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XI -
Uswanad
IDA SCUDDER SCH00L, VELLORE.
CHEMISTRY PRACTICALS FOR CLASS XI
QUALITATUVE INORGANIC ANALYSIS Vishvana.
In qualitative analysis the following lons are to be ldentifled catlons: NH4, Gu, AJ*,
Fe3, Zn, Mn2, NB, , Ba2, Sr?, Ca2, Mg?.
Anlons: CO33, NO2, $?, SO12-, S042, Noa, CH3CO0, Cl, Br, 1, C20,2, PO43-,

PRELIMINARY TEST

EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE

Fe, Co, N Cu salts absent
1. Colour: Colourless
Blue Cu present
Green Fe, Ni, Cr salts present
2. Odour: Smell of Ammoniaa Ammonium salts present
3. Flame test:
The substance is made into a Apple green Barium present
paste with Con HCl in a Brick red Calcium present
watch glass and it is Crimson red Strontium present
introduced into the Non Bluish green Copper present
contributory luminous flame.
4. Action of Heat: a Chan
The substance is heated i) Yellow residue Lead salt may be present.
strongly in a test tube ii) Yellow when hot white Zinc salt may be present
when cold
iii) Reddish brown gas Nitrate present.
evolved
Evolution of colourless gas Ammonium salt is present
5. Action of NaOH:
The substance is heated with with the smell of NH3 gives
NaOH solution dense white fume with Con
HCI

PREPARATION OF ORIGINAL SOLUTiON

Dissolve about 1gm of the mixture in the suitable solvent(distilled water) dilute
Hydrochloric acid, Concentrated Hydrochloric acid, dilute Nitric acid)

1. Test for Ammonium radical:

EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE

salt with A colourless gas which fumes Ammonium salt is present.
i) Heat the given
Sodium Hydroxide solution with hydrochloric acid is
given out

il)Heat the given salt with The solution turns brown. Presence of Ammonium
Sodium Hydroxide solution
Nessler's
No u Cn
bs
pas the gas through
reagent

2.Test for Ferric Radical

EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE
To the original solutlon add A deep blue colour Presence of ferrie lon is
fcw drops of potassium
ferrocyanide solution
prectpltate
V
S0r.
_ T
t. contlrmed
 GROUP ANALYSIS 'or
To the original olution, add dilute Hydrochioric acid
A white Pass Hydrogen sulphide gas through the fitrate
precipita te is
formed
A black Boil the filtrate to drive off H,S
Co d ep
gas, The pas was tested with Lead acetate paper Add concentrated
Presence of
HNO3 and bet. Then add solid
precipitate NHCI and then NH.OH solution in
is formed excess.
group
element
(lead) Presence of White the filtrate
group II
precipitatePass H25 gas through
-Al3
element Reddish Brown
Dirty white Boil the filtrate to drive HaS tested with
(Copper) precipitate -Fe3 off the (CH;CO0) Pb paper. Then add ammonium
precipitatee- carbonate solution.
Dull Brown Zn2
precipitate - Mn2 Black

Presence of group
il elements precipitate To the
e C or White precipitate original solution add NHACI and
is formed
Flesh lour Disodium Hydrogen phosphate solution.NHOH solution then
precipitate - Presence of

Mn2 groupVelements
Presence of Ca, Ba2, Sr?
group IV
elements
White precipitate Test for
presence of ammonium radical found to
positive or negative. be
Magnesium
Group VI elements
 ANALYSIS OF GROUP ELEMENTS
GROUP PPT COLOUR CATIONS SOLVENTS CONFIRMATORYTEST I CONFIRMATORY TEST 2
EXPERIMENT OBSERVATiON EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION
White Pb2 Dissolve it in Add K2CrO Yellow Add Kl solution Yellow
dilute Nitricacid solution precipitate is
precipitate is
formed formed.
Black Cuz Add dilute HNO3. Add NH OH Blue precipitate
Boil and filter
Add dilute Brown or
solution in drops dissolves in CH3COOH and chocolate colour
to excess excess of NH.OH
K4Fe(CN)«] precipitate
giving deep blue
Gelatinous white Al3
{Add dilute HCI Blae precipitate
theprecipitate of Al[OH)3
|dissolves) Now floating this is
add NH,OH in called Blue lake
drops test.

Reddish Brown Fe3 To the solution Blue precipitate Add potassium

add KFe(CN Blood red colour
solution
thiocynate
solution
Dull Brow Mn2 Add dilute HCI To the solution Pink colour
Boil and filter add Pb02 and
appears
Concentrated
HNO Boil and
allow to stand

bavo
A iii ai
ur Ta od 5la lctm
issinf
ad tur
TE t u Td CA
i
d
he adA NH, OH dep unul Blu
un adD -tWee
|Bl ppt
Solatnn t athalr Al(o), Hn o H dp by drop No
-Bm h tutf H Pptb d baia
Cou
 Dirty white
the solution
To the solution White precipitate To
Add dilute 1ICI |precipitatee
add excess of dissolves in pass the H2S gas
Dirty white excess of NaOH
V NaOH solution.
solution

Bluish white
To the solution
To the solution Green ash is seen
precipitate
add equal volume add potassium
of cobalt nitrate ferrocyanide
solution followed solution
by Concentrated
HNO3. Dipa filter
paper into it and
introduce into the
flame

Flame test Apple green

To the solution Yellow
Ba2 Add dilute Acetic
White add K2CrOA precipitate
acid

Crimson red
White precipitate Flame test
Add dilute Acctic Add-CarsoN,)4
Sr
solution and boil
acid
Co ol
Brick red
Add NIl4OIl and White precipitate Flame test
Add dilute Acetic
Ca2 ammonium
acid
oxalate solution

lo
 sJomas
5 White precipitate
To the original
Mg solution add
NH4Cl solution

and then
Disodium
Hydrogen
Phosphate
solution

Heat the given A colourless gas Heat the given The solution
salt with NaOH giving white salt with NaOH turns brown.
NH4
solution lunes with solution. Pass the
Iydrochloric gas evolved
acid. through the
Nessler's reagent
 DENTIFICATION OF ANIONS

For confirmatory or wet test, a solution of the salt is prepared depending upon the solubiliry of
the salt. Either in aqueous solution or sodium carbonate extract is used for thts purpose.
) Aqueou 50tulieD; Take little amount (about 0.5 g of salt) in a boiling tube. Add about
20 ml of distilled water and boil the mixture for 2-3 minutes. Cool and filter. Collect the filtrate and
is known as aqueous solution.
2 Socium anbonale ectka¢l: In case, the saltis not completely-soluble in water the sodium
carbonete extracr is prepared.
Take about 1g of the salt and add about 3 g of the solid sodium carbonate to it. Now add ® ml
of distilled water to it. Boil the contents for 5-10 minutes. Cool and filter. The filrate so obrained is
called sodium carbonate extract.

When an insoluble salt is heated with sodium carbonate in water, double decomposition reaction
takes place. So that, the anion present in the salt forms soluble sodium salt which goes into soludon
but the cation is converted into carbonate and gets precipitated which is removed by filtration. For

example,
BaCl2 Na2CO3 BaCO3 2NaCl
(Insoluble)
H2otan ISC
Chemistry Lab Manual Xil

1 H2SC DiSsolve
2nd 2dd l ml of
the white
cct. in dil
Pirk colouris discharge3 02'a'e
KMnO4 solution.
Test for sulphate (SO:) t h a steady eervescerce Con e

of CC2 Cocl,So0ertract,
and ada 1 ml
add dil.
HCI. Boil White ppt o! BaSO sSO cofe2
BaCl2 solution. |formed, irsolutle n cil g
To soda or HNO3
acid and tead extract. add acetic W.ite ppt.
acetate 5cl uDie 7
seurated arn.moium acetate
Test for phosphate
(PO solution
TO
soda extract,
8dd coc.
HiO3 and boil. Now 2dd excess of Crystalline canary yels ow pot. 0cr'rmed
ammorium molybdate solutlon and heat again appears. The Dt. sc'tie
to about
50-50 C in NHOH anc NaO
) Add Cilute Hci to sodium
Boil and cool. Ado cobalt
carbonate extract. A violet pot.
nitrate solution
is 'ormed.
i)
Tc*e ave cpt.. 2d acetic acid. n e ppt. Eets dissolvad.