ORA000010 Data

Communication Fundamental
ISSUE 1.1

Wireless
Wireless Curriculum
Curriculum Development
Development Section
Section
 Review

z In 3G, technology of data communication is used

widely in the fields of mobile network
management, multimedia service providing, etc.
 Objectives

Upon completion of this course,you will be able to:

z Describe the TCP/IP protocol stack

and OSI RM.
z Perform the subnet planning
z Describe the usage Router
 Course Contents

Chapter 1 Data Communication Network Overview

Chapter 2 TCP/IP Protocol

Chapter 3 Network Equipments

 Chapter 1 Data Communication Network

z Network Definition

z LAN and WAN

z Network Topology

z OSI RM
 Data Communication Network

SOHO

Intranet

Server

IP Hotel Mobile
 Evolution of Network

Host

Simple Connections
1960’s – 1970’s Low speed lines

Host Network

Host

Network based Connections

1970’s – 1980’s

WAN

Intra-Network Interconnection
1980’s –
 Chapter 1 Data Communication Network

z Network Definition

z LAN and WAN

z Network Topology

z OSI RM
 LAN And WAN
The network can be divided into two kinds: LAN and WAN
according to the coverage area.

Local Area Network

Host

Wide Area Network

WAN
 Definition and Common Equipment of LAN
z Definition of LAN:
Î It usually refers to the collection of the computer, printer, modem or other
equipments that can be interconnected through some medium within
several kilometers.

z Characteristics:
Î Short distance, low delay, high bandwidth and reliable transmission.

z Design Objective of LAN:

Î Run in a limited geographical area
Î To connect PCs or workstations in local area
Î High bandwidth and low delay
Î Provide local service

HUB Lanswitch Router ATM Switcher

 Definition and Common Equipment of WAN
z WAN:
Î Provide data communication service in a wide area.
Î Interconnect the different LANs

z Design objective of WAN:

Î Run in a broad geographic area
Î Provide public service
Î Provide full-time or part-time connection
Î Connect physically separated, remote, even global equipments

Modem/CSU/DSU Router Wan Switch Access Server

 Chapter 1 Data Communication Network

z Network Definition

z LAN and WAN

z Network Topology

z OSI RM
 Common Network Topologies

z Topology:
Î Bus, star and tree
Î Ring and mesh
 Chapter 1 Data Communication Network

z Network Definition

z LAN and WAN

z Network Topology

z OSI RM
 Functions of the Seven Layers

Provide communications between applications. 7 Application Layer

Deal with data format problems. 6 Presentation Layer

Establish, maintain and manage sessions. 5 Session Layer

Establish, maintain and manage end to end connection. 4 Transport Layer

Addressing and routing. 3 Network Layer

Provide medium access and link management. 2 Data Link Layer

Bit flow transmission. 1 Physical Layer

 Peer Communication
APDU
Application Layer Application Layer

PPDU
Presentation Layer Presentation Layer

SPDU
Session Layer Session Layer

Segment
Transport Layer Transport Layer
Host A Host B
Packet
Network Layer Network Layer

Frame
Data Link Layer Data Link Layer

Bit
Physical Layer Physical Layer

z Every layer communicates with it’s peer through the services

provided by the lower layer.
 Data Encapsulation

Data Data
Application Layer Application Layer

H Data H Data
Presentation Layer Presentation Layer

H H Data Session Layer Session Layer H H Data

Transport Layer Transport Layer

Network Layer Network Layer

Data Link Layer Data Link Layer

Physical Layer Physical Layer

Switch Router
Host Server

z Data encapsulation and de-capsulation process.

 Summary

z Basic knowledge of Computer network

z WAN , LAN, and their equipments.
z Topology of the networks
z OSI Reference Module
 Course Contents

Chapter 1 Data Communication Network Overview

Chapter 2 TCP/IP Protocol

Chapter 3 Network Equipments

 Chapter 2 TCP/IP Protocol

z TCP/IP Protocol Overview

z Introduction of Network Layer

z Subnet Planning

z Introduction of Transmission Layer

z Introduction of Application Layer

 TCP/IP and OSI Model
z TCP/IP has simple layered design
z In clear corresponding relations with OSI reference model.
OSI reference model TCP/IP
7 Application layer

Application layer
6 Presentation layer

5 Conversation layer

Transport layer
4 Transport layer

3 Network layer Interconnection layer

2 Data link layer Data link layer

1 Physical layer Physical layer

 TCP/IP Protocol Stack

Application HTTP, Telnet, FTP, Provide application program

layer TFTP, Ping, etc network interfaces

Network TCP/UDP Establish terminal to

layer terminal connection

ICMP
Interconnection
layer
IP Addressing and
ARP/RARP
route selecting

Datalink Ethernet, 802.3, PPP,

Layer HDLC, FR, etc Physical media access

Physical Interfaces and Binary data flow transmission

Layer wires/cables
 Chapter 2 TCP/IP Protocol

z TCP/IP Protocol Overview

z Introduction of Network Layer

z Subnet Planning

z Introduction of Transmission Layer

z Introduction of Application Layer

 Network Layer Overview

Application layer

IP
Transport layer
ARP
Network layer
RARP
Network access layer ICMP
 IP Address

z IP address uniquely identifies a host (node) equipment in the

network. The length of IP address is 4 Bytes. Commonly, IP
address is presented in this way:129.12.3.4.

IP Address： Network ID Host ID

Post Address Street Name House number

 Classification of IP Addresses

0 Network(7bit) Host(24bit) Class A·

1 0 Network(14bit) Host(16bit) Class B

1 1 0 Network(21bit) Host(8bit) Class C

1 1 10 Multicast address Class D

1 111 0 Reserved Class E

 Special IP Addresses

Network part Host part Address type Use

Representing a network
Any Completely“0” Network address
Segment

Any All the nodes of a Specially

Completely“1” Broadcast address
designated network segment

127 any Loop back address Loop test

Huawei Quidway router used

Completely“0” All networks
Designate default routes

All nodes of
Broadcast address Local network segment
Completely“1”
 IP Message Format

Message Total length

Version Service type
length

Identification Flag Chip offset

TimeWhich
to live kind Protocol
of address is used in Data Link Layer?
Message header checksum

How to obtain MAC address?

Source IP address

Destination IP address

IP options

IP address is used to address in network layer.

 MAC/Physical Address

24 bits 24 bits

Vender Code Serial Number

00e0.fc01.2345

00e0.fc01.2345 Rom

Ram

z MAC address is composed of 48 bits. The vendor ID of

Huawei products is 0x00e0fc.
 ARP( Address Resolution Protocol)

This is my Ethernet
address 00-E0-FC-00-
00-12

IP:10.0.0.1/24 ARP Reply IP:10.0.0.2/24

MAC:00-E0-FC-00-00-11 MAC:00-E0-FC-00-00-12
I need the
Ethernet
address of
10.0.0.2
ARP Request?
RARP( Reverse Address Resolution Protocol)

Your IP address is
10.0.0.1

Diskless RARP Reply

workstation RARP Server

What is my IP
address?

RARP Request?
 ICMP( Internet Control Message Protocol)

I am here.
A B
ICMP Echo Reply

Is B accessible?

ICMP Echo Request

 Question
z Why do we divide IP address into 2 parts: Network Address and
Host Address?
Î Easy to address

Î Easy to manage the network.

z IP addresses (192.16.0.1~192.16.0.31) of C class are allocated to
Company A. At the same time, other IP addresses of Class C are
allocated to company B(192.16.0.65~192.16.0.84).The network
addresses are the same:192.16.0.0. Hosts of Company B always
broadcast the IP packets in company B. But hosts in company A
need not to receive these packets. What could we do to avoid
that?
ÎThe network addresses for company A,B should be different.
ÎBut how can we achieve that? Subnet mask is needed!
 Chapter 2 TCP/IP Protocol

z TCP/IP Protocol Overview

z Introduction of Network Layer

z Subnet Planning

z Introduction of Transmission Layer

z Introduction of Application Layer

 Mask

z IP address is unavailable without mask.

z Mask defines how many bits in IP address is used to define
network or subnet address. For example, the default mask of
Class B IP address is 255.255.0.0
IP address 172.100.30.12 Network 172.100.0.0
Mask address
255.255. 0 .0

Decimal
Binary

10101100. 01100100. 00000000.00000000

IP address 10101100. 01100100. 00011110.00001100

And
Mask 11111111. 11111111. 00000000.00000000 Operation
 Why do we plan subnet?

z The service quality will decrease when the number of hosts increases in the
network.
z When the network is divided into several subnets, the unnecessary
communication can be avoided.

Network Segment：192.16.0.0 Network Segment：192.16.0.64

Subnet Mask：255.255.255.192 Subnet Mask：255.255.255.192
 How to plan a subnet?
z Reduce the number of bits occupied for host address. And these
additional bits can be used to define subnet.
z The number of subnet will increase with the increase of the bits
used to define subnet. At the same time, the number of hosts in
the subnet will decrease.
IP Address 80. 9.130.1 Network 80.8.0.0
Subnet Mask Address
255.254.0. 0

Decimal
Binary

01010000. 00001000. 00000000.00000000

IP Address 01010000. 00001001. 10000010.00000001 And

Subnet Mask 11111111. 11111110. 00000000.00000000 Operation
 An Example of Subnet Planning

z The IP addresses of Class B in the network segment

191.38.0.0 are allocated to Company A. The company can
plan the subnet for each department in the company.
z The company involves 35 departments, and the host
number of each department ranges between 100 and 800.
 Selection of Network ID and Host ID

z First, we shall define how many bits could be occupied by Host

ID. In this case，the number of hosts is less than 1000. So, 10
bits is enough to be reserved for Host ID. And the number of
available Hosts is 210－2=1022>1000.
z Then, the remained bits could be used for Network ID now. In
this case,6 bits is remained .So, the number of subnets is 26＝
64, and the subnet mask is :255.255.252.0.
191 . 38 . 0 . 0

Network ID Host ID
 Subnets Achieved

At last ,each department occupied a network segment as

below. And the network mask is 255.255.252.0.

Department ID Subnet ID Network Segment

0 0 191.38.0.1~191.38.3.254

1 1 191.38.4.1~191.38.7.254

2 2 191.38.8.1~191.38.11.254

….. …… ……

63 63 191.60.8.1~191.38.63.254
 Chapter 2 TCP/IP Protocol

z TCP/IP Protocol Overview

z Introduction of Network Layer

z Subnet Planning

z Introduction of Transmission Layer

z Introduction of Application Layer

 Transport Layer Overview

Application layer

TCP
Transport layer

UDP
Network layer

Network access layer

 TCP/UDP Header Format
0 8 16 24 31
16 bits source port 16 bits destination port
16 bits UDP length 16 bits UDP checksum
Data

UDP header format

0 8 16 24 31
16 bits source port 16 bits destination port
32 bits sequence number
32 bits acknowledge number
URG
ACK

SYN
FIN
PSH
RST

offset Reserved(6 bits 16 bits window size

16 bits TCP checksum 16 bits urgent pointer
Options
Data

TCP header format

 Port Number

z TCP protocol uses port numbers to mark and distinguish

various application programs.

HTTP FTP Telnet SMTP DNS TFTP SNMP

53
80 20/21 23 25 69 161
Socket

TCP UDP

IP data packet
 Chapter 2 TCP/IP Protocol

z TCP/IP Protocol Overview

z Introduction of Network Layer

z Subnet Planning

z Introduction of Transmission Layer

z Introduction of Application Layer

 Application Layer

z File transfer
Î FTP, TFTP
z Mail service
Î SMTP, POP3
z Network management
Î SNMP, Telnet, Ping, Tracert
z Network service
Î HTTP, DNS, WINS
 Summary

z Protocols of TCP/IP stack

z Principle of IP subnet planning
z Example of planning IP subnet
z Function of ARP,RARP,ICMP
z Difference between TCP and UDP
 Course Contents

Chapter 1 Data Communication Network Overview

Chapter 2 TCP/IP Protocol

Chapter 3 Network Equipments

Chapter 3 Network Equipments

z Hub

z Lanswitch

z Router
 Physical Layer Equipment-Hub

z HUB copies the signals and broadcasts them to all the other ports.

Hub

Host
Chapter 3 Network Equipments

z Hub

z Lanswitch

z Router
 Data-Link Layer Equipment-Lanswitch

zLanswitch will analyze the MAC address of IP packet ,then

determine which port is used to forward the packet.

The MAC address of Host B is

mapped to port 3.Then,forwarding
to this port is ok!

Please send
the IP
packet to
Host B

Host A Host B
Chapter 3 Network Equipments

z Hub

z Lanswitch

z Router
 Router

Router basis

Router Configuration

Command Line Overview

Basic Operation Command

 Conception and Basic Structure of Router

z Router-----an important network equipment

z Computer equipment used for network
interconnection
z Router must have:
Îtwo interfaces or more
Îprotocols reaching network layer at least
Îstoring, forwarding and routing function
 Router Function

z Router core function is to implement network interconnection

ÎForward packets
ÎRoute (routing): create, refresh and search routing table
ÎRate match between subnets
ÎIsolate network, prevent network storm, designate access
rule (firewall)

ÎInterconnect dissimilar network

 Router Work Flow

Work Process Selecting route

Protocol switch
Router Router

IP IP

Remove ETH PPP Protocol ETH PPP

Encapsulation
Encapsulation
Ethernet Ethernet
Serial Port Serial Port
interface interface

LAN1 WAN LAN2

Send Transmit Receive

 Routing Table

Destination Mask Next Hop

Address Address
0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 10.0.0.1
100.0.0.0 255.255.255.0 20.0.0.1
200.0.0.0 255.255.255.0 30.0.0.1

Illustration of Routing Table Contents

 Quidway R1602

power Power Backup Ethernet Synchronous/ Synchronous/

switch socket interface interface asynchronous asynchronous
serial port serial port
Configuration
interface
 Router

Router basis

Router Configuration

Command Line Overview

Basic Operation Command

 Router Configuration

z Configuration via console interface

z Remote configuration via dial-up
z Configuration via telnet
z Configuration via dumb terminal
z Transmit configuration file via FTP
 Configuration via console Interface

Construct local configuration environment

R232 Serial Port

configuration port
configuration cable (Console)
 First Step: Connect Configuration Cable

z Take out console cable brought with router.

z Connect the end of RJ45 connector to router
console interface
z Connect the end of 9-pin (or 25-pin)RS232
interface to computer serial port
 Second Step: Create Hyper Terminal (1)

z Open the "Hyper Terminal" brought with WINDOWS98 for example.

z Click on “Start“－”Programs“－”Accessories”－“Communications”
－"Hyper Terminal".
z After entering "Hyper Terminal" directory, select "Hyperterm", then
you can newly create a "hyper terminal".
Second Step: Create Hyper Terminal (2)
Remote Router Configuration via Dial-up Line

z Connect router and computer respectively to modem

Backup
Cable
modem
PSTN/ISDN
modem
 Configure Local Router via Telnet

Workstation

10Base-T Port

Server Workstation PC witch is running telnet

OQuidway(config)#login telnet
OQuidway(config)#user huawei service-type exec password 0 Quidway
 Configuration via Dumb Terminal

Synchronous/ asynchronous
serial port interface

OQuidway(config-if-serial 0)#physical-layer async

OQuidway(config-if-serial 0)#async mode interactive
 Configuration via FTP

FTP server
FTP client 10.110.0.1
10.110.0.2
Ethernet

OStart Ftp server on router

OStart client program on terminal
 Router

Router basis

Router Configuration

Command Line Overview

Basic Operation Command

 Command Line Overview

O Common user mode

O Privileged user mode
O Global configuration mode
O Interface configuration mode
O Route protocol configuration mode
 Enter Router Configuration Interface

console

Press ENTER key to get start when you see ATS0=1.

System now is starting... ATS0=1
Quidway>enable
Password:
Successful login: 10:35:49 Nov 11 2002
Quidway#
Quidway#disable
Quidway>
 Command List for Common User Mode

Quidway>?
enable Turn on privileged commands
exit Exit from EXEC
help Description of the interactive help system
language Switch language mode (English, Chinese)
ping Send echo messages
show Show running system information
telnet Connect remote computer
tracert Trace route to destination
 Command List for Privileged User Mode

Quidway>enable
Password:
Quidway#?
clear Reset functions
clock Manage the system clock
configure Enter configuration mode
debug Debugging functions
disable Turn off privileged commands
download Download the new version software and config
erase Erase the configuration in flash memory
 Command List for Privileged User Mode

Quidway>enable
Password:
Quidway#?

configure Enter configuration mode

debug Debugging functions

erase Erase the configuration file in flash or nvram

reboot Reboot the router

show Show running system information

write Write running configuration to flash or nvram

no Disable some parameter switchs

copy
 Command List for Global User Mode

Quidway#configure
Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with command exit!
Quidway(config)#?

configfile Select config file stored in flash or NVRAM

enable Modify enable password parameters

exit Exit from configure mode

hostname Modify hostname

interface Select an interface to configure

ip Global ip configuration subcommands

logging Logging configuration commands

no Disable some parameter switchs

 Command List for Interface Mode
Quidway(config)#interface serial 0
Quidway(config-if-Serial0)#?

bandwidth bandwidth information parameter

baudrate Set transmit and receive baudrate

encapsulation Set encapsulation type for an interface

ip Interface Internet Protocol configure command

shutdown Shutdown the selected interface

physical-layer Configure sync or async physical layer on serial interface

no Negate a Command or Set its default

dialer Dial-On-Demand routing (DDR) command

exit Exit from config interface mode

flowcontrol Auto flowcontrol or normal flowcontrol

loopback Configure internal loopback on an interface

mtu Maximum transmission unit

 Online Help

Quidway# help
Help may be requested at any point in a command by entering
a question mark '?'. If nothing matches, the help list will be empty.
Two styles of help are provided:
1. Full help is available when you are ready to enter a
command argument ( e.g. 'show ?' ) and describes each possible
argument.
2. Partial help is provided when an abbreviated argument is
entered and you want to know what arguments match the input
( e.g. 'show sn?' ).
 Command Line Error Message

Quidway#shwo
Incorrect command

Quidway#show
Incomplete command

Quidway#show interface serial 0 0

Too many parameters
 History Command

Quidway#show history
enable
config
int s0
exit
<ctrl><p> OR ↑previous history record
<ctrl><o> OR ↓next history record
 Edit Characteristics

Common keypress Input character to current cursor position

BackSpace Delete character previous to cursor position
Delete Delete character at cursor position
Left cursor key ← Cursor moves a character position leftwards
Right cursor key→ Cursor moves a character position rightwards
Up & down cursor key↑↓ Display history command
 Display Characteristics

Language Chinese/English display

switchover

Key in 'Ctrl+c' at display Stop display and command

pause execution

Key in space bar at display Continue to display next

pause screen information

Key in Enter at display Continue to display next line

pause information
 Router

Router basis

Router Configuration

Command Line Overview

Basic Operation Command

 Basic Operation Command

O Command to view system status and

system information: show...
O Debug command: debug,monitor
O Test tool: ping, tracert
 Commonly-used Command show

O show version
O show running-config
O show interface
 show version

Quidway(config)#show version
Huawei Versatile Routing Platform Software
VRP (tm) 2630 series software, Version 1.6.3, RELEASE(1)
Copyright (c) 1997-2001 HUAWEI TECH CO., LTD.
Compiled 19:51:20,Sep 14 2002, Build 1036D

Quidway R2630E with 1 MPC 8240 Processor

64M bytes SDRAM
8192K bytes Flash Memory
128K bytes NVRAM
Config Register points to NVRAM

Hardware Version is MTR 1.1

CPLD Version is CPLD 3.0
Bootrom Version is 4.33
[AUX ] AUX Hardware Version is 1.0, Driver Version is 1.0
[LAN ] 1FE Hardware Version is 1.0, Driver Version is 1.0
[Slot 1] 2SA Hardware Version is 1.1, Driver Version is 1.2
 show running-config
huawei-bj(config)#show running-config
Current configuration
hostname huawei-bj
!
interface Ethernet0
ip address 100.10.110.1 255.255.0.0
!
interface Serial0
encapsulation ppp
ip address 11.1.1.2 255.255.255.252
exit
ip route 10.110.0.0 255.255.0.0 11.1.1.1 preference 60
!
end
show interface: display interface information
huawei-bj(config)#show interface serial 0
Serial0 is up, line protocol is up
physical layer is synchronous, baudrate is 64000 bps
interface is DCE, clock is DCECLK, cable type is RS232
Internet address is 11.1.1.2 255.255.255.252
Encapsulation is PPP
LCP opened, IPCP opened, IPXCP initial
5 minutes input rate 52.63 bytes/sec, 0.96 packets/sec
5 minutes output rate 60.00 bytes/sec, 1.19 packets/sec
Input queue is 0/75/0 (current/max/drops)
Queueing strategy: FIFO
Output Queue :(size/max/drops) 0/75/0
539 packets input, 24907 bytes, 0 no buffers
670 packets output, 29586 bytes, 0 no buffers
DCD=UP DTR=UP DSR=UP RTS=UP CTS=UP
 ping: test tool

#ping 11.1.1.1
PING 11.1.1.1: 56 data bytes, press CTRL_C to break
Reply from 11.1.1.1: bytes=56 Sequence=0 ttl=255 time = 31 ms
Reply from 11.1.1.1: bytes=56 Sequence=1 ttl=255 time = 31 ms
Reply from 11.1.1.1: bytes=56 Sequence=2 ttl=255 time = 32 ms
Reply from 11.1.1.1: bytes=56 Sequence=3 ttl=255 time = 31 ms
Reply from 11.1.1.1: bytes=56 Sequence=4 ttl=255 time = 31 ms

--- 11.1.1.1 ping statistics ---

5 packets transmitted
5 packets received
0.00% packet loss
round-trip min/avg/max = 31/31/32 ms
 tracert: test tool

huawei-bj#tracert 10.110.201.186
traceroute to 10.110.201.186(10.110.201.186)
30 hops max,40 bytes packet
1 11.1.1.1 29 ms 22 ms 21 ms
2 10.110.201.186 38 ms 24 ms 24 ms
 Summary

O Operating principle of router

O Configure local and remote router via
console interface
O Differentiation between common user mode
and privileged user mode
O Commonly-used router commands and small
tools