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课件1

Here are the key steps to sketch the gradient function: 1. Determine the sign (positive/negative) of the gradient by taking the derivative of the original function. 2. Create a table with x-values and the corresponding sign and slope of the gradient. 3. Sketch the shape of the gradient function based on the regions of positive/negative gradient indicated in the table. This process allows you to visualize how the steepness of the original function changes over different intervals of x. Sketching the gradient function provides useful insight into the behavior of the original function.

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Alex Wang
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16 views17 pages

课件1

Here are the key steps to sketch the gradient function: 1. Determine the sign (positive/negative) of the gradient by taking the derivative of the original function. 2. Create a table with x-values and the corresponding sign and slope of the gradient. 3. Sketch the shape of the gradient function based on the regions of positive/negative gradient indicated in the table. This process allows you to visualize how the steepness of the original function changes over different intervals of x. Sketching the gradient function provides useful insight into the behavior of the original function.

Uploaded by

Alex Wang
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Calculus

Fundamental question
•How do we measure how steep is the curve?
Constant Rate of Change
• Any linear function will have a constant rate of change.
y2 −y1 Δy
• Constant rate of change =
x2 −x1 Δx
• Gradient m= Constant rate of change
Average Rate of Change
• For a function y = f(x), the average rate of change of y with respect
to x over the interval [a, b] is the gradient of the secant line through (a,
f(a)) and (b, f(b)).
y2 −y1 Δy
• Average rate of change =
x2 −x1 Δx
Instantaneous Rate of Change
• Tangents to a curve at a point is informally as a line which has ‘the same slope’ as
the graph at this point.
• If we think of a very, very, . . . , very small section of the curve around the point,
we can consider it to be a line that cut with the curve. This straight line is what we
call the ‘tangent line’ to the curve at the point.
• https://www.desmos.com/calculator/mgtjldr975
Value of Q Average rate
of change
Q0 (2,4) 3
Q1 (1.8,3) 2.8
Q2 (1.6,2.56) 2.6
Q3 (1.4,1.96) 2.4
Q4 (1.2,2.2) 2.2

From the trend, we may predict the instantaneous rate of change at (1,1) is 2
Instantaneous Rate of Change
• Consider the graph 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 2 :
𝑓 𝑥+ℎ −𝑓(𝑥)
• The gradient of Secant AB =
(𝑥+ℎ)−𝑥
• As h approaches 0, we use lim (ℎ) to define h.
ℎ→0

• Hence the gradient of the point on 𝑓 𝑥 is defined as :

𝑓 𝑥+ℎ −𝑓 𝑥
𝑓 ′ 𝑥 = lim ( ) -First Principle
ℎ→0 𝑥+ℎ −𝑥
Computing limit
If 𝑓 𝑥 = x 2
𝑓 𝑥+ℎ −𝑓 𝑥
simplify: 𝑓 ′ 𝑥 = lim ( )
ℎ→0 𝑥+ℎ −𝑥

Exercise: find 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) of 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 3


Brief Application of derivative
• Once we found the derivative, we could find the steepness and
gradient of almost every point on the graph.
• Finding the tangent and normal line.
• Finding the turning point and stationary point.
General equation for derivative of power function

• For f x = 𝑥 𝑛 , 𝑓 ′ 𝑥 = 𝑛𝑥 𝑛−1 where n is a non-zero integer.

Exercise
5
a. 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 5 𝑏. 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 2
𝜋
−3
c. 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 −0.33 𝑏. 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥
Lebniz’s notation

I come up with this


• If y=f(x), then the derivative of y with respect
notation 𝑑𝑦 𝑑(f(x))
to x is denoted by or
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
• 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑑 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑙𝑖𝑚 𝑓 𝑥 + ℎ − 𝑓(𝑥)
ℎ→0
• 𝑑𝑥 = lim 𝑥 + ℎ − 𝑥= lim (ℎ)
ℎ→0 ℎ→0
𝑑𝑦 𝑓 𝑥+ℎ −𝑓 𝑥
• = lim ( )
𝑑𝑥 ℎ→0 𝑥+ℎ −𝑥
Chain Rule
• For composite in the form of 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑔 𝑥 ),
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑢
• we could use the property = ×
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑥

Example: 𝑦 = (3𝑥)2
Without Chain rule: With Chain rule:

𝒅𝒚
In short, 𝒅𝒙 = 𝒈′ 𝒙 𝒇′ (𝒈 𝒙 )
Product rule
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑢
• =𝑢 +𝑣
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
• Proof:
• Let 𝑦 = 𝑢𝑣,where u and v is a function of x

𝒅𝒚
Hence,f𝑜𝑟 𝑦 = 𝑓 𝑥 𝑔 𝑥 , = 𝒇 𝒙 𝒈′ 𝒙 + 𝒇′ 𝒙 𝒈(𝒙)
𝒅𝒙
Product rule
• Exercise
a. 𝑦 = 2𝑥 × 𝑥 b. y = 𝑥 2 (2𝑥 + 1)
Quotient rule
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣
𝑢 𝑑𝑦 𝑣 𝑑𝑥 −𝑢𝑑𝑥
• 𝐼𝑓 𝑦 = , =
𝑣 𝑑𝑥 𝑣2
• Proof: Exercise
𝑥+1
• Diff 𝑦 = 𝑥
Sketch Gradient function
Method:
1. Determine the region of positive and negative gradient.
2. Determine the gradient table of the original function
3. Sketch the shape of the gradient function.

Exercise:
a. b.
X-value X-value

Sign of Sign of
gradient gradient

Slope Slope

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