MODULE 2

Content and contextual analysis of selected primary sources

In the previous module, you have learned the different sources of history as well as the
various ways how you could know whether it is credible or not. In order to have a clear
understanding of history, one must think like a historian and use skills that can help in the task.
In the case of Philippine history, most of our sources come from written documents.
However, there are also artworks, cartoons and even speech delivered which equally gives us
a glimpse of that specific point in time. The student must know how to treat these documents
and other sources in order to arrive at a truthful interpretation.
In this module, you shall be examining five (5) primary sources which represents
different periods of our history. With these documents, the students will look into the content
and contextual analysis, identify the historical importance of the text and examine the author’s
main argument and point of view.

INTENDED LEARNING OUTCOME

By the end of this module, the student will be able to:

1. analyze the context, content and perspective of different kinds of primary sources;
2. determine the contribution of different kinds of primary sources in understanding Philippine
history; and
3. develop critical and analytical skills with exposure to primary sources.

G E R P H M O D U L E 2 . L E S S O N S 1 - 3 . U G G 1 | 21
Lesson 1
Customs of the Tagalogs
(Two Relations by Juan de Plasencia, O.S.F.)
Juan de Plasencia, Customs of the Tagalogs, (Garcia, (1979). pp. 221-234) [Friar account]

The first document that we shall examine will give us a glimpse of how our pre-colonial
ancestors lived and their culture. This document was written by a religious just a few years
after the arrival of the Spaniards in the islands.

Guess the word by looking at the four pictures below. Write your answer on the box.

G E R P H M O D U L E 2 . L E S S O N S 1 - 3 . U G G 2 | 21
 Let’s Read!

Let’s study the first document in this module by following these steps which could help
us think like a historian.

Background of the Author

Customs of the Tagalogs was written by Juan de Plasencia, O.S.F. He entered the
Franciscan order in early youth, and came to the Philippine Islands as one of its first
missionaries.

Fray Juan or Juan Portocarrero was born in a well-known family in Plasencia, a

Western region of Spain in the 16 th century. His father was a captain of a Spanish schooner
(sailing ship with two or more masts and with its sails parallel to the length of the ship). Juan
de Plasencia grew up in Spain’s Siglo de Oro and the many reforms during that time inspired
him to join the Franciscan order at a very young age. It was also a time for a great desire for
missionary work by the religious in all parts of the world. He left in Seville in May 1577 and
arrived at the port of Cavite on July 2, 1578.

Upon his arrival in the islands, he would find himself working in the Tagalog region as
we call it. He started around the Laguna de Bay area and eventually reached Tayabas or
present-day Quezon province. He will also preach the and convert souls in the provinces of
Bulacan and Rizal - Tayabas, Calilaya, Lucban, Mahayhay, Nagcarlang, Lilio, Pila, Santa Cruz,
Lumbang, Pangil, Siniloan, Morong, Antipolo, Taytay, and Meycawayan

He was distinguished, in his labors among the natives, for gathering the converts into
reductions (villages in which they dwelt apart from the heathen, and under the special care of
the missionaries), for establishing numerous primary schools, for his linguistic abilities—being
one of the first to form a grammar and vocabulary of the Tagal language—and for the
ethnological researches embodied in the memoir which is presented in our text. He died at
Lilio, (Liliw)in the province of La Laguna, in 1590.

G E R P H M O D U L E 2 . L E S S O N S 1 - 3 . U G G 3 | 21
Historical Background of the document

The Customs of the Tagalog was written by Fray Juan de Plasencia in Nagcarlán,
October 21, 1589. This was upon the request of Doctor Santiago de Vera, who arrived in the
Philippines in 1584 and became the sixth (6 th) governor general and the first to preside over
the new Audiencia in Manila. According to an account of D. Trinidad Pardo de Tavera, Vera
encountered a situation where "the state of things in which he found the country, the injustices
which were committed on every side, the violent means to which the oppressed found
themselves obliged to resort for self-defense, impressed him deeply - above all - when in 1585
rebellion was declared by the Pampango and Tagal Indians.
That prudent magistrate comprehended that the first thing which he must do in order to
rule with justice was to understand the usages and customs of the country which he was
commissioned to rule; and it was then that, knowing the remarkable abilities of the virtuos Fray
Juan de Plasencia, Dr. Vera wrote to him, asking that he would inform him in regard to the
social and political organization of the Tagalogs."

Content presentation and analysis of the important historical information of the

document

Plasencia work gives a comprehensive and clear description of the Tagalog society that
he was very familiar with because of his missionary works in the area. He narrates the way of
life of the natives, their social classes, marriage customs, religious beliefs as well as burial
practice and concept of afterlife.
Barangay consists of 30 to 100 houses It is ascertained that this barangay in its origin
was a family of parents and children, relations and slaves inside the boat they used to come to
this land. These barangays are independent from each other, except in friendship and
relationship. They are led by the chief called the dato.
The Dato is expected to govern them and lead [were captains] in their wars. In return,
he receives the following privileges:
 If he built a house, they helped him, and had to be fed for it. The same was true when
the whole barangay went to clear up his lands for tillage.
 The chiefs in some villages had also fisheries, with established limits, and sections of
the rivers for markets. At these no one could fish, or trade in the markets, without paying
for the privilege, unless he belonged to the chief's barangay or village.

G E R P H M O D U L E 2 . L E S S O N S 1 - 3 . U G G 4 | 21
  they obeyed and reverenced [him]. The subject who committed any offense against
them, or spoke but a word to their wives and children, was severely punished. when the
dato went upon the water those whom he summoned rowed for him.

Land Use
Inhabited lands were divided among the whole barangay, especially the irrigated
portion, and thus each one knew his own. The lands on the tingues, or mountain-ridges, are
not divided, but owned in common by the barangay.

Social Classes
Aside from the Dato, there are three more classes which include the nobles,
commoners and slaves.
The nobles whom they call maharlica were the free-born who did not pay tax or tribute
to the dato, but must accompany him in war, at their own expense and share the spoils
The commoners are called aliping namamahay. They live in their own houses, and are
lords of their property and gold. The children, then, enjoy the rank of their fathers, and they
cannot be made slaves (sa guiguilir) nor can either parents or children be sold.
The slaves are called aliping sa guiguilir. They serve their master in his house and on
his cultivated lands, and may be sold. The master grants them, should he see fit, and providing
that he has profited through their industry, a portion of their harvests, so that they may work
faithfully.

Intermarriage affects status of children

If these maharlicas had children among their slaves, the children and their mothers
became free; If a free woman had children by a slave, they were all free, provided he were not
her husband;
If two persons married, of whom one was a maharlica and the other a slave, whether
namamahay or sa guiguilir, the children were divided and their status starts with that of the
father
 the first, third fifth and so on whether male or female, belonged to the father
 the second, the fourth, and the sixth fell to the mother, and so on.
 If there should only be one child, he was half free and half slave.
 If there were an odd number of children, the odd one was half free and half slave.

G E R P H M O D U L E 2 . L E S S O N S 1 - 3 . U G G 5 | 21
Justice System
The dato serves as the judge in the barangay. Investigations made and sentences
passed by the dato must take place in the presence of those of his barangay. If any of the
litigants felt himself aggrieved, an arbiter was unanimously named from another village or
barangay, whether he were a dato or not; If the controversy lay between two chiefs, when they
wished to avoid war, they also convoked judges to act as arbiters. They had laws by which
they condemned to death a man of low birth who insulted the daughter or wife of a chief;
likewise witches, and others of the same class. They condemned no one to slavery, unless he
merited the death-penalty. As for the witches, they killed them, and their children and
accomplices became slaves of the chief, after he had made some recompense to the injured
person. All other offenses were punished by fines in gold, which, if not paid with promptness,
exposed the culprit to serve, until the payment should be made, the person aggrieved, to
whom the money was to be paid.

Marriage Customs and Inheritance

As for inheritances, the legitimate children of a father and mother inherited equally,
except in the case where the father and mother showed a slight partiality by such gifts as two
or three gold taels, or perhaps a jewel.
Dowries are given by the men to the women's parents.
In the case of a divorce before the birth of children, if the wife left the husband for the
purpose of marrying another, all her dowry and an equal additional amount fell to the husband;
but if she left him, and did not marry another, the dowry was returned. When the husband left
his wife, he lost the half of the dowry, and the other half was returned to him. If he possessed
children at the time of his divorce, the whole dowry and the fine went to the children, and was
held for them by their grandparents or other responsible relatives.

Religious Belief
They have a temple or place of adoration called simbahan but they also celebrate a
festival, which they called pandot, or “worship,” in the large house of a chief.
Badhala – whose title seems to signify “all powerful,” or “maker of all things is especially
worshiped among the gods. With Badhala [Bathala] are another idols They had another idol
called Dian masalanta, who was the patron of lovers and of generation. The idols called
Lacapati and Idianale were the patrons of the cultivated lands and of husbandry. They paid
reverence to water-lizards called by them buaya, or crocodiles, from fear of being harmed by
them. They were even in the habit of offering these animals a portion of what they carried in
G E R P H M O D U L E 2 . L E S S O N S 1 - 3 . U G G 6 | 21
their boats, by throwing it into the water, or placing it upon the bank. They also worshiped the
sun, the moon, especially when it was new, the stars, although they did not know them by their
names, with the one exception of the morning star, which they called Tala.
They fashion images with different shapes which they lic-ha.
The Catolonan - the officiating priest, male or female of a sacrifice. The objects of
sacrifice were goats, fowls, and swine, which were flayed, decapitated, and laid before the idol.
heads [of the animals], after being “offered,” as they expressed it, were cooked and eaten also.
The reasons for offering this sacrifice and adoration were: personal matters, the recovery of a
sick person, the prosperous voyage of those embarking on the sea, a good harvest in the
sowed lands, a propitious result in wars, a successful delivery in childbirth, and a happy
outcome in married life.

Season
These natives had no established division of years, months, and days; these are
determined by the cultivation of the soil, counted by moons, and the different effect produced
upon the trees when yielding flowers, fruits, and leaves: all this helps them in making up the
year. The winter and summer are distinguished as sun-time and water-time

Classified as “devils” or witches by Plasencia

 Catolonan - was either a man or a woman. This office was an honorable one among the
natives, and was held ordinarily by people of rank, this rule being general in all the
islands.
 Mangagauay - or witches, who deceived by pretending to heal the sick; induced
maladies by their charms, which in proportion to the strength and efficacy of the
witchcraft, are capable of causing death. In this way, if they wished to kill at once they
did so; or they could prolong life for a year by binding to the waist a live serpent, which
was believed to be the devil, or at least his substance. This office was general
throughout the land.
 Manyisalat - the same as magagauay. These priests had the power of applying such
remedies to lovers that they would abandon and despise their own wives, and in fact
could prevent them from having intercourse with the latter. If the woman, constrained by
these means, were abandoned, it would bring sickness upon her; and on account of the
desertion she would discharge blood and matter. This office was also general
throughout the land.
 Mancocolam - duty was to emit fire from himself at night, once or oftener each month.
This fire could not be extinguished; nor could it be thus emitted except as the priest
wallowed in the ordure and filth which falls from the houses; and he who lived in the
G E R P H M O D U L E 2 . L E S S O N S 1 - 3 . U G G 7 | 21
 house where the priest was wallowing in order to emit this fire from himself, fell ill and
died. This office was general.
 Hocloban, greater efficacy than the mangagauay. Without the use of medicine, and by
simply saluting or raising the hand, they killed whom they chose. But if they desired to
heal those whom they had made ill by their charms, they did so by using other charms.
Moreover, if they wished to destroy the house of some Indian hostile to them, they were
able to do so without instruments. This was in Catanduanes, an island off the upper part
of Luzon.
 Silagan, if they saw anyone clothed in white, to tear out his liver and eat it, thus causing
his death.
 Magtatangal, and his purpose was to show himself at night to many persons, without his
head or entrails. In such wise the devil walked about and carried, or pretended to carry,
his head to different places; and, in the morning, returned it to his body—remaining, as
before, alive.
 Osuang, which is equivalent to “sorcerer;” they say that they have seen him fly, and that
he murdered men and ate their flesh. This was among the Visayas Islands; among the
Tagalos these did not exist.
 Mangagayoma made charms for lovers out of herbs, stones, and wood, which would
infuse the heart with love.
 Sonat, which is equivalent to “preacher.” It was his office to help one to die, at which
time he predicted the salvation or condemnation of the soul.
 Pangatahojan, was a soothsayer, and predicted the future.
 Bayoguin, signified a “cotquean,” a man whose nature inclined toward that of a woman.

Burial Practices

The deceased was buried beside his house; and, if he were a chief, he was placed
beneath a little house or porch which they constructed for this purpose. Before interring him,
they mourned him for four days; and afterward laid him on a boat which served as a coffin or
bier, placing him beneath the porch, where guard was kept over him by a slave. In place of
rowers, various animals were placed within the boat, each one being assigned a place at the
oar by twos—male and female of each species being together—as for example two goats, two
deer, or two fowls. It was the slave's care to see that they were fed.
If the deceased had been a warrior, a living slave was tied beneath his body until in this
wretched way he died. In course of time, all suffered decay; and for many days the relatives of
the dead man bewailed him, singing dirges, and praises of his good qualities, until finally they
wearied of it. This grief was also accompanied by eating and drinking. This was a custom of
the Tagalos.

G E R P H M O D U L E 2 . L E S S O N S 1 - 3 . U G G 8 | 21
 The Aetas, or Negrillos [Negritos] inhabitants of this island, had also a form of burial, but
different. They dug a deep, perpendicular hole, and placed the deceased within it, leaving him
upright with head or crown unburied, on top of which they put half a cocoa-nut which was to
serve him as a shield. Then they went in pursuit of some Indian, whom they killed in retribution
for the Negrillo who had died. To this end they conspired together, hanging a certain token on
their necks until some one of them procured the death of the innocent one.
Afterlife

They know that there is another life of rest which they call Maca and those who could
come here are those who were just, and the valiant, and who lived without doing harm, or who
possessed other moral virtues.
Casanaan, which was “a place of anguish;” They said also that in the other life and
mortality, there was a place of punishment, grief, and affliction
Heaven is only for Bathala, the maker of all things, who governed form above
There were also ghosts, which they called vibit; and phantoms, which they called
Tigbalaang. They had another deception—namely, that if any woman died in childbirth, she
and the child suffered punishment; and that, at night, she could be heard lamenting. This was
called patianac.

Contribution and relevance of the document in understanding the grand narrative of

Philippine history

Plasencia’s Customs of the Tagalog is one of a few documents that give us a glimpse of
how the early Filipinos lived in the sixteenth century. This was written in 1589, only eighteen
years after the arrival of the Spaniards in Manila.
With this narrative, one could surmise the following:
1. The early Philippine society is patriarchal.
2. Women have more freedom compared to the present like having children out of
wedlock.
3. While they have different social classes, it is not strict like the caste system of India.
4. Children are loved and well taken cared of as seen in the inheritance system.

The document also shows us how effective Catholicism is in the early years of the Spanish
colonization. After describing in detail the different “devils” or “witches” as he calls the
catalonans, he concluded… “May the honor and glory be God our Lord's, that among all the
G E R P H M O D U L E 2 . L E S S O N S 1 - 3 . U G G 9 | 21
Tagalos not a trace of this is left; and that those who are now marrying do not even know what
it is, thanks to the preaching of the holy gospel, which has banished it.”

Learning experience
While reading the document, I leaned that our ancestors have a semblance of
civilization and a life of their own even without the Spaniards. The influence of the colonizers
has caused the natives to abandon their own culture and adopt the new ones.

What I can Do

Activity 1
Let’s see if things have changed or stayed the same with the way we do things then and
now. Fill the matrix below by describing the given words in the 16 th and the 21st century. Send
your answer in the LMS.

16th century Philippines 21st century Philippines

Barangay

Selection of Leader

Marriage customs
 dowry

Credit / Loan
settlement

Catalonan

Burial practices

G E R P H M O D U L E 2 . L E S S O N S 1 - 3 . U G G 10 | 21
 Social Classes

Let’s try
this!

Let’s see if you remember something from the lesson. Read the sentences and write your
answer on the blank.
____________________1. Is consist of 30 to 100 families and ruled by a dato
____________________2. They have no houses of their own but live with their master and
can be bought or sold
____________________3. This is given to the parents of the girl before marriage.
____________________4. The highest among the gods of the Tagalogs
____________________5. he wrote the document describing the pre-colonial Tagalog society

Assessment

Answer the online quiz that will be sent in the LMS.

Resources

Customs of the Tagalog. https://www.gutenberg.org/files/13701/13701-h/13701-

h.htm#d0e1500 The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Philippine Islands, 1493-1898, V7,
1Title: The Philippine Islands, 1493-1898, V7, 1588-1591 Author: Emma Helen Blair Release
Date: October 11, 2004 [EBook #13701] Language: English Character set encoding: ISO-
8859-1588-1591, by Emma Helen Blair
Pardo de Tavera, "Las costumbres de los tagalos de Filipinas seg_n el P. Plasencia," Revista
contempor_nea, ano XVIII, num. 397, 15 de junio de 1892, pags. 450-451. Quoted by Perez-
G E R P H M O D U L E 2 . L E S S O N S 1 - 3 . U G G 11 | 21
Plasencia, p. 55. in Fr. Jose "Long" D. Gutay, OFM. Life And Works Of Fray Juan De
Plasencia http://ofmphilarchives.tripod.com/id8.html
Babaylan, ang manggagamot. Detail of Mural “History of Philippine Medicine” by Carlos
“Botong” Francisco. Image credit: XiaoChua in
nethttps://filipinawomensnetwork.org/epahayagan/did-you-know-pre-colonial-philippines-
longstanding-tradition-of-women-leadership-and-mysticis

Lesson 2
KARTILYA NG KATIPUNAN
Mga Aral nang Katipunan ng mga A.N.B.

This document was written by Emilio Jacinto as a primer of the members of Katipunan.
This gives them an idea of what the organization is aspiring for and how the members can
contribute to achieve the kind of society they envision.

What I know

When the Spaniards arrived in the islands in the 16 th century, the people’s lives were
changed. Let’s look at this transformation by answering the matrix below. Write your
conclusion by reflecting on the questions included.

BARANGAY SPANISH

Leadership

Spiritual Leader/
Religion

Social Classes

Economic Activities

G E R P H M O D U L E 2 . L E S S O N S 1 - 3 . U G G 12 | 21
 1. Were these transformations good for the people? Were there negative effects?
2. How did the people react to the changes institutionalized by the Spaniards?

Conclusion

When the Spaniards arrived in the Philippines in 1565, Legaspi had the command to
colonize the islands which was accidentally discovered by Magellan in 1521. The people’s
lives were transformed in all aspects.

Spanish institutions have slowly replaced the indigenous ones. The independent
barangays with their proud datu were reduced into mere collective to serve more of its
economic purposes. A centralized form of government with its seat of power in Manila was
established. Laws were given by the Spanish King and the Governor-general is expected to
implement them with the help of other officials who were placed in cities and provinces they
created. Other power wielders aside from the datu were replaced. Such was the case of the
babaylan and katalanon who once played an important role in the barangay - to connect to the
spirit realm and give guidance to the people.
With the introduction of the Catholic faith, new doctrines were followed through the
leadership of the Spanish friars. The traditional customs and traditions were also changed. The
newfound faith became the basis for the new morality. Almost everyone in the islands, as far
as the colonizers were able to reach, has voluntarily (but there were also forced) followed the
new norm. They are now reciting prayers that they don’t even understand, trying to speak the
language which they were not freely allowed to speak, wear clothes that were not their usual
style, adopt names and later on surnames that the meanings were not known to them. Even
their freedom to choose where to build their houses were not spared. In a process called
reduccion, these houses were arranged like those found in European towns for easy access
and governance of the colonizers.

While these institutions introduced by the Spaniards may have brought development to
the people and the islands, one could not deny the abuses made to the people. Even in the
early years of Spanish colonization, there were friars like Salazar who reported to the King how
the officials were badly treating the natives. They would collect unlawful amounts of tribute,
and other sorts of corrupt practices which has burdened the native population throughout the
years.

G E R P H M O D U L E 2 . L E S S O N S 1 - 3 . U G G 13 | 21
Sporadic revolts would be staged all over the islands but they were just confined in their
provinces or towns. All these revolts were not strong enough to cause the Spanish government
to collapse until K.K.K came.

A reform group led by people from the upper class or ilustrado like Jose Rizal, Marcelo
H. del Pilar and Graciano Lopez Jaena to name a few was formed around ten years before the
Katipunan. The reformist wanted to campaign for equality with the Spaniards by proposing that
the Philippines be adopted as a province despite the distance. They have operated in Spain as
most of their members were there either to study or has escaped to safety after campaigning in
the Philippines. The Reformist’s cause however will not be given ample attention by the
government.

In 1892, a secret society called the Kataastaasan Kagalanggalangang Katipunan ng

mga Anak ng Bayan or KKK will be established with the mission to free the country from the
Spaniards. This was founded by in the house of Deodato Arellano and with him were Andres
Bonifacio, Teodora Plata, Ladislao Diwa, and Valentin Diaz. It attracted different kinds of
people - educated, working class and even women alike. These people have identified with
their common goal of establishing a government that is free from the hardships that they were
experiencing from the Spaniards.

The Kartilya written by Emilio Jacinto is one of the few documents produced by KKK.
As a primer, it not only contains rules and reminders on how to conduct themselves as
Katipunan members but encourages the people to follow in order to achieve their ideal society
where there is freedom from the abuses by the Spaniards.

Now that you have read the first lesson, you are ready to take on this next topic on your
own.
Read the full text of the Kartilya by clicking on the link
http://www.kasaysayan-kkk.info/membership-documents/emilio-jacinto-katipunan-nang-
manga-a-n-b---sa-may-nasang-makisanib-sa-katipunang-ito-the-kartilya Manga Aral Nang
Katipunan Ng Mga A.N.B

Follow the methods used in analyzing historical sources below:

 Background of the author

G E R P H M O D U L E 2 . L E S S O N S 1 - 3 . U G G 14 | 21
  Historical background of the document

 Content presentation and analysis of the important historical information of the

document

 Contribution and relevance of the document in understanding the grand narrative of

Philippine history

 Learning experiences

Prepare a PowerPoint presentation for your answer and submit it to the common folder for
your section in Google Drive.

Activity 1
Read the qualifications for the Philippine President and Legislators below. With the next
election just around the corner, imagine that you are in the position to revise these
qualifications for the2022 candidates. Using the Kartilya as a guide, make a 3-minute VLOG
discussing these qualifications. Upload your video in the LM
RUBRICS
THE PRESIDENT OF THE PHILIPPINES SENATOR
QUALIFICATIONS The qualifications to become a senator, as
CATEGORY SCORE Level 3 Level 2 Level 1
The qualifications for an individual aspiring 15pts stipulated in the10 constitution,
pts
are: 5pts
to become the President of the Philippines a natural-born citizen of the Philippines;
are outlined in Article VII, Section 2 of the at least thirty-five years old;
1987 Constitution. According to the
A. CONTENT is able to read and write
constitution, an individual may become a registered voter; and
President provided he meets the following a resident of the Philippines for not less than
1. Originality of concept / 10 Vlog shows original
criteria: two yearsVlog is similar with
before election day. Vlog is a copied
concept other works from other works
CONGRESSMAN
2. natural
Kartilya born Filipino;
Values /10 a natural-born
All Kartilya values are Mentioned citizen7of the Philippines;
values Mentioned 3
aincorporated
registered voter; seen in the video at least twenty-five
(13) from the years old; values from the
Kartilya
must be able to read and write; is able to read and write; and Kartilya
40 years of age at the day of the election; except the party-list representatives, a
and registered voter and a resident for at least one
must have resided in the PhilippinesGten E R P H M O Dyear U L in
E the
2 . district
L E S where
S O N Ss/he1 shall
-3.U beGelected.
G 15 | 21
years before the election is held.
 B. TECHNICAL SCORE Level 3 Level 2 Level 1
15pts 10 pts 5pts

Video is properly edited Video is properly Raw video

1. Creativity where ideas are edited where ideas
 Edit /10 organized; used are organized
 Organization of background music
ideas

Vlog played for 3-whole Vlog played for 2 Vlog played for
2. Time bound /10 minutes minutes 1minute

3. On time /10 Uploaded in the LMS Uploaded in the Uploaded in the

on time LMS a day after the LMS two days
deadline after the deadline

TOTAL /50

Activity 2
Select one Kartilya value which you like and explain how it relates to your personal life. Write
your answer on the box.

Answer the assessment which will be sent to you using Google Forms. Make sure to
accomplish this before the next meeting.

Resources

G E R P H M O D U L E 2 . L E S S O N S 1 - 3 . U G G 16 | 21
Emilio Jacinto, “Kartila ng Katipunan” in
http://www.kasaysayan-kkk.info/membership-documents/emilio-jacinto-katipunan-nang-manga-a-n-b---
sa-may-nasang-makisanib-sa-katipunang-ito-the-kartilya Manga Aral Nang

The Legislative Branch https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/about/gov/the-legislative-branch/

The Executive Branch https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/about/gov/exec/

Lesson 3
MGA GUNITA NG HIMAGSIKAN
Emilio Aguinaldo

Diaries or journals are considered as primary source as we have learned in Module 1.

However, one must still be cautious to determine if the author is really telling the truth in his
entries. The reading for Lesson 3 is an example of a diary. Emilio Aguinaldo tells us about his
life in his Mga Gunita Ng Himagsikan which was published in 1964.

G E R P H M O D U L E 2 . L E S S O N S 1 - 3 . U G G 17 | 21
 Look at the timeline below and answer the following questions.

Philippine Tejeros Naik Military Trial of Execution of

K.K.K. Convention Agreement Bonifacios the Bonifacios
Revolution

1892 Aug 1896 22March 18 April 29 April – 10 May 1897

1897 1897 4 May
1897

Who founded the the K.K.K.?

Why was K.K.K. established?

Give the two groups of Katipunan in

Cavite

When did the first election among

Filipinos take place?

Why were the Bonifacios executed?

We have learned in Lesson 2 that KKK was established in 1892 with the vision of
creating a country free from the Spaniards. Members have increased especially when the
Katipunan newspaper Kalayaan was published in 1896.
However, the revolution started prematurely and by August 23, 1896 they gathered tore
up their cedulas and declared their firm resolve to fight against the Spaniards. Not long after,
the Katipuneros in the provinces joined Bonifacio and his men in attacking the Spanish
government.

G E R P H M O D U L E 2 . L E S S O N S 1 - 3 . U G G 18 | 21
 In Cavite numerous members were recruited and two members were formed. Both the
Magdalo group led by Emilio Aguinaldo and the Magdiwang led by Mariano Alvarez were
successful in their attacks. However, rivalry has emerged between this two groups. Andres
Bonifacio will be invited to settle the matter but it eventually led to an election which has
replaced him as the leader of Katipunan.
This first ever election of the Filipinos will be known as the Tejeros Convention.
Narratives of this event would show that all five positions except for the Director of the Interior,
where Bonifacio will have, were filled in by Caviteños. That one position will be questioned by
Daniel Tirona and implies that they do not want Bonifacio, an uneducated man in their group.
This would be the last straw for the Supremo and he will declare the election null and void.
Bonifacio’s group would establish the Naik Military Agreement and will settle in Indang
where Aguinaldo’s men will capture them and bring them to Maragondon for their trial and
conviction.

Read the full text of the readings in the LMS and analyze the document and analyze the
document using the method below:

 Background of the author

 Historical background of the document
 Content presentation and analysis of the important historical information of the
document
 Contribution and relevance of the document in understanding the grand narrative of
Philippine history
 Learning experiences

Prepare a PowerPoint presentation for your answer and submit it to the common folder for

your section in Google Drive.

G E R P H M O D U L E 2 . L E S S O N S 1 - 3 . U G G 19 | 21
Activity 1
Let’s see if how we learned from history as a people. You can easily answer the 1897
column. Give a short description of the given items. On the last column, think of a specific
issue and identify the characters or people involved as well.
1897 1946 to present
Issue

People Involved
Pio del Pilar

Mariano Noriel

Emilio Aguinaldo

Andres & Procopio

Bonifacio

Conclusion:

If you were Aguinaldo, would you also take his decision towards the Bonifacio brothers?
Explain your answer.

_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________

Answer the assessment which will be sent to you using Google Forms. Make sure to
accomplish this before the next meeting.

G E R P H M O D U L E 2 . L E S S O N S 1 - 3 . U G G 20 | 21
Emilio Aguinaldo, Mga Gunita ng Himagsikan. (pp. 78-82; 95-100; 177-188; 212-227)
Interview with the General, June 11, 1949
https://philippinesfreepress.wordpress.com/1949/06/11/interview-with-the-general-june-11-1949/

G E R P H M O D U L E 2 . L E S S O N S 1 - 3 . U G G 21 | 21