Chemistry Project File

Session :- 20223-24

Submitted by :- Shreya Pathak

Class :- XIIth C
Submitted to :- Poonam Mishra Mam
Teacher’s Signature :-
 Acknowledgement
I express my sincere thanks to my instructor
Mrs. Poonam Mishra who guided me to the
successful completion of this project. I take this
opportunity to express my deep sense of
gratitude for their individual guidance,
constant encouragement and immense
motivation which have sustained my efforts at
all stages of this project work.

I extend my sincere thanks to my principal

Dr. Neeta Singh for her support and for all the
facilities provided for the preparation of this
project work.
In the end, I would wish to thank everyone,
who motivated me to continue my work.
 Certificate
This is to certify that Shreya Pathak of class
th
12 C has successfully completed his project on
topic Electrolytic Conduction under the guidance of
Mrs. Poonam Mishra during the academic year
2023-24 .

Mrs. Poonam Mishra Teacher’s Signature :-

(Subject teacher)
 Content
 Acknowledgement
 Certificate
 Introduction
 Electrolytes
 Solutions that are used as electrolytes
 How electrolytes conduct electricity ?
 Ohm’s Law
 Resistance
 Resistivity or specific resistance
 Conductance
 Conductivity
 Molar Conductivity or Molar Conductance
 Equivalent Conductivity
 Measurement of Conductance
 Calculation of conductivity
 Determination of cell constant

 Factors on which conductivity of electrolytic solution depends

 Temperature
 Mobility of ions
 Viscosity of electrolyte
 Dimension of an electrolytic cell
 The concentration of ions in electrolytic cells

 Conclusion
 Introduction
Electrolytic conduction refers to conduction with the help of
two electrolytes. Electrolytes are nothing but a solution of a
substance that has free ions in the valence band of the atom.
These ions are unpaired and free to move. When unpaired ions
move towards oppositely charged substances, there is a flow
of current, which is termed, conduction.
The mechanism, in simple words, is when we give current to
electrodes, the unpaired ions move to opposite electrodes. This
gives rise to conductivity. There are also some effects of other
situations such as pressure, temperature, electricity, etc.
When a voltage is applied to the electrodes dipped into an
electrolytic solution, ions of the electrolyte move and,
therefore, electric current flows through the electrolytic
solution.
The power of the electrolytes to conduct electric current is
termed conductance or conductivity. Electrolytic solutions
also obey Ohm’s law.
 Electrolytes
Electrolytes are substance which help to conduct electricity
with help of ions. The conductivity of an electrolyte depends
on the type of electrolyte. The electrolytic conduction happens
due to the movement of free ions having different charges,
which move towards oppositely charged electrodes that are
cathode and anode. Cathode and anode are positively charged
and negatively charged electrodes in a circuit. The
electrolytes are further divided in their ability to conduct and
movement.

Solutions that are used as electrolytes:-

The types of solutions which have free ions in them,

irrespective of positive and negative charges, and have some
net charge or ionic movement, are used as electrolytes in the
process of electrolytic conduction.
Another way of choosing an electrolytic solution is to choose
substances having some or more impurities. This will make the
solution conductive in its own manner.
Some majorly used electrolytes are potassium, chloride,
sodium, magnesium, phosphate, and calcium.
How electrolytes conduct electricity?

Consider a container, in which there are two electrodes(cathode

and anode) immersed in an electrolytic solution of two substances.
Suppose the two electrolyte solutions are A and B. And the two
electrodes consist of the same substance, which is in an electrolytic
solution. The two electrodes(cathode and anode) are connected
through the wire in which there could be a passage of electric
current.
Now when the electricity is passed through the conducting wire, the
potential difference is created. When the potential difference is
created, the positive free ions of substance A in the electrolyte go
towards the negative ions of substance B. and get stuck to electrode
B.
Similarly, the negative ions of substance B move towards electrode
A and get stuck there. In this way, there is a movement of positive
and negative ions, the conduction produced; this process is
called Electrolytic conduction. This is a brief mechanism about how
electrolytic conduction works.
Mathematically Electrolytic conduction expressed as given below :-
G = 1/R = 1/. A/l
Where G = electrolytic conduction
R = resistance

Ρ = specific resistance
A = cross section area of electrodes
l = distance between electrodes
Ohm’s Law :-
This law states that the current flowing through a conductor is
directly proportional to the potential difference across it, i.e.
I∝V
where, I is the current strength (in amperes) and V is the
potential difference applied across the conductor (in volts)

I= V/R
or
V=IR
where R is the constant of proportionality and is known as
resistance of the conductor. It is expressed in ohms and is
represented as Ω. The strength of current flowing through a
conductor is directly proportional to the potential
difference applied across the conductor and inversely
proportional to the resistance of the conductor.

Resistance :-
It measures the obstruction to the flow of current. The
resistance of any conductor is directly proportional to the
length (l) and inversely proportional to the area of cross-
section (a) so that ,
 R ∝ l/a
or

R=ρ ( l / a)
where p (Greek, rho) is the constant of proportionality and is
called specific resistance or resistivity. The resistance
depends upon the nature of the material.

The unit of resistance is ohm (Ω). In terms of SI, base unit is

equal to (kgm2/(s3A2).

Resistivity or specific resistance :-

R= ρ (1/ α)

Now, l=1 cm, a =1 cm2, then R= ρ

Thus, resistivity is defined as the resistance of a conductor of
1 cm length and having area of cross-section equal to 1 cm2.
Resistivity or specific resistance is the resistance between
opposite faces of one centimetre cube of the conductor. It is
also expressed as resistance when it is 1 m long and its area of
cross section is 1 m2 i.e., resistance of one metre cube of the
conductor.

1 Ω m = 100 Ω cm or

1 Ω cm = 0.01 Ω m
The units of resistivity are

ρ = R ( a / l ) = (ohm cm2) /cm = ohm cm

Its SI units are ohm metre (Ω m). But quite often ohm
centimeter (Ω cm) is also used.

Conductance :-
It is a measure of the ease with which current flows through a
conductor. It is expressed as G. It is inverse of the resistance, i.e.,
G=1/R
The units of conductance are reciprocal ohm (ohm-1 ) or mho. Ohm
is also abbreviated as Ω so that ohm-1 may be written as Ω-1 .
According to S.I. system, the units of electrical conductance are
Siemens; S (i.e. 1S = 1 Ω-1 ).
Conductivity:-
The inverse of resistivity is called conductivity (or specific
conductance). It is represented by the symbol, κ (Greek
kappa)
The conductance of a solution of 1 cm length and having
1 sq cm as the area of cross-section. Conductivity is the
conductance of one centimetre cube of a solution of an
electrolyte.

κ = 1/ ρ
The units of conductivity are

κ = 1/ ρ

κ = 1/ ohm . cm

κ = ohm-1 cm-1

κ = Ω-1 cm-1

In SI units, l is expressed in m, area of cross-section in m2 so

that the units of conductivity are S m-1. The magnitude of
conductivity depends upon the nature of the material.
Molar Conductivity or Molar Conductance :-
Molar conductivity is defined as the conducting power of all
the ions produced by dissolving one mole of an electrolyte in
solution.

It is denoted by Λm (lambda).

Λm = κ / M
where M is the molar concentration. If M is in the units of
molarity i.e. moles per litre

(mol L-1), then Λ may be expressed as :

Λm = (κ × 1000 )/ M
Units of Molar Conductance
The units of molar conductance can be derived from the
formula,

Λm =( κ x1000 ) /M

The units of κ are S cm -1 and units of Λ are

Λm = S cm-1 x ( cm3 / mol L-1 )

Λm = S cm2 mol-1
Equivalent Conductivity :-

It is defined as the conducting power of all the ions produced

by dissolving one gram equivalent of an electrolyte in solution.

It is expressed as Λe and is related to specific conductance as

Λe = (κ × 1000 ) / C
where , C is the concentration in gram equivalent per litre (or
normality). The units of equivalent conductivity are ohm
cm2 (g equiv-1) as obtained from the formula:

Λ = (κ x 1000) / C

Λ =[ (S cm-1) × cm3 L-1 ] / g equiv L-1

In terms of SI units, the units of equivalent conductivity are S
m2 equiv-1 and Λ is expressed as:

Λ = κ /C

where κ, is in S m-1 and C is in g equiv m-3..

 1) Measurement of Conductance :-
The conductance of a solution is reciprocal of the resistance,
therefore, the experimental determination of the conductance
of a solution involves the measurement of its resistance.

It consists of four arms containing the resistance R1, R2,

R3 and R4. R2 is the variable resistance and R4 is the unknown
resistance. When the current flows through the circuit, the
variable resistance is so adjusted to get no current position.
This is indicated by no deflection in the galvanometer and is
called null point.
At null point
R2/R4 = R1 /R3
Knowing the value of R1, R2, R3 ,unknown resistance R4 can be
calculated.
R4 = ( R2 × R3 ) / R1
 2) Calculation of Conductivity :-
We have seen that conductivity (κ) is reciprocal of resistivity
(ρ), i.e.,
κ = 1/ρ
ρ = R (a/l)
κ = ( 1 × l ) /( R × a )
κ = G (l/a)
where ,G is the conductance of the cell, l is the distance of
separation of two electrodes having cross-section area a cm2.
The quantity (l/a) is called as cell constant and is expressed in
cm-1.
Conductivity = Conductance x Cell constant

3) Determination of Cell Constant :-

The cell constant is generally not calculated from the values of
l and a because these are difficult to measure for a given cell.
However, it is usually determined accurately by measuring the
conductance of a standard solution whose conductivity is
known. For this purpose, a standard solution of KCl is used
whose conductivity is known at different concentrations and
temperatures.
Once the cell constant is known, the conductivity of any
solution can be easily calculated from the measured resistance
or conductance of the electrolytic solution.
Factors on which conductivity of electrolytic solution depends :-

There are a few factors on which conductivity depends -

1. Temperature
2. Mobility of ions
3. Viscosity of electrolyte
4. Dimension of an electrolytic cell
5. The concentration of ions in electrolytic cells
The factors are interrelated with each other. Let’s learn about
them briefly.
1. Temperature :-When we increase the temperature of the
solution, it will adversely affect the decrease in the viscosity of the
electrolytic solution and it will increase the mobility of the ions in
the electrolytic solution. This makes the ions move faster and make
the conduction faster.
In short, there will be an increase in the electrolytic conductivity of
the solution. And make the process faster.
On the other hand, if we decrease the temperature. The mobility of
ions decreases and makes the process slower. So, we can conclude
that temperature and conductivity are directly proportional to each
other.
 2. Mobility of ions :-Mobility of ions means at how much
speed the ion can move. Mobility is defined as the drift velocity of
electrons or ions. If we give heat, the mobility increases. That is, the
drift velocity of ions increases, and this leads to the higher
conductivity of the cell. If we decrease the temperature, the mobility
decreases, which means the velocity of ions decreases, and
conductivity also decreases.

3. Viscosity of electrolyte :-A fluid’s viscosity is the

measure of how resistant it is to deformation at a certain pace. Its
colloquial equivalent in liquids is “thickness”: syrup, for example,
has a higher viscosity than water.
The internal frictional force that emerges between adjacent layers
of fluid in relative motion can be thought of as viscosity. When a
viscous fluid is driven into a tube.
When the viscosity is high, there is a low flow of ions, or we can say
it hinders the flow of ions, this makes conduction slow. And when
there is a low viscosity, there is not much hindrance so, ions can
make their movements easily. Hence, the flow of ions is high.
So, we can say viscosity and conductivity are inversely proportional
to each other.
 4. Dimensions of an electrolytic cell :- The dimension
of an electrolytic cell refers to how big or small the whole
construction is. The whole construction of an electrolytic cell
consists of electrodes, conducting wire, container, and amount of
electrolyte. These all things made electrolytic cells.
If the size of the container is big, the electrons or ions will need to
cover more distance and will require more time to perform the
process. This will delay the process of electrolytic cells.
So we conclude that if the dimensions are more, the process will
require more time to complete. And this delays the rate of
electrolytic cells.

5. The concentration of ions in an electrolytic cell :-

The concentration of ions also affects the time rate of the process of
an electrolytic cell. Consider if the amount of solution of electrolyte
is more in the respective electrolytic cell, then ions will require
more time to get stuck to the opposite electrode in the cell.
Hence, if the amount of an electrolyte is more, then the rate of
completion of the process will be more. And on the other hand, if the
amount of an electrolyte in the cell is less, then the required time to
complete the process will also be less.
The concentration of ions in an electrolytic cell is directly
proportional to the rate of completion of the electrolytic process.
And the conduction will be more rapid.
 Conclusion
Supplying an electrical potential across the
electrodes triggers an internal chemical reaction
between the electrodes and the electrolyte solution
ions that activate an electrolytic cell. This is referred
to as electrolysis. Electrolysis is a task that includes
sending an electric current through an electrolyte to
simulate chemical reactions. Metal cations and
spectator anions compensate for the electrolyte
solution. The oxidation and reduction reactions are
non-spontaneous and occur in the same container.
The electrodes should always be connected to an
external power source to proceed.
 Bibliography
For finalizing of this project , I have taken help from
the following sources along with the guidance of my
respected teacher Mrs. Poonam Mishra :-

M.S. Word

NCERT Chemistry Textbook

Internet explorer

www.unacademy.com

www.classnotes.org.in

www.wikipedia.com