LAB MANUAL

Programming Fundamentals
CSC-101

University Institute of Information Technology PMAS-

Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi
 Lab Manual

Programming Fundamentals
CSC 101
[4(3-3)]
Dr. KASHIF SATTAR

University Institute of Information Technology

PMAS-Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi

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 CSC-101 Programming Fundamentals
(List of Labs)
Lab #1
Programming and Debugging using Dev C++ and Microsoft Visual C++
Lab #2
Variables and Arithmetic Operators
Lab #3
Decision Control Statements
Lab #4
for , while and Do-While loop, Continue, Switch, Break
Lab #5
Arrays
Lab #6
Arrays, practicing with loops
Lab #7
Practicing Multi-dimensional Arrays
Lab #8
Structures in C++
Lab #9
Functions (Call by value and reference)
Lab #10
Implementation of cstring and its functions
Lab #11
Implementation of Pointers
Lab #12
Dynamic Memory Allocation
Lab #13
File handling in C++

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 Lab No. 1
Programming, Debugging, Dev C++,
Microsoft Visual C++
Introduction:

The aim of this lab is to install and create a new project in Dev C++ and Microsoft Visual C++
and debug the very first program in this environment.

Objectives of this Lab:

 To learn about C++ compilers

 Making a project

 Adding source files to the Project created.

 Writing First program in Dev C++ and Visual C++

 Debugging

How to Install Dev C++:

Step 1): First, you must download the Dev C++ on your Windows machine. Visit Download
Dev C++: http://www.bloodshed.net/

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Step 2): Under package Dev-C++ 5.0 (4.9.9.2) with Mingw/GCC 3.4.2 compiler and GDB
5.2.1 debugger (9.0 MB)

Step 3): This package will download C++ .exe file for Windows that can be used to install on
Windows 7/8/10

Step 4): You will direct to the Source Forge website, and your C++ download will start
automatically.

 Click on the save button to save. By default, it is saved in the “Downloads” folder.

 When download completes, go to the saved .exe file and click on it to Run.

 The installer will ask you a language to select. Select “English” and click on “OK”.

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Step 5): Then screen for license agreement will appear. Click on “I Agree” to proceed further.

Step 6): In this step, you can see different components of Dev C++ that will be installed with
this package. Just click on the “next” button.

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Step 7): In this step,
1. By default, the destination folder is in C drive. You are free to change this destination
folder but make sure you have enough memory.
2. Click on the “Install” button

Step 8): Now, Dev C++ is installed successfully on your Windows. Select” Run Dev C++” to
run it and click on the” Finish” button.

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 How to create a small program in Dev:
Step 1: Configure Dev-C++.
We need to modify one of the default settings to allow you to use the debugger with your
programs.
• Go to the "Tools" menu and select "Compiler Options".

In the "Settings" tab, click on "Linker" in the left panel, and change "Generate debugging
information" to "Yes"

Click "OK".

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 Step 2: Create a new project.
• Go to the "File" menu and select "New", and "Project".
• Choose "Empty Project" and make sure "C++ project" is selected.
o Here you will also give your project a name. You can give your project any valid
filename, but keep in mind that the name of your project will also be the name of
your final executable.
• Once you have entered a name for your project, click "OK".
• Dev-C++ will now ask you where to save your project.

Step 3: Create/add source file(s).

You can add empty source files one of two ways:
• Go to the "File" menu and select "New Source File" (or just press CTRL+N) OR
• Go to the "Project" menu and select "New File".

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  Note that Dev-C++ will not ask for a filename for any new source file until you
attempt to:
1. Compile
2. Save the project
3. Save the source file
4. Exit Dev-C++
First Program:
Now try to run the following code:

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main()
{
cout<<"Welcome to batch 2022 :) \n";
return 0;
}

Step 4: Compile.
Once you have entered all of your source code, you are ready to compile.
 Go to the "Execute" menu and select "Compile" (or just press CTRL+F9)

Once your project successfully compiles, the "Compile Progress" dialog box will have a status
of "Done". At this point, you may click "Close

Step 5: Execute.
You can now run your program.
 Go to the "Execute" menu, and choose "Run".

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How to install Visual Studio:
Step 1: Visual Studio Download
First, you need to download the Visual Studio Ultimate version from Microsoft Download Page
https://visualstudio.microsoft.com/

Step 2: Double Click on Application File Once the software is downloaded, you can extract and
double-click on the vs_ultimate.exe file. Please be sure to start the installation with admin
access to avoid any unnecessary permission issues.

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Step 3: Installation Started
Now you can see that it calculates the amount of space required and check the amount space
available and will start the installation process.

Step 4: Successful Installation

The entire Installation process takes some time usually depends on the number of features you
have selected. Once it completes without any error then you will see the below setup successful
Screen.

Now select Desktop development C++ and click on Install.

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Personalize your Visual Studio.

After personalizing your Visual Studio theme click on Launch.

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Click on Create a new project.

In create a new project select C++, Windows, and Console in the top search bar Select Console
App and click Next.

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In Configure your new project enter project name -> Select Location and click on Create.

Step 5: Write the following program in the window.

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main()
{
cout<<"My first program \n";
return 0;
}

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Now go to Build Menu and click “Compile” or press ctrl + F7

After successful compiling it’s time to execute your program. Click on debug menu bar and
select star debugging or press F5

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CSC-101 Programming Fundamentals

A console window wit

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 CSC-101 Programming Fundamentals

Debugging:
Debugging is the name given to the process of removing bugs (errors) from computer programs.

What a Debugger Can Do?

 Step through the program one statement at a time, either "over" or "into" functions.
 Run the program up to a certain point (either to the cursor or to a "breakpoint") and then
stop.
 Show the values (or contents) of variables at each point during the execution of the
program.

In this lab we will use step over only to execute your code line by line.

#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
int main()
{
Cout<<"First statement executed using step\n";
Cout<<"Second statement executed using step\n";
Cout<<"Third statement executed using step\n";
return 0;
}

First compile the above program and then Execute it, all the three statements will be printed on the
screen. Now again compile the file and execute one statement at a time by clicking on Debug→Step
Over (or F10). You will see that on the output screen (black screen) the statements will appear one
by one.

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 CSC-101 Programming Fundamentals

Lab No. 2
Variables and Arithmetic Operators

Introduction:

The aim of this lab is to learn how to create variables of primitive data types in C++ compilers (e.g.
Visual Studio, Dev C++) and how to use comments and operators to perform mathematical
operations.

Objectives of this lab:

 How to use comments in a program

 How create variables of different data types

 How to use arithmetic operators in a program

Write following line of code and see the effect of comments.

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

int main()
{
//declaring integer and character vairables
int a; char ch;
/*Initializing the
variables
*/
a=10; ch=’b’;
cout<<“The value of ch is: \n”<<ch;
cout<<“The value of a is: \n”<<a;
return 0;
}
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 CSC-101 Programming Fundamentals

In this example you saw various ways of declaring variables of various data types and how to write
comments in C++ programs. Also, notice the use of “\n” simply move the cursor of output to the
next line.

Write the following program in the editor and see the effect of the program and compare your result
with the following output.

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main()
{
int a = 72;
char b = 'A';
cout<<"\na equals "<<a;
cout<<"\na equals "<<(char)a;
cout<<"\nb equals "<<(int)b;
cout<<"\nb equals "<<b;
return 0;
}
Output:

a equals 72 a equals H b
equals 65 b equals A

The reason why this works is because a character constant is just an integer from 0 to 255. When we
convert integer 72 into char by using (char)a it converts into character H. Similarly for the character
A to integer conversion is 65 because the ASCII value of A is 65.

Introduction of “cin” statement in your program:

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main()
{
int a,b;
cout<<“Enter value of a: “;
cin>>a;
cout<<“Enter value of b: “;
cin>>b;

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 CSC-101 Programming Fundamentals

cout<<“The value of a is: \n”<<a;

cout“The value of b is: \n”<<b;
cout<<“Enter new value for both separated by a space: \n”<<;
cin>>a;
cout<<” “;
cin>>b;
cout<<”New values are:\n”;
cout<<a<<” “<<b;
return 0;
}

Introduction of Arithmetic operators in your program:

After writing this program you will see that how one can add two numbers and following the same
way we can use subtraction, multiplication and division operators.

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main()
{
int a,b;
int sum;
cout<<“Enter value of a: \n“;
cin>>a;
cout<<“Enter value of b: \n“;
cin>>b;
sum=a+b;
cout<<“sum is: \t”;
cout<<sum<<”\n”;
return 0;
}

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 CSC-101 Programming Fundamentals

LAB No. 3
Decision Control Statements
Objectives of this lab:

 Comparison/Relational Operators

 Logical Operators

 If Statement

 If - else statement

 Else - if Statement

Starting from a very simple form of if statement

Example: Write a program in which it takes a number from keyboard as an input and if the number
is greater than 100 it prints “The number is greater than hundred”.

Code:

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main()
{
int number ;
cout<<“Enter an integer\n”;
cin>>number;
if ( number >100 )
cout<<“The number is greater than 100\n”;
return 0;
}

Try below example and see the effect of if-else statement

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

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 CSC-101 Programming Fundamentals

int main()
{
int a,b ;
cout<<“Enter first number\n”;
cin>>a;
cout<<“Enter second number\n”;
cin>>b;
if ( a >=b )
// this condition can also be written as if(a>b || a==b)
cout<<a<<”\t”<<b<<”\t”<<a-b; //we can use ‘\t’ for single character
else
cout<<b<<”t”<<a<<”\t”<<b-a;
return 0;
}

Now trying example of Nested if statement

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main()
{
int number ;
cout<<“Enter an integer\n”;
cin>>number;
if ( number <100 )
{
cout<<“Yes the number is less than 100”<<endl;
if ( number <50)
{
cout<<“ and number is also less than 50”<<endl;
}

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 CSC-101 Programming Fundamentals

else
{
cout<<“ but the number is not less than 50”<<endl;
}
}
else
cout<<“No the number is not less than 100”<<endl;
}

Try this example for if-else-if statement

Write a program which takes marks as input and shows the out put as follows:

Marks Output

Greater than or equal to 80 Passed: Grade A

Greater than or equal to 65 Passed: Grade B
Greater than or equal to 50 Passed: Grade C
Less than 50 Failed
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main()
{
int marks;
cout<<“Enter an marks\n”;
cin<<marks<<endl;
if (marks >= 80)
cout<<"Passed: Grade A\n";
else if (marks >= 65)
cout<<"Passed: Grade B\n";
else if (marks >= 50)
cout<<"Passed: Grade C\n"<<endl;
else
cout<<"Failed"<<endl;

return 0;
}

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 CSC-101 Programming Fundamentals
Try to modify the above code by adding D grade , criteria is shown below:
Marks Output
Greater than or equal to 80 Passed: Grade A
Greater than or equal to 65 Passed: Grade B
Greater than or equal to 50 Passed: Grade C
Greater than or equal to 40 Passed: Grade D
Less than 50 Failed

Take Home:
1. Write a program, which takes age as input from user and prints appropriate message depending
upon the following conditions:

 If age less than 6 then prints, “What a nice child!”

 If age is between 6 and 9 then prints, “That’s a good age!”
 If age is between 9 and less than 20 then prints, “Ah! In the prime of life”
 If age between 20 and < than 30 then prints, “Watch out, younger ones are gaining on you.”
 More than 30 then it prints, “Well, have fun, and don’t look back.”

2. Write a program which takes 3 numbers as input e.g. a = 30, b = 54 and c = 6 and print output
as follows:

Sample output:
Min number entered is 6 Max number entered is 54

(These are the values of variables which are taken from keyboard).

3. Write a program that take a number N as input and display on the screen whether N is odd or
even. (Hint: if N is divided by 2 and its remainder is 0 then it is even, use % as remainder operator)

Sample output:
Enter a number: 8
8 is even
OR
Enter a number: 9
9 is Odd

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 CSC-101 Programming Fundamentals

LAB No. 4
For, while and Do-While loop, Continue,
Switch, Break
Objectives of this lab:

 To understand the basics of for loop

 Concept of while loop

 To understand the usage of Do-While loop

 Concept of switch statement, continue and break statement

Starting from a very simple and basic example:

Example 1: The following code will print hello ten times

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main()
{
int count;
for (count =1; count <=10; count++)
cout<<"Hello\n";
return 0;
}

Try the example below and shows the output.

Example 2: Calculate simple table of 2 using a for loop

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main()

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 CSC-101 Programming Fundamentals

{
int count;
for (count =1; count <=10; count++)
cout<<"2 x "<<count<<" = "<<(2*count)<<endl;
return 0;
}

Following examples shows some variations of the for loop

int main()
{
for(int i=0, j=10 ; i<10 ; i++, j-- )
{
cout<<"\n”<<i<<j;
}
return 0;
}

Expression 1 could be written before the body of for loop.

Example 3:
int i = 0;
for( ; i < 10; i++)
cout<<“\n”<< i;

Expression 3 could be written in the body of the for loop.

Example 4:

int i = 0;
for( ; i < 10; ){
cout<<“\n”<<i;
i++;
}

We can also omit expression 2 so this will be an infinite loop.

Example 6:
int i = 0;
for( ; ; ){
cout<<“\n”<< i;
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 CSC-101 Programming Fundamentals

i++;
}

This code will run indefinite times starting from 0. We can use logical operators in expression 2.

Example 7:

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main(){
int i=0,j=10;
for(;i<10 && j >4;){
cout<<"\n"<<i<<j;
i++;
j--;
}
return 0;
}

The while loop:

Try example below and shows the output:

Example 1: Print Numbers from 1 to 10 using a while loop

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main()
{
int counter = 1;
while (counter <= 10) // condition
{
cout<<“Counter now reads \n”<<counter;
counter++; // Same as counter=counter + 1 (increment)
}
return 0;
}

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 CSC-101 Programming Fundamentals

Our 2nd example is based on a while-loop that keeps on running until a certain condition is reached
(a certain value is entered by the user).

Example 2: Printing the numbers you entered using a while loop

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main()
{
int flag; //flag is just an integer variable
cout<<“Enter any number: ( -1 to quit) \n”;
cin>>flag;
cout<<“Entering the while loop now...\n”;
while(flag != -1) {
cout<<“Enter any number: ( -1 to quit)\n ”;
cin>>flag;
cout<<“You entered \n”<<flag;
}
cout<<“Out of loop now \n”;
return 0;
}

The do while loop:

Try example below and shows the output:

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main( )
{
int x = 0; // Create a local variable 'x'
do
{
x=x+1; // Increment the variable 'x' by 1
} while (x < 3);
return 0;

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 CSC-101 Programming Fundamentals

Try some more programs like the one above and show the result.

Switch Statement:

Just look at the following example and examine the output:

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main() {
int a;
cout<<"Pick a number from 1 to 4:\n";
cin>>a;
switch (a) {
case 1:
cout<<"You chose number 1\n";
case 2:
cout<<"You chose number 2\n";
case 3:
cout<<"You chose number 3\n";
case 4:
cout<<"You chose number 4\n”;
default:
cout<<"That's not 1,2,3 or 4!\n";
}
return 0;
}

The Break Statement:

Try the following example and think on the output

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main() {
int a;
cout<<"Pick a number from 1 to 4:\n";
cin>>a;
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 CSC-101 Programming Fundamentals

switch (a) {
case 1:

cout<<"You chose number 1\n";

break;
case 2:
cout<<"You chose number 2\n";
break;
case 3:
cout<<"You chose number 3\n";
break;
case 4:
cout<<"You chose number 4\n";
break;
default:
cout<<"That's not 1,2,3 or 4!\n";
}
return 0;
}

Continue Statement:

This is different than break. Continue statement means skip the remaining statements/line of code of
that iteration of loop body and move on to next iteration. Try the example below and compare it with
the one above.

int index=0;
for(index=1;index<=10; index++)
{
if(index==4||index==5) continue;
cout<<index;
}
cout<<"\nLoop terminated” ;

Take Home

1. Write a program to generate a list of first 100 odd numbers using while, do while and for loops.

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 CSC-101 Programming Fundamentals

2. Write a function which takes as input, a number, total multiplicands and user option to get e (for
even) or o (for odd) multiplicands and print table of that number.

Example:

Input: Number=3, Total Multiples 15, Multiples types: e

Output:

3 * 2 = 6
3 * 4 = 12
3 * 6 = 18
3 * 8 = 24
……………………….
……………………….
3 * 14 = 42

3. Write a program to find the sum of digits of the number entered by the user also print it in
reverse order. For example, user enters 1234, the sum should be 10 and the program should print
4321. (HINT: use modulus operator)

4. Write a program to ask the user his/her CGPA and print his/her grade accordingly. If grade is C
or better give good remarks otherwise leave an advice.

5. Write a program which has the following output screen. (use loops to control output of the
program)

6. Write a program to provide following functionality of a calculator using switch case statement.
 Addition of two integers
 Subtraction of two integers
 Multiplication of two integers
 Division of two integers
 Addition of two Floating Point Numbers
 Subtraction of two Floating Point Numbers
 Multiplication of two Floating Point Numbers
 Division of two Floating Point Numbers
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 CSC-101 Programming Fundamentals

 Sine
 Cosine
 Tangent
 Square root
 Square
 Cube
User should be able to select his desired operation from the Menu given to him. The program should
only terminate when user selects exit operation from the MENU.

For sine, cosine, Tangent and Square root you can use functions available in math.h library.

7. Write a program that takes as input any number of seconds (as int) and then converts it in hours,
minutes and seconds. For example, if you enter 7802 the program should print:
2 hrs 10 mins 2 secs

(Hint: Use integer division and modulus operators)

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CSC-101 Programming Fundamentals

Lab 5
Arrays
Objectives of this lab:

 Declaration of Array

 Initialization of Array

 Accessing elements of Array

 Printing arrays

Let's start by looking at the following code where a single variable is used to store a person's age.

Code

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

int main()

int age;

age=23;

cout<<endl<< age;

return 0;

1) Declaration of Array
Here's is the code snippet to create an array and one way to initialize an array:
#include <iostream>
CSC-101 Programming Fundamentals

using namespace std;

int main()

int age[4]; //declaration of Array

age[0]=23;//initialization of Array elements

age[1]=3

return 0;
age[2]=6
} age[3]=7

2) Initialization of Array

It is like a variable, an array can be initialized. To initialize an array, we provide initializing

values which are enclosed within curly braces in the declaration and placed following an
equals sign after the array name. Here is an example of initializing an integer array.

int age[4]={23,34,65,74};

3) Printing arrays
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

int main()

int age[4];

age[0]=2

age[1]=3
cout<< age<<endl;
age[2]=6
return 0;
} age[3]=7

How about printing out each of the values separately? Try this:

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

int main()
CSC-101 Programming Fundamentals

int age[4];

age[0]=23;

age[1]=34;

age[2]=65;

age[3]=74;

cout<<age[0]<<endl;

cout<<age[1]<<endl;

cout<<age[2]<<endl;

cout<<age[3]<<endl;

return 0;

Lines (10) through line (13) produce the output we are expecting.

Thus there is no single statement in the language that says "print an entire array to the screen".
Each element in the array must be printed to the screen individually.
CSC-101 Programming Fundamentals

Lab 6
Arrays, Practicing with loops
Objectives of this lab:
 Copying arrays

 Scanning array elements using cin

 Dealing with characters using arrays

1) Copying arrays
Suppose that after filling our 4 element array with values, we need to copy that array to another
array of 4 int ? Try this:

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

int main()
{
int age[4];

int same_age[4];

int i=0;

age[0]=23;

age[1]=34;

age[2]=65;

age[3]=74;

for (;i<4;i++)

same_age[i]=age[i];

for (i=0;i<4;i++)

cout<<same_age[i]<<endl;

return 0;
}
CSC-101 Programming Fundamentals

2) Scanning array elements using cin

int a[5];

cin>>a[0]; // this will scan the value for the very first location of the array.

cout<<a[0]<<endl;

You can also scan the entire elements of the array using a loop. Practice yourself ?

3) Dealing with characters using arrays

You can also store characters and other type data (float etc.) in the arrays. Just declare it as
we’ve done in the case with int. There is no difference in dealing with characters except
you’ve to enclose the value in a single quote. Practice yourself ?

char ar[3];
ar[0]=’a’;
ar[1]=’b’
…..
CSC-101 Programming Fundamentals
 CSC-101 Programming Fundamentals

Lab 7

Practicing Multi-dimensional Arrays

Objectives of this lab:
 Defining Multi-dimensional arrays

 Initialization of Multi-dimensional arrays

 Practicing Multi-dimensional arrays

1) Defining multi-dimensional arrays

In C++, we can create an array of an array, known as a multidimensional array. For example:
2-Dimensional Array:
int matrix[10][20];
3-Dimensional Array:
char deptNames[3][10][20];

2) Multidimensional Array Initialization:

Like a normal array, we can initialize a multidimensional array in more than one way.

a). Initialization of two-dimensional array

int test[2][3] = {2, 4, 5, 9, 0, 19};
The above method is not preferred. A better way to initialize this array with the same array
elements is given below:

int test[2][3] = { {2, 4, 5}, {9, 0, 19}};

This array has 2 rows and 3 columns, which is why we have two rows of elements with 3
elements each.

b). Initialization of three-dimensional array

int test[2][3][4] = {3, 4, 2, 3, 0, -3, 9, 11, 23, 12, 23, 2, 13, 4, 56, 3, 5, 9, 3, 5, 5, 1, 4, 9};
This is not a good way of initializing a three-dimensional array. A better way to initialize this
array is:

int test[2][3][4] = {
{ {3, 4, 2, 3}, {0, -3, 9, 11}, {23, 12, 23, 2} },
{ {13, 4, 56, 3}, {5, 9, 3, 5}, {5, 1, 4, 9} }
};
Notice the dimensions of this three-dimensional array.

3) Practicing Multidimensional Array:

CSC-101 Programming Fundamentals

Example 1:
#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
int main( )
{
int arr[4][2] = {
{ 10, 11 },
{ 20, 21 },
{ 30, 31 },
{ 40, 41 }
};

int i,j;

cout<<"Printing a 2D Array:\n";
for(i=0;i<4;i++)
{
for(j=0;j<2;j++)
{
cout<<"\t"<<arr[i][j];
}
cout<<endl;
}
return 0;
}

Example 2:
#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
int main( )
{
int s[2][2];
int i, j;
cout<<"\n2D Array Input:\n";
for(i=0;i<2;i++)
{
for(j=0;j<2;j++)
{
cout<<"\ns["<<i<<"]["<<j<<"]= ";
cin>>s[i][j];
}
}

cout<<"\nThe 2-D Array is:\n";

for(i=0;i<2;i++)
{
CSC-101 Programming Fundamentals

for(j=0;j<2;j++)
{
cout<<"\t"<<s[i][j];
}
cout<<endl;
}
return 0;
}

Example 3:
#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
int main()
{
int m1[5][5], m2[5][5], m3[5][5];
int i, j, r, c;

cout<<"Enter the no.of rows of the matrices to be added(max 5):";

cin>>r;
cout<<"Enter the no.of columns of the matrices to be added(max 5):";
cin>>c;

cout<<"\n1st Matrix Input:\n";

for(i=0;i<r;i++)
{
for(j=0;j<c;j++)
{
cout<<"\nmatrix1["<<i<<"]["<<j<<"]= ";
cin>>m1[i][j];
}
}

cout<<"\n2nd Matrix Input:\n";

for(i=0;i<r;i++)
{
for(j=0;j<c;j++)
{
cout<<"\nmatrix2["<<i<<"]["<<j<<"]= ";
cin>>m2[i][j];
}
}

cout<<"\nAdding Matrices...\n";

for(i=0;i<r;i++)
{
for(j=0;j<c;j++)
{
m3[i][j]=m1[i][j]+m2[i][j];
}
}
CSC-101 Programming Fundamentals

cout<<"\nThe resultant Matrix is:\n";

for(i=0;i<r;i++)
{
for(j=0;j<c;j++)
{
cout<<"\t"<<m3[i][j];
}
cout<<endl;
}
return 0;
}

Example Do yourself:
Multiply two matrices A and B of order 2x2 using your matrices multiplication concepts?
CSC-101 Programming Fundamentals

LAB NO. 8
Structures in C++
Objectives of this lab:

 To understand the concept of Structure

Let start from a simple example:

The following program will declare a structure of two member functions and two data
member.

#include<iostream>
using namespace std;

struct test

int x, y;

void set(int a, int b)

x=a;

y=b;

void get()

cout<<”The value of X is: ”<<x<<endl;

cout<<”The value of Y is: ”<<y<<endl;

};
CSC-101 Programming Fundamentals

int main()

Test obj;

obj.set(10,20);

obj.get();
return 0;
}

A more precise example:

#include<iostream>
using namespace std;

struct Games

char Name[80];

char Rating;

bool Played;

long NumberOfKills;

Unreal, Blizzard[3];

typedef Games* Gamesptr;

void main()

{ Unreal.Rating=1;

strcpy(Unreal.Name,"Unreal");

Unreal.Played=True;

Unreal.NumberOfKills=100;

Games Quake;

Quake.Rating=2;

strcpy(Quake.Name,"Quake");
CSC-101 Programming Fundamentals

Quake.Played=True;

Quake.NumberOfKills=100;

GamesList[0]->Rating=1;

strcpy(GamesList[0]->Name, "Warcraft2");

Gamesist[0]->Played = False;

GamesList[0]->NumberOfKills = 0;

Multiple structures in a Program

One can declare multiple structures in a program and can be call from main

#include<iostream>
using namespace std;

struct student

int id;

char name[15];

double gpa;

void GPA()

float marks;

cin>> marks;

if(marks>=60 &&<=100)

cout<<”Grand Point Average of the student is between 2 and 4 ”<<endl;

else cout<<”Grand Point Average of the student is between 0 and 1.99 ”<<endl;}
CSC-101 Programming Fundamentals

LAB No. 9
Functions (Call by value and by reference),
Random function
Objectives of this lab:

 To understand the Concept of functions

 Passing value to a function by value

 Passing value to a function by reference

Let’s do an example which calls a function which prints ten asterisks (*) in line. (**********)

#include<iostream>
using namespace std;

voidmain(){
void asteriks(); // prototype

}asteriks(); // Function

void
int asteriks(){
i=0; // Function

for(;i<10;i++)

cout<<"*";

Lets go one step ahead, function asterisks (int a) with a single argument.

#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
CSC-101 Programming Fundamentals

void asteriks(int n); // prototype

void main(){

}asteriks(7); // Function

void asteriks(int
int i=0; num){ // Function

for(;i<num;i++)

cout<<"*";

Now an example of a function with two parameters

Here is an example of a function which calculates the sum of two numbers passed as arguments
to the function and returns the sum to the calling function.
int add(int no1,int no2 ){

int sum = no1+no2;

return sum;

Lets do another example of making a program using functions which will tell us whether the
input number is even or odd.
#include<iostream>
using namespace std;

int is_even(int n); // (Prototype declaration)

void main()

int number, test;

cout<<"Enter a number to test even or odd";

cin>>number;

test = is_even(number); // (Function calling)

CSC-101 Programming Fundamentals

if(test==0)

cout<<"\nThe number is odd";

else

cout<<"\nThe number is even";

int is_even(int n){ //Function definition

int remainder;

remainder= n%2;

if(remainder==1)

return 0;

else

return 1;

One more way to write the same example is

#include<iostream>
using namespace std;

intremainder;
int is_even(int n){ //Function

remainder= n%2;

if(remainder==1)

return 0;

else

return 1;

void main()
CSC-101 Programming Fundamentals

int number, test;

cout<<"Enter a number to test even or odd\n";

cin>>number;

test = is_even(number); //(Function calling)

if(test==0)

cout<<"\nThe number is odd";

else

cout<<"\nThe number is even";

Another way to write the same program

#include<iostream>
using namespace std;

int is_even(int n); // (Prototype declaration)

void main()

int number;

cout<<"Enter a number to test even or odd\n";

cin>>number;

if(is_even(number)) //Function call within if condition

cout<<"\nThe number is even";

else

cout<<"\nThe number is odd";

int is_even(int n){ //Function definition

CSC-101 Programming Fundamentals

int remainder;

remainder= n%2;

if(remainder==1)

return 0;

else

return 1;

Compile and run this program.

#include<iostream>
using namespace std;

float avg(float no1, float no2, float no3); //(Prototype declaration)

void main()

float n1,n2,n3,result;

cout<<"Enter three number to find avg");

cin>>n1>>n2>>n3;

result=avg(n1,n2,n3);
cout<<"\nThe average is \n”<<result;// (Function

float avg(float a, float b, float c){

cout<<"\nEntering the function\n";

float average= (a+b+c)/3;

return average;
}
CSC-101 Programming Fundamentals

Call by Value:
Example 1:

void func( int );

int main( ) {

int i = 8;

func( i );

cout<<“ the value of i is ”<< i;

return 0;

void func( int i) {

i = i + 10;

Example 2:

void interchange(int,int);

int main()
{
int x=50, y=70;
interchange(x,y);
cout<<“ x= ”<<x<<” y= ”<<y;

return 0;

void interchange(int x1, int y1)

CSC-101 Programming Fundamentals

{
int z1;
z1=x1;
x1=y1;
y1=z1;
cout<<“x1is=“<<x1<<”y1is“<<y1;
}

Call by Reference:

Example 3:

#include<iostream>
using namespace std;

void interchange(int&, int&);

int main()

int x=50, y=70;

cout<<“ x= ”<<x<<” y= ”<<y;

interchange(x,y);

cout<<“ x= ”<<x<<” y= ”<<y;

return 0;

void interchange(int & x1, int & y1)

int z1;

z1=x1;

x1=y1;

y1=z1;
}
Here the function is called by reference. In other words address is passed by using symbol “&”
The main difference between them can be seen by analyzing the output of program1 and
program2.
 CSC-101 Programming Fundamentals

Exercise Questions:
Program1:
Without changing the main function, complete the program for the following output:

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

int main()
{
greet();
return 0;
}

Program2:
Without changing the main function, complete the program for the following output:

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

int main() {
addTwoNumber();
cout<<endl<<endl;
findMaxMin();
return 0;
}
 CSC-101 Programming Fundamentals

Solutions:
Program1:
Without changing the main function, complete the program for the following output:

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

int main()
{
greet();
return 0;
}

Solution:
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

// declaring a function
void greet();

int main() {
// calling the function
greet();
return 0;
}
// defining a function
void greet() {
cout << "Hello there!";
}
 CSC-101 Programming Fundamentals

Program2:
Without changing the main function, complete the program for the following output:

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

int main() {
addTwoNumber();
cout<<endl<<endl;
findMaxMin();
return 0;
}

Solution:
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

// function declaration
void addTwoNumber();
void findMaxMin();

int main() {
addTwoNumber();
cout<<endl<<endl;
findMaxMin();
return 0;
}

// function definitions
void addTwoNumber()
{ int first,second;
cout<<"Enter first vlaue:";
cin>>first;
cout<<"Enter second vlaue:";
cin>>second;
cout<<"Sum of two numbers is:"<<(first+second);
}
void findMaxMin()
{
 CSC-101 Programming Fundamentals

int A[4];
for(int i=0;i<4;i++)
{ cout<<"Enter vlaue "<<i+1<<":";
cin>>A[i];
}
int max=A[0];
int min=A[0];
for(int i=0;i<4;i++)
{ if(A[i]>max)
max=A[i];
if(A[i]<min)
min=A[i];
}
cout<<"\nThe max value out of 4 is:"<<max;
cout<<"\nThe min value out of 4 is:"<<min;
}
 CSC-101 Programming Fundamentals

LAB NO. 10
Implementation of cstring and its
functions
Objectives of this lab:

 How cstrings defined and implemented

 Built in functions of cstring

 How cstring functions are useful for our programs

Example1: The strlen() function in C++ returns the length of the given C-string. It is defined
in the cstring header file
#include <iostream>
#include <cstring>//In some compilers this header file is not required e.g. cpp.sh
using namespace std;
int main() {
// initialize C-string
char dept[] = "University Institute of IT";

// print the length of the dept string

cout << strlen(dept);

return 0;
}
Example2:The strcpy() function in C++ copies a character string from source to destination.
#include <iostream>
#include <cstring>
using namespace std;
int main() {
char dept[] = "University Institute of IT";
char dept2[30];
strcpy(dept2,dept);//first argument is destination
cout << dept2;
return 0;
}

Example3:The strcat() function in C++ appends a copy of a string to the end of another
string.
#include <iostream>
 CSC-101 Programming Fundamentals

#include <cstring>
using namespace std;
int main() {
char dept[] = "University Institute of IT";
char dept2[]= " University Institute of MS";
strcat(dept,dept2);
cout << dept;
return 0;
}

Example4: The strcmp() function in C++ compares two null-terminating strings (C-strings).
#include <iostream>
#include <cstring>
using namespace std;
int main() {
char dept[] = "University Institute of IT";
char dept2[]= " University Institute of MS";
int result=strcmp(dept,dept2);
if(result==0)
cout<<"Both strings are equal";
else
cout<<"Both strings are not equal";
//A positive value will return if the first differing character in first string is greater than the
corresponding character in second string, otherwise return negative value. It does not depend on
the length of string.
return 0;
}

Example5: The strncmp() function in C++ compares a specified number of characters of two
null terminating strings.

#include <iostream>
#include <cstring>
using namespace std;
int main() {
char dept[] = "University Institute of IT";
char dept2[]= "University Institute of MS";
int result=strncmp(dept,dept2,20);
//cout<<result;
if(result==0)
cout<<"Both strings are equal";
else
cout<<"Both strings are not equal";
return 0;
}

Example6: The strerror() takes an argument: errnum which is an integer value that
represents the error code. This function converts the error code to a suitable string that
 CSC-101 Programming Fundamentals

describes the error.

#include <cstring>
#include<fstream>
#include <iostream>

using namespace std;

int main()
{

/* example.txt does not exist */

ifstream fin("example.txt");
if (!fin)
cout << "Error opening file : " << strerror(errno) << endl;

return 0;
}

Example7: The strtok() function in C++ returns the next token in a C-string (null terminated
byte string)
#include <cstring>
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

int main() {
char dept[] = "University Institute of Information Technology";
char* word=strtok(dept, " ");;
int count=0;
while(word!=NULL)
{
count++;
cout << "token "<<count<<" = " << word << endl;
word = strtok(NULL, " ");
}

return 0;
}

Example8: The strstr() function in C++ finds the first occurrence of a substring in a string.
#include <cstring>
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

int main() {
char dept[] = "University Institute of Information Technology";
char target[]="Info";
char *p = strstr(dept, target);
 CSC-101 Programming Fundamentals

if (p)
cout << "'" << target << "' is present in \"" << dept << "\" at position " << p-dept;
else
cout << target << " is not present in \"" << dept << "\"";

return 0;
}

Example9: The memchr() function in C++ searches in a string for the first occurrence of a
character in a specified number of characters.
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main()
{
char ptr[] = "University Institute of Information Technology";
char ch = 'z';
int count = 15;

if (memchr(ptr,ch, count))
cout << ch << " is present in first " << count << " characters of \"" << ptr << "\"";
else
cout << ch << " is not present in first " << count << " characters of \"" << ptr << "\"";

return 0;
}

Example10: The memcmp() function in C++ compares a specified number of characters of

two strings:
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main()
{
char str1[] = "Hello World!";
char str2[] = "Hello Earth!";
int result;

result = memcmp(str1, str2, 5);

if (result==0)
cout <<"First 5 characters are same";
else
cout <<"First 5 characters are not same";

return 0;
}
CSC-101 Programming Fundamentals

LAB NO. 11
Pointers

Objectives of this lab:

 Pointer initialization

 Simple pointer manipulation

 Pass parameter by reference

 Dynamic Data and Pointers

 Pointers and arrays

Pointer initialization:

When declaring pointers we may want to explicitly specify which variable we want them to point
to:

Write the following code and see the output.

#include <iostream>

using namespace std;

int main ()

{ int number;

int *point = &number;

cout<<*point<<endl;

return 0;

}
CSC-101 Programming Fundamentals

Simple Pointer Manipulation:

Pointers are a type of variable that allow you to specify the address of a variable.

Let start an example, following code will exchange two variable try it and check whether two
values exchange or not.

#include <iostream>

using namespace std;

void exchange (int x, int y);

int main () {

int a = 5;

int b = 9;

cout << "This program attempts to exchange two values." << endl;

cout << "Values before the exchange:" << endl;

cout << "a= " << a << " b= " << b << endl;

exchange(a, b); // code that calls the function

cout << "Values after the exchange:" << endl;

cout << "a= " << a << " b= " << b << endl;

return 0;

// function for passing by value

void exchange (int x, int y) {

int temp;

temp = x;

x = y;

y = temp;

} // end exchange
CSC-101 Programming Fundamentals

Output: In output you see that two values are not exchange with each other, if that is what
you really wanted to do, you should have used pointers to pass the parameters by address
(pointers) or references to pass the parameters by reference.

Now try the following code, or you can modify the program above.

#include <iostream>

using namespace std;

void exchange (int * x, int * y);

int main () {

int a = 5;

int b = 9;

cout << "This program exchanges 2 values." << endl;

cout << "Values before the exchange:" << endl;

cout << "a= " << a << " b= " << b << endl;

exchange(&a, &b); // code that calls the function

cout << "Values after the exchange:" << endl;

cout << "a= " << a << " b= " << b << endl;

// function for passing by address (or pointers)

void exchange (int * x, int * y) {

int temp;

temp = *x;

*x = *y;

*y = temp;

return; // Optional for void functions

} // end exchange

One can use following code for call by reference.

CSC-101 Programming Fundamentals

#include <iostream>

using namespace std;

void exchange (int& x, int& y);

int main () {

int a = 5;

int b = 9;

cout << "This program exchanges 2 values." << endl;

cout << "Values before the exchange:" << endl;

cout << "a= " << a << " b= " << b << endl;

exchange(a, b); // code that calls the function

cout << "Values after the exchange:" << endl;

cout << "a= " << a << " b= " << b << endl;

// function for passing by reference

void exchange (int& x, int& y) {

int temp;

temp = x;

x = y;

y = temp;

return; // Optional for void functions

} // end exchange

Now, when the function is executed, the values of a and b will be changed in the main
program.

Pointers and arrays:

The concept of array is very much bound to the one of pointer. In fact, the identifier of an
array is equivalent to the address of its first element, as a pointer is equivalent to the address
of the first element that it points to, so in fact they are the same concept.

Let try an example and watch the output.

Lab 14: File Handling in C++
CSC-101 Programming Fundamentals

Example 1:
#include <iostream>

using namespace std;

int main ()

{
int numbers[5];

int * p;
p = numbers; *p = 10;

p++; *p = 20;

p = &numbers[2]; *p = 30;

p = numbers + 3; *p = 40;

p = numbers; *(p+4) = 50;

for (int n=0; n<5; n++)

cout << numbers[n] << ", ";

return 0;

}
Example 2: we can use a pointer variable to change the value of another pointer. See how it
happens

#include<iostream>
using namespace std;

int main()
{
cout<<"The
int a = 50; value of 'a': "<<a<<endl;
// initialize integer // show the output of a

int * b; // declare an integer pointer b

b = &a; // transfer the address of 'a' to pointer 'b'
*b = 100; // change the value of 'a' using pointer 'b'
cout<<"The value of 'a' using *b: "<<a<<endl;// show the output of a

int **c; // declare an integer pointer to pointer 'c'

c = &b; // transfer the address of 'b' to pointer to pointer 'c'
**c = 200; // change the value of 'a' using pointer to pointer 'c'
cout<<"The value of 'a' using **c: "<<a<<endl;// show the output of a

}
return

Lab 14: File Handling in C++

CSC-101 Programming Fundamentals

LAB NO. 12
Dynamic Memory Allocation

Objectives of this lab:

 To understand the concept of Dynamic memory allocation

 New and Delete operator

Dynamic Memory Allocation:

Let us try following program to demonstrate the use of dynamic data and pointers.
Example 1:
#include <iostream>

using namespace std;

int main() {

int x, *p1, *p2;

x = 1;

p1 = new int;

*p1 = 5;

p2 = new int;

*p2 = 3;

cout << "p1 is " << *p1 << "\np2 is " << *p2 << "\nx is " << x << endl; // Line 15

x = *p2;

p1 = &x;

cout << "p1 is " << *p1 << "\np2 is " << *p2 << "\nx is " << x << endl; // Line 18

return 0;

Lab 14: File Handling in C++

CSC-101 Programming Fundamentals

Example 2: This example covers some basic usage of new and delete operator.

#include <iostream>
#include <cstring>
using namespace std;
int main ()
{
double *d; // is to// contain the address
d is a variable of a
whose
// zone where a double is located

// large enough to contain a double

d = new double; // new allocates a zone of
// and returns its address.
// That address is stored in d.

*d = 45.3; // The number 45.3 is stored

// inside the memory zone
// whose address is given by d.

cout << "Type a number: ";

cin >> *d;

*d = *d + 5;

cout << "Result: " << *d << endl;

// zone of memory whose address

delete d; // delete deallocates
// is given by pointer d.
// Now we can no more use that zone.

// of 15 doubles. Note each 15

d = new double[15]; // allocates a zone for an
// double will be
constructed.
// is vital when using a data type
// that needs its constructor be
// used for each instance.

d[0] = 4456;
d[1] = d[0] + 567;

cout << "Content of d[1]: " << d[1] << endl;

delete [] d; // delete [] will deallocate the

// memory zone. Note each 15
// double will be destructed.

Lab 14: File Handling in C++

CSC-101 Programming Fundamentals

// This is pointless here but it

// is vital when using a data type
// that needs its destructor be
// used for each instance (the ~
// method). Using delete without
// the [] would deallocate the
// memory zone without
destructing
// each of the 15 instances. That
int n = 30;

d = new double[n]; // array of// random

new cansize.
be used to allocate
for (int i = 0; i < n; i++)
{
d[i] = i;
}

delete [] d;

char *s;

s = new char[100];

strcpy (s, "Hello!");

cout << s << endl;

delete [] s;

}
return
Example 3: Following example is used to dynamically allocate memory to an array of user
define size.

#include<iostream>
using namespace std;

int main()
{
int size;

cout<<”Enter size of array”<<endl;

cin>>size;
int *p=new int[size];

for (n=0; n<i; n++)

Lab 14: File Handling in C++
CSC-101 Programming Fundamentals

{
cout << "Enter number: ";
cin >> p[n];
}
cout << "You have entered: ";
for (n=0; n<i; n++)
cout << p[n] << ", ";
delete[] p;
} return

Lab Exercise Problems:

1. Declare a dynamic data array to contain the scores for 10 students. Then, step
through the array assigning the counter as the value of the score for that array
element. Finally, write another for loop that displays each score. Remember that
you have to use the pointer to access the array.

2. A pointer variable can be use to read every element of an array and then print all
the element of the array until pointer reaches to the end of the array, write a
program that stores your name in an array and then initialize a pointer for reading
and printing every character of the array.

3. According to the Gregorian calendar it was Monday on the date 1/1/01.if any year
is input through the keyboard write a program to find out what is the on
1st January of this year.

4. A Pointer can be used to point it to another pointer, use it in a program and

change the value of original variable using second pointer through first pointer.

5. Design a simple program that illustrate the basic usage of New and Delete
operator.

6. Design a program that dynamically allocates memory to an array of user defined

size.

7. Design a program that allocates an array of random size.

Lab 14: File Handling in C++

 CSC-101 Programming Fundamentals

LAB NO. 13
File Handling in C++
Introduction:

The aim of this lab is to understand the concept of filing (permanent data files).

Objectives of this Lab:

 To understand the concept of File Handling in C++

 File Input with Characters

 File read and write

Let us start with a very basic example:

Write following code in the editor and see what happens. Note that you will have to create a test text
file.
#include <fstream>
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main( )
{
ofstream Savefile("test.txt");
return 0;
}

Make a following change to above code

#include <fstream>
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main( ){
ofstream Savefile("test.txt");
Savefile<< "UIIT Department, Arid University";
return 0;
}

Now check out your file, and not down what happens to it.
Writing multiple lines to your file, write down following code in your editor

#include<fstream.h>
int main( )
Lab 14: File Handling in C++
 CSC-101 Programming Fundamentals

{
ofstream outfile("test.txt");
outfile<< "This is first line of Program\n";
outfile<< "This is second line of Program\n";
return 0;

File Input with Characters

Write down following code and write characters to your file.

Example 1: Write a C++ program which reads a string, character by character from a permanent file
test.txt present in the working directory and displays on the console screen.

#include <fstream>
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main( )
{
char ch;
ifstream Readfile("test.txt");
while(Readfile)
{
Readfile.get(ch);
cout<< ch;
}
cout<< endl;
return 0;
}

Example 2: Write a C++ program which writes a string constant into a permanent file test.txt
present in the working directory.

#include <fstream>
#include <iostream>
#include <string>
using namespace std;
void main( ){
String str = "If you start judging the people then you will have no time to love them!";
ofstream Savefile("test.txt"); //for specified path we need “D:\\folderName”
Savefile<<str;
cout << "File written\n";
Savefile.close();
}

Example 3: Write a C++ program which reads data from a file record.txt through a read function.
One record consists of 3 values, i.e. rollnumber, name and cgpa. If cgpa is >=3.5, then write that
record in another file search.txt through a separate write function.

#include<iostream>
#include<fstream>

Lab 14: File Handling in C++

 CSC-101 Programming Fundamentals

using namespace std;

struct student
{
int r;
char name[20];
float cgpa;
};

void readRecord();
void writeRecord(student);
int main()
{
readRecord();
return 0;
}

void readRecord()
{
student s;
ifstream fin("record.txt");
while(fin>>s.r>>s.name>>s.cgpa)
if(s.cgpa >=3.5)
writeRecord(s);
fin.close();
}

void writeRecord(student x)
{
ofstream fout("search.txt");
fout<<x.r<<x.name<<x.cgpa<<endl;
fout.close();
}

Practice Exercise:
Write a C++ program which read password from file pwd.txt and also get password from user.
Compare both and if matched, display “Password Matched Successfully”, otherwise display
“Invalid Password”

Lab 14: File Handling in C++