SALARY GENDER
T05 KAKEETO 700,000 MALE
T06 ATUHAIRE 300,000 FEMALE
T09 KAWEESI 450,000 MALE
T10 MBABAZI 500,000 FEMALE

STUDENTS TABLE
STUID LAST NAME DOB GENDER
S200 NAKANWAGI 04-MAR -95 F
S345 MAGALA 05-APRI-94 M
S735 TUMUSIIME 08 -JUNE-89 M
S350 WASSWA 03-FEB-93 M

After creating and populating the two tables in our database, we close them and click on database
tools, from the ribbon click on relationship. Then a dialog box will appear, select the tables and
click on add one by one and after adding all the tables, click on close the dialog box. Then you
can move the boxes to the desired positions. After that, click and drag the primary key of the
teachers’ table and drop it on the students’ foreign key in the students’ box (TID from
TEACHERS’ table to STUID in the students’ table). After that process, then this will appear.
Check all the boxes in the edit relationship dialog box. That enforce referential integrity, cascade
update fields and cascade delete related records. Finally click on create. Then the relationship
will appear.
Creating and using forms
To create a form in a database, you should make sure you have the table or tables. It does not
matter whether tables are not populated because we can also use forms to populate tables.
You can create a form using wizard or in form design and after add existing fields.
Finally click on office button, save and enter form name. After saving close the design view.
Open the form by double clicking on the name from the navigation pane.

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 Calculating using a form
Type your formula in your form design view. An example;
There is a school in Sembabule; this how it charges its students. A student is charged according
to the lessons attended, each lesson is Ugandan sh.1000.
You can find the amount of school fees a student will pay for a given a number of lessons
attended?
YES
Create your form and write your formula like =[number of lessons] * [cost per lesson]
corresponding to the school fees. Remember to put your values in square brackets and do
not forget the equal signs (=)

Stuid
Stuid

Name
Name

Gender

Gender
No of lessons

No of lessons
Cost per lesson

School fees
Cost per lesson

= [no of lessons] * [cost per lesson]

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Example 2;
You are given a table that shows students with their bio data including date of birth.
You can find the age for each student basing on date of birth?
YES
Create your form and write your formula like =Year (Date())-Year ([Dob]) corresponding to the
Dob. Remember to put your values in square brackets and do not forget the equal signs (=).

Stuid
Stuid

Name

Name
Gender

Gender
Dob

=Year (Date())-Year ([Dob])

Database queries
Queries are requests (questions) that can be made to the database. Queries can help you combine
data, sort or select different data and also make calculations.
Using query design
 Click on create tab
 Click on query design. A show table dialog box will appear; select table in which you want to
send your query say teachers. Click on add and close the dialog box.
 Below the query design sheet there is a table. Click in the first row labeled field and click on
the arrow or drop down menu to view the attributes and insert them in the cells.
 The query you are designing will depend on your criteria for example go to gender and write
a word female in the criteria row.
 After that, save your query and click on the design tab and click on run. This will run your
request and the query will be displayed. Or open the query directly.

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 A summary of query wildcard and expression operators
<100 Value less than 100
>=1 Values greater than or equal to 1
<>”Goats” Not equal (all animals besides Goats)
Between 1 and 10 Numbers between 1 and 10
Like “a*” All words beginning with letter “a”
Like “*a” All words ending with letter “a”
Not like “*a*” All words that does not contain letter “a”
Like “*a*” All words that contain letter “a”
>0 and <=10 All numbers greater than 0 and less or equal to 10
“Bob” and “Jane” Values are “Bob and “Jane”
Between #01/01/2000# AND #31/12/2000# All people born between #01/01/2000# and #01/01/200#
Year([date supplied])=1998 and year([date All people who were born during 1994 and after 2014.
supplied])>2014

Performing calculations using a query

We can do calculation for example suppose we have a database of employees in our company.
These employees get their salaries basing on number of children they have.
Example 1
Name Sex No of children Salary
Namatovu F 3 35000
Daniel M 6 20000
Peter M 4 40000
Shamimu F 2 20000

Create a query and right click in the last field of the query design view sheet, choose zoom from
the shortcut menu, a dialog box will appear. Type the formula;
Gross pay: [salary] * [number of children], click ok and run the query.

Example 2
Name Sex Dob Salary
Namatovu F 02/01/1992 35000

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 Daniel M 05/04/2004 20000
Peter M 06/07/1995 40000
Shamimu F 05/01/1999 20000

 Calculate students’ age

Age: Year(Now())-Year([Dob])
 Return students who were born on 5th.
DAY([Dob])=5
 Display students who were born in 2004.
Year([Dob])=2004

Database reports
We can create reports in our databases to help us make analysis and decisions. Creating reports
can be done in three different ways:
 Using report wizard
 Blank report
 Report design
The simplest way of creating a report is by use of a report wizard. For example we can
create a report from our school database.
 Click on create tab and from the reports group/click on report wizard.
 From the dialog box, you can select the fields and you are free to select one or more tables.
 Click next and select how you want to view your data.
 Click next to set the sort order say ascending order.
 Click next to select the report layout say columnar from the same stage check the box of
adjusting the field width.
 Click next to set the style say office.
 Finally select the radio button of preview the report or modify the reports design and click on
finish.
Printing an access document

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The access objects can be printed differently. For example a table, form, query, report and others
cannot be printed together at the same time. Open an object like a table and select the print range
or area you want to appear on the paper. Click on the office button and choose print from the
drop down menu, print range and click ok or print.

INTRODUCTION TO ELECTRONIC PRESENTATION

Electronic presentation program is software that can help you create, format and organize data in
slides and present it to a certain audience. This is the most effective by use of a projector to
perform slide shows on screens or a white cloth where everyone can see what is presented.
Electronic presentation can also be defined as;
Software that provides tools to combine text, graphics, animations and sound into a series of
electronic slides that can be output on a projector or as overhead transparences, paper copies etc.

Some examples of electronic presentation programs include;

 Microsoft office power point Show logic
 Magic point Harvard graphics
 Open office Kpresenter
 Lotus freelance Corel presentation

These are some of the useful guidelines for a good presentation;

 Simple and readable. Make sure you prepare a readable presentation and avoid putting many
words on the slide.
 A void reading the information. Let the slide just supplement on your slide.
 Make presentations early. You should not prepare your presentations in front of your
audience.
 Follow the speech rules. Make your communication loud, face the audience and others.
 Make your presentation entertaining. Use good animations, clips arts that can entertain the
viewers.
Features of presentation software;
Insert text. This feature will enable you to enter text into a slide. This can be done by use of
keyboard.

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Font specification. Using this feature you can change the font color, style, size and face of your
text in a slide.
Delete. This feature will help you when you want to remove or erase some text or slide from
presentation.
Spell checker. You will use to check errors in your program and spellings.
Copy. This feature will enable you complete some text or slides in your presentation.
Cut. You will be able to move some text or slides from one place to another.

Other features include.

 Paste Format painter
 Thesaurus
 Find and replace.
 Design Animations

Applications (uses) of electronic presentation

 Teachers can use it to supplement on their teaching aids. For example pictures of the hard
to get machines or animals.
 Learners can use it to present their research work to their trainers.
 Can be use d for advertisements for example in business show rooms.

Common terms used in presentations.

1. A slide. A single page in presentation OR these are out frames from presentation
software which can be displayed on the computer monitor.
2. Slide master. A slide that enables the general formatting of the whole presentation.
3. Transition. A change from one slide to another in a slide show. Or it is visual movement
as one slide changes to another.
4. Animations. The movement of objects on a slide. Or graphical element displaying the
movement of text or objects in a slide.
5. Slide layout. The arrangement of all items that make up your presentation or slide.

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6. Slide sorter view. Is a presentation view where slide thumbnails are displayed. Or it is a
window that displays thumbnails versions of all your slides, arranged in horizontal rows.
Thumbnails mean anything quite small and brief.
7. Place holders. An area which can hold text or objects in a slide.
8. Slide show. Projection of slides one after another using a computer.

INTRODUCTION TO MICROSOFT OFFICE POWER POINT 2007

Starting Microsoft office power point
Click on start button from the desktop. From the start menu click on “all programs”
button. From another menu choose Microsoft office. From MsOffice menu choose
Microsoft office power point 2007.

Creating a new presentation

Click on the office button and choose new from the list.
Slide sorter view
Here all the slide thumbnails are displayed on the windows and this can help you view a
specific slide and make changes on it.
To start a slide show
There are two methods to do this:
Method 1
Click on slide show tab and select where the slide show will start from say from
beginning or current slide.
Method 2:
Press F5 to start from the beginning or press shift +F5 to start the current slide.
Inserting slides
To insert a slide;
Click on the new slide button on the home ribbon. To insert slides between slides, click
on previous slide on the slide out line and click on new slide from home ribbon.
Slide layout
There are various layouts. To choose a slide layout, click on home tab and select layout
from the ribbon, choose the layout you want for example title only, blank or others.

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 Slide master.
This is a slide that contains the information about the slide color, effects, fonts, themes,
layouts, place holders sizes and others of the whole presentation. The advantage of the
slide master is to make general changes on the presentation.
Creating this slide master is better when you have just started your presentation program
between creating other slides so that you do not repeat some changes.
To create slide master, click on view tab. Choose slide master view from the view ribbon.
Then you will be provided with different layouts, choose any of your choice and begin
making changes.
Apply themes, colors effects, font size and others. You can set orientation by clicking on
the page layout and choose orientation. To add headers and footers click on insert tab and
choose header and footer. The dialog box will appear click on slides tab and mark the
check box of footer and click on “apply to all” finally click on “close master view” tab.

Copying and moving slides

This can be done in the slide sorter view. To copy a slide , click on the slide you went to
copy, click on the home tab and click on copy button from the home ribbon or right click
on the slide you want to copy and choose from short cut menu or press ctrl +C on the
keyboard.
Use the above procedures when cutting or moving slides or press CTRL +X on the
keyboard.
Inserting action buttons
Action buttons can enable you go to the next or previous slide when presenting slide
shows.
To insert action buttons, click on the insert tab/shapes. From the dropdown menu, you
will see the action buttons section at the bottom.
Inserting video files in a presentation
To insert a movie in your presentation, click on insert tab and choose movie, click on
move from file. From a dialog box, locate your video and finally click on ok.

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 To insert an audio file
Click on insert tab. From the insert ribbon, click on sound/sound from the file.
From the dialog box, select the audio file you want to insert. Click ok when done.

Transition effects
A transition effect is an effect that can be used to introduce a slide when performing a
slide show. There are many slide effects in MS power point 2007. For example wipes,
fades dissolves and others.
To insert transition effects, click on animations tab, from the animations ribbon, click on
the effect you want or click on the arrow heads to have a variety of selection. Set the
transition speeds say to slow, transition sound, time and finally click on apply to all in
case you want the effect to affect all the slides

Custom animations
These can help you make your presentation more advanced and attractive. Here you can
set the motion of the animations. To insert the custom animation, click on animations tab
and choose custom animation. A custom animation task pane will appear on the right,
click on the add effect button and select the options say entrance/fly in.
Type the text you want to fly in. Go back to the task pane and the direction, speed, start
method, click on play to preview your effect. Finally click” apply to all” to affect all the
slides or just “apply” for the current slide.

Inserting tables in a presentation

To insert a table in the presentation, click on the insert and from the ribbon choose table,
you can move the pointer through a grid of rows and columns and click once. Or click on
the table and choose insert tables from the table dropdown menu. Enter the number of
rows and columns in a dialog box, click ok. Or you can click on draw table and draw it
automatically.
Creating and inserting charts in a presentation

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 Click on the chart button from the slide layout .Select the chart template and click ok.
Enter data in the table on the right and the chart will be created automatically. Save and
close the table to have the complete chart.

Creating organization charts

To create an organization chart, select the chart on which you want the organization chart
to be. Click on the insert tab and choose smart art from the ribbon. Choose chart type
you want for example if you want an organization chart showing the administration
hierarchy choose “hierarchy” enter the text in your chart from the “insert your text
here” pane and after choose the pane to have chart.

Presenter notes or speaker notes

These are notes that assist the presenter during the presentation by reminding him about
some vital parts in the slide content
To create presenter or speakers ‘notes, click in the text box below the slide i.e. click to
add notes and type the notes.
You will view all the presenter notes in the notes page view. To print speakers notes,
select print and there will appear a dialog box, select “notes page” in the print what box.
Then Click ok.
Printing presentation
Click on the office button from drop down menu and choose print, select the “print
what” say slides (to have one on page) or handouts, enter the number of copies to print or
slides to print. Finally ok.
INTRODUCTION TO ELECTRONIC PUBLICATION
This will involve creation of information or graphics, formatting information and producing it to
the public.
Publishing is the process of making information available to the public. When we make use of
electronic tools in the process of publishing then we can call this electronic publishing. We can
use computers together with some software to create reproduce and format information.
Some of the programs used in electronic publishing include;
 Microsoft publisher Adobe page maker

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 Page plus Express
 Frame maker
 Corel draw etc.
Uses of electronic publishing programs
These programs can help you design the following publications.
 Certificates Business cards
 News letter Brochures
 Labels Websites
 Magazines Calendars
 Banners and many others

Microsoft publisher has many versions and some of them are; Microsoft publisher 2000, 2003,
2007, 2010 and 2013. For our study purpose let’s look at Microsoft publisher 2007.

Introduction to Microsoft office publisher 2007

Before you start this application program, make sure that Microsoft office 2007 is fully installed
in your computer. Then click on start button and choose all programs from the start menu. Form
another menu choose Microsoft office, click on Microsoft office publisher 2007.

Common terms used in publishing

Template
A document containing basic information which can be used as a reference or model for creating
other documents. Publishing programs have inbuilt templates for business cards, brochures,
certificates etc. You can refer to them when creating other documents.
Frames
This is a feature that a user can use to fit an object (like a card) with the required dimension.

From the Microsoft publisher layout you can select the publication type you want to create. For
example you can click on (BUSINESS CARDS) or choose “blank page size”.

Using a blank publication when designing a business card

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From the template page, scroll down and choose blank sizes. Click on create. Changing the
background color, you may not leave your publication with a white background. To change the
background color, click on format from the menu bar and choose background from the drop
down. On your left, there will appear a task pane with background colors, click on the one you
want.
Page size
To adjust the page size, click on file from the menu bar, choose page setup, from a dialog box,
you can adjust the page margins below the page size boxes. Click ok.

Changing the number of cards on a page

Sometimes the default number of business cards on a page when using multiple sheets is 10. But
this can be changed. For example you can reduce the cards to 6, 5, 4……….. To do this, click on
file from the menu bar, click on page setup. From the dialog box, check on the right hand side
pane and click on the advanced button. The dialog box will appear. Increasing the vertical gap
will enable you reduce the number of cards. Click ok on the custom page size dialog box
followed by ok on the page setup dialog box.
Note. You can also do the above by clicking on file/print setup.

CREATING BROCHURE
A brochure is a short magazine that can carry some brief information about our businesses.
To create a brochure, from the publication type screen or template pane, choose brochures.
Choose brochure design for example photo scope or arrow or any other. Click on create. Delete
information that appears and enter your own information. Change the back of your brochure by
clicking on “2” from the status bar and add more information.

Printing a publication
Click on file from the menu bar, choose print preview from the dropdown menu. This will help
look at the document and see how it will appear after printing out.
To print the publication, click on file from the menu bar, choose print from the drop down menu,
a dialog box appear you can change the page size and orientation, set page ranges and number of

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sides to print on. You can also insert crop marks (crop marks can separate your cards to allow
you cut them easily after printing) in case you need them.

INTRODUCTION TO WEB DESIGNING USING HYPERTEXT MARKUP LANGUAGE

Remember from our previous topic internet and World Wide Web we looked at in theory and
saw that a website is a collection of web pages liked together. In this topic we are going to see
how these websites are created and managed. We are going to see how files of different
information are merged in these WebPages.
There are very many web designing languages and web programming software and some of them
include; Html, java script, php, java, joomla and xamp etc.

HTML stands for hypertext markup language. It is made of markup tags and text and it is a web
programming language which uses markup tags to describe web pages. HTML tags are words
that are enclosed in angle brackets for example <html>, <h1> and others as we shall see. All the
html documents (web pages) are created using tags.
HTML documents are created using application programs like Notepad, WordPad,
Dreamweaver and FrontPage among others and they are read by programs known as
browsers like internet explorer, Netscape navigator, Google chrome, Mozilla fire fox and
others.
To create a webpage in your computer, you can install Dreamweaver in your computer or use a
notepad. Notepads are inbuilt in Microsoft windows operating system but all the tags will be
provided by you which is not the same as a Dreamweaver program that can provide some tags.
You do not need internet or any tool to create a webpage.

Using a notepad to create WebPages

Terms commonly used.
Homepage: This is the starting page of the website where the website introduction is found.
Hyperlink: This is a connection between pages of objects in a website.

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To start a notepad, click on the start button and choose all programs from a start menu. From
another menu, choose accessories and finally click on notepad. You can start writing a webpage.

We start with a tag <html> and end the page with a tag </html>. All the content between these
two tags will be considered as a webpage.
After <html>and <head> tags, write our title in between <title> your page title </title>. Next to
that is the body. <Body> all the content including other tags are written here </body>. The page
body contains all the visible content of our web page including the headings, paragraphs,
graphics, background colors and others.
Formatting text in a notepad
 To change the text size when creating a web page, use a tag <font size = value>at the start of
the text you want to change its size and at the end of the text you close with a tag < / font size
= value>
 Change the font color by entering a tag <font color = color>and close the text with
</font color = color>
 To bold the text enter <B>text </B>.
 To italicize text use <I>text you want to italicize </I>.
 To underline text use <u>text you want to underline </u>.
 To align text use <align = left> or <align = center> or <align = right>.

RGB VALUES
When changing text or background colors you can use names like yellow or RGB values
FFFOO for a light green color. RGB stand for three colors: Red, Green and Blue. These
colors can be mixed to get many different colors. For example;
 Red + green = yellow
 Red + green + blue = white
Use tags below to change the text colors.
<font color = corn silk>
<font color = cyan>
Font color = pink>

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These colors are given values which are known as RGB values and some of them are listed
below;
 Blue = OOOOFF
 Pink = FFCOCB
 Green = OO64OO
 Hot pink = FF69B4

Example 1
<html>
<head>
<title>html is easy</html>
<body bgcolor = OOOOFF>
<h1><b><u><font color = red><alignment = center> ICT TOOLS</h1></b></u></font>
<p><font size>COMPUTER COMPONENTS</font>
</body>
</html>
Saving a webpage
Click on file and choose save or save as from the drop down menu. A dialog box will appear.
Enter the file name and extension for example “Dan.html” and select the location of your
webpage. Click on save.
NOTE: In an html document we have 6 different headings that is from the biggesth1 to the
smallest h6.
The page backgrounds like color or picture are entered in the body tag should be written as
<body bgcolor = color>. To use a picture as your background use the tag: <body background =
name of the picture.extension>
For example
<body bgcolor = yellow> or < body bgcolor = location\image name.extension>

Inserting picture in a webpage

Use the tag <imgsrc= “location of the picture or image\image name.extension”>adjust its height,
width and size. For example

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<imgsrc = “d:\photos\house\bobi-wiine.jpg” height = 80% width = 70% size = 12>

Linking pages
You can create more than one page and like them together. To link web pages, use the tags
<a href = web page name you want to link to.html> link name</a>. HTML links are defined
by the tag <a> that is why we close by </a>. For example <a href = students.html>students</a>.

Creating lists
HTML lists can help us put our items in order. HTML supports three types of lists: ordered,
unordered and definition lists.
1. Creating ordered lists.
2. Creating unordered lists
3. Creating definition lists

Example. Use these tags;

<ol start=1>
<li>Drinks</li>
</ol>
<ul>
<li>soda</li>
<li>passion fruits</li>
</ul>
<dl>
<dt>beer</dt>
<dd>black bottled alcohol</dd>
<dt>Roasted meat</dt>
<dd>Meat that has been smoked</dd>
</dl>
NOTE:
 Ol =ordered list
 Ul = unordered list

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 Dl = definition list
 Dt = definition term
 Dd = definition description

Inserting a marquee in a web page

A marquee is a small section of the browser window that displays text that rolls across the
screen. A marquee tag can help you insert moving words and pictures in your web page. To do
this, use the example below;
<marquee>type your word or insert your picture tag </marquee>.
For example
<Marquee> Web site design is simple and interesting</marquee>or <imgsrc = “location of the
picture or image\image name.extension”></marquee>.

The inside tag inserts a picture in the webpage and the outside tag makes it move horizontally
towards the left.
There are very many behavours and directions of the marquee for example;
<marquee bgcolor = blue direction = left behavour = scroll> heading or any other
information </marquee>
<marquee bgcolor = orangewidth = 200 height = 300behavour = scroll direction
down>your text</marquee>
<marquee bgcolor = cyan direction = up behavour = alternate>your text</marquee>

Inserting tables
You can create a table in your webpage and insert data in tables. In an html page, a table is
defined by <table>tag. It is made up of cells that contain data. We define the table row as <tr>
and data as <td> tags. Insert a table by using the following tags;
<table>
<table border = value>
<tr>
<th>the first heading</th>
<th>the second heading</th>

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<th>the third heading</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>data in the first cell of the heading first heading</td>
<td>data in the second cell of the heading second heading</td>
<td>data in the third cell of the heading third heading</td>
</tr>
</table>
From the above tags, you will have a table with two rows and three columns. You have to
specify the table border value in the table tag.
For example;
 <table border = 0> this will give you no borders, the rows and columns will not be seen.
 <table border = 1> this will show one line showing all the rows and columns.
 <table border = 2> this will show two lines through the rows and columns.

Example 2
<html>
<head>
<title>html is easy to deal with</html>
<body bgcolor = yellow>
<h1><font color = red>subjects offered</h1></font>
<table>
<table border = 2>
<tr>
<th>science subjects</th>
<th>Arts subjects</th>
<th>Class</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Biology</td>
<td>Geography</td>

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<td>S.2</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Chemistry</td>
<td>History</td>
<td>S.3</td>
</tr>
</table>
</body></html>
To make changes in the page, right click in the page and click on view source form the drop
down menu. Or choose open with then click on note pad.
Creating forms
Forms can allow someone write in the web page. For example contacting the website owners,
register with them and making an order. It defines different input types as we are going to see
them.
Forms are defined by a tag <form>text type.
<Form>
Name
<input type = text><br>Date of birth
<input type = text><br>District of residence
<input type = text></form>
Name
Date of birth
District of residence

Creating check box input

Check boxes are input boxes that can allow you select (check) more than one options. This used
when you have a variety of choices to choose from. Take an example of a waiter giving you a
drink menu to tick what you want. You can tick as many as you want.
<Form>
Soda

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<input type = check box><br>Mineral water
<input type = check box><br>Beer
<input type = check box><br>Waragi
<input type = check box><br>
</form>
Soda
Mineral water
Beer
Waragi

Radio buttons
The buttons allow only one option to be selected. For example the gender of someone.
<p>Are married?
<Form>
YES
<input type = “radio” name = “status” = “Yes”><br>
No
<input type = “radio” name = “status” = “No”>
</form>

Area you married

Yes
No

Comments form
You may need people to comment on your website or content provided to them. Here, you will
need comment boxesor areas. Use the tag below.
<html>
<form method = “post”>comments<br>
<textarea name = “comments” id = “comments”></textarea><br>
<input type = “submit” value = “submit”>
</form>

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Comments

Submit

Horizontal rule
The <hr> tag is used to draw a horizontal line across the page. The following are attributes help
to control the horizontal line. It has a tart tag and forbids the end tag. These attributes include;
1. Align. This specifies the position of a line. You can align the line to center, left and right e.g.
align = left.
2. Width. Specifies the length of a line. It can be specified in pixels or percentages. The default
100% i.e. across the whole document.
3. Size. It specifies the thickness of the line.
4. No shade. Specifies the hr be described in a solid color instead of without e.g.
<hr noshade size = 12 align = center width = 50%>

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