Unit 2: INTRODUCTION TO PYTHON

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LISTS
A list is a standard data type of Python that can store a sequence of values
belonging to any data type . It is an ordered set of values enclosed in square brackets
[ ] . Values in the list can be modified. i.e. it is mutable.
As it is a set of values, we can use index in square brackets [ ] to identify a value
belonging to it. The values that make up a list are called it elements .i.e. For accessing
an element of the list, indexing is used.

Syntax:
variable name[index] (variable name is name of the list)
Examples:-
[] # empty list
[ 1, 2, 3 ] # list of integers
[1, 2.5, 3.7, 9 ] # integers and float values
[ 'a', 'b' ,'c' ] # character list
['a', 1, 3.5, 'zero'] # mixed value types
['one' , 'two', 'three'] # list of strings

ACCESSING LIST
>>> L = [ 'a', 'e', 'i', 'o', 'u']

0 1 2 3 4
L a e i o u
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1
L[0] --> 'a'
L[2 : 4] --> ['i' , 'o'] # character at index number 4 will not be retrieved
L[-2] --> 'o' # character at index number -2
len(L) --> 5 # Number of items in the list
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CREATING A LIST
1) L1 = [ 1, 2, 3, 4]

2) L2 = list('1234')
print(L2)

['1' ,'2', '3', '4']

3) >>> L3 = list(input("Enter the list elements: "))
>>>Enter the list elements: 1234
>>> L3

['1', '2', '3', '4']

4) >>> L4 = eval(input("Enter the list elements: "))

>>>Enter the list elements: [1,2,3,4]
>>> L4
[1, 2, 3, 4]
NOTE:- eval() is used to evaluate the type and return the result.

TRAVERSING A LIST
1) for a in [ 1, 2, 3, 4]:
print(a)
Output-->
1
2
3
4
2) L = [1, 2, 3, 4]
for a in L:
print(a)
Output-->
1
2
3
4
NOTE: The loop variable a in the above loop will be assigned the list elements one at
a time

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3) Using indexes of elements to access them ( range( ) and len( ) functions)
L = [ 1, 2, 3, 4]
length = len(L)
for a in range( 0, length) : # can be also written as--> for a in range(len(L)):
print(L[a])
Output -->
1
2
3
4

LIST OPERATIONS
1) JOINING LISTS:- The concatenation operator is used to join two lists.
>>> lst1 = [1, 3, 5]
>>> lst2 = [6, 7, 8]
>>> lst1 + lst2
[1, 3, 5, 6, 7, 8]
>>> lst = lst1 + lst2
>>> lst
[1, 3, 5, 6, 7, 8]
NOTE:- The operator + when used with lists requires that both the operands must be
of list types.
i.e.
>>> lst1 + 4
TypeError: can only concatenate list (not "int") to list

2) REPEATING OR REPLICATING LISTS:-

In Python, * operator (asterisk) is used to replicate a list specified number of times.
>>> lst = [2, 4, 6]
>>> lst * 2
[2, 4, 6, 2, 4, 6]

3) SLICING A LIST:-
Slicing operations allow us to create new list by taking out elements from an existing
list.
Syntax:-
lst = L[start : stop]

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The above statement will create a list slice namely L having elements of list lst on
indexes start , start + 1, start + 2,.............stop - 1.(i.e. not including stop)
or
L[start : stop : step]
Use slice steps if you want to extract not consecutive but every other element of the list.
Examples:
1) >>> lst = [11, 13, 14, 17, 19, 20, 23, 25, 30]
>>> L1 = lst[2 : 6] # value at index 6 will not be retrieved
>>> L1
[14, 17, 19, 20]

2) >>> L2 = lst[2 : -3]

>>> L2
[14, 17, 19, 20]
3) >>> lst[ -6 : -1 ]
[17, 19, 20, 23, 25]
4) >>> lst[ 2 : 20] # Second index is out of range
[14, 17, 19, 20, 23, 25, 30]
5) >>> lst[ 20 : 10 ] # First index > second index
[] # results an empty list

6) >>> lst[ : 5] # first index missing

[11, 13, 14, 17, 19] # return sublist from index 0 to 4
7) >>> lst[4:] # second index missing
[19, 20, 23, 25, 30] # return sublist from index 4 to the last index
# value(last value included)
8) >>> lst[0 : 6: 2] # Slicing with a given step size
[11, 14, 19]
9) >>> lst[ : : 2] # both first and last index missing and step size 2
[11, 14, 19, 23, 30] # on entire list

10) >>> lst [ : : -1] #Access list in the reverse order using negative step size
[30, 25, 23, 20, 19, 17, 14, 13, 11]

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4) MEMBERSHIP:-
The membership operator in checks if the element is present in the list and returns
True, else returns False.
>>> L1 = ['blue' , 'pink', 'green']
>>> 'green' in L1
True
>>> 'green' not in L1
False

LIST METHODS AND BUILT IN FUNCTIONS

Python offers many built in functions and methods for list manipulation.
METHOD DESCRIPTION EXAMPLE
index() Returns the index of first >>> L1 = [ 13, 18, 11, 16, 18, 14]
matched item from the list
>>> L1.index(18)

append() Adds an item to the end of >>> L1

the list. A list can also be [13, 18, 11, 16, 18, 14, ['a', 'b']]
appended as an element to an >>> L1 = [ 13, 18, 11, 16, 18, 14]
>>> L1.append(15)
existing list
>>> L1
Note:- append() does not [13, 18, 11, 16, 18, 14, 15]
return the new list, just >>> L1.append([50, 60])
>>> L1
modifies the original.
[13, 18, 11, 16, 18, 14, 15, [50, 60]]

extend() Adds multiple >>> L1 = [ 13, 18, 11, 16, 18, 14]
elements(given in the form of >>> L2=[50, 60]
a list) to a list. >>> L1.extend(L2)
>>> L1
[13, 18, 11, 16, 18, 14, 50, 60]

insert() Inserts an element at a >>> T1=['a','e','u']

particular index in the list >>> T1.insert(2, 'i')
>>> T1
i.e. ['a', 'e', 'i', 'u']
Note:- inserts element 'i' at index 2
List.insert(<index>,<item>)

pop() Returns the element whose >>> T1=['a','e','k','i','u']

index is passed as argument >>> T1.pop(2)
'k'
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 to this function and also >>> T1
removes it from the list. If ['a', 'e', 'i', 'u']
no argument is given, then >>> ele = T1.pop()
>>> T1
it returns and removes the
['a', 'e', 'i']
last element of the list >>> ele
'u'
remove() Removes the given element >>> T1=['a','e','a','i','o','u']
from the list. If the element >>> T1.remove('a')
is present multiple times, >>> T1
['e', 'a', 'i', 'o', 'u']
only the first occurrence is
>>> T1.remove('k')
removed. If the element is ValueError: list.remove(x): x not in
not present, then list
ValueError is generated.

i.e. List.remove(<value>)

Note:- pop() method will not only delete the value for the mentioned index but
also returns the deleted value.

clear() Removes all the items from >>> L1 = [ 13, 18, 11, 16, 18, 14]
the list and the list becomes >>> L1.clear()
empty list after this function. >>> L1
This function returns nothing. []
count() Returns the number of >>> L1 = [ 13, 18, 11, 16, 18, 14]
times a given element >>> L1.count(18)
appears in the list 2
>>> L1.count(72)
0
reverse() Reverses the order of >>> T1 = ['a', 'e', 'i', 'o', 'u']
elements in the given list >>> T1.reverse()
>>> T1
['u', 'o', 'i', 'e', 'a']
sort() Sorts the elements of the >>> T2 = ['Tiger','Zebra','Lion','Cat',
given list in place 'Elephant' ,'Dog']
>>> T2.sort()
>>> T2
['Cat', 'Dog', 'Elephant', 'Lion', 'Tiger',
'Zebra']
>>> L1 = [34,66,12,89,28,99]
>>> L1.sort(reverse=True)
>>> L1
[99, 89, 66, 34, 28, 12]
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Q- Program to find the maximum element from a list of element along with its
index in the list

lst=eval(input("Enter list :"))

length = len(lst)
max_ele = lst[0]
for i in range(1,length):
if lst[i] > max_ele:
max_ele = lst[i]
print("Given list is : ", lst)
print("The maximum value in the given list is :", max_ele)
Output-->
Enter list : [13, 34, 11, 67]
Given list is : [13, 34, 11, 67]
The maximum value in the given list is : 67
Execution steps (for reference):-
lst = [13, 34, 11, 67]
length = 4
max_ele = lst[0] = 13
1) i = 1 ( for 1 in range(1, 4))
if 34 > 13 --> Condition returns True
max_ele = 34
2) i = 2 ( for 2 in range(1, 4))
if 11 > 34 --> Condition returns False , NO ACTION
3) i =3 ( for 3 in range(1, 4))
if 67 > 34 --> Condition returns True
max_ele = 67
Note:- Loop will get executed only till i =3 (i.e. Stop value - 1)

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Q- Program to find the minimum element from a list of element along with its
index in the list

lst=eval(input("Enter list :"))

length = len(lst)
min_ele = lst[0]
for i in range(1 , length):
if lst[i] < min_ele:
min_ele = lst[i]
print("Given list is : ", lst)
print("The minimum value in the given list is :", min_ele)
Output-->
Enter list :[13,34,22,11,67]
Given list is : [13, 34, 22, 11, 67]
The minimum value in the given list is : 11

Q - Program to search for an element from the given list of numbers:-

lst = eval(input("Enter input : "))

length = len(lst)
element = int(input("Enter element to be searched for: "))
flag = False
ele_index = None
for i in range( 0, length) :
if element == lst[i]:
flag = True
ele_index = i
if flag == True:
print("Element found at index location ", ele_index)
else:
print("Element not present in the given list")
Output-->

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Enter input : [2,3,5,7,12,1]
Enter element to be searched for: 7
Element found at index location 3
******************************************************************

DICTIONARY DATA TYPE IN PYTHON

Dictionary data type in Python are unordered collections with elements in form of a
key:value pairs that associate keys to values.
Dictionary is created using curly { } brackets.
Dictionaries are mutable which implies that the contents of the dictionary can be
changed after it has been created.
Each of the keys within a dictionary must be unique.
Syntax:
my_dict = { 'key1' : 'value1' , 'key2' : 'value2', ..........'keyn' : 'valuen'}

CREATING AND ADDING ELEMENTS TO DICTIONARIES

1) marks = { 'eng': 96 , 'hindi' : 90 , 'maths' : 92 }

2) marks = { } # empty dictionary

marks = dict() # empty dictionary

3) marks['sci'] = 93
marks['sst'] = 98
marks
{'eng': 96, 'hindi': 90, 'maths': 92, 'sci': 93, 'sst': 98}

UPDATING / MODIFYING EXISITNG DICTIONARY

>>> marks
{'eng': 96, 'hindi': 90, 'maths': 92, 'sci': 93, 'sst': 98}

>>> marks['maths'] = 95
>>> marks
{'eng': 96, 'hindi': 90, 'maths': 95, 'sci': 93, 'sst': 98}

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TRAVERSING A DICTIONARY
We can access each item of the dictionary or traverse a dictionary using for loop.
dict1 = { 'eng': 96 , 'hindi' : 90 , 'maths' : 92 }
Method 1:
for key in dict1:
print(key,':',dict1[key] ) # key will access the key and dict1[key] will access the value

Output-->
eng : 96
hindi : 90
maths : 92

Method 2:
for key,value in dict1.items():
print(key,':',value)
Output-->
eng : 96
hindi : 90
maths : 92

DELETING ELEMENTS
There are two methods for deleting elements from a dictionary.
(i) Using del command:-
>>> emp={'name':'Vividh', 'salary' : 50000 , 'age' : 24}
>>> del emp['age']
>>> emp
{'name': 'Vividh', 'salary': 50000}

>>> del emp['dept']

KeyError: 'dept'

(ii) Using pop() method:-

>>> emp={'name':'Vividh', 'salary' : 50000 , 'age' : 24}
>>> emp.pop('age')

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 24
>>> emp
{'name': 'Vividh', 'salary': 50000}
Note:- pop() method will not only delete the key:value pair for the mentioned key but
also returns the corresponding value.

DICTIONARY METHODS AND BUILT IN FUNCTIONS

METHOD DESCRIPTION EXAMPLES
len() Return the length(i.e. count of emp = {'name':'Vividh', 'salary' :
element[key:value pairs] in the 50000 , 'age' : 24}
dictionary >>> len(emp)
3
get() Returns the value >>> emp = {'name':'Vividh', 'salary'
corresponding to the key : 50000 , 'age' : 24}
passed as the argument.
If the key is not present in the >>> emp.get('salary')
dictionary it will return 50000
nothing. >>> emp.get('dept') #No output
>>>
items() Returns all of the items in the emp = {'name':'Vividh', 'salary' :
dictionary as a 50000 , 'age' : 24}
sequence(key,value) tuples. myList = emp.items()
for x in myList:
print(x)
Output-->
('name', 'Vividh')
('salary', 50000)
('age', 24)
keys() Returns all the keys in the >>> emp = {'name':'Vividh', 'salary'
dictionary as a sequence of : 50000 , 'age' : 24}
keys(a list) >>> emp.keys()
dict_keys(['name', 'salary', 'age'])

values() Returns all the values in the >>> emp = {'name':'Vividh', 'salary'
dictionary as a sequence(a list) : 50000 , 'age' : 24}
>>> emp.values()
dict_values(['Vividh', 50000, 24])
update() This method merges key:value >>>emp1={'name':'Vividh',
pairs from the new dictionary 'salary' : 50000 , 'age' : 24}
into the original dictionary,
adding or replacing as needed. >>> emp2={'name':'Darsh' ,
'salary' : 72000 , 'dept': 'IT'}
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 The items in the new dictionary
are added to the old one and
override any items already >>> emp1.update(emp2)
there with the same keys. >>> emp1
{'name': 'Darsh', 'salary': 72000,
'age': 24, 'dept': 'IT'}
>>> emp2
{'name': 'Darsh', 'salary': 72000,
'dept': 'IT'}
clear() Removes all items from the >>> emp.clear()
dictionary and dictionary >>> emp
empty {}

Q- Create a dictionary to store names of states and their capitals.

# Dictionary to store names of states and their capitals.
n = int(input("How many states : "))
capitalInfo = {}
for a in range(n) :
key = input("Enter the state name")
value = input("Enter the state capital : ")
capitalInfo[key] = value
print(" The dictionary is : ")
print(capitalInfo)

Output-->
How many states : 2
Enter the state name Maharashtra
Enter the state capital : Mumbai
Enter the state name Assam
Enter the state capital : Dispur
The dictionary is :
{' Maharashtra': 'Mumbai', ' Assam': 'Dispur'}

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Q - Create a dictionary of students to store names and marks obtained in 5
subjects.
#Dictionary of students to store names and marks obtained in 5 subjects.
n = int(input("Enter number of students : "))
studentInfo = {}
for a in range(n) :
key = input("Enter the student's name")
value = int(input("Enter the marks obtanined : "))
studentInfo[key] = value
print(" The dictionary is : ")
print(studentInfo)
Output-->
Enter number of students : 2
Enter the student's name Shlok
Enter the marks obtanined : 74
Enter the student's name Anita
Enter the marks obtanined : 85
The dictionary is :
{' Shlok': 74, ' Anita': 85}

************* COMPLETED THE ABOVE TOPIC ***************

Note :

1. The above mentioned should be written in the Informatics Note book as a continuity
of the previous notes. ( No Printout Allowed )
2. The entire topic will be discussed in the class.
3. Mistakes / corrections ( if any ) will be rectified during class room discussion.

******************************************************************

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