AS Pe " UGC Model Curriculum Specially pre in force from June. 9904 ecording to the New Syllabus Semester - | of the yao 2015 for the First Year B.C.A. Class ‘er Narmad South Gujarat University LEVEL - NATIONAL TOUCH | MATHEMATICS T enth Revised Edition : 2018-2019 . R. Vyas, of. H. Re ¥y Dr. Sejal A. Desai eV . Sc., (Retired) M.Sc., D.C.A., Ph.D., : A. College of Commerce, J. Z Shah Arts & Ahmedaba H.P. Desai-Commerce College, Amroli, Surat ~ of. Mohamedsohel M. Shaikh, Prof. M. M. Shaikh, .Sc., (CS.), MCAPAH ge M.Sc., -B. Patel Computer College (BCA), Vivekanand B.C.A. College, Bharthana, Surat Surat of. Alka A. Mehta, M.Sc., B.Ed: Prof. Mahesh V. Patel Vavyug Science College, M.Sc., M Phil. {\Surat Udhana College, Surat Dont Change With The Change — Change Before’ Change B.S.SHAH PRAKASHAN- AHMEDABAD Educational Publishers — Generation To Generation = Network # _Pune-Bangolluru-Hyderab: sal Bhopal-New Delhi- ad-Tiruvanthpuram-Chennai Chandigarh-Kolkata || burat-Rajkot-Vadodara-Mum! BCAMTSG Kochi-Jalgaon-Nagpur-Jaipur-indore" f (1)For, M/s. B. S. Shah Shri S. B. Shah Sales Depot : Silver Oaks Building, Ground Floor,Office No. Sul, Mahalaxmi Cross Road, Pald Ahmedabad-380 007 , ‘@ (079) 26586125, Fax ; (079) 26580470 . Type-Setter : Navin Pamani, > Ahmedabad. Conair .- Printed By = Varahi Printers,lb PREFACE..-- BCA eek is an attempt of fulfil the requirements ofthe students Of first year ST nae D class of South Gujarat Unviersity in theit studies of anure ati ae novi ac was a persistent demand for a book of a similar t ‘ In this book different . we could fulfil that. a good number of examat LoPics are presented in simple and lucid manner. Quite es, ‘Amples are given as illustrations. This will make the subject At the end 4 Ee cunnciaha is mee apes in the exercise, well graded examples are given their confidence ia the ike ese examples will help the students to develop We have also placed the i i ; i questions set at the previous years’ question papers of Veer Nae South Gujarat University, Surat, at the end of each chapter with answers. From these questions students will get a view about the types of the questions set at the previous university question Papers. oy Also we have placed two question papers Oct., 2009 & April, 2010 at the end of the book, duly corrected. al . i We are thankful to Prin. N. P. Bhamore (Bardoli) for necessary guidance _ and rearranging the pattern in quite a different way. é We are also pleased to put it on record that writing of this book could not have been possible without the initiative and constant encouragement of our publishers Shri Sudhirbhai, Shri Shirishbhai and Shri Apurvabhai and Malavbhai. We are indeed thankful to them. We have taken necessary guidance from different books on Mathematics. We are highly grateful to the learned authors —, of these books. The examples in exercises are drawn mainly from papers of different Indian Universities in general and from South Gujarat University in _ particular. ® In the end we hope that the book will serve our purpose of catering tothe | needs of the students of F.Y. B.C.A. (Sem.-I) Class in their studies of - Mathematics Paper-I. eo Any constructive suggestions towards the imporvement of the book from — learned professor friends, teaching the subject are always welcome. —Authors _| Preface to the Tenth ion The authors and publishers are grateful to st ch overwhelming vsagice to our 2016-'17 edition, as the this edition was sold 4 ‘out in less than one year. So, we have to publish this tenth edition according iged if the to new labus year 2014-2015. However, we would feel obliged i fan their eerie suggestions as no book is perfect in all respects. - Authors (5SG) 4 udents and teachers for theirSET THEORY Introduction : oT rewoncept ofa set] 9, Complement of a set resenting sets | 19, De Morgan's for union 11. De Morgan law for intersection 12, Difference of two sets 13. Cartesian product of two sets 14. Number of elements in finite Some importan| Venn diagrams Operations on sets ) Intersection of sets Union of sets tributive sets tersection ye lo” 15 Reece utive law of intersection University Questions over union « number sets : SYLLABUS : Set Theory = Introduction, Representation, Operation and its proper- ties, Ven— Diagram, Cartesian product and graph. . 1. | Introduction : Concept of a Set The students of your class is a set of students and you are a member of that set. The college cricket team is a set of players and the captain-of that team is a member of that set. Thus, a setis well defined collection of Sistine istinct objects and there should exist a rule with the help of which we s in 3 A position to tell whether a particular object belongs to that collection 2 objects forming a set are known as elements or members. set.The | followings are some examples of sets: _ F ~ @ The set of ministers in Gujarat state. (ii) The set of alphabates of English language. (iii) The set of professors of your college. _ : < The sets are generally denoted by capital letters A, B, Oy 5 ee and the elements of the set are denoted by small letters a member of a set A, then we write a € A and read it a is a member of A. On the other hand if y does not bel rite yé A. (1)cast assed [2._| Methods of Represen (®) Tabular forr ——— ting Sets : oe * In this method we write the er oe te them by putting commas between them. sn numbers between | nted 98 and resel (2, 4, 6.8, 10, 12), ame 13 can be rep (ii) Set—builder form : eg, A={x: xis a vowel in English alphabates} Bos Lg oe saeco C= {xe x Set. eg, A={1,2,3,4,5} : B = {x : x is minister of Gujarat state} gt (@ Infinite Set : A set in which the number of elements called an infinite set. og., ‘A = 1/2)3,45 5) 629, : B= {x:x=n? andnisan ii) Singleton Set : A set hav’ singleton set. ‘eg. (1, 2,3); Bs Similarly A = {x ; (vi) Equivalent (3, 2, 1) are equal sets. , 3 25a 6 =0), and B= (2, ve Sets :* If the elements of one set cant = 114, 9, 16) Here : =B (vii)Subset of a Set :@ If at! the elernentay of a se eB ilo Be suo eg. IfA={1, 2, 3); B={1, 2 3,4, It should be noted that PAC Band “e cA, ie. A=B. (1) The empty set 6 is : (2) Every set is a subset of it (viii) Proper Sub-sets ;+## te(X) Universal Set : A parent set from which all different subsets considered is known as an Universal set for that particular sit Generally universal set is denoted by U. ? eg, UHtl 2,3) 4) Sg6n7. cua ae alata B = {2, 4, 6, : C={1, 4,9, 16. }. ae Here A, B and C are the subsets of universal set of the sets A, B and C. . ‘The set of all the members of a family can be considered as an un set and set of brothers, set of sisters etc. are its subsets. [ 4. | Some Important Number Sets We are familiar with the following number sets 1. Set of natural numbers N = {1, 2, 3, 4... ay 2. Set of integers Z = {ui —3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, | 3. Set of rational numbers ee set U or U is a uni Q= a 1a, b, € Zand b #0} Qis a set of rational numbers. R and negative integers,é , O—=E—= QR)Prove that AB) A CoA AAO Order to prove (A AB) mC AA (BAC) We shall have to prove that @ ACB OCSARG 1c) and i) ACB OO SAAB AC For (0) Let x be any element of (A 0B) OC =x (ee => xe AMB)aiiee ¢ = @e Aanivg B) andxe C xe Atnd (eth pndivelcy =>xE Aand xe (BAC) =xe ANBAG au Thus every element raf (A.B) Cis alsoanelementof A ~ AOB AC CAnBAO For (ii) Let y be any element of A 0 (B 0 C) =SyeAnBag =ye Aandye BQO. | jae =yeAand(ye Bandye QC) = (ve Aand ye B) and ye C = ye (ANB)andyeC 4 =ye(ANBanc jaan! BEL Thus every element y of AA (BAC) is ANBOC) CAMB) AK From (i) and (ii) We have - : (ANB)ANC=ANBO Illustration 3 : Show t diagrams. é Ans.AQNBAC @oB_= BS c= OOD ANBAC= (ii) Union of Sets* The union of two cctz A and B is the scoala to either A or B or both and it is denoted by AU By ie. AU B= {x/xe Aorxe Borx Properties of union of Sets ‘¢ @rak S (AU B) and B (AUB) G@ AUO=A Gil) AUA=A Gy) AUB=BUA(¢ @ (AUB)UC=AU Wi) AUB=9>ABUC={1, 2,3, 4) CUAS={i, 2, 3,4) Now, (A U B) U C= (1, 2,3) U {12+ And, Au (BUC) = (1, 2,3) U (1 2,3 4} - AUYB)YVC=AUBUQ usu Prove that: (A UB)UC=A u Irvorder t prove (A UB) Vcc AU BUC) we sill PO @ AYB)LUCCAUBUD G@) AUBVYOcAuUBUC @ Let x be any element of (A U B) UC =xe (AUB)UC =xe (AUB)orxe C =>(@eAorxe B)orxeC =xeAor(@e Borxe C) =xeAor@e BUC) =sxeAUBUQ Thus, every element of (A U B) u C is also an © AVUBUO -~(AUBUCCAUBUDQD Gi) Let. y be any element of AU (B UC). =>yeAUBUGQ # =yeAorye BUC =yeorye BoryeC => (ye Aorye B)orye C =ye(AUB)oryeC © =ye(AUB)UC © 3, 4) = (1,2, 3.43 ie 1, 2.3.4)(AUB)UC = Total shaded Tegion. GF [7. | Distributive Law of Union overPs cs NO : @5)ICA. B and C are any three sets prove that AUBOAO=AUB A (AUO In order to prove the result we shall prove that ®@ AVLEAODEauBAAVO @) AYBAALGOCAUBHO () Let x be any element of A U (B.C) =>xe AV(BAG =x€ Aorre BAC) =x€ Aor(xe Bandxe C) =e A orxe€ B) and (xe A orx€ C) = Ge AUB)and@e AUC) =xe (AUB)N(AUC) Thus, every element of A U (B A C) is also an element of (AUB)NAUG -AUBADCAUBNAYO a (ii) Let. y be any element of (A UB) 0 (AU =yeE(AVBA(AVUC) = ye (AUB)andye (AUC) } = (<« Aorye B)and(ye Aorye C)_ =yeAorye BandyeC =>yeAorye (BNO. =>yeAU(BnO 4 Thus, eo element of (A U B) Mn (AU C) AU(BOC) ‘ 2 (AUB)AAUC)CAUBNO(ii) Let y be any element of (Am Bu (AAO) Sve ANBUAG =ye A OB) ory € Ang)’ 2 OS ee © B) or (ye A andy € ©) =ye Aand (ye Bore c) =r Aad Ve Borys cy aA =yYEANBuG * Bt °F (AB) U(A 09 ©) is also an element ANBULG E f = ANB UANQ)CAngUG ae Form (i) marae LOMA N Ane Mesiration 8 : Verify A (BU C) = (An B)U (A help of Venn - diagram,(i) Let x be any element of =xe (AUB) =>xe (AUB) =xre Aandxe B =xe A'andxe B' =>xe (A'OB) ie., every element of (A U By j tof A' AB’ -(AUBYSA'ABnaHoan @) Let y be any element of A' a B =ye (A'OB) = ye A'andye B =>ye€ Aandye B (Aupsy =ye€ (AUB) =>ye (AUBY t ie, each element of (A' -.B})is also an element of (ES) . A'OB'c(AUBY “sageeoverdail Form (i) & (iy we conclude that (A U BY = (A' OB’) _ __ Illustration 10 : Verify (A U B)' = A’ 0 B’ with f Sol. rsre 3 =k 15 two sets is the union of their complements. Prove that (A 4, By) =A'UB’ In Sega . a Ne Tesult we shall prove that @MAQOBY CALR AY (i) Let x be any OA SS Gn element of (A 4 BY =>xe (AnBy =>x€ (ANB) =x€ Aorxe B =x€ A'orxe B' =xe AUB So, each element of (A 4 BY is also an elements of A’ U BY (AONB) ¢ (AUB) Gi Let y be any element of A'U B' “ye uB) =>yeA'orye B' =>yeAoryeB =ye AB seers =>ye (ANBY =o each element of A' U B' is also an element of (A 0 BY - AUB C(ANB)Y x eeeceeeeeee Gi) ae (@ and (ii) we have (A 0. BY = A’ vB Illustration 11: Verify ee 9 B)' =A’ UB by Veon-dingram on ie cl ll Seve De Morgan's Law for intersection. = (March/April 2009, April 2010) acoeensei} ii -i6 The difference of two vets A and Bis the set of all elements which be to A but not to B. It is denoted by A - B ie. AB = (xix € A but x B) B-A = {xixe B butxé AJ By Venn. diagram O Properties of Difference of two sets @ A-B,AQB,B- Aare mutually disjoint sets, Gi A-(A-B)=A0BandB-(B-A)=ANB Gi) A—B_CA and B-ACB De Morgan's law on difference of If A,B, C, are any there sets, then A -{Mustration 12 : If'A = {x/x 5 9,x€ N},. - B= {y/3xre A but x ¢ Buc ) =xe A but ( ¢ B and x€C) =>xE A butre B) and (xe A butx ¢ c) =xeE (A=B) and xe (A=) =xe A=B) a (A~o) Thus, cach element x of A — (BU C) is also an element of {A -BY OE Oe : B--A-BvO) cA-BAA_o yeA-(BUGQ ea 33 Thus, each element y of (A = B) A (A — C) is also an element of (BYC) “- (A-B)N(A-C)cA-(BUGQ yeC) = = = ee e that A= (BUC) = (A. Oe ot 2007, March, 2016) i = osTA ee acto pin whofe nt belongs to set A and second element belongs to set B is called the amo in that order and denoted by A x B. read as J ants. B are two sets then the set of all ordered pairs like ) where x < A and y € B is called the cartesian product of the sets A Symbolically, = {(x,y)/xe A and ye B} -g. A= {1, 2, 3}, B= (2, 3} x B = {(1, 2). (1, 3), (2, 2), (2, 3), 3, 2), 3, 3)} and B x A = {(2, 1), (2, 2), (2, 3), G, 1, G, 2), G, 3)} « AXB#BXxA Some important results i) Ax Band B x A have the same number of elements. ii) Generally AX B#BX A. Gii) If A 7 B = @ then (A x B) 0 (BX A)= 9 (iv) If either A or B is null then the set A x B is also a null set. is Ea (March, 2015, 6). —22 (A- B), (A. 0B) and (B — A) are disjoint sets, AuB=(A- B) U(ANB)U (B-A) + n(A UB) = (A - B) + (A 9 B) + 0B ~ ao From the venn-diagram it is seen that 3 : } n(A - B) = n(A) — n(A NB) s A > 4 n(B - A) =n(B) ~n(A 4 B) a = n(A) — (A 0B) + (A.B) + mB) — wan Be n(A U B) = n(A) + n(B) - n(A AB) ~ 7 ] that n(A U BU ©) = M(A) + n(B) + n(C) - -n(A OO) -n ANC) +n AN BNO Lt A.B and C re the tase Sa ca By -MAUBUC)=nDUQ © a& =n(@D)+n(-nOnO Also, n (D) = n (A UB) =n (A) +n (B)-n (ANB) n(A UBUC) =n(A) +n (B)-n(ANB)+n(C)-n[(AUB) OC]B={6[b-1|22,beN} C=felle| n(C) = 14, et H denote the set of students who play Hockey => n(H) = 20 et F denote the set of students who play Football => n(F) = 24 0 n(C UHUF) =42False : Here A = {0, 2, 3}, B = {0} 1 AOR™ (haem ~. Statement is false ) False : A-B=A No clement of B isi A HASSE A 718 a ecthfitaieent i therfore i ii) True : because P(A) = {{}, (6, a}, {9}, {a}) Thus {} € P(A) is true ) False : because If x ¢ (A UB) =x€ Aandxe B. ) False : because = {a,b,c}, B = (2, 5, 7} Bx A = {(2, a), (2, b), (2, c), (5, a), (5, b), (5, ©), (7, a), (7, b)s ~ tion 20 : If A = [1, 3, a, {1}, {1, a}], state whether theWe shall prove that DAYCAMACAY i) Letx be any element of (A'!) = wmexg A mxaA =e (AY GA (ii) Let y be any elementofA => ye A =yeA' srye (A) = AC(AY From (i) & (ii), (A’)' = A ‘Illustration 22; Prove that : A - (A - B) =A BY We shall prove that (i) A (A = B) c (AM B) . (ii) ANBGA-(A~B) Let x be any element of A —(A - B) =xe A-(A-B) =xe A butxeé (A-B) => xe A but (x@ A and xe B) _=xe Aandxe B =A-(A-B)CA OB Let y be any element of AM B =ye (ANB) =ye Aandye B => ye A but(y¢ Aandye B) = ye A buty ¢ (AB) that (A') = A ove that A- (A -B) =A NBSets (10) Disjoint sets (11) Subsets (12) 10 ti if. set ye Universal set (15) Union of sets section of sets (17) Coy nt of 18) Difference of sets (19) Catesian Product of ted sal "os Sa Hf A = (2, 3,1},U = {0,:15°2,-3, 4) State whether following ‘statements are correct or incorrect giving reasons. @) {0} © A’ Gi) @ © A’ Git) (0) CA‘ (iv)oe A’ WOCA. Let A = {x/xis a letter in English alphabets} be the universal set. Vv x/x is a vowel}, C = {x / x is a corisonant} x /x is a letter in your full name} (a) Describe the above four sets by listing the elements of each set. (b) List the elements of the following sets. @ C' Gi) CO N' Gii) NT V' Gv) VUC WW) NOC Wi) NUV. If A = {a, b,c, d, e, f}, B = {a, ¢, i, 0, u}, C= (m,n, 0, p. qr, s, t, u} find, (i) A U B (ii) AU C Giii) BUC (iv) A- B@) AN B (vi) BNC (Wii) AU (B -C) Will) AU BUC Gx) AN BO ic {Ans: (i) {a, b,c, d,e, f, i, 0, u} ) {a, b,c, d, e, f, m, n, 0, p, q. r,s, tu} (iii) {a, e, i, 0, u, m, n, p,q, t, 8, t} (iv) {b, ¢, d, f} (vy) {a, e} (vi) {o, a) (vii) {a, b, ¢, d, ©, f, i)ta, 2, 3} is a universal set, A = {a, b, ch, B= {I, 2,3}, C={a, 1, 2}, D = {a, b, 3} then find the following sets (i) (A ~ B) 9 (B - A) (ii) (C UD) Gi) (A-D) 9 (AND) ” A fAns : (i) 6 Gi) {c} Gil) 4) Prove the (A UB) U(A UB) =A If A =[I, 4}, B = (2, 3}, C= {3, 5}, Prove that A x B # B x A, Also find (A x B) 0 (A x C). IfU=({1, 2,3, 4, 5, 6,7, 8,9} A= (2,4, 6, 8}, B = (3, 6, 9} prove that, (A 0 BY = A' UB’. ¢ If A = (1, 2}, B = (2, 3}, C = (3, 5) then prove that, Ax (BUC) =(AxB)U(AxC). If A = (2, 3] then find A? ~ [Ans : {(2, 2), (2, 3), (3, 2), (3, 3)} Prove that (A.B) U (ANB) =A If A= (1, 2,3}, B= {2, 3, 4}, S = {1, 3,4}, T= (2, 4, 5) verify that, (A x B) 9 (S XT) = (AS) x (BAT) ). Prove that A A (B-C) =(ANB)-(ANO), If the universal set is X = {x / x € N, 1 $x < 12} and A=({1, 9, 10}, B=({3, 4,6, 11, 12}, C= {2, 5, 6) are subsets of X, find the sets A U (B.A C) and (A UB) (AUC). [Ans : (1, 6, 9, 10)] If A = {1, 2, 3, 4}, B= (3, 4, 5}, C= (1,3, 1) prove that AU (B.C) =(AUB)A(AU OC). If A = {2, 4}, B = {2, 4, 6} find A »B, A x A and B x B [Ans : A x B = {(2, 2), (2, 4). (2, 6), (4, 2), (4, 4), (4, ©} AXxA={(2, 2), (2, 4), 4, 2) 4. 4)} - B xB {(2, 2), (2, 4), (2.6), (4, 2), (4, 4), (4, 6), (6, 2), (6, 4), 6, 6)}[Ans. : (i) A’ = (3, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14) ae S i) 6, 8, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14} iii UB)’ = {8, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14) If A = {x/x <3; x © N}, B = {x/l [2 Domain, C-lomain and Range of» Function Co-domain and Range of a Fur f ied domain of the functions then set A is call Jed Co-do! of function Se iquely with an ‘element of co- domain by some f In otherwords each elemen' domain must have an unique image in co-domain. The functions © be respresented by symbols / § : i. The image of each element Lof the domain obtained by the relationship — . “sean also be denoted by fa). If 2.€ A then its image is represented by f2).— The set obtained of all the images of the elements of the domain by the ; relationship fis called the Range of the function f, and itis denoted by fA). ie. f(A = (f(x) /x€ A} The set of the images of # fA ie. the range of the function fis a subset of B- i denoted by Ry It Fumetirpe clearly noted that the ramee of : or in itself. This will be clear by few illustrations. Give the it t of the an also in and range of the Dy = {1, 2, 3} B ={1,2,3,4,5,6 7} me (0). 2), {3}Siig orddae He8 are defined on the same domain and for each Ka) = g(a), then f and g are said to be equal Jement a of the domain, fia tcafall +A C are two functions and for each a € A, (a) = ey eae 8 are said to be equal functions. Both the functions wust be defined on the same domain is a very essential condition. If f: AB, f(x) = x? and g: AC, g(x) = 4x -3 and A = (1, 3} then SU) = = 1; gl) = 41) -3 =1 {Q) = 3? = 9; g3)=43)-3=9 Thus for each element of A, the images obtained by functions f and g same hence f = g. If for a function f : A — B, the domain A of the function is a set of eal numbers or its subset, then f is said to be a function of a real variable. Here each a € A, is a real number i.e. A C R. Moreover if the range Ry the function is also a set of real numbers or its subset, then fis said to a real function. i.e. for a real function ACR and BCR. eg. f:N— R, for x € N the domain is a set of natural numbers N. Iso the range Ry of fis a set of real numbers R, hence f:NOR isa eal function of a real variable. Biss : be defined as the tity . commodity can fined as the quantity 0 rg ee a paral place and within a specified % i upon its price. Demand demand and price is called demand demand function. rere velationship between supply S and price pis Hed a n Define equal functions + 1 agg, Mareh-Api 2047, 2009, 2010) What i: nat lov Dec., - s When as i two functions are equal ? (March 2014) fh=f(p) represents a supply function. a inction :The total cost C in producing x ¥ be given by C = fix) which is a cost function. , “eo Revenue Function : The total amount received i.e. the function depends upon number of units sold x. Hence R=f(«) is pee ever If the demand function is of the form p = f(x) then the total r function can be given by , Total revenue = number of units sold x price per unit R(x) = x-p “ = x%- f(x) Profit function : Revenue function — Cost function is denoted by P(x). P(x) is called the profit function. Fixed Cost and Variable Cost :* The cost which does not depend upon the number of units of production is called fixed cost. The cost which depend on the number of units produced is called variable cost. The cost function is the total of fixed cost and the variable cost. Break - even point : It is the point at which the profit function P(x) = 0. ie. for break-even point, R(x) = C(x). Demand, supply, revenue etc represent real situations hence they are real functions. | 6. | Different Functions and their Graphs: | A function whose domain and range are sets of real numbers or their subsets is called real function of real variables. The following are some familiar types of real functions. ts of an item can (1) Linear function ¥. Teas f(x) = ax +b is a linear function. The” ase of this function is a straight line. is type of function i i : fini ti mn is called a linear o ; (2) Quadratic function’ ye Y f: ROR, fla) = ax? + be + «(a # 0) is. a quadratic function, i function is a Tee Paeh ote x and variable cost ? F what is fixed cost