PIE Basic User Guide
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Sanjay SinghPIE Basic User Guide
Uploaded by
Sanjay SinghPIESAT
PIE-Basic
User’s Guide
Beijing Piesat Information Technology Co., Ltd
PIESAT WWW.PIESAT.CN
Contents
1 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................... 1
2 SYSTEM INSTALLATION ......................................................................................................... 1
2.1 PLATFORMS .......................................................................................................................... 1
2.2 INSTALLATION........................................................................................................................ 1
2.3 REGISTRATION AUTHORIZATION ................................................................................................ 5
3 WORKING WITH PIE ............................................................................................................. 7
3.1 COMMON FUNCTION ............................................................................................................. 7
3.1.1 System ..................................................................................................................... 7
3.1.2 Layer Management ............................................................................................... 11
3.1.3 Data ....................................................................................................................... 16
3.1.4 Map Brower .......................................................................................................... 44
3.1.5 Information ........................................................................................................... 46
3.1.6 Measure ................................................................................................................ 47
3.1.7 Edit ........................................................................................................................ 51
3.2 ENHANCEMENT ................................................................................................................... 51
3.2.1 Brightness .............................................................................................................. 52
3.2.2 Contrast ................................................................................................................. 52
3.2.3 Transparency ......................................................................................................... 52
3.2.4 Stretch ................................................................................................................... 53
3.2.5 Brightness Inversion .............................................................................................. 57
3.2.6 Transparent Value ................................................................................................. 57
3.2.7 Reset ...................................................................................................................... 58
3.3 PREPROCESSING .................................................................................................................. 59
3.3.1 Radiometric Correction ......................................................................................... 59
3.3.2 Geometric Correction ............................................................................................ 64
3.3.3 Sharpening ............................................................................................................ 75
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3.3.4 Subset .................................................................................................................... 84
3.3.5 Image Mosaic ........................................................................................................ 86
3.4 PROCESSING ....................................................................................................................... 94
3.4.1 Classification ......................................................................................................... 95
3.4.2 Transform ............................................................................................................ 117
3.4.3 Filter .................................................................................................................... 134
3.4.4 Edge Enhancement .............................................................................................. 151
3.5 BASIC TOOLS..................................................................................................................... 155
3.5.1 Format Conversion .............................................................................................. 155
3.5.2 Projection and Transformation............................................................................ 159
3.5.3 Calculations ......................................................................................................... 164
3.5.4 Statistics .............................................................................................................. 172
3.5.5 MirrorRotate ....................................................................................................... 176
3.5.6 Mask .................................................................................................................... 179
3.5.7 Utilities ................................................................................................................ 181
3.6 ANNOTATION .................................................................................................................... 184
3.6.1 Annotation .......................................................................................................... 184
3.6.2 Information Extraction ........................................................................................ 209
3.6.3 Font ..................................................................................................................... 212
3.7 VECTOR PROCESS............................................................................................................... 213
3.7.1 Create Layer ........................................................................................................ 213
3.7.2 Vector Editor ........................................................................................................ 215
3.7.3 Tools .................................................................................................................... 222
3.7.4 Snapping.............................................................................................................. 225
3.7.5 Convert Data ....................................................................................................... 228
3.7.6 Vector Analysis .................................................................................................... 231
3.8 MONITOR ANALYSIS ........................................................................................................... 232
3.8.1 Land ..................................................................................................................... 232
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3.8.2 Hydro ................................................................................................................... 234
3.8.3 Forestry ............................................................................................................... 236
3.9 THEMATIC MAPPING .......................................................................................................... 243
3.9.1 Data View Tools ................................................................................................... 243
3.9.2 Layout View Tools ................................................................................................ 244
3.9.3 Data Frame.......................................................................................................... 245
3.9.4 Map Elements ..................................................................................................... 249
3.9.5 Align .................................................................................................................... 258
3.9.6 Order ................................................................................................................... 259
3.9.7 Distribute ............................................................................................................. 260
3.9.8 Thematic Template .............................................................................................. 261
3.9.9 Thematic Export .................................................................................................. 262
3.10 VIEW .......................................................................................................................... 265
3.10.1 View Management .............................................................................................. 265
3.10.2 Option.................................................................................................................. 265
3.11 HELP .......................................................................................................................... 266
3.11.1 Process Monitor .................................................................................................. 266
3.11.2 Help ..................................................................................................................... 268
3.11.3 About ................................................................................................................... 268
3.11.4 Update ................................................................................................................. 268
3.11.5 License ................................................................................................................. 268
3.11.6 Shortcuts ............................................................................................................. 269
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1 Introduction
PIE (Pixel Information Expert) is a professional remote sensing image
processing software which is developed by Beijing Piesat Information Technology
Co., Ltd. It is the achievement of years of sufficient research on remote sensing
customers and full analysis of remote sensing imagery processing software both at
home and abroad. PIE is a highly automatic, simple-to-use platform which is designed
for remote sensing engineering applications. PIE provides integrated solutions,
including massive image processing algorithms and information extraction functions
for multi-source, multi-load (optical, radar and hyperspectral) remote sensing images.
PIE has been widely used in disaster analysis and early warning, land and
resources survey, environmental monitoring, military target recognition, urban and
agroforestry detection, water detection and monitoring, etc.
2 System Installation
2.1 Platforms
Lowest Configuration Recommended Configuration
Processor Intel-core3 Intel-i7/8 core
Nvidia GTX650 or above
Graphics Cards Nvidia GTX970
Memory ≥ 1GB
Memory 4 GB 16 GB
Hard Disk 100 GB above 1TB mechanical disk
Windows-XP/7/10; Windows-XP/7/10;
Operating System
Server 2008/Server 2012 Server 2008/Server 2012
2.2 Installation
Read the installation procedure and user’s guide document of PIE by installing
CD-ROM or U disk or other media. PIE installation procedure is relatively simple.
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Since the software itself does not use any third-party procedures, users can directly
double-click on the installation program PIEOrtho.exe and install it.
Below are instructions of step-by-step installation procedures:
Double-click on PIE_Setup.exe. The InstallShield Wizard dialog appears.
Figure 2-1 The first step of PIE installation.
Click [Next].
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Figure 2-2 The second step of PIE installation.
Select [I accept the terms in the license agreement] and click [Next].
Figure 2-3 The third step of PIE installation.
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Type in User Name and Affiliation, and then click [Next].
Figure 2-4 The fourth step of PIE installation.
Select installation directory path and then click [Next]:
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Figure 2-5 The fifth step of PIE installation.
Click [Install]. Wait for its automatic running until the installation completion
interface appears.
Figure 2-6 The sixth step of PIE installation.
Click [Finish] to complete installation. PIE shortcut icon will be
available on the desktop. Double-click on the icon and run the software. A dialog will
appear and warn that it needs authorization. Then operate following the instructions in
Section 2.3.
2.3 Registration Authorization
Double-click on the icon to open PIE. The License dialog appears.
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Figure 2-7 License dialog.
Send Machine Number to related technician or public authorization email
[email protected]. The technician will provide clientele registration code
according to machine number. Copy the registration code into Serial Number textbox
and click [OK].
To provide better service, we need to get your name, affiliation and phone
number information when you send message to public authorization email box.
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3 Working with PIE
3.1 Common Function
System
System menu is used for map management. It includes New, Open, Save, Save
As and Quit functions.
Figure 3-1 System menu.
3.1.1.1 New
From the menu bar, select [System] [New] to create a new blank map. If there
is an unsaved map, the Information dialog will open and prompt whether to save the
current map.
Figure 3-2 Information dialog.
[Yes]: Save dialog will appear. Set up directory and path. Click [Save]. Pop-up
box will prompt ’Map saved!’ The local map has been saved successfully.
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[No]: The local map will not be saved. The new blank map will be opened.
[Cancel]: Cancel to create a new map.
Tip: After started, PIE will create a new empty map automatically.
3.1.1.2 Open
From the menu bar, select [System] [Open]. The Open dialog appears. (If
there is an unsaved map, the Information dialog will appear, warning whether to save
the map).
Choose the map file you want to open, and click [Open]. The selected map will
be loaded.
Figure 3-3 Open dialog.
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Figure 3-4 Information dialog.
[Yes]: Save As dialog will be opened.
[No]: Open dialog will be opened.
[Cancel]: Cancel to open the map.
3.1.1.3 Save
From the menu bar, select [System] [Save]. If the current map is new and
unsaved, the Save dialog will be opened. Choose save path and enter File name.
Click [Save] to save the map.
Figure 3-5 Save dialog.
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3.1.1.4 Save As
From the menu bar, select [System] [Save As]. Choose save path and enter
File name. Click [Save] button to save the map.
Figure 3-6 Save As dialog.
3.1.1.5 Quit
From the menu bar, select [System] [Quit]. The Save dialog appears to
prompt whether to save the current project.
Figure 3-7 Save dialog.
[Yes]: Save As dialog will be opened. Choose the save path and enter the file
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name. Click [Save] to save the map. Then PIE will be closed.
[No]: Quit PIE directly.
[Cancel]: Cancel to quit PIE.
Layer Management
Map is used to manage map layers. Its right-click menu includes: Activate,
Open Raster File, Open Vector File, Open Scientific Dataset; Show All Layers,
Hide All Layers, Remove All Layers; Modify Coordinate System; Element To
Feature and Feature To Element functions.
Figure 3-8 Map right-click menu.
3.1.2.1 Activate
In the layer list, select the map to be activated and select [Activate] from its
right-click menu. The selected map will be activated.
3.1.2.2 Add Group Layer
From the right-click menu of Map, select [Add Group Layer]. A new group layer
will be added to the layer list.
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3.1.2.3 Open Raster File
From the right-click menu of the activated map, click [Open Raster File] to open
the Open Raster dialog. Choose a raster file and then double-click or select [Open] to
open the file.
3.1.2.4 Open Vector File
Right-click on the activated map and then select [Open Vector File] to open the
Open Vector dialog. Choose a vector file to double-click or select [Open] to open the
file.
Right-click on the activated map and then select [Open Vector File] to open the
Open Vector dialog. Choose a vector file to double-click or select [Open] to open the
file.
3.1.2.5 Open Scientific Dataset
Right-click on the activated map and then select [Open Scientific Dataset] to
open the Open HDF dialog. Choose a HDF file to double-click or select [Open] to
open the file.
3.1.2.6 Open HJ Data
Right-click on the activated map and then select [Open HJ Data] to open the
Open HJ Image dialog. Choose a XML file to double-click or select [Open] to open
the file.
3.1.2.7 Show All Layers
Right-click on the activated map and then select [Show All Layers]. All layers in
the current map will be loaded in the main view.
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3.1.2.8 Hide All Layers
Right-click on the activated map and then select [Hide All Layers]. All layers
loaded in the main view will be hided. Then [Hide All Layers] button becomes
unavailable.
3.1.2.9 Remove All Layers
Right-click on the activated map and then select [Remove All Layers]. All layers
in the current map will be deleted.
3.1.2.10 Modify Coordinate System
Right-click on the activated map and then select [Modify Coordinate System] to
open the Spatial Reference Selector dialog. Choose a coordinate system. Click [OK]
to complete this Map layer’s coordinate system setting. The loaded raster or vector
data will be dynamically projected into the layer’s coordinate system and show in the
main view.
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Figure 3-9 Spatial Reference Selector dialog.
There are three ways to set the coordinate system:
Custom: Select among customized coordinate systems;
Predefined: Customize the coordinate system according to your needs;
Layer: Set up the coordinates according to the loaded data’s.
3.1.2.11 Element to Feature
This function is to convert vector element into plotting element. Right-click on
the activated map, and select Element to Feature from right button menu. Element
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To Feature dialog appears.
Figure 3-10 Element To Feature dialog
a. From the Convert drop-down menu, select element types to be converted
The element types include: Point Graphics, Line Graphics and Polygon Graphics;
b. By default, all elements in vector layers will be converted. Check Only
Selected if you only want to convert the selected elements;
c. Set output coordinate system. You can set the coordinate system the same as
the data frame, or the selected layer;
d. Set the path and file name for output shape file;
e. To delete graphics after they are converted to features, check Delete
Graphics After Converting checkbox;
f. Click [OK].
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3.1.2.12 Feature to Element
This function is used to convert a layer's features to elements.
a. Right-click on the activated map. Select Feature To Element from the right
button menu. The Feature to Element dialog appears.
Figure 3-11 Feature To Element dialog.
b. Choose All to convert all features, or choose Selected to convert the selected
features; Features include: point graphic, line graphic and panel graphic;
c. From the Layer drop-down list, select which layer you are converting the
features from.
d. Click [OK].
Data
Use Data menu to open raster file, vector file, scientific dataset, onlinemap and
to set data property.
Figure 3-12 Data menu.
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3.1.3.1 Open Raster File
PIE can read multiple types of raster data and show the data in the main view.
There are three ways to open raster file:
a. From the menu bar, select [Common Function] [Data] [Open Raster
File]. The Open Raster dialog appears. Double-click on the intended raster file, or
click [OK] to open it.
Figure 3-13 Open Raster File dialog
b. In the Layer Management area, right-click on the activated map. Select
[Open Raster File] to open the Open Raster dialog. Double-click on the intended
raster file, or click [OK] to open it.
c. Select the raster file from folder and drag it to the Main View.
You can Shift-click or Ctrl-click to select multiple raster files in the same folder,
and open them at the same time.
PIE supports normal raster data types: *.tif, *.tiff, *.img, *.bmp, *.jpg、*.ldf,
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*.dat, etc.
Right-click on the selected raster layer to popup its right-mouse menu.
Figure 3-14 Right-mouse menu of raster file.
Table 3-1 Right-mouse menu functions of raster file
Name Function
Remove Remove the selected layer.
Zoom to Layer Zoom the selected layer to layer extent.
Open path Open the folder where the selected layer is located
Save current layer’s render scheme (including: stretch mode,
Save Raster Render
brightness, contrast. etc.)
Load Raster Render Load the saved render scheme (including: stretch mode, brightness,
contrast. etc.)
Browse selected layer’s common properties, including general,
Properties
source, raster information, raster transparent and raster render.
3.1.3.2 Open Vector File
PIE can read multiple types of vector data and show the data in main view.
There are three ways to open vector file:
a. From the menu bar, select [Common Function] [Data] [Open Vector
File]. The Open Vector dialog appears. Double-click on the intended vector file, or
click [OK] to open it.
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Figure 3-15 Open Vector dialog
b. In the Layer Management area, right-click on the activated map. Select
[Open Vector File] to open the Open Vector dialog. Double-click on the intended
vector file, or click [OK] to open it.
c. Select the vector file from folder and drag it to the Main View.
You can Shift-click or Ctrl-click to select multiple vector files in the same folder,
and open them at the same time.
PIE supports normal vector data types: *.shp, *.000（S57 files）, etc.
Right-click on the selected vector layer to popup its right-mouse menu.
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Figure 3-16 Right-mouse menu of vector file.
Table 3-2 Right-mouse menu functions of vector file
Name Function
Remove Remove the selected layer.
Zoom to Layer Zoom the selected layer to the layer extent.
Open path Open the folder where the selected layer is located
Attribute Table Display selected layer’s attribute table.
Edit Layers Edit selected layer’s metadata.
Label Features Turn on or turn off label features.
Feature To Element Convert selected feature to element.
Browse the selected layer’s properties, including general,
Properties
source, fields, annotation and symbology.
3.1.3.3 Open Scientific Dataset
PIE can read HDF and NetCDF scientific dataset and show the data in the main
view.
There are three ways to open scientific dataset:
a. From the menu bar, select [Common Function] [Data] [Open Scientific
Dataset]. The Open HDF dialog appears. Double-click on the intended vector file, or
click [OK] to open it.
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Figure 3-17 Open HDF dialog.
b. In the Layer Management area, right-click on the activated map. Choose
[Open Scientific Dataset] to open the Open HDF dialog. Double-click on the
intended vector file, or click [OK] to open it.
c. Choose the HDF file from folder and drag it to the Main View.
PIE supports normal data types of scientific dataset: *.hdf,*.h5 and*.nc.
Right-click on the selected HDF layer to popup its right-mouse menu.
Figure 3-18 HDF layer contents.
Table 3-3 Right-mouse menu functions of HDF file
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Name Function
Remove Remove the selected layer.
Zoom to Layer Zoom the selected layer to the layer extent.
Show All Layers Show all layers in the main view.
Hide All Layers Hide all layers.
Open path Open the folder where the selected layer is located.
Browse the properties of the selected layer, including general and
Properties
source.
In the dataset list, right-click on the selected data to popup its right-mouse menu.
Figure 3-19 Right-mouse menu of data in the HDF file
Table 3-4 Right-mouse menu functions of HDF data
Name Function
Remove Remove the selected layer.
Zoom to Layer Zoom the selected layer to the layer extent.
Open path Open the folder where the selected layer is located.
Save Raster Render Save the render scheme of the current layer.
Load Raster Render Load the saved render scheme of the current layer.
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Name Function
Browse the properties of the selected layer, including general, source,
Properties
raster information, raster transparent and raster render.
3.1.3.4 Open HJ Data
PIE supports *.xml format data of HJ image.
From the menu bar, select [Common Function] [Data] [Open HJ Data].
The Open HJ Image dialog appears. Double-click on the intended .xml file, or click
[OK] to open the file.
Figure 3-20 Open HJ Image dialog.
3.1.3.5 Micaps Display Setting
PIE supports the display setting of Micaps data. Micaps data is defined by China
Meteorological Administration and includes dozens of formats with each format
storing one or multiple meteorological data types. Below is a list of common
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supported formats: micaps1 of ground observation data, micaps2 of high altitude
observation data, micaps3 of scatter data and micaps 4 of grid data.
a. From the menu bar, select [Common Function] [Data] [Micaps Show
Setting]. The Open dialog appears.
b. Select data file and click [OK]. The selected image will be loaded in layer list
and display in the main view.
3.1.3.6 Online Map
a. From the menu bar, select [Common Function] [Data] [Online Map].
The map list appears.
Figure 3-21 Oneline map list.
b. Click ArcGISImage in the map list. The ArcGISImageDlg dialog appears.
Input ArcGISImage server’s URL and then click [OK] to load the ArcGISImage.
Figure 3-22 ArcGISImage URL setting dialog.
c. In the map list, click other map option to load the corresponding online map..
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3.1.3.7 Remove
In the Layer Management area, right-click on the selected layer and select
[Remove] to remove the layer. (Tip: Please ensure the selected layer has been
activated).
3.1.3.8 Zoom To Layer
In the Layer Management area, right-click on the selected layer. Use [Zoom To
Layer] for the full extent.
Tip: The layer with the last execution of Zoom to Layer will become the current
layer.
3.1.3.9 Open path
In the Layer Management area, right-click on the selected layer. Use [Open path]
to open the folder where the data is located.
3.1.3.10 Properties
3.1.3.10.1 Raster Properties
Right-click on a raster layer to popup its right-mouse menu. Select Properties to
open the Layer Property dialog.
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Figure 3-23 Layer Property dialog of raster file.
(1) General
Figure 3-24 General tab of the raster property dialog
Layer Name: Display and modify the layer’s name.
Visible: If check, display the layer in the main view; if not, hide the layer in
the main view.
Description: Check and edit the layer’s information.
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Scale Range: When selecting Show layer at all scale, the layer will be
displayed at all scale. When selecting Don’t show layer when zoomed and
setting Out beyond parameter and In beyond parameter, with the layer’s
scale beyond range, the layer will automatically hide in the main view.
(2) Source
Figure 3-25 Source tab of the raster property dialog
Dataset Path: Display the path where the dataset is located.
Dataset Type: Display the dataset type.
Extent: Display the dataset’s spatial extent.
Spatial Reference: Display the dataset’s coordinate system.
(3) Raster Information
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Figure 3-26 Raster information tab of the raster property dialog
Pixel Columns: Display the data’s column number;
Pixel Rows: Display the data’s row number;
Number of bands: Raster data’s bands number. Raster has at least one band
and may have multiple.
Pyramid Level: Display the pyramid level ;
Number of Control Points: Display control points number;
Pixel Type and Depth: Pixel type pertains to the type of values stored in
raster data, such as signed integer, unsigned integer, or floating point. Pixel
depth determines the possible range of values stored in each band.
Storage Format: There are three storage formats: BSQ (band sequential),
BIP (band interleaved by pixel) and BIL (band interleaved by line).
NoData value: Represent the invalid value.
Cell Size(X, Y): Display data’s X and Y resolution.
(4) Raster Transparent
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Figure 3-27 Raster Transparent tab of the raster property.
Transparent Value: Enter the minimum and maximum transparent value.
Add: After setting the transparent value, click [Add] button to add the value
range to the left list. You can add multiple transparent value ranges.
Delete: Click [Delete] button to delete the selected value range in the left
list.
Select a certain value range in the list and click [Apply]. The corresponding
pixels will be displayed transparently.
Select a certain value range in the list and click [OK]. The corresponding pixels
will be displayed transparently and the Properties dialog will be closed.
Click [Cancel] to cancel the transparent display and close the Properties dialog.
(5) Raster Render
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Figure 3-28 Raster Render tab of the raster property dialog
Figure 3-29 Raster Render dialog of the classification raster property dialog
1) Stretch
Stretch render displays continuous raster cell values across a gradual ramp of
colors. Use Stretch to draw a single band of continuous data. It works well with
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images or DEM models that have large range of pixel values.
Click [Stretch] and select the band to be stretched, and then click [Settings] to set
the color ramp and click [OK].
Figure 3-30 Stretch dialog of the raster property
Click [Apply] to stretch the data.
Click [OK] to stretch the data and the dialog will be closed.
Click [Cancel] to cancel the stretch display and the dialog will be closed.
2) RGB
The RGB render is to combine bands as red, green and blue composites. You can
use this render to display different combinations of bands when working with
multiband raster datasets, such as satellite or aerial image.
Click [RGB] and select red, green and blue band separately.
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Figure 3-31 RGB dialog of the raster property
Click [Apply] to render the data.
Click [OK] to render the data and the dialog will be closed.
Click [Cancel] to cancel to render the data and the dialog will be closed.
3) Classify
The classify render is used for a single-band raster layer. It displays thematic
raster by grouping pixel values into classes. Use this type thematic classification on
continuous data when you want to classify the value range into a small number of
classes and assign colors to those classes.
Click [Classify] and select one band to be rendered.
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Figure 3-32 RGB dialog of the raster property
Color Ramp: Set the color bar. PIE provides multiple hierarchical color
scheme. With the hierarchic or class number varies from small to large, color
ranges gradually.
Class: Set the class number.
Break: Click [Break] to insert one class. The newly added class will be
assigned render symbol automatically.
Classified render symbol list: Preview the setting result. It can be re-edited.
Symbol modification: Double-click on the item to be modified in
Symbol list and revise it;
Annotation modification: Click on the item to be modified in
Annotation list and revise it. Click other area to save the result.
Click [Apply] button to render the data.
Click [OK] button to render the data and the dialog will be closed.
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Click [Cancel] button to cancel to render the data and the dialog will be closed.
4) Unique value
The unique value render is to individually display each value of the raster layer.
Each value will be displayed as one color.
Click [Unique value] button and select one band to be rendered.
Figure 3-33 Unique value dialog of the raster property
Color Ramp: Set the color bar. PIE provides multiple hierarchical color
scheme. With the pixel number varies from small to large, color ranges
gradually.
Unique value render symbol list: Preview the setting result. It can be
re-edited.
Symbol modification: Double-click on the item to be modified in
Symbol list and revise it;
Annotation modification: Click on the item to be modified in
Annotation list and revise it. Click other area to save the result.
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Count: Show pixel number of each color.
[Add All]: Add all available values to the legend table.
[Add]: Allow you to select specific values to add to the legend table.
[Remove]: Remove a selected row (value) from the legend table.
Click [Apply] to render the data.
Click [OK] to render the data and the dialog will be closed.
Click [Cancel] to cancel to render the data and the dialog will be closed.
5) Colormap
This function is available for classification image.
Click [Colormap] button. Modify individual color by double-clicking the color
symbol and choosing a new color.
Figure 3-34 RGB dialog of the raster property
Click [Apply] to render the data.
Click [OK] to render the data and the dialog will be closed.
Click [Cancel] to cancel to render the data and the dialog will be closed.
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3.1.3.10.2 Vector Properties
Right-click on the selected raster layer. Select [Properties] to open the Layer
Property dialog.
Figure 3-35 Layer Property dialog of vector file
(1) General
Figure 3-36 General tabs of the vector property
Layer Name: Display and modify the layer name.
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Visible: If check, display the layer in the main view; if not, hide the layer in
the main view.
Description: Check and edit the layer information.
Scale Range: When selecting Show layer at all scale, the layer will be
displayed at all scale. When selecting Don’t show layer when zoomed and
set Out beyond parameter and In beyond parameter, with the layer scale
beyond the range, the layer will hide in the main view automatically.
(2) Source
Figure 3-37 Source tab of the vector property
Dataset Path: Display data location.
Dataset Type: Display data type.
Extent: Display the data’s spatial extent.
Spatial Reference: Display the data’s coordinate system.
(3) Fields
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Figure 3-38 Fields Tab of the vector property
Display Field: Select the required field by clicking the drop-down list.
Data Type: Double-click on a certain item to edit it.
(4) Annotation
Annotation tab is to show the text and scale range.
Figure 3-39 Annotation tab of the vector property
Show Annotation: If checked, the vector file’s annotation will be showed. If
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not, the vector file’s annotation will not be showed.
Font symbol: Click [Font symbol] button to pop up Font dialog and set the
annotation font.
Text: Set the annotation field to show.
Scale Range: When select Show layer at all scale, the layer will be
displayed at all scale. When select Don’t show layer when zoomed and set
Out beyond parameter and In beyond parameter, with the layer scale
beyond the range, the layer will automatically hide in the main view.
(5) Symbology
It provides options for assigning map symbols and rendering your data. Options
include drawing all features with one symbol; using categories based on attribute
values; the use of quantities and color ramps based on attributes.
Figure 3-40 Symbology tab of the vector property
1) Single Symbol
Use Single Symbol to fill in the vector data with single symbol.
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In Symbology dialog, click [Single Symbol] button in the left list to render
vector data.
Figure 3-41 Single symbol dialog of the vector symbology property
Click [Choose Symbol] button to open the Symbol Selector dialog. All the
symbols are listed.
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Figure 3-42 Symbol Selector dialog
2) Unique Values
Use different symbols to identify the selected value field and each value of the
value field corresponds to only one color.
In the Symbology dialog, click [Unique Values] button in the left list to render
vector data.
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Figure 3-43 Unique Values dialog of the vector symbology property
Value Field: All the value fields are listed. You can select the field
you want to render, such as Name.
Add Values: Click [Add Values] button to add value of the value
field one by one.
Add All Values: Click [Add All Values] button to add all values.
Remove: Click [Remove] button to remove certain values.
Remove All: Click [Remove All] button to remove all values of the
value field and you need to set again.
Click [Apply] button to stretch the vector data.
Click [OK] button to stretch the vector data and the dialog will be closed.
Click [Cancel] to cancel to render the vector data and the dialog will be closed.
3) Quantities
Quantities function firstly group the value field, and then set different symbols
to identify the selected value field. Each interval of the value field corresponds to only
one color.
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In Symbology dialog, click [Graduated Colors] button in the left list to render
vector data.
Figure 3-44 Graduated Colors dialog of the vector symbology property
Value: All the value fields are listed in the value field. You can
select the field you want to render, such as Area.
Classes: Select the classes by clicking the drop-down list.
Color Ramp: PIE provides many color ramps. Once the color ramp
is selected, the class color will be updated real-timely.
Click [OK] button to stretch the vector data and the dialog will be closed.
Click [Cancel] to cancel to render the vector data and the dialog will be closed.
3.1.3.11 Attribute Table
In the Layer Management area, right-click on the selected layer and then select
Attribute to open the Attribute Table of the layer.
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Figure 3-45 Attribute Table
Select Vectors: Click on a row number in the Attribute table to highlight the
vector in the Main View. Shift-click or Ctrl-click to select multiple rows.
Clear Selection: Clear the selected field.
Map Brower
Map Brower includes Zoon In, Zoom Out, Fixed Zoom In, Fixed Zoon Out,
Pan, Full Extent, 1: 1 Display, Previous, Next and Swipe functions.
Figure 3-46 Map Brower menu
Zoom In: Click [Zoom In] button. Zoom map in by clicking or framing on
the map.
Zoom Out: Click [Zoom Out] button to zoom map out by clicking or
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framing on the map.
Fixed Zoom In: Click [Fixed Zoom In] button to zoom map in from the map
center.
Fixed Zoom Out: Click [Fixed Zoom Out] button to zoom map out from the
map center.
Pan: Click [Pan] button to pan the map.
Full Extent: Click [Full Extent] button to zoom map to the full extent.
1: 1: Click [1: 1] button to display map with 1: 1 scale.
Previous: Click [Previous] button to go back to the previous view. You can
go back to the initial view by clicking this button continuously.
Next: Click [Next] button to go forward to next view. You can go forward to
the last view by clicking this button continuously.
Swipe: Click [Swipe] button to compare two layers in one view using a
vertical or horizontal swipe line.
Figure 3-47 Swipe.
Tip: Roll the mouse wheel up or down in the main view to zoom in or zoom out
all layers in the current map. (Up: zoom in; Down: zoom out)
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Information
Information group includes Cursor Value and Identify functions.
Figure 3-48 Information menu
3.1.5.1 Cursor Value
a. From the menu bar, select [Common Function] [Information] [Cursor
Value] to open the Cursor Location dialog. Move mouse within view extent and
view the current pixel information. Cursor Location dialog shows information of
current mouse location: RGB value, pixel coordinate value, geographic coordinate
value, layer name and data value.
Figure 3-49 Cursor Location dialog
b. When you move the cursor in the Main View, the Cursor Value window
displays pixel location, geographic location and data value and so on.
Tip: The Cursor Value tool is only available for raster layer.
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3.1.5.2 Identify
a. From the menu bar, select [Common Function] [Information] [Identify]
to open the Identify Properties dialog. The window contains information about the
displayed data.
Figure 3-50 Identify Properties dialog
b. From the Identify From drop-down list, select a vector layer. The window
will display all the field properties of the selected feature(s).
Tip: The Identify tool is only available for vector layer.
Measure
From the menu bar, select [Common Function] [Measure] [Measure] to
open the Measure dialog. Its functions include: Measure Line, Measure An Area,
Measure An Object, Measure An Element, Clear Results and Unit.
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Figure 3-51 Measure dialog
Measure Line: After clicking this button, click the left mouse button on the
map to select the beginning and end point of the line, and then double-click
to finish editing. The length of the line will be shown in the text box.
Figure 3-52 Measure Line
Measure An Area: After clicking this button, click the left mouse button on
the map to select the scope of the area, and then double-click to finish
editing. The area will be shown in the text box.
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Figure 3-53 Measure An Area
Measure An Object: After clicking this button, click the left mouse button
on the map to select a vector object. The perimeter and area information of
the selected object will be shown in the text box.
Figure 3-54 Measure An Object
Measure An Element: After clicking this button, click the left mouse button
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on the map to select an element. The perimeter and area information of the
selected element will be shown in the text box.
Figure 3-55 Measure An Element
Clear Results: Click this button to clear all the measurement results in the
text box.
Unit: This function is to set the length and area units of measurement.
Figure 3-56 Unit setting
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Edit
Edit tools include four parts: Copy, Cut, Paste and Delete. These tools are
available for vector objects.
Figure 3-57 Editing tools
Firstly, load a vector layer and ensure the layer is editable.
Copy: In the vector layer, click the left mouse button to select a vector object,
and click [Copy] button to copy it.
Cut: In the vector layer, click the left mouse button to select a vector object, and
click [Cut] button to cut it.
Paste: Click [Paste] button to paste the copied or cut object at its original
position.
Delete: In the vector layer, click the left mouse button to select a vector object,
and click [Delete] button to delete it from the vector layer.
3.2 Enhancement
Enhancement tools interactively control the Brightness, Contrast,
Transparency, Stretch and Brightness Inversion for the selected raster layer.
Figure 3-58 Enhancement dialog
Tip: The selected raster layer should be the current layer. If not, right-click on
the raster data and select Zoom To Layer.
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Brightness
From the menu bar, select [Enhancement] [Brightness]. Adjust the current
layer’s brightness by dragging the slider to the left or right. Click [Brightness] button
to return to the default value.
Figure 3-59 Brightness enhancement
Contrast
From the menu bar, select [Enhancement] [Contrast]. Adjust layer’s contrast
by dragging the slider to the left or right. Click [Contrast] button to return to the
default value.
Figure 3-60 Contrast enhancement
Transparency
From the menu bar, select [Enhancement] [Transparency]. Adjust layer’s
transparency by dragging the slider to the left or right. Click [Transparency] button to
return to the default value.
Tip: If you want to set transparency for a certain layer, set it as current layer
firstly (right-click on the layer and select Zoom to Layer).
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Figure 3-61 Transparency enhancement
Stretch
PIE provides multiple stretch methods, such as Linear 1%, Linear 2%, Linear 3%,
Linear 5%, Histogram Equalize, Standard Deviations and Custom.
If you don’t want to apply the stretch result, you can select [none].
Figure 3-62 Stretch enhancement
3.2.4.1 Automatic Stretching
Automatic stretching includes Linear 1%, Linear 2%, Linear 3%, Linear 5%,
Histogram Equalize and Standard Deviations. From the menu bar, select
[Enhancement] [Stretch]. Select an option from the Stretch Type drop-down list.
The main view will show the stretch results immediately.
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Figure 3-63 Result of standard deviations stretching
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Figure 3-64 Result of liner stretching
Figure 3-65 Result of histogram equalization stretching
3.2.4.2 Custom Stretching
From the menu bar, select [Enhancement] [Stretch]. Select [Custom] from the
Stretch Type drop-down list. The Option dialog appears.
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Figure 3-66 Interactive stretching dialog
Click the left mouse button to add nodes on the left window. The result will
immediately show in the main view. Also you can select and drag the node to
change stretch displaying.
Color channel: Choose the color channel to be stretched, which is divided
into four channels: red, green, blue and RGB.
Histogram window: Initial histogram is the original histogram of the
selected channel. By clicking on the histogram, you can add nodes to stretch
the histogram. Also, you can customize the stretch node through the node
value window on the right to stretch the histogram.
Stretching Node Window: It is used to display the coordinate value of all
stretching nodes.
: Enter the node coordinates in the text box below. Click
button to add the node to the stretch node window. The
histogram will be stretched timely.
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: Select a node and click button to delete it.
Clear: Click [Clear] button to clear all the newly added nodes from the
stretch node window and return to the initial status.
Line Type: Set custom stretch mode: Line or Curve.
Save: Click [Save] button to pop up the Save dialog. Set the save path and
file name, and you can save the stretching scheme.
Open: Click [Save] button to pop up the Open dialog. You can choose a
stretching scheme file to open.
Reset: Click [Reset] button to return to the default value.
Cancel: Click [Cancel] button to cancel the custom stretching operation.
Brightness Inversion
From the menu bar, select [Enhancement] [Brightness Inversion] to inverse
brightness of the current image.
Figure 3-67 Brightness inversion
Transparent Value
From the menu bar, select [Enhancement] [Transparent Value]. The Raster
Transparent dialog appears.
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Figure 3-68 Raster Transparent dialog
Transparent Value: Enter minimum and maximum value of transparent.
Add: After setting the transparent value, click [Add] button to add the value
to the left list. You can add multiple transparent values.
Delete: Click [Delete] button to delete the selected value in the left list.
Modify: Select a transparent value in the list and modify its minimum value
or maximum value. Then click [Modify] to modify the revised value.
Select the value in the list and click [OK] button, the pixel with its value in the
range of the selected value will be transparent and the dialog will be closed.
Click [Cancel] button to cancel the transparent setting and the dialog will be
closed.
Reset
From the menu bar, select [Enhancement] [Reset] to recover the initial
brightness of current image.
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3.3 Preprocessing
The group of Preprocessing includes Radiometric Calibration, Geometric
Correction, Sharpening, Subset and Image Mosaic functions.
Figure 3-69 Preprocessing
Radiometric Correction
The Radiometric Correction group includes Radiometric Calibration and
Atmospheric Correction functions. It supports remote sensing image processing,
such as HJ CCD, GF1, GF2, ZY02C, ZY3, TH01, Landsat5/7/8, VRSS and etc. For
Landsat5 data, remove the sixth band (thermal infrared band) before radiometric
correction, and perform band synthesis according to the band order of "1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7".
For Landsat7 data, the sixth (thermal infrared band) and eighth (full-color band)
bands need to be removed, and the band synthesis should be performed according to
the order of "1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7"; ForLandsat8 data, the eighth (panchromatic band) and
tenth and eleventh bands (thermal infrared bands) need to be removed and band
synthesis should be performed according to the order of "1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 , 9" .
Figure 3-70 Radiometric correction
3.3.1.1 Radiometric Calibration
Use Radiometric Calibration to convert DN values to apparent radiance or
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apparent reflectance with the following formula:
L Gain DN Bias (1)
where Gain is the scaling slope; Bias is the scale intercept; DN is the image digital
number. The above parameters can be obtained from the image’s metadata.
Apparent reflectance can be calculated from apparent radiance with the
following formula:
L d 2
(2)
ESUN cos
where ESUN is the solar irradiance, d is the earth-sun distance, and θ is the solar
zenith angle.
a. From the menu bar, select [Preprocessing] [Radiometric Correction]
[Radiometric Calibration]. The Radiometric Calibration dialog appears.
Figure 3-71 Radiometric Calibration dialog
b. Select an input file. PIE can process data of the following sensors: HJ1A/1B
CCD, GF1 MSS, GF1WFV, GF2 PMS, ZY3 MUX, ZY1-02C PMS, TH01 DGP,
VRSS MSS, Landsat5 TM, Landsat7 ETM+, Landsat8 OLI, etc.
If the input file is raw data, the metadata file will be loaded automatically after
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the input file is selected. If the input is processed data, the metadata file must be
loaded manually.
c. Select calibration type. The choices include: Apparent Radiance, Apparent
Reflectance and Brightness Temperature.
d. Set the path and file name for output file.
e. Click [OK].
Figure 3-72 GF-1 radiometric calibration result (apparent radiance)
3.3.1.2 Atmospheric Correction
Atmospheric correction is to eliminate the effects of atmospheric absorption and
scattering, thus obtaining real physical parameters such as reflection, emissivity, and
surface temperature.
The atmospheric correction module provided by PIE is based on the 6S
atmospheric radiation transmission model. 6S model considers absorption of water
vapor, CO2, O3 and O2, and scattering of molecules and aerosols; also it considers the
non-uniform ground conditions and bidirectional reflectivity under clear sky
conditions. The resolution of spectral integration is 2.5 nm. 6S can simulate radiance
of satellite-borne and air-borne sensors and set platform elevation. 6S also considers
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the BRDF effect and the proximity effect; and it considers the absorption of two gases
(CO, N2O). SOS (successive order of scattering) is used to calculate the scattering
effect of aerosol and atmospheric molecules.
a. From the menu bar, select [Preprocessing] [Radiometric Correction]
[Atmospheric Correction]. The Atmospheric Correction dialog appears.
Figure 3-73 Atmospheric Correction dialog
b. Select input file’s data type: DN, Apparent Radiance or Apparent
Reflectance.
c. Select an input file. PIE can process data of the following sensors: HJ1A/1B
CCD, GF1 MSS, GF1WFV, GF2 PMS, ZY3 MUX, ZY1-02C PMS, TH01 DGP,
VRSS MSS, Landsat5 TM, Landsat7 ETM+, Landsat8 OLI, etc.
If the input file is raw data, metadata file will be loaded automatically after the
input file is selected. If the input is processed data, the metadata file must be loaded
manually.
d. From the Atmospheric Mode dropdown list, choose one of the model
atmospheres. The model options include: Automatically Select Atmospheric Mode,
Tropical, Mid-Latitude Summer, Mid-Latitude Winter, Sub-Arctic Summer,
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Sub-Arctic Winner, US 1962 Standard, etc.
e. From the Aerosol Model dropdown, choose one of the aerosol models. The
model options include: Continental, Maritime, Urban, Dust, Soot, Tropospheric, etc.
f. In the Initial Visibility field, enter an estimation value of visibility in
kilometers. The initial visibility is used for atmospheric correction when the aerosol
information is not available.
The following table shows the approximate visibility in different weather
conditions:
Table 3-5 Initial visibility
Weather Condition Scene Visibility
Clear 40-100 km
Moderate Haze 20-30 km
Thick Haze 15 km or less
g. From the Inverting AOD Pixel By Pixel drop-down list, select one of the
following options: YES or NO.
h. Set the path and file name for output file.
i. Click [OK].
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Figure 3-74 GF-1 atmospheric correction result (apparent radiance)
Geometric Correction
The Geometric Correction group includes Matching and Orthorectification
functions. It supports remote sensing image processing, such as HJ CCD, GF1, GF2,
ZY02C, ZY3 and TH01.
Figure 3-75 Format Conversion
3.3.2.1 Matching
Use image Matching to project images into geographic coordinates, or correct
images according to base image. You can collect ground control points (GCPs)
interactively from the display window. Using the multilayer dynamic overlay function,
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you can compare the base image and match image, and get quick estimation of
matching accuracy.
3.3.2.1.1 Image Matching
(1) From the menu bar, select [Preprocessing] [Geometric Correction]
[Matching]. The Image Match and Correction dialog appears.
Figure 3-76 Image matching dialog
(2) Select match image and base image.
Match Image: On the left view, click [open file] button to select the image to
be matched.
Base Image: On the right view, click [open file] button to open the Input
BaseData dialog.
Figure 3-77 Inpput BaseData dialog
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Raster File: Select raster image(s) as the base image.
BaseData Folder: Select the folder containing base images. PIE can
automatically select base image according to the match image’s spatial
extent.
Vector File: Select vector data as base data.
Standard Services: Select base image from a standard service.
Click [Standard Service] button to open the Service Selection dialog.
Figure 3-78 Service Selection dialog
Choose a service from the left panel and add the selected service or all
services to the right panel. Also, you can choose the service from the right panel
to remove or remove all selected service.
Service List: Show all the service.
Add: Add the selected service from the left panel to the right panel.
Add All: Add all the service from the left panel to the right panel.
Delete: Remove the selected service from the right panel.
Delete All: Remove all the service from the right panel.
Click [Load]. The selected service will be loaded into PIE and displayed in
the main view.
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Map Services: Select base image from the map services.
Click [Map Service] button to open the Load Map Service dialog.
Figure 3-79 Load Map Service dialog
Select map service from the drop-down list. PIE provides the following map
service: TDT Map Service, Baidu Map Service and Google Map Service. Click
[Connect] to connect to the selected map service automatically. The map service
will be loaded and displayed in the main view.
Figure 3-80 Match image and Base Image
(3) Collect GCPs.
PIE provides two ways to collect GCPs: manual collection and automatic
collection.
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Manual GCPs Collection
Click [Add GCPs] buttons in the match image toolbar and the base image toolbar
respectively. Place the cursor in the corresponding position, and click [Add Point]
button to add a pair of GCPs.
Automatic GCPs Collection
PIE can collect GCPs automatically by using high accuracy point matching
algorithm. Also, PIE can improve matching accuracy by reading RPC data and DEM
data. Click [Match] button to open Match dialog, and then set the relevant matching
parameters. Click [OK] to perform automatic GCPs collection.
Figure 3-81 Match dialog
Correlation Coefficient: Set threshold of GCPs’ correlation coefficient. If
GCPs’ amount is small, set this coefficient to a relatively small number, but
not less than 0.65. If GCPs’ amount is large, set this coefficient to a
relatively large number.
Feature Number: Set the number of GCPs. This parameter is only a
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reference to the user. The final number of GCPs is approximately equal to
this number.
RMS Threshold: Define the threshold which is used to automatically
remove error points. If GCPs’ amount is small, this threshold can be set as a
relatively large number in order to reserve more GCPs.
GCPs Toolbar
Add Point: Collect a pair of GCPs from the match image and base
image. Then click [Add Point] button to add the GCPs to the GCP list.
Remove Point: Select the GCPs to be deleted in the GCP list, and then
click [Remove Point] button to delete the selected GCPs.
Predict GCP: Select one GCP in the match image, and then click
[Predict Point] button. The corresponding point in the base image will be
predicted; Similarly, select one GCP in the base image, and then click
[Predict Point] button. The corresponding point in the match image will
be predicted. Predict GCP becomes available after you selecting at least
three pair GCPs.
Update Point: From the GCP list, select the GCPs to be updated, then
adjust the GCPs’ location manually. After the location is confirmed, click
[Update Point] button to update the selected GCPs.
Pick Point: Obtain the corresponding points in the matching window for
association display, and highlight the corresponding points’ information
in the GCP list.
Remove Exceeded Point: Click [Remove Exceeded Point] button to
open the Remove Exceeded Point dialog. Select or enter an error
threshold. The GCPs with error greater than the threshold will be
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removed, and the error will be re-calculated.
Figure 3-82 Set Error Range dialog
Import: Click [Import] button to import external GCP file.
Export: Click [Export] button to export the GCPs in the list to a *.GCP
or *.txt file.
View Toolbar
: Click [Zoom in] button and click in the view to zoom in.
: Click [Zoom out] button and click in the view to zoom out.
: Click [Pan] button and hold down the left mouse button to move
image.
: Click [Full Extent] button to zoom image to the full extent.
: Click [Zoom to 100%] button to reset the image to 1: 1 zoom.
: Click [Delete File] button to delete the image in the view.
Link to Left: With this checkbox checked, the cursor in the base image will
be automatically positioned to the appropriate location when you click in the Match
image.
Link to Right: With this checkbox checked, the cursor in the match image
will be automatically positioned to the appropriate location when you click in the
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Base image.
3.3.2.1.2 Image Geometric Correction
Geometric correction includes geometric correction and orthorectification
functions. After selecting all GCPs, click [Correction] and select the desired function
and set the parameters for the geometric correction.
(1) Geometric Precision Correction
After selecting all GCPs, click [Correction] and select [Geometric Precision
Correction] to open the Geometric Precision Correction dialog. Set correction
model, resample method, output resolution, additional parameters, output coordinate
system and output file name. Click [OK]. The geometric correction will be executed.
Figure 3-83 Geometric Precision Correction dialog
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Correction Model: Available correction models include polynomial model
and triangulation network differential model. When the GCPs are uneven
distributed, the triangulation model should be used.
Resample Method: There are three interpolation methods for resampling:
nearest neighbor, bilinear and cubic convolution.
Nearest Neighbor: This method uses the nearest pixel without any
interpolation to the match image.
Bilinear: This method performs a linear interpolation using four
adjacent pixels to resample the image.
Cubic Convolution: This method performs cubic convolution
interpolation using 16 adjacent pixels to resample the image. Cubic
convolution resampling takes longer time than other methods.
Output Resolution: Set the resample size (i.e. the resolution of the image)
of the output image.
Other Parameters: Set other parameters for the polynomial correction
model. PIE only supports 1st and 2nd order. When the triangulation model is
used, there is no need to set this parameter.
Output Coordinate System: Set the coordinate system of the output file.
Output File: Set the path and file name for output file.
(2) Ortho-Rectification
After selecting all GCPs, click [Correction] button and select
[Ortho-Rectification] to open the Ortho-Rectification dialog. Set DEM, parameters
and output info. The RPC coefficients of the match image and GCPs are automatically
loaded for the orthorectification model. Click [OK] to execute orthorectification.
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Figure 3-84 Ortho-Rectification dialog
DEM: Set Match image’s elevation. Elevation can be a constant or a
corresponding DEM file.
Parameters: Set X resolution, Y resolution. Select resample method. There
are three interpolation methods for resampling: nearest neighbor, bilinear
and cubic convolution.
Output Info: Select path, file name and coordinate system of the output file.
(3) Check the accuracy of geometric correction
The corrected image and the base image will be loaded in the PIE main view.
User can compare the two images by swiping the upper image or adjusting the
transparency of the overlay image.
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3.3.2.2 Orthorectification
Orthorectification is the process of removing the effects of image perspective
(tilt) and relief (terrain) effects for the purpose of creating a planimetrically correct
image. The resultant orthorectified image has a constant scale wherein features are
represented in their 'true' positions. PIE is able to correct the following sensors images:
GF1, GF2, ZY02C, ZY3, TH01, etc.
From the menu bar, select [Preprocessing] [Geometric Correction]
[Orthorectification]. The Ortho-Rectification dialog appears.
Figure 3-85 Ortho-Rectification dialog
Input and Output:
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Input File: Select the image for orthorectification.
RPC File: Select the RPC coefficients file. Once the Input File is
selected, its RPC file will be loaded automatically.
GCPs File: Select corresponding GCPs file.
Output File: Set path and file name for output file.
Output Spatial Reference: Set the coordinate system of the output file.
DEM:
Normal: Set the image’s elevation as a constant.
DEM File: Select corresponding DEM file.
Output:
Resample Method: Select resample method. There are three
interpolation methods for resampling: nearest neighbor, bilinear and
cubic convolution.
X Resolution: Set X resolution for output file. The default unit is degree.
Conversion relationship between distance and degree is: 1 degree ≈10
Km (near the equator).
Y Resolution: Set Y resolution for output file. The default unit is degree.
Conversion relationship between distance and degree is: 1 degree = 10
Km.
Click [OK].
Sharpening
Sharpening is a process of generating an enhanced image from multiple sources
in a specified geographic coordinate system. In most cases, multi-spectral or
hyperspectral data with low-resolution can be combined with high-resolution
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single-band image, so that the enhanced image has high spatial resolution and high
spectral resolution.
The Sharpening group includes Color Normalized sharpening, SFIM
Sharpening, PCA Sharpening and PanSharpening functions.
Figure 3-86 Sharpening menu
3.3.3.1 Color Normalized Sharpening
Color normalized sharpening uses a mathematical combination of the
multispectral image and high resolution image. It is also known as Energy
Subdivision Transform. It enhances the low spatial resolution image using high spatial
resolution image. This method only processes bands that are within the sharpened
image’s spectral range; other bands will be directly output without being processed.
The sharpened image’s spectral range is defined by the center wavelength and the
FWHM (full width at half maximum) of the original image.
a. From the menu bar, select [Preprocessing] [Fusion] [Color Normalized
Fusion]. The Color Normalized Sharpening dialog appears.
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Figure 3-87 Color Normalized Sharpening dialog
b. Set RGB Bands: From the Images List, select three color bands to perform
transformation. If not loaded, click […] button to load the image into list.
c. Set High Resolution Band: From the Images List, select one
high-resolution band to perform transformation. If not loaded, click […] button to
load the image into the list.
d. Click [OK] to open the Color Normalized Sharpening dialog.
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Figure 3-88 Color normalized Fusion dialog
e. Select resampling method from Resample Method drop-down list. There are
three resampling methods available: nearest neighbor, bilinear and cubic convolution.
f. Set the path and file name for output file.
g. Click [OK].
Figure 3-89 Image before and after color normalized sharpening
3.3.3.2 SFIM Sharpening
The SFIM (Smoothing Filter-based Intensity Modulation Transform) Sharpening
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is also called intensity modulation. Firstly, it uses a high-pass filter to suppress the
high-frequency component and retain low-frequency component. Secondly, it
calculates the ratio between the original high-resolution images and the
high-resolution image filtered by low pass filtering. Finally, the ratio result is merged
into low-resolution images. From the menu bar, select [Preprocessing] [Sharpening]
[SFIM Sharpening]. The SFIM Sharpening dialog appears.
Figure 3-90 SFIM Sharpening dialog
a. From the Images List, select three color bands to perform transformation. If
not loaded, click […] button to load the image into the list.
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b. From the Images List, select the high-resolution band to perform
transformation. If not loaded, click […] button to load the image into the list.
c. Click [OK] to open the SFIM Sharpening dialog.
Figure 3-91 SFIM Sharpening dialog
d. Select resampling method from the Resampling Method drop-down list.
There are three resampling methods available: nearest neighbor, bilinear and cubic
convolution.
e. Set the path and file name for output file.
f. Click [OK].
3.3.3.3 PCA Sharpening
PCA Sharpening includes three steps. Firstly, the multi-spectral data is
transformed into principal components. Secondly, the first principal component band
is replaced by high resolution band. Finally, the main component inverse transform is
performed to obtain the sharpening image.
a. From the menu bar, select [Preprocessing] [Sharpening] [PCA
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Sharpening]. The PCA Sharpening dialog appears.
Figure 3-92 PCA Sharpening dialog.
b. Select low resolution multi-band image.
c. From the Bands List, select bands of the multi-band image to perform
transformation. The number of selected bands will be shown in the Number of Bands
Selected field. If clicking [Select All] button, all bands of the multi-band image will
be selected and the number of selected bands will be updated.
d. Select the high-resolution image.
e. Select band of the high-resolution image to perform transformation.
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f. Select the resampling method from the Resample Method drop-down list.
There are three resampling methods available: nearest neighbor, bilinear and cubic
convolution.
g. Set the path and file name for output file.
h. Click [OK].
Figure 3-93 Image before and after PCA Sharpening
3.3.3.4 Pan Sharpening
Pan Sharpening fusion is based on the least squares approximation method and
calculates the DN relationship between the multi-spectral image and panchromatic
image. Pan Sharpening will reduce color deviation. This method is not limited by
bands number, and it can fuse multiple bands at the same time. This method will
preserve color information (high fidelity) of multi-spectral image and the texture
information of pan image.
a. From the menu bar, select [Preprocessing] [Sharpening] [Pan
Sharpening]. The Pan Sharpening dialog appears.
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Figure 3-94 Pan Sharpening dialog
b. Select low-resolution multi-band image.
c. From the bands list, select bands of the multi-band image to perform
transformation. The number of selected bands will be shown in the Number of Bands
Selected field. If clicking [Select All] button, all bands of the multi-band image will
be selected and the number of selected bands will be updated.
d. Select the high-resolution image.
e. Select band of the high-resolution image to perform transformation.
f. Select the resampling method from the Resampling Method drop-down list.
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There are three resampling methods available: nearest neighbor, bilinear and cubic
convolution.
g. Set the path and file name for output file.
h. Click [OK].
Figure 3-95 Image before and after Pan Sharpening
Subset
Subset can be used to clip the selected image area. There are three ways to clip
an image: position-based clipping, file-based (raster file or vector file) clipping and
clipping based on vector objects. The position-based clipping will clip a rectangular
area according to selected starting and ending number of rows and columns; the
file-based clipping will clip any shape based on the vector file or raster file; the
geometry clipping will clip a polygon based on the shape drawn in the main view.
a. From the menu bar, select [Preprocessing] [Subset]. The Image Subset
dialog appears.
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Figure 3-96 Image Subset dialog
b. Select an input file.
c. Define an area to perform subset. PIE provides three ways to define an area.
Position: Enter explicit X, Y values for the upper-left and lower-right corners
of the area.
File: Define raster file or vector file as the subset area.
Feature: Draw area in the view as subset area. You can draw polygon,
rectangle, circle, or ellipse. If you want to delete the drawn element, click [Delete]
button, and right-click on the element or pull frame to select the element. Then Click
[Delete] button again to delete the element.
d. Set the path and file name for output file.
e. Click [OK].
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Figure 3-97 Result of Subset
Image Mosaic
Image Mosaic is to join multiple geo-referenced images and generate a larger,
seamless image under certain mathematical basis controls. The Image Mosaic group
includes Fast Mosaic and Image Mosaic functions.
图 3-1 Image Mosaic
3.3.5.1 Fast Mosaic
Fast Mosaic can be used for standard framing images that have been
geometrically corrected or images with fewer or no overlapping regions (For example,
images with 1000 lines and 1000 samples have less than 5 overlapping edge pixels)..
a. From the menu bar, select [Preprocessing] [Image Mosaic] [Fast
Mosaic]. The Fast Mosaic dialog appears.
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Figure 3-98 Fast Mosaic dialog
b. Select an input file. Ensure the file have been geometrically corrected.
Add: Click [Add]. The Open dialog appears. Select images to be processed.
Click [OK] to add the images into list.
Delete: Check row(s) in the left list. Click [Delete] button to delete it\them.
Set the path and file name for output file.
c. Click [OK].
3.3.5.2 Image Mosaic
Image mosaic processing requires overlapping regions between images. The
minimum requirement for overlapping regions is that there are at least 5 pixels
between images when the number of rows and columns is 1000*1000.
The Image Mosaic group includes Image Grouping, Generate mosaic, Import
mosaic, Output map and Parameter functions.
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Figure 3-99 Image Mosaic
Tip: Before performing mosaic, the images to be processed must be added to the
map.
3.3.5.2.1 Image Grouping
a. From the menu bar, select [Preprocessing] [Image Mosaic] [Image
Grouping]. The Image Group dialog appears.
Figure 3-100 Image Group dialog
b. Right-click on the group name to edit, add or save group.
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Figure 3-101 Image Grouping function
c. Click [Edit Group] to open Edit Group dialog.
Figure 3-102 Edit Group dialog
Add: In the Group Name text, enter the group name and click [Add] button.
Delete: Delete the selected group name from the list.
Alter: Select the group name and edit it, then click [Alter].
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Figure 3-103 Edit Group
After grouping, right-click on the group name to edit it.
d. Click [Load Group] to open the Open GRP File dialog. Select the .grp file
and click [OK].
e. Click [Save Group] to save group name as a *.grp file.
3.3.5.2.2 Generate Mosaic
a. From the menu bar, select [Preprocessing] [Image Mosaic] [Generate
mosaic]. The Polygon File Build dialog appears.
Figure 3-104 Polygon File Build dialog
b. From the Generation Mode dropdown arrow, choose one mode. PIE
provides three modes including simple line, optimization line and smart line.
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Simple Line: It is the fastest method but it is only suitable for images with
simple boarders.
Smart Line: It is suitable for images with complex boarders, but it is
computationally expensive.
Optimization Line: It is a compromise between simple line and smart line.
c. If you want to use packet data, click [Start Packet Data] checkbox to generate
mosaic using the image grouping. Select images in the same mosaic group, and then
select images from different mosaic groups.
If packet data checkbox is not selected, the images will perform mosaic one by
one according to the image loading sequence.
d. Export Mosaic Area: Set the path and file name, and export the mosaic line
as a .shp file.
3.3.5.2.3 Import Mosaic
Use Import Mosaic function to transform the imported files into PIE format.
a. From the menu bar, select [Preprocessing] [Image Mosaic] [Import
Mosaic]. The Import Polygon dialog appears.
Figure 3-105 Import Polygon dialog
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b. Import Mosaic Area: Select the mosaic area to be imported.
c. Output Mosaic Area: Set the path and file name for output mosaic area.
3.3.5.2.4 Output map
a. From the menu bar, select [Preprocessing] [Image Mosaic] [Output
map]. The Mosaic Build dialog appears.
Figure 3-106 Mosaic Build dialog
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b. Output Resolution: Enter the resolution of the output file.
c. Output Range: Select the range to perform mosaic by entering MinX, MinY,
MaxX and MaxY value. If Max value is not set by user, it will perform
mosaic according to image’s full range.
d. Set map output model. There are two options available: whole map output
and framing map output.
Whole Map Output: Set output format which can be either 3 bands 8-bit or
original data type. Then set the path and file name for output mosaic file.
Framing Map Output: Set framing scale. Then select the images. Set the
path and file name for output mosaic file.
e. Set the path and file name for output file.
f. Set No Data in the output mosaic image.
g. Click [OK].
3.3.5.2.5 Parameter
a. From the menu bar, select [Preprocessing] [Image Mosaic] [Parameter].
The Param Set dialog appears.
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Figure 3-107 Param Set dialog
b. Feature Setting: Set feather model. Two models are available: general
feather model and wide feather model.
General Feather Model: Set the range and unit of feather. Unit is in pixel or
meter.
Wide Feather Model: Set the range and unit of feather. Unit is in pixel or
meter. Then set feather region by importing corresponding shape file.
c. Click [OK].
3.4 Processing
The Processing group includes Classification, Transform, Filter and Edge
Enhancement functions.
Figure 3-108 Processing
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Classification
The Classification group includes Unsupervised, Supervised, Region Of
Interest and Post Classification functions.
Figure 3-109 Classification
3.4.1.1 Unsupervised
Unsupervised classification does not rely on any prior knowledge. It will extract
inherent feature within the image, which is also known as self-organization. The
unsupervised classification distinguishes different features, but it cannot confirm the
property of extracted features. The property has to be determined by visual
interpretation or fieldwork.
The Unsupervised Classification group includes ISODATA, K-Means and BP
Neural Net functions.
Figure 3-110 Unsupervised Classification
3.4.1.1.1 ISODATA
ISODATA stands for iterative self-organizing data analysis method. It iteratively
performs classification for the entire image, generates classification layer and
recalculates error statistics.
ISODATA unsupervised classification method calculates the even distributed
class mean in the data space, and then iteratively cluster the remaining pixels using
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minimum spectral distance criteria. During each iteration, it re-calculates class mean
and re-classifies pixels with updated mean. Iteration continues until the maximum
number of iterations or minimum error is reached.
ISODATA method provides an option for users to set the initial parameters.
When two classes clustering centers’ distance is smaller than a threshold, ISODATA
will merge the two classes into one. When the standard deviation of a class is greater
than a certain threshold or the number of samples exceeds a certain threshold, the
class is divided into two classes. When the sample number in one class is less than a
certain threshold, the class will be merged into other class. The iteration is calculated
based on the initial class center; the number of classes and class parameters will be
updated when the iteration is end.
ISODATA method is very effective for large-scale remote sensing image
classification, such as vegetation classification, land survey, etc.
a. From the menu bar, select [Processing] [Classification] [Unsupervised]
[ISODATA]. The IsoData Classification dialog appears.
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Figure 3-111 IsoData Classification dialog
b. Select an input file.
c. Select bands for ISODATA classification.
d. Set additional parameters.
Expected Class Number: Enter the maximum number of classes to be
classified.
Initial Class Number: Enter the initial minimum number of classes to be
classified.
Min Number of Pixel: Enter the minimum number of pixels needed for a
class. If minimum number of pixels in a class is not met then PIE will merge that class
into another class with nearest statistics.
Max Number of Iterations: Enter the maximum number of iterations.
Generally, it is larger than 6. The classification process ends when the maximum
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number of iterations is reached.
Max Standard Deviation: Enter the maximum class standard deviation. If
the standard deviation of a class is larger than this threshold, then the class will be
split into two classes.
Min Center Distance: Enter the minimum center distance. If the distance
between two classes is less than the minimum distance, the two classes will be
merged.
Max Combined Logarithm: The maximum number of cluster centers that
can be merged during one iteration
e. Set the path and file name for output file.
f. Click [OK] button to perform ISODATA classification process.
3.4.1.1.2 K-Means
K-Means clustering is also known as Quick Clustering. The basic idea of the
K-Means algorithm is to cluster pixels based on k points in space, and classify objects
closest to these points. During each iteration, it recalculates mean and reclassifies
pixels based on mean. This process continues until the maximum number of iterations
is reached.
The K-Means algorithm firstly randomly selects k points from the image as the
initial clustering centers, and then it calculates the statistical distance to the cluster for
each pixel. The pixel will be assigned to the nearest cluster. Then it calculates the
updated mean value of the new cluster as new clustering center. If there is no change
between two adjacent clusters, classification process has completed. During each
iteration, this algorithm is to examine whether the classification of each sample is
correct. If it is not correct, it is necessary to adjust the cluster center and start the next
iteration after all the sample are adjusted. If all the samples are correctly classified
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during an iteration, there will be no adjustment and the cluster center will not have
any changes, which indicates classification has completed.
a. From the menu bar, select [Processing] [Classification] [Unsupervised]
[K-Means]. The K-Means Classification dialog appears.
Figure 3-112 K-Means Classification dialog
b. Select an input file.
c. Select bands for K-Means classification.
d. Set required parameters.
Expected Class Number: Enter the expected number of classes to be
classified.
Max Number of Iterations: Enter the maximum number of iterations.
Classification process ends when the maximum number of iterations is reached.
Termination Threshold: Enter the termination threshold (0~1.0). The
classification process ends when this threshold is met.
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e. Set the path and file name for output file.
f. After all parameters are set, click [OK] button to perform K-Means
classification processing.
3.4.1.1.3 BP Neural Net
Neural Network is an algorithm that imitates the brain neuron network. It has the
characteristics of non-linearity, self-study, fault tolerance, associative memory and
practicable training. In the neural network, the transmission and learning of
information is realized by adjusting weight and bias of neurons. The non-parametric
nature of this method means that the classification is done without any assumptions or
estimation of data’s probability distribution, therefore artificial network has good
adaptability and complex mapping capabilities. There are two stages for the
application of artificial neural network. First stage is training or learning, during
which a series of input-output data sets are provided for the network. The connection
weight and bias are iteratively adjusted until the desired performance or maximum of
iteration is met. Second stage is the forecast (application) stage: forecasting unknown
data with a trained network
a. From the menu bar, select [Processing] [Classification] [Unsupervised]
[BP Neural Net]. The BP Neural Net dialog appears.
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Figure 3-113 BP Neural Net dialog
b. Select an input file.
c. Select bands for BP Neural Net classification.
d. Set required parameters.
Classifying rules: From the Classifying Rules dropdown list, choose one of
the rules. The options are as follows: Interactive Communication Network and
Self-Organization Feature Map Network.
Number of Classes: Enter the number of classes to be classified.
Window Size: From the Window Size dropdown list, choose classification
window size. The options are: 1×1, 3×3 and 5×5 pixels.
Iterations: Enter the maximum number of iterations. The classification ends
when the maximum number of iterations is reached.
Rate of convergence: Enter the convergence rate of classification. If
convergence rate in successive iteration is smaller than this value, classification
process ends.
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e. Set the path and file name for output file.
f. After all the parameters are set, click [OK] button to perform neural network
classification processing.
Original Image ISODATA Classification
K-Means Classification BP Neural Net Classification
Figure 3-114 Result of unsupervised classification
3.4.1.2 Supervised
The supervised classification is to classify pixels by setting characteristic
parameters, establishing the discriminant function, and then dividing the individual
pixels into the assigned class based on the training samples.
The basic process of supervised classification is: Firstly, determine the
discriminant criterion and calculate the discriminant function according to the known
training samples and priori knowledge; then the statistics of the pixels to be classified
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are calculated. Pixels are classified based on discriminant function and criterion. The
process of solving discriminant functions using known eigenvalues is called learning
or training.
The Supervised Classification group includes Distance and Maximum
Likelihood functions.
Figure 3-115 Supervised classification menu
3.4.1.2.1 Distance
Using the training sample data, distance classification calculates the mean
vectors and the standard deviation for each class, and then calculates the Euclidean
distance to the mean vector for each pixel to be classified.
Assume that there are Nc classes and the training areas for each class are
identified separately. Using data from training area, the mean of each class is
calculated as the center of the class.
For each pixel, calculate its distance to the center of each class. Pixel is classified
to the nearest class when a standard deviation or distance threshold is specified, in
which case some pixels may be unclassified if they do not meet the selected criteria.
This process continues until all pixels are classified.
a. After adding the ROI sample area with the ROI tool (see 3.4.1.3 Region of
Interest), select [Processing] [Classification] [Supervised] [Distance]. The
Distance Classification dialog appears.
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Figure 3-116 Distance Classification dialog
b. Select an input file from the file list. The file information will be shown in
the right list. If the file is not loaded, click [Import File] to input a file.
c. Set image range for classification.
d. Set image bands for classification.
e. Select ROI file to be used for classification.
f. From the Classifier Type dropdown list, choose one of the distance options.
The options include: minimum distance and Mahalanobis distance.
The minimum distance technique uses the mean vectors of each end member and
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calculates the Euclidean distance from each unknown pixel to the mean vector for
each class.
The Mahalanobis distance classification is a direction-sensitive distance
classifier that uses statistics for each class. It is similar to the maximum likelihood
classification, but assumes all class covariance is equal. Therefore it is a fast method.
g. Set the path and file name for output file.
h. Click [OK].
Figure 3-117 Result of minimum distance classification
3.4.1.2.2 Maximum Likelihood
Maximum likelihood classification assumes that the statistics for each class in
each band are normally distributed, and it calculates the probability that a certain pixel
belongs to a specific class. Unless you select a probability threshold, all pixels will be
classified. Each pixel is classified to the class to which it has the highest probability of
being a member (i.e., maximum likelihood). If the highest probability of a pixel to be
classified is smaller than the threshold you specify, the pixel will remain unclassified.
a. Add ROI using Region of Interest tool (see 3.4.1.3 Region of Interest). From
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the menu bar, select [Processing] [Classification] [Supervised] [Maximum
Likelihood]. The ML Classification dialog appears.
Figure 3-118 ML Classification dialog
b. Select an input file from the file list. The file information will be shown in
the right list. If the file is not loaded, click [Import File] to input a file.
c. Set image range for classification.
d. Set image bands for classification.
e. Select ROI file for classification.
f. Set the path and file name for output file.
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g. Click [OK].
3.4.1.3 Region of Interest
Regions of interest (ROI) are images portions that are selected for analysis. The
regions can be irregular shape and are typically used to extract statistics for
classification, masking, and other operations.
From the menu bar, select [Processing] [Classification] [Region of
Interest]. The ROI Tool dialog appears.
Figure 3-119 ROI Tool dialog
Click [Add] button to create a new sample. Set the name and color of the sample
in the sample list, and select one of [Polygon], [Rectangle], or [Ellipse] according to
the shape of the feature. Draw ROIs in the image window. After drawing, double-click
to finish editing. The ROI area will be added to the training sample area.
Repeat the above procedures to create multiple new samples.
Sample Index: The number of the new sample.
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ROI name: Name of each ROI. To edit the ROI names, click on the sample
list cells.
Sample color: Color assigned to each ROI. To edit the sample color,
double-click on the sample list cells and open the Color dialog.
Select: Click [Select] to select the required sample in the main view. Click
[Select] again to cancel the select.
Delete: Click [Delete] to delete the selected ROI. If you want to delete one
sample, click [Select] to select the sample and then press the Delete key on the
keyboard.
3.4.1.4 Post Classification
The Post Classification group includes Class Statistics, Combine Classes,
Sieve Classes, Clump Classes, Majority/Minority Analysis, Confusion Matrix and
Assign Class Colors functions.
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Figure 3-120 Post Classification
3.4.1.4.1 Class Statistics
Use Class Statistics to make statistics for classification result.
a. From the menu bar, select [Processing] [Classification] [Post
Classification] [Class Statistics]. The Class Statistics dialog appears.
Figure 3-121 Class Statistics dialog
b. Select the classified image file.
c. Click [Begin Statistics] to compute the class statistics.
d. Click [Save as a Report File] to save the statistics result. By default, the
statistics file is output as .txt file.
e. Click [OK].
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3.4.1.4.2 Combine Classes
Use Combine Classes to merge classes in classified images.
a. From the menu bar, select [Processing] [Classification] [Post
Classification] [Combine Classes]. The Combine Classes dialog appears.
Figure 3-122 Combine Classes dialog
b. Select the classified image.
c. Select an input class by clicking on a class name in the Input Class list.
d. Select an output class by clicking on a class name in the Output Class list.
e. When both the input and output classes are selected, click [Add Combination]
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to finish selection. The new combined class is shown in the Combined Classes list.
f. To delete combined classes, select the name in the Combined Classes list
and click [Cancel Combination].
g. Set the path and file name for output file.
h. Click [OK].
3.4.1.4.3 Sieve Classes
Using blob grouping method, Sieve Classes is to remove isolated pixels
occurring in classification images,.
From the menu bar, select [Processing] [Classification] [Post Classification]
[Sieve Classes]. The Sieve Classes dialog appears.
Figure 3-123 Sieve Classes dialog
a. Select the classified image file.
b. Select the classes to perform sieving. Any classes not selected for sieving
will be unchanged.
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c. Parameters Setting:
Group Min Threshold: Enter an integer greater than 1 as the threshold. A
class patch with its pixel number less than the threshold will be deleted from
the class;
Number of Neighbors: Select the cluster neighborhood as 4 or 8, that is,
observe the surrounding 4 or 8 pixels and determine whether a patch is in the
same class as the surrounding patches.
d. Set the path and file name for output file.
e. Click [OK].
3.4.1.4.4 Clump Classes
Clump Classes is to clump adjacent similar classified areas together using
morphological operators.
a. From the menu bar, select [Processing] [Classification] [Post
Classification] [Clump Classes]. The Clump Classes dialog appears.
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Figure 3-124 Clump Classes dialog
b. Select the classified image file to be clustered.
c. Select the classes to perform clumping. Any classes not selected for clumping
will be unchanged.
d. Specify the Kernel Size. The kernel sizes must be an odd-number. Click the
increment arrows to increase/decrease the value by 2. Larger kernel size produces
more smoothing effect of the classification image.
e. Set the path and file name for output file.
f. Click [OK].
3.4.1.4.5 Majority/Minority Analysis
Use Majority/Minority Analysis to perform majority or minority analysis for a
classification image. Use majority analysis to assign spurious pixels within a large
single class to that class. User can enter a kernel size, and the center pixel in the
kernel will be replaced by the majority class in the kernel. If you select Minority
analysis, then the center pixel in the kernel will be replaced by the minority class in
the kernel.
a. From the menu bar, select [Processing] [Classification] [Post
Classification] [Majority/Minority Analysis]. The Majority/Minority Analysis
dialog appears.
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Figure 3-125 Majority/Minority Analysis dialog
b. Select the classified image file.
c. Select classes to perform majority/minority analysis. The number of selected
classes is generally larger than 2.
d. Select majority analysis or minority analysis.
e. Parameters Setting:
Specify the Kernel Size. The kernel sizes must be an odd-number. Left-click
to increase/decrease the value by 2. Larger kernel size produces more
smoothing effect of the classification image.
Specify the Center Pixel Weight. The center pixel weight is used to specify
how many times the center pixel is counted.
f. Set the path and file name for output file.
g. Click [OK].
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3.4.1.4.6 Confusion Matrix
Use Confusion Matrix to show the accuracy of a classification result by
comparing a classification result with ground measured data.
a. From the menu bar, select [Processing] [Classification] [Post
Classification] [Confusion Matrix]. The Confusion Matrix dialog appears.
Figure 3-126 Confusion Matrix dialog
b. Select the Classification Image File.
Select either Ground Truth Image File or Ground Truth ShapeFile.
Ground Truth Class: Display the classes in real ground data;
Classification Class: Display the classes in the classified image file;
Automatic Matching: Automatically match the real ground classification
data with the categories of the classified image;
Add Match: Select the category in the real ground classification data list and
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select the category in the classified image list. Click [Add Match] button to add the
matching result to the Matched Classes list.
Cancel Match: Click one item in the [match result] list, and Click [Cancel
Match] button to cancel the match.
Matched Classes: Display the matching result of real ground classification
category data and the classified image data.
c. After matching, click [OK] to calculate confusion matrix.
3.4.1.4.7 Assign Class Colors
Use Assign Class Colors to color the classes of the classification result.
a. From the menu bar, select [Processing] [Classification] [Post
Classification] [Assign Class Colors]. The Assign Class Colors dialog appears.
Figure 3-127 Assign Class Colors dialog
b. Select the classified image.
c. Select a certain class to assign color. Any classes not selected for assigning
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color will be unchanged.
d. Identify the color by setting R, G and B value or by clicking [set] to select
custom colors.
e. Click [Save] to save the new color or click [Reset] to restore the original
color.
Transform
The Transform group includes Principal Components, MNF Transform,
Wavelet Transform, Tasseled Cap, Color Transform and Decorrelation Stretch
functions.
Figure 3-128 Transform
3.4.2.1 Principal Components
Use Principal Component function to produce uncorrelated output bands, to
separate noise components and to reduce the dimensionality of data sets. Since
multispectral data bands are often highly correlated, the principal components (PC)
transformation is to produce uncorrelated output bands. This is done by finding a new
set of orthogonal axes whose origin point is at the data mean, and rotates to a
direction so that the data variance is maximized.
PC bands are linear combinations of the original spectral bands and are
uncorrelated. PC bands could have the same number of bands as the input bands. The
first PC band contains most information of the original bands, and the second PC
band contains second most variance, and so on. The last PC band contains small
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square deviation and appears as noisy. Due to the incoherence of PC bands, principal
components bands can be used to produce vivid color composite images.
The Principal Components group includes Forward PC Rotation and Inverse
PC Rotation functions.
Figure 3-129 Principal components
3.4.2.1.1 Forward PC Rotation
The Forward PC Rotation is a linear transform that maximizes the variance of
the data. After Forward PC Rotation is performed, PIE can export the updated
statistics data.
a. From the menu bar, select [Processing] [Transform] [Principal
Components] [Forward PC Rotation]. The Forward PCA Rotation dialog
appears.
Figure 3-130 Forward PCA Rotation dialog
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b. Select an input file.
c. Select Covariance Matrix or Correlation Matrix to calculate the PC by
selecting corresponding radio button. Generally:
Use Covariance Matrix when calculating the principal components.
Use Correlation Matrix when the data range differs greatly among bands
and normalization is needed.
d. To use a subset of eigenvalues, check Select Subset from Eigenvalues, and
specify Number of Output PC Bands.
If you check Select Subset From Eigenvalues, the Select Number of Output
Bands dialog appears. Each band is listed with its corresponding eigenvalue and the
percentage of data information contained in each PC band. If the checkbox is not
checked, default number of output bands will be used, which equals to the number of
input bands.
Figure 3-131 Forward PCA Rotation- corresponding radio button dialog
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e. Set the path and file name for the output statistics file.
f. Set the path and file name for the output result file.
g. Set the data type of the output file.
h. Zero Mean Processing: The average value will be subtracted from each
pixel value in the output result.
i. Click [OK].
3.4.2.1.2 Inverse PC Rotation
Use Inverse PC Rotation to transform principal components images back into
their original data space.
a. From the menu bar, select [Processing] [Transform] [Principal
Components] [Inverse PC Rotation]. The Inverse PCA Rotation dialog appears.
Figure 3-132 Inverse PCA Rotation dialog
b. Select an input file saved from the Forward PCA Rotation.
c. Select the statistics file saved from the Forward PCA Rotation.
d. Set the path and file name for output file.
e. Set the data type of the output file.
f. Click [OK].
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Figure 3-133 Result of PC Rotation
3.4.2.2 MNF Transform
Use Minimum Noise Fraction (MNF) Transform to determine the inherent
dimensionality of image, to separate noise and reduce the computational requirements
for subsequent processing. MNF transform is a linear transformation that has the
following steps:
First step is a PC Rotation that uses the principal components of the noise
covariance matrix to de-correlate and rescale the noise in the data. The noise in the
resulting data has unit variance and no band-to-band correlations. This process is also
called noise whitening.
Second step is a PC Rotation that uses the data principal components from the
first step. The inherent dimensionality of the data can be determined by examining
eigenvalues and associated image. Data space can be divided into two parts: one part
is associated with large eigenvalues and inherent useful information; the other part has
near-unity eigenvalues and inherent noise. This process separates noise from the data,
thus improving the subsequent performance.
You can use MNF transform to remove noise from data. Firstly, a forward
transformation is performed; the images and eigenvalues are examined; and large
eigenvalue parts of data are retained. Secondly, small eigenvalue parts of data are
discarded or smoothed. Third, an inverse MNF transformation is performed to convert
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data to original spectral space.
The MNF Transform group includes Forward MNF and Inverse MNF
Transform functions.
Figure 3-134 MNF Transform menu
3.4.2.2.1 Forward MNF
a. From the menu bar, select [Processing] [Transform] [MNF Transform]
[Forward MNF]. The Forward MNF dialog appears.
Figure 3-135 Forward MNF dialog
b. Select an input file.
c. Set the path and file name for the output noise statistics.
d. Set the path and file name for output file.
e. Click [OK].
3.4.2.2.2 Inverse MNF
a. From the menu bar, select [Processing] [Transform] [MNF Transform]
[Inverse MNF Transform]. The Inverse MNF Transform dialog appears.
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Figure 3-136 Inverse MNF Transform dialog
b. Select an input file saved from the forward MNF.
c. Select the statistics file saved from the forward MNF.
d. Set the path and file name for output file.
e. Click [OK].
Figure 3-137 Result of MNF Transform
3.4.2.3 Wavelet Transform
Wavelet transform is a time-frequency signal analysis method with multiple
resolution analysis characteristic. Moreover, it has the ability to characterize local
signal characteristics in both time and frequency domain. Wavelet transform is a
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localized analysis of time-frequency with variable wavelet shape, time window and
frequency window.
Wavelet transform is able to retain higher frequency and time resolution in low
frequency region, and retain lower frequency resolution in high frequency region.
Wavelet transform is suitable for detecting transient signal anomaly hidden within
normal signals and showing their component. Therefore, wavelet transform is known
as the microscope of signal analysis.
The image generated from wavelet transform has one low frequency component
and three high frequency components.
The Wavelet Transform group includes Forward Wavelet Transform and
Inverse Wavelet Transform functions.
Figure 3-138 Wavelet Transform menu
3.4.2.3.1 Forward Wavelet Transform
a. From the menu bar, select [Processing] [Transform] [Wavelet
Transform] [Forward Wavelet Transform]. The Forward Wavelet Transform
dialog appears.
Figure 3-139 Forward Wavelet Transform dialog
b. Select an input file.
c. Set the path and file name for output file.
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d. Click [OK].
3.4.2.3.2 Inverse Wavelet Transform
a. From the menu bar, select [Processing] [Transform] [Wavelet
Transform] [Inverse Wavelet Transform]. The Inverse Wavelet Transform dialog
appears.
Figure 3-140 Inverse Wavelet Transform dialog
b. Select an input file saved from the forward wavelet transform.
c. Set the path and file name for output file.
d. Click [OK].
Figure 3-141 Inverse Wavelet Transform
3.4.2.4 Fourier Transform
Fourier transform can transform remote sensing images from spatial domain to
frequency domain which only contains different frequency. After Fourier transform,
the information in gray-scale mutation region (such as edge of object), complex image
structure area, image details and interference noise will be mostly concentrated in the
high frequency area. While the parts of the original image with gentle changes in gray
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scale, such as plains, deserts, and sea surfaces with relatively uniform vegetation, are
mostly concentrated in the low frequency region of the frequency domain.
The Fourier transform is reversible, that is, the frequency function obtained by
performing Fourier transform on the image is subjected to inverse Fourier transform,
and the original image can be obtained. In pure mathematical sense, the Fourier
transform is a process that converts a function into a series of periodic functions.
From the physical point of view, the Fourier transform is to transform the image from
spatial domain to frequency domain, and the inverse transform is from the frequency
domain to the spatial domain. In other words, the physical meaning of the Fourier
transform is to transform image’s gray distribution function into image’s frequency
distribution function, and the inverse transform is to transform the frequency
distribution function into a gray distribution function.
The Fourier Transform includes Fourier transform and Inverse Fourier
transform functions.
Figure 3-142 Fourier Transform menu
3.4.2.4.1 Forward Fourier Transform
a. From the menu bar, select [Image Processing] [Transform] [Fourier
Transform]. Click [Forward FFT]. The Forward FFT dialog appears.
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Figure 3-143 Forward FFT dialog
b. Select an input file;
c. Perform spectral subsetting;
d. Set output path and file name.
e. Click [OK].
3.4.2.4.2 Inverse Fourier Transform
a. From the menu bar, select [Image Processing] [Transform] [Fourier
Transform]. Click [Inverse FFT]. The Inverse FFT dialog appears.
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Figure 3-144 Inverse FFT dialog
b. Select an input file saved from the forward Fourier transform;
c. From the drop-down list, select the Output Data Type (Byte, UInt16, Int16,
UInt32, Int32, Float, or Double);
d. Set output path and file name;
e. Click [OK].
3.4.2.5 Tasseled Cap
Based on soil and vegetation’s information distribution structure in
multi-dimensional spectral space, Tasseled Cap transform performs an empirical
linear orthogonal transform for the original data. PIE supports Tasseled Cap transform
for Landsat MSS, Landsat 5 TM and Landsat 7 ETM data.
Tasseled Cap transform rotates the coordinate of spectral space. The rotation axis
of the coordinate system is not the direction of the principal component, but the
direction in spectral space that is closely related to the type and change of the feature,
especially to the plant growth and soil change. This transform is able to achieve
information compression, and also helps to extract crop characteristics. This transform
is mainly applied for terrestrial resource satellite data, including Landsat MSS data,
Landsat TM data, and Landsat 7 ETM+ data.
For TM data and ETM+ data, physical significance for the first three components
of the K-T transform is as follows:
1) Brightness: the first component. It represents the overall reflectance.
2) Greeness: the second component. This two-dimensional plane is defined as
"vegetation", which is composed of brightness component and green component,
3) Humidity: the third component. This two-dimensional plane is defined as
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"soil", which is composed of humidity component and brightness component.
a. From the menu bar, select [Processing] [Transform] [Tasseled Cap].
The Tasseled Cap dialog appears.
Figure 3-145 Tasseled Cap dialog
b. Select an input file.
c. Click the Sensor Type dropdown arrow and select an option. PIE supports
transform for Landsat MSS, Landsat5 TM and Landsat7 ETM data.
d. Set the path and file name for output file.
e. Click [OK].
Figure 3-146 Landsat 5 TM Tasseled Cap transform
3.4.2.6 Color Transform
Use Color Transforms to convert three-band red, green and blue (RGB) image to
a specific color spaces, and vice versa, from the color space back to RGB. Adjusting
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the contrast stretch between two transforms, you can get a color-enhanced composite
image.
Additionally, you can replace color band or lightness band with another band
(usually with higher spatial resolution) to produce an image that merges the color
characteristics of one image with higher spatial characteristics of the other.
The color transform procedure is as follows: 1) select the RGB band, 2) RGB to
HIS, 3) additional processes, 4) HIS to RGB and 5) select the RGB bands to display.
The Color Transform group includes RGB to HIS and HIS to RGB functions.
Figure 3-147 Color Transform menu
3.4.2.6.1 RGB to HIS
Use RGB to HIS transform to convert an RGB image into the HIS (hue, intensity,
saturation) color space. The produced hue value is between 0 and 360 degree (where
red is 0 degree, green is 120 degree and blue is 240 degree) and the saturation is in the
range of 0 to 1 (floating-point). To use this function, ensure that an image with at least
three bands has been opened. The input RGB values must be byte type in the range of
0 to 255.
a. From the menu bar, select [Processing] [Transform] [Color Transform]
[RGB to HIS]. The RGB to HIS dialog appears.
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Figure 3-148 RGB to HIS dialog
b. Select an input file.
c. Select the R, G, B bands separately by clicking the drop-down list.
d. Set the path and file name for output file.
e. Set band1, band2, band3 separately to I, H, S.
f. Click [OK].
Tip: If image’s data type is not byte, that is, DN value range is not in 0-255, the
system will prompt the following message. For this case, you need to stretch image
firstly.
Figure 3-149 RGB to HIS warning message
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3.4.2.6.2 HIS to RGB
Use HIS to RGB transform to convert an HIS image back to the RGB color
space. The input H, S, and I bands must have the following data ranges: Hue is in 0 to
360, where 0 = red, 120 = green, and 240 = blue, and Intensity and Saturation is in the
range of 0 to 1.0 (floating-point). The produced RGB values are byte type data in the
range of 0 to 255.
a. From the menu bar, select [Processing] [Transform] [Color Transform]
[HIS to RGB]. The HIS to RGB dialog appears.
Figure 3-150 HIS to RGB dialog
b. Select an input file.
c. From the dropdown list, select I, H, S bands separately..
d. Set the path and file name for output file.
e. Click [OK].
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Figure 3-151 Result of Color Transform
3.4.2.7 Decorrelation Stretch
Use Decorrelation Stretch to remove the high correlation commonly found in
multispectral data sets and produce a more vivid color composite image. The highly
correlated data sets often produce quite bleak color images. Decorrelation stretch
requires three bands for input. These bands should be stretched byte type data. Or you
can be select from an opened color image.
a. From the menu bar, select [Processing] [Transform] [Decorrelation
Stretch]. The Decorrelation Stretch dialog appears.
Figure 3-152 Decorrelation Stretch dialog
b. Select an input file.
c. Set the path and file name for output file.
d. Click [OK].
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Filter
Image filtering is a process to enhance image by modifying image spatial domain
frequency. Image filtering is typically used to enhance images by removing certain
spatial frequencies to suppress noise of the target image and preserve feature details.
So image filtering is a useful image fusion method.
Image filtering can be divided into two categories: spatial filtering and frequency
filtering. Spatial filtering is done using a window or convolution kernel, which
modifies the gray-scale value of a single pixel according to gray-scale values of
adjacent pixels. Frequency filtering is to perform Fourier transform, and then filter the
certain frequencies in the transformed frequency domain.
The Filter group includes Convolution, Frequency Filter and User Defined
functions.
Figure 3-153 Filter
3.4.3.1 Convolution
Use Convolution to apply the filter function (kernel or template) to enhance the
image in spatial space (x, y). Convolution includes smoothing and fusion, and it uses
the relationship between the pixel and its neighboring pixels. The commonly used
method is convolution.
Convolution is a local operation. With the template window’s size increases, it
requires more computation resource.
The Convolution group includes Convolution, Median Filter and Mean Filter
functions.
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Figure 3-154 Convolution menu
3.4.3.1.1 Convolution
a. From the menu bar, select [Processing] [Filter] [Convolution]
[Convolution]. The Convolution dialog appears.
Figure 3-155 Convolution dialog
b. Select an input file.
c. Select bands to be used.
d. Select the desired kernel from the Filter Method dropdown list. The options
are as follows: High-Pass Edge Detection Filter, High-Pass Edge Fusion Filter,
Low-Pass Filter, High-Pass Filter, Horizontal Filter, Vertical Filter, Fast Filter,
Laplacian 1 Filter, Laplacian 2 Fileter, etc.
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High-Pass Edge Detection Filter: Image edge refers to the part with
significant local brightness changes. Image edge’s gray-scale changes rapidly
compared to adjacent regions. Edge detection is mainly used to measure, detect and
position the gray-scale change. The process of edge detection is filtering, enhancing,
detecting and positioning. High-pass edge detection filter kernel window can be 3×3,
5×5, 7×7 pixels. Increasing the filter window can improve the performance of image
fusion.
High-Pass Edge Fusion Filter: High-pass edge fusion filter is similar to
edge detection. It detects the edge firstly, and then adds the edge to the original image,
thus enhancing the edge and sharpening the image.
Low-Pass Filter: Low-pass filter is a linear filter, which only block the
frequency higher than a given threshold and pass the frequency lower than the given
threshold. Low-Pass window size can be changed. Larger window size has stronger
smoothing effect, but more detail will be lost. Low-pass filter kernel can be 3×3, 5×5,
7×7 pixels.
High-Pass Filter: High-pass filter is also a linear filter, which only block the
frequency less than a given threshold and pass the frequency higher than the given
threshold. High-pass filter is mainly used to highlight the image details or to enhance
the vague details. Increasing the filter window size will improve fusion performance.
High-pass filter kernel can be 3×3, 5×5, 7×7 pixels.
Horizontal Filter: Let fi be the pixel gray-scale value; gi is the projection
coefficient of each pixel towards horizontal direction; m is window size. The
horizontal filter K is defined as:
K f1 g1 f 2 g2 f m gm
Vertical Filter: Let fi be the pixel gray-scale value; gi is the projection
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coefficient of each pixel towards vertical direction; m is window size. The horizontal
filter K is defined as:
K f1 g1 f 2 g2 f m gm
Fast Filter: The sum of the matrix is greater than 1. The brightness of the
output image will be increased and the edge is enhanced. The window can be 3×3,
5×5 or 7×7 pixels.
Laplacian Filter: Laplacian filter is a second-derivative operator. It is
isotropic (no directionality), and can sharpen lines in any direction. This is the unique
advantage of the Laplace operator. Two Laplacian filters are available: laplacian1
filter and laplacian2 filter.
Laplacian1 filter uses the 4 adjacent pixels. The pixel value is defined as
the difference between the sum values of four adjacent pixels and the
upper and lower left and right and the pixel value for 4 times.
Laplacian2 filter uses 8 adjacent pixels.
Laplacian1 filter and Laplacian2 filter are mainly used to sharpen image
and enhance details. The kernel only has 3×3 pixels.
e. Set the path and file name for output file.
f. Click [OK].
3.4.3.1.2 Median Filter
Median filter is one of the most commonly used nonlinear smoothing filters,
which sorts all the pixels within the window and returns the middle value as the new
center pixel.
Median filter has good noise filtering performance, and preserves the edge of the
image, so the image is not blurred. Median filter is less effective for random noise
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than Mean filter, but it is the best choice for salt noise.
a. From the menu bar, select [Processing] [Filter] [Convolution]
[Median Filter]. The Median Filter dialog appears.
Figure 3-156 Median Filter dialog
b. Select an input file.
c. Select bands to be used for Median Filter.
d. Set required parameters.
Window Size: Select window size by clicking the increment arrows. The
kernel sizes can only be odd numbers. The default and the minimum size is 3×3.
Filter Method: Select the filter method by clicking the radio buttons. The
options are: Horizontal Median Filter, Vertical Median Filter and Median Filter.
Horizontal median filter returns the median value of all pixel points in
the horizontal neighbor as the new center pixel.
Vertical median filter returns the median value of all pixel points in the
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Vertical neighbor as the new center pixel.
e. Set the path and file name for output file.
f. Click [OK].
3.4.3.1.3 Mean Filter
Mean filtering is one of the most commonly used linear low-pass filters. It treats
each neighbor pixel equally and returns the mean pixel value as the new center pixel.
Mean filter is simple and computes fast. It is effective for Gaussian noise. From
frequency domain point of view, it is a low-pass filter.
a. From the menu bar, select [Processing] tab on the interface [Filter]
[Convolution] [Mean Filter]. The Mean Filter dialog appears.
Figure 3-157 Mean Filter dialog
b. Select an input file.
c. Select bands to be used for Mean Filter.
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d. Select the window size by clicking the increment arrows. The kernel sizes
must be odd numbers. The default and the minimum size is 3×3 pixel.
e. Set the path and file name for output file.
f. Click [OK].
3.4.3.2 Frequency Filter
The procedure of frequency filter is as follows: 1) Fourier transform, 2) Fourier
image, 3) filter design, 4) inverse Fourier transform and 5) other processing.
Low-pass filter is used to reduce or suppress high frequency components and
retain the low-frequency components. Low-pass filter is able to suppress noise, while
emphasizing the low-frequency components, so the image will be smoother.
High-pass filter is used to reduce or suppress the low-frequency components to
highlight the image’s edge and contour.
The Frequency filter group includes Frequency Filter and Homomorphic
Filter functions.
Figure 3-158 Frequency filter menu
3.4.3.2.1 Frequency Filter
a. From the menu bar, select [Processing] [Filter] [Frequency Filter]. The
Frequency Filter dialog appears.
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Figure 3-159 Frequency Filter dialog
b. Select an input file.
c. Select bands to be used for Frequency Filter.
d. Select high-pass filter or low-pass filter.
e. Select the filter method by clicking the radio buttons. The model choices are
as follows: Ideal Filter, Butterworth Filter, Exponential Filter and Gradient Filter.
f. Set the cut-off frequency.
g. Set the path and file name for output file.
h. Click [OK].
3.4.3.2.1.1 Ideal Filter
By selecting high-pass filtering and low-pass filtering, it is divided into ideal
high-pass filter and ideal low-pass filter.
Ideal high-pass filter
The filter is opposite to the ideal low-pass filter. The low-frequency components
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(D≤D0) are removed, and the high-frequency components (D>D0) are retained. After
the ideal high-pass filtering, there will be a jitter pattern at the edge of the image.
Figure 3-160 Frequency Filter – Ideal High-Pass filter dialog
Ideal low-pass filter
User can set the cut-off frequency D0 of the ideal low-pass filter. D0 can be
adjusted according to requirements. Using the ideal low-pass filter, low-frequency
components (D≤D0) will retain, and the high-frequency components (D>D0) will be
removed. Since the high frequency signal corresponds to image edge, the low-pass
filter will result in edge loss and edge blur.
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Figure 3-161 Frequency Filter – Ideal Low-Pass filter dialog
3.4.3.2.1.2 Butterworth Filter
Butterworth low-pass filter
Butterworth low-pass filter has the following transfer function:
1
H (u, v)
1 [ D0 / D(u, v)]2 n
where n is the order. It has the advantage of minimum ripples within pass band,
whereas the ideal filter will produce pronounced image jitters. So using this filter will
greatly reduce the blurring of the image edges.
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Figure 3-162 Frequency Filter – Butterworth Low-Pass filter dialog
Butterworth high-pass filter
Figure 3-163 Frequency Filter – Butterworth High-Pass filter dialog
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Butterworth high-pass filter will sharpen image with minimum edge jitters, but it
is computationally expensive.
3.4.3.2.1.3 Exponential Filter
Exponential low-pass filter
D ( u ,v ) n
[ ]
The transfer function is: H (u, v) e D0
, where n determines the decay
strength of the exponential function. Exponential filter is able to suppress noise, but
the blurring effect of the image edges is greater than the Butterworth low-pass filter.
This filter generates no obvious ringing effect.
Figure 3-164 Frequency Filter – Exponential Low-Pass filter dialog
Exponential high-pass filter
The effect of exponential high-pass filter is less than the Butterworth high-pass
filter, but this filter will not generates obvious ringing effect.
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Figure 3-165 Frequency Filter – Exponential High-Pass filter dialog
3.4.3.2.1.4 Gradient Filter
Gradient low-pass filter
Gradient low-pass filter is a combination of ideal low-pass filter and linear
low-pass filter. The formula is as follows:
1 D(u, v) D0
D(u, v) D1
H (u, v) D0 D(u, v) D1 (3)
D0 D1
0 D(u, v) D0
where D1 is a frequency great than D0
The smooth strength gradient low-pass filter is between the ideal low-pass filter
and the Butterworth low-pass filter.
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Figure 3-166 Frequency Filter – Gradient Low-Pass filter dialog
D1 corresponds to the start frequency of linear response and D0 corresponds to
the cutoff frequency.
Gradient high-pass filter
Gradient high-pass filter’s fusion strength is between the ideal filter and the
Butterworth high-pass filter. The gradient filter will produce a minor ringing effect,
but it is computationally simple and more commonly used.
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Figure 3-167 Frequency Filter – Gradient High -Pass filter dialog
3.4.3.2.2 Homomorphic Filter
Homomorphic filter is an image filtering method that reduces low frequency and
increases high frequency, so it can reduce illumination variations and sharpen the
image’s edges or details.
The procedure of homomorphic filter is as follows: 1) logarithmic operation in
spatial space, 2) Fourier transform, 3) homomorphic filtering, 4) inverse Fourier
transform and 5) exponential operation. For different resolution images, the
homomorphic filter effects are different. If the image’s illumination is uniform, the
homomorphic filtering effect will not be significant. However, when the illumination
is greatly different, the homomorphic filter will enhance the image darkness details.
a. From the menu bar, select [Processing] [Filter] [Frequency Filter]. The
Homomorphic Filter dialog appears.
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Figure 3-168 Homomorphic Filter dialog
b. Select an input file.
c. Select bands to be used for Homomorphic Filter.
d. Set required parameters.
Select Butterworth high-pass filter or gauss high-pass filter.
Set the order.
Set low-frequency gain
Set high-frequency gain.
Set cut-off frequency.
e. Set the path and file name for output file.
f. Click [OK].
3.4.3.3 User- Defined Filter
User-defined filter can be used to define filter kernel. The user-defined filter is
set according the following general rules:
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The filter size must be odd, so that it has a center, such as 3×3, 5×5 or 7×
7. The radius is defined as pixel number from center to boarder. For example,
if the kernel is 5×5 pixels, the radius of the kernel is 2.
In order to ensure the image’s brightness remains unchanged before and after
filtering, the sum of all elements of the kernel matrix should be equal to 1. Although,
user can set kernel matrix with different sum of elements to change the brightness of
the image.
If the sum of all the elements of the template matrix is greater than 1, the
filtered image will be brighter than the original one. Otherwise, if the sum is less than
1, the resulting image will be darker. If the sum is 0, the image would not turn black,
but it would be very dark.
For the filtered image, there will be pixels with its value less than 0 or greater
than 255. For this case, PIE would cut them directly into the range of 0 and 255. For
negative numbers, PIE would take the absolute values.
a. From the menu bar, select [Processing] [Filter] [User Defined]. The
User Defined dialog appears.
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Figure 3-169 User-Defined Filter dialog
b. Select an input file.
c. Select bands to apply User Defined Filter.
d. Set required parameters.
Select the window size by clicking the increment arrows. The kernel sizes
must be odd number. The default and the minimum size is 3×3 pixels.
Edit the kernel value by clicking in the kernel field.
e. Set the path and file name for output file.
f. Click [OK].
Edge Enhancement
To highlight image’s edges, contours, or the linear targets, you can use
sharpening functions. Sharpening improves the contrast between edges and their
surrounding pixels, so it is also called enhancement.
The Edge Enhancement group includes Directional Filter and Differential
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Sharpening functions.
Figure 3-170 Edge Enhancement
3.4.4.1 Directional Filter
Directional filter, also known as matched filter, is a convolution through the
image by a direction kernel with certain size. This filter will return convolution result
as center pixel’s new value. The filter emphasizes ground features with a certain
direction, such as river, road, etc.
Directional kernel is a zero-sum matrix containing the direction you want to
accentuate. It sequentially moved along the image pixels, and the image pixels in the
convolution window are multiplied by respective elements in the kernel.
a. From the menu bar, select [Processing] [Edge Enhancement]
[Directional Filter]. The Directional Filter dialog appears.
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Figure 3-171 Directional Filter dialog
b. Select an input file.
c. Select bands to apply Directional Filter.
d. Select the filter method by clicking the Filter Method dropdown arrow. The
model choices are as follows: 0 degree, 90 degree, 45 degree and 135 degree.
-1 -1 -1 -1 2 -1
2 2 2 -1 2 -1
-1 -1 -1 -1 2 -1
0 degree 90 degree
-1 -1 2 2 -1 -1
-1 2 -1 -1 2 -1
2 -1 -1 -1 -1 2
45 degree 135 degree
Figure 3-172 Directional template
e. Set the path and file name for output file.
f. Click [OK].
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3.4.4.2 Differential Sharpening
Use Differential Fusion to highlight edge or outline in image. After differential
fusion, the pixel with higher level of fluctuation will be higher value. By setting a
certain threshold, user can extract boundary and contour within an image.
a. From the menu bar, select [Processing] [Edge Fusion] [Differential
Fusion]. The Differential Sharpening dialog appears.
Figure 3-173 Differential Sharpening dialog
b. Select an input file.
c. Select bands to apply Differential Sharpening.
d. Select fusion method. The options are as follows: Prewitt, Sobel and Roberts.
Prewitt operator is a weighted average operator, which is effective for
reducing noise. It suites for image with small gray-scale difference and high level of
noise. Prewitt fusion causes wide edge and pronounced discontinuity.
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Sobel operator has two separate kernels on X-direction and Y-direction
respectively. The gradient operator combines the two templates together. The
X-direction kernel has the greatest influence on the vertical edge, and the Y-direction
kernel has the greatest influence on the horizontal edge. It suits for image with small
gray-scale difference and high-level noise.
Robert operator is a gradient operator, which uses cross difference to
represent the gradient and uses local differential operator to detect edge. It suits for
the image with large gray-scale difference and low-level noise.
e. Set the path and file name for output file.
f. Click [OK].
3.5 Basic Tools
The Basic Tools group includes Format Conversion, Projections And
Transformations, Calculations, Statistics, MirrorRotate, Mask and Utilities
functions.
Figure 3-174 Basic Tools
Format Conversion
The Format Conversion group includes: Convert Format, Convert Interleave
and Stretch Data functions.
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Figure 3-175 Format Conversion
3.5.1.1 Convert Format
Convert Image Format enables free conversion between common raster data
formats, including GeoTIFF, ERDAS IMG and ENVI IMG.
a. From the menu bar, select [Basic Tools] [Format Conversion] [Convert
Format]. The Convert Format dialog appears.
Figure 3-176 Convert Image Format dialog
b. Select an input file.
c. Choose the output data format. There are three output data format available:
GeoTIFF, ENVI IMG and ERDAS IMG.
d. Set the path and file name for output file.
e. Click [OK].
3.5.1.2 Convert Interleave
Use Convert Interleave to convert between common data storage format. Image
storage format mainly includes BSQ, BIP and BIL.
BSQ (Band Sequential) format stores data successively in accordance with band
order. Data arrangement follows the following rules: the first band is numbered 1, the
second band is numbered 2, and so on. For the first band, data is stored in the order of
row. In each row, the data is stored in the order of pixel. The rest bands are stored as
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the same mode (i.e., the second band will be stored after all data in the first band are
stored). BSQ format is the simplest format and provides the best spatial processing
capability. It stores the data line by line in the same band firstly, and then stores the
next band’s data in the same way. If you want to get (X, Y) information of a spatial
point in a single band, BSQ format is optimal.
BIP (Band Interleaved by Pixel) format stores the data successively in order of
pixels. That is, in the row, each pixel is stored in the order of bands. Data arrangement
follows the rule: first pixel for all bands are in sequential order, followed by the
second pixel for all bands, and so on. BIP format provides the best spectral processing
capability
BIL (Band Interleaved by Line) format stores the data successively in order of
band, that is, it stores the first line of the first band, followed by the first line of the
second band, the first line of the third band, …. BIL is a compromise format between
spatial processing and spectral processing.
a. From the menu bar, select [Basic Tools] [Format Conversion] [Convert
Interleave]. The Convert Interleave dialog appears.
Figure 3-177 Convert Interleave dialog
b. Select an input file.
c. Choose the output format. There are three output formats: BIP, BSQ and BIL.
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d. Set the path and file name for output file.
e. Click [OK].
3.5.1.3 Stretch Data
Use Stretch Data to adjust image’s bit depth and enhance the display effect.
a. From the menu bar, select [Basic Tools] [Format Conversion] [Stretch
Data]. The Stretch Data dialog appears.
Figure 3-178 Stretch Data dialog
b. Select an input file.
c. Enter the minimum and maximum values in the Min and Max text boxes to
designate the input data range. Once the raster image is loaded, the software
automatically reads the image’s maximum and minimum values and displays
them in the text box. Or you can manually enter the values.
d. Set the path and file name for output file.
e. From the Transform Type drop-down list, select data type (Byte8, Int16,
Uint16, Unt32, Uint32, Float32, or Float64).
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f. Set the output data range in the Min and Max text boxes. The values must
match the ranges of the transform type.
g. Click [OK].
Projection and Transformation
There are two common types of coordinate systems: geographic coordinate
system and projection coordinate system. Geographic coordinate system is a spherical
coordinate system defined by latitude and longitude, and uses degree as its
measurement unit. Projected coordinate system is a planar coordinates which uses
mathematical formulas to project maps of the earth’s spherical surface onto a planar
surface and uses meters or kilometers as its measurement unit. The process of
converting geographic coordinate system to projected coordinate system is called
projection.
Data’s geographic information consists of two parts: coordinate information
(map) and projection information (projection). The coordinate information consists of
starting pixel’s coordinates and the corresponding geographic (projection) coordinates
and the pixel size. Projection information is the information of coordinate system. In
general, if the coordinate information is lost, you can reset it, that is, when a
projection defined in one software cannot be identified in another software, you can
modify the projection information to identify the unknown projection. This process
does not affect data’s coordinate information.
The Projection And Transformation group includes Reproject, Define
Projection and Coordinate Conversion functions.
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Figure 3-179 Projection And Transformation
3.5.2.1 Reproject
Use Reproject to transform projection for raster or vector data.
a. From the menu bar, select [Basic Tools] [Projection And Transformation]
[Reproject]. The Reproject dialog appears.
Figure 3-180 Reproject dialog
b. Select an input file or click the drop-down arrow to choose a file from the file
list.
Once the input file is selected, its coordinate system information will be
displayed in the Input Coordinate System field.
c. Set the path and file name for output file.
d. Set the Output Coordinate System as follows.
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Click button to open the Spatial Reference Selector dialog. This tool
allows you to select a coordinate system from Custom or predefined list, or the same
as a layer loaded in the software.
Figure 3-181 Spatial Reference Selector dialog
e. You can check Custom Resolution to set horizontal and vertical resolution.
f. Set Resample Method. It includes nearest neighbor, bilinear and cubic
convolution.
g. Set Geographic Transformation when the input and output coordinate
systems are the same. If the input and output coordinate systems are different, the
geographic transformation needs to be specified.
h. Click [OK].
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3.5.2.2 Define Projection
Define Projection function is used to define the coordinate system information
(map projection and datum) for raster or vector data that have no or an unknown or
incorrect coordinate system.
a. From the menu bar, select [Basic Tools] [Projection And Transformation]
[Define Projection]. The Define Projection dialog appears.
Figure 3-182 Define Projection dialog
b. Select an input file or click the drop-down arrow to choose the file from the
file list.
c. Define the Coordinate System.
d. Click [OK].
3.5.2.3 Coordinate Conversion
Use Coordinate Conversion to convert point’s coordinate value from one
projection to another.
a. From the menu bar, select [Basic Tools] [Projection and Transformation]
[Coordinate Conversion]. The Coordinate Conversion dialog appears.
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Figure 3-183 Coordinate Conversion dialog
b. Select an input file. PIE can only process coordinate files in .txt format.
Ensure the input file contains the following information: number of points,
columns of point ID (beginning with a letter) and x, y, z coordinate value.
Figure 3-184 Coordinate File
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c. Set the path and file name for output file. The supported file format is txt.
d. Set the original coordinate system.
e. Set the output coordinate system.
f. Click [OK] to perform coordinate conversion.
Calculations
The Calculations group includes Band Math, Spectral Math and Layer
Stacking functions.
Figure 3-185 Calculations
3.5.3.1 Band Math
Use Band Math to perform inter-band operations. Users can define their own
processing algorithms, and then apply the algorithms to a band or an entire image.
Band math is to apply mathematical operation to each pixel. Each variable in the
algorithm is corresponding to a single band or a multi-band image. For example, b1 +
b2, if b1 is a multi-band image and b2 is a single band, then each band of b1 will be
summed with b2 respectively.
a. From the menu bar, select [Basic Tools] [Calculations] [Band Math].
The Band Math dialog appears.
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Figure 3-186 Band Math dialog
b. Manually input or paste a mathematical expression including variable names
and operators into the Enter an expression field. Variable names must begin with the
character “b” or “B” followed by up to 8 numeric characters. The supported operators
include +, －, *, /, exponential, trigonometric, logical, logarithmic, etc.
c. Click [Add to List] to add the expression to the Band math expressions list.
You can click [Clear] to clear all expressions from the Band math expression list.
d. Click [OK], the Variables to Bands Pairings dialog appears.
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Figure 3-187 Variables to Bands Pairings dialog
e. Set corresponding bands or raster files for each variable.
In Set Band Variables field, select variable b1-[undefined].
Select a band or raster file in Flies field. After the first band is selected, only
those bands with the same spatial dimensions will show in the band list; you can also
assign a multi-band image as one or all variables.
Continue to assign value to b2, b3, and so forth in the same manner.
f. Set the data type for output file.
g. Set the path and file name for output file.
h. Click [OK].
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Table 3-6 Description of operation symbol
Priority Level Symbol Description
1 () Parentheses
2 ^ Exponent operation
* Multiply operation
3
/ Division operation
+ Add operation
4
- Subtraction operation
AND Only when the multiple inputs (at least 2) are true, the output is true.
As long as one of multiple inputs (at least 2) is true, the output is
OR
true.
5 Output is adverse to the input. If the input is true, the output is false
NOT
and vice versa.
Only when one input is true but not all inputs are true (that is, the
XOR input variables are different), the output is true (that is, the same is
false and the different is true).
3.5.3.2 Spectral Math
Spectral Math is used to process spectral or multi band images by mathematical
expressions.
a. From the menu bar, select [Basic Tools] [Calculations] [Spectral Math].
The Spectral Math dialog appears.
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Figure 3-188 Spectral Math dialog
b. Manually input or paste a mathematical expression including variable names
and operators into the Enter an expression field. Variable names must begin with the
character “s” or “S” and are followed by up to 8 numeric characters. The supported
operators include +, －, *, /, exponential, trigonometric, logical, logarithmic, etc.
c. Click [Add to List] to add the expression to the Spectral math expression
list. You can click [Clear] to clear all expressions from the Spectral math expression
list.
d. Click [OK], the Variables to Spectra Pairings dialog appears.
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Figure 3-189 Variables to Spectra Pairings dialog
e. Set corresponding image files or spectral files for each variable.
In the Set Spectral Variables field, select variable S1-[undefined].
Choose Files, then select image from the image list. After the first image is
selected, only those images with the same spatial dimensions will show in the image
list. We can also choose Spectral Library. Click button, and select a
spectral file.
Continue to assign value to S2, S3, and so forth in the same manner.
f. Set the path and file name for output file.
g. Click [OK].
3.5.3.3 Layer Stacking
Use Layer Stacking to build a new multi-band file from geo-referenced images
of the same pixel sizes, extents, and projections. So you can synthesize one
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pseudo-RGB color images by using different wavelengths bands.
a. From the menu bar, select [Basic Tools] [Calculations] [Layer
Stacking]. The Layer Stacking dialog appears.
Figure 3-190 Layer Stacking dialog
b. Click […] button, the Select Input File dialog appears.
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Figure 3-191 Select File dialog
c. Select an input file and perform optional spatial subset and spectral subset,
then click [OK] to return to the Layer Stacking dialog.
d. Click or to reorder the bands or click [Delete] to
delete the bands.
e. Enter the resolution of the output file.
f. Select intersection or union to specify the output file range.
Intersection: Creates an output file that only contains the data region where
all the files overlap.
Union: Creates an output file with a geographic region that encompasses all
the input file regions.
g. Set the path and file name for output file.
h. Click [OK].
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Statistics
The Statistics group includes Histogram Statistics and Spectral Profile
functions.
Figure 3-192 Statistics
3.5.4.1 Histogram Statistics
Use Histogram Statistics to generate image’s statistical reports and display plots
of histograms and basic statistic information, including Max, Min, Median, Mode,
Mean and Standard Deviation and so on.
a. From the menu bar, select [Basic Tools] [Statistics] [Histogram
Statistics]. The Histogram Statistics dialog appears.
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Figure 3-193 Histogram Statistics dialog
b. Select an input file from the Selected file dropdown list.
c. Choose the band to be calculated from the Selected layer dropdown list.
d. Set the value range not to be calculated and the sampling rate optionally.
e. Click [Apply]. After the statistics are calculated, the statistics result and the
histogram are shown in the Histogram Statistics dialog. The statistics result includes
Max, Min, Median, Mode, Mean and Standard Deviation and so on.
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Move the slide below the histogram to view the current pixel’s information
real-time, including pixel value, offset, frequency and number of pixels.
f. If you want to see the histogram statistics result, click [Symbolic Display] to
open the Data Report Window. The window shows the statistical band, Max, Min,
Median, Mode, Mean and Standard Deviation and so on.
g. If you want to save the histogram statistics result, click [Save to File] on the
Data Report Window.
3.5.4.2 Spectral Profile
Use Spectral Profile to extract horizontal profile, vertical profile and spectral
profile.
a. From the menu bar, select [Basic Tools] [Statistics] [Spectral Profile],
and then click on the image layer in the main view. The Spectral Profile dialog
appears. The spectral profile of current mouse click location will show on the
Spectral Profile dialog. The spectral profile will be updated continuously as the
current pixel location moves.
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错误!未找到引用源。-a Spectral Profile of band direction
错误!未找到引用源。-b Spectral Profile of X direction
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错误!未找到引用源。-c Spectral Profile of Y direction
b. Select the curve direction from the Curve Direction dropdown list. The
direction includes horizontal direction, vertical direction and band direction.
Export Image: Save the plot data as an image file.
Export Text: Save the plot data as a *.txt file.
Import Text: Import an external *.txt file to plot spectral profile.
X Coordinate: The column number at the crosshair.
Y Coordinate: The row number at the crosshair.
Location: Click [Location] to locate a pixel according to X and Y Coordinate.
The crosshair jumps to the specified pixel location and the spectral profile will be
updated simultaneously.
MirrorRotate
The MirrorRotate group includes Mirror and Rotate functions.
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Figure 3-194 Mirror and Rotate module
3.5.5.1 Mirror
Horizontal Mirror is used to flip the image left and right along the image’s
vertical midline. Vertical mirror is used to flip the image up and down along the
image’s horizontal midline. You can produce horizontal, vertical, horizontal and
vertical mirror image.
a. From the menu bar, select [Basic Tools] [MirrorRotate] [Mirror]. The
Image Mirror dialog appears.
Figure 3-195 Image Mirror dialog
b. Select an input file.
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c. Select bands.
d. Select Mirror Mode. The options are as follows: Horizontal, Vertical,
Horizontal and Vertical.
e. Set the path and file name for output file.
f. Click [OK].
3.5.5.2 Rotate
Use Rotate to turns the image around the specified pivot point by the specified
angle in degrees. You can specify the exact angle of the desired rotation.
a. From the menu bar, select [Basic Tools] [MirrorRotate] [Rotate]. The
Image Rotation dialog appears.
Figure 3-196 Image Rotation dialog
b. Select an input file.
c. Select bands to apply Rotating.
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d. Input rotation angle in the Rotation Angle field. The rotation angle must be
in 0-360 range.
e. Select the rotation direction by clicking the radio buttons. The options are as
follows: Clockwise rotation and Counter-clockwise rotation.
f. Set the path and file name for output file.
g. Click [OK].
Mask
Use Mask to build a mask and apply it. The mask is composed of 0 and 1 value.
When a mask is applied to an image, the areas with value of 1 will be retained and the
areas with value of 0 will be masked. The Mask group includes Build Mask and
Apply Mask functions.
Figure 3-197 Mask
3.5.6.1 Build Mask
a. From the menu bar, select [Basic Tools] [Mask] [Build Mask]. The
Build Mask dialog appears.
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Figure 3-198 Build Mask dialog
b. Select a reference file.
c. Select an attribute file to determine the mask area.
d. From the dropdown list, select the File Type of the attribute file. PIE can
only process vector files.
e. Set the path and file name for output file.
f. Set the selected areas in the mask on or off. Choosing On, the mask pixels
inside the attribute file will have a value of 1 and the mask pixels outside the attribute
file will have a value of 0. Otherwise, choosing Off, the mask pixels inside the
attribute file will have a value of 0 and the mask pixels outside the attribute file will
have a value of 1 (the boundary of the mask is the same as the boundary of the
reference image).
g. Click [OK].
3.5.6.2 Apply Mask
a. From the menu bar, select [Basic Tools] [Mask] [Apply Mask]. The
Apply Mask dialog appears.
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Figure 3-199 Apply Mask dialog
b. Select an input file.
c. Select a mask file.
d. Set the mask value.
e. Set the path and file name for output file.
f. Click [OK].
Utilities
The Utilities group includes Resample, Build Pyramid and Remove Raster
Block functions.
Figure 3-200 Utilities
3.5.7.1 Resample
Resample is used to resample the discrete digital image generated by sampling
according to the desired position of the pixel to acquire the corrected image.
Resample is essentially an image restoration process, which reconstructs the
two-dimensional continuous functions representing the original image with the input
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discrete digital image, and then resamples the image according to the new space and
pixel position. The mathematical process is to estimate or interpolate the new value
based on the reconstructed continuous function (Curve) and the value of several
neighboring pixels, which is equivalent to perform a two-dimensional convolution
operation for the sampling function and the input image.
a. From the menu bar, select [Basic Tools] [Utilities] [Resample]. The
Image Resample dialog appears.
Figure 3-201 Image Resample dialog
b. Select an input file.
c. Choose the bands to be resampled.
d. Click the Sampling method drop-down arrow and choose a resampling
method, including nearest neighbor, bilinear and cubic convolution.
e. In Columns(X) field, enter columns number of the image after resampling.
After entering the columns(X), the Column sampling rate will be updated.
Column sampling rate = Original Resolution/Column Resolution. Also, after
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entering the column sampling rate, the columns(X) will be update.
f. In Rows(Y) field, enter rows number of the image after resampling. After
entering the Rows(Y), the Row sampling rate will be updated.
Row sampling rate = Original Resolution/Row Resolution. Also, after entering
the Row sampling rate, the Rows(Y) will update.
g. Set the path and file name for output file.
h. Click [OK].
3.5.7.2 Build Pyramid
a. From the menu bar, select [Basic Tools] [Utilities] [Build Pyramid].
The Select Image Files dialog appears.
Figure 3-202 Select Image Files dialog
b. Click [Add] button, the Open dialog appears. Select the data folder or image
files. All selected image files will be added to the file list.
c. If you don’t want to build pyramid for a certain image, select it in the file list
and click [Remove] to delete it. If you want to delete all images, check [SelectAll]
and then click [Remove] button.
d. Check the list of files to build pyramid. Click [OK] to start building pyramid
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for the selected image(s). To build pyramid for all images, check [SelectAll], and then
click [OK].
3.5.7.3 Remove Raster Block
This function is used to delete block of raster data.
a. From the menu bar, select [Basic Tools] [Utilities] [Remove Raster
Block]. The Remove Raster Block dialog appears.
Figure 3-203 Remove Raster Block dialog
Input File: Select raster file;
Band Selection: Select bands to be processed;
Output File: Set output file directory;
The Number of Pixels in Minimum Raster Block: Set pixel number for
minimum block to be removed.
b. After all parameters are set, click [OK] to delete the raster block.
3.6 Annotation
Annotation
The function of Annotation is to annotate some elements on the layer such as
Points, Polylines, Curve, Freeline, Rectangles, Ellipses, Circles, Polygons, Screw,
Arrow, Text, Picture, etc. It can also perform editing, rotating, importing annotation,
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exporting annotation and clearing all the elements.
Figure 3-204 Annotation
3.6.1.1 Annotation Tools
PIE provides many annotation tools as shown in the table below.
Table 3-7 Annotation tools
Button Name Function
Select Select and move annotation elements in the main view.
Point Draw a point annotation in the main view.
Polyline Draw a polyline annotation in the main view.
Curve Draw a curved graphic line in the main view.
Free line Draw a freehand graphic line in the main view
Ellipse Draw an ellipse annotation in the main view.
Rectangle Draw a rectangle annotation in the main view.
Circle Draw a circle annotation in the main view.
Polygon Draw a polygon annotation in the main view.
Helical
Draw a helical line annotation in the main view.
line
Arrow Draw an arrow annotation in the main view.
Text Add a text annotation in the main view.
Picture Insert a picture in the main view.
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Edit
Edit vertices.
Vertices
Rotating Rotate the selected annotation.
Import
Import the annotation(s) you have saved.
Annotation
Export
Export the selected annotation(s).
Annotation
Clear Clear all the annotations.
Tip: In the process of annotating line or polygon, you can cancel annotation by
pressing ESC key. Double-clicking the left mouse button or clicking the right mouse
button can finish drawing.
3.6.1.2 Edit Annotation
Select: Click [Select] button. Select an annotation by clicking the left mouse
button, or select multiple annotations by holding down the Ctrl key while clicking
annotations or by dragging a select box around annotations with mouse.
Move: Select the annotation(s) you want to move and drag the annotation(s) to
the desired location.
Change Size: Click and hold the corner of an annotation box and drag it into a
new size.
Edit Shape: Click the annotation you want to edit, and click [Edit Vertices]
button. The external rectangle appear in the main view. Place the cursor over an
external rectangle and then edit by dragging the rectangle’s nodes.
Tip: Only polyline and polygon vertices can be edited. Other annotation can only
change size but cannot change shape.
3.6.1.3 Annotation Property
Edit annotation property: Double-click on the annotation to open the Properties
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dialog, and then edit the properties.
3.6.1.3.1 Properties of Point annotation
Properties dialog of Point annotation: The attribute information of point
symbols can be set up to represent elements such as hospitals, airports, stations, etc.
Click [Select] button in the Annotation group, select the point that needs to be
modified, and then double-click on the point. The Properties dialog appears.
(1) Symbol
Figure 3-205 Symbol property of point annotation
Color: Set the color of annotation.
Size: Set the size of point annotation.
Angle: Set the rotation angle of annotation.
Change Symbol: Click [Change Symbol] button to open Symbol Selector
dialog, and then select point annotation’s symbol.
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Figure 3-206 Symbol selector of point annotation
(2) Location
Click [Location] button in the Properties dialog to switch to the Properties's
Location dialog that display the location and height of the point:
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Figure 3-207 Location property of point annotation
(3) Size and Position
Click [Size and Location] button in the Properties dialog to switch to the Size
and Position dialog.
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Figure 3-208 Size and Position property of point annotation
Position: Display the position of selected anchor point.
Size: Display the width and height of point annotation. If Width and Height
value are modified, the size of point annotation will change accordingly. The
width and height can be expressed as absolute value or percentage. You can
change the width and height by percentage and preserve its aspect ratio.
Element Name: Enter the name of point annotation.
After the property parameters are set:
Click [Apply] button, the data property modification is completed and displayed.
Click [OK] button, the data property modification is completed and displayed,
and the Property dialog is closed.
Click [Cancel] button to cancel the data property modification and close the
Properties dialog.
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3.6.1.3.2 Properties of Line annotation
Line Element Attribute Settings dialog: You can set the property information of
line symbols to represent elements such as railways, highways, and rivers, etc.
Click [Select] button in the Annotation group, select the line that needs to be
modified, and then double-click on the line. The Properties dialog appears.
(1) Symbol
Figure 3-209 Symbol property of line annotation
Color: Set the color of line annotation.
Width: Set the width of line annotation.
Change Symbol: Click [Change Symbol] button to open Symbol Selector
dialog, and then select the symbol of line annotation.
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Figure 3-210 Symbol selector of line annotation
(2) Line
Click [Line] button in the property dialog, switch to the property's Line dialog,
and display line’s length information.
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Figure 3-211 Line property of line annotation
(3) Size and Position
In the Properties dialog, click [Size and Location] button to switch to the Size
and Position dialog.
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Figure 3-212 Size and Position property of line annotation
Position: Display the position of selected anchor point.
Size: Display the width and height of line annotation. If the Width and
Height value are modified, the size of line annotation will change
accordingly. You can change the width and height by percentage and
preserve its aspect ratio.
Element Name: Enter the name of line annotation.
After the property parameters are set:
Click [Apply] button, the data property modification is completed and displayed.
Click [OK] button, the data property modification is completed and displayed,
and the Properties dialog is closed.
Click [Cancel] button to cancel the data property modification and close the
Properties dialog.
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3.6.1.3.3 Properties of Polygon annotation
Polygon property setting dialog: You can set the attribute information of the
polygon to represent the reservoir, gobi, residential land and other elements.
Click [Select] button in the Annotation group and select the polygon that needs
to be modified. Double-click on the polygon. The Properties dialog appears.
(1) Symbol
Figure 3-213 Symbol property of polygon annotation
Fill Color: Set the fill color of polygon annotation.
Outline Color: Set the outline color of polygon annotation.
Outline Width: Set the outline width of polygon annotation.
Change Symbol: Click [Change Symbol] button to open Symbol Selector
dialog, and then select the symbol of polygon annotation.
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Figure 3-214 Symbol selector of polygon annotation
(2) Area
In the Properties dialog, click [Area] button to switch to the property's Area
dialog to display the area, perimeter, and center information of the Polygon.
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Figure 3-215 Area property of polygon annotation
(3) Size and Position
In the Properties dialog, click [Size and Location] button to switch to the Size
and Position dialog.
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Figure 3-216 Size and Position property of polygon annotation
Position: Display the position of selected anchor point.
Size: Display the width and height of polygon annotation. If Width and
Height value are modified, the size of polygon annotation will change
accordingly. You can change the width and height by percentage and
preserve its aspect ratio.
Element Name: Enter the name of polygon annotation.
After the property parameters are set:
Click [Apply] button, the data property modification is completed and displayed.
Click [OK] button, the data property modification is completed and displayed,
and the Properties dialog is closed.
Click [Cancel] button to cancel the data property modification and close the
Properties dialog.
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3.6.1.3.4 Properties of Screw annotation
Screw property setting dialog: You can set the property information of the screw
symbol and the auxiliary line symbol to represent elements such as railways,
highways, and rivers, etc.
Click [Select] in the Annotation group, select the screw that needs to be
modified, and then double-click on the screw line. The Properties dialog appears.
(1) Screw Symbol
Figure 3-217 Symbol property of screw annotation
Color: Set the color of screw annotation.
Width: Set the width of screw annotation.
Change Symbol: Click [Change Symbol] button to open Symbol Selector
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dialog, and then select the symbol of screw annotation.
Figure 3-218 Symbol selector of screw annotation
(2) Auxiliary Line Symbol
In the Property dialog, click [Auxiliary Line Symbol] button, to switch to the
property's Auxiliary Line Symbol dialog, and display the color and length
information of the auxiliary line.
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Figure 3-219 Auxiliary line property of screw annotation
Color: Set the color of auxiliary line annotation.
Width: Set the width of auxiliary line annotation.
Change Symbol: Click [Change Symbol] button to open Symbol Selector
dialog, and then select the symbol of auxiliary line annotation.
(3) Size and Position
Click [Size and Location] button in the Properties dialog to switch to the Size
and Position dialog.
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Figure 3-220 Size and Position property of screw annotation
Position: Display the position of selected anchor point.
Size: Display the width and height of screw annotation. If the Width and
Height value are modified, the size of screw annotation will change
accordingly. You can change the width and height by percentage and
preserve its aspect ratio.
Element Name: Enter the name of screw annotation.
After the property parameters are set:
Click [Apply] button, the data property modification is completed and displayed.
Click [OK] button, the data property modification is completed and displayed,
and the Properties dialog is closed.
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Click [Cancel] button to cancel the data property modification and close the
Properties dialog.
3.6.1.3.5 Properties of Arrow annotation
Properties dialog of Arrow annotation: The attribute information of arrow
symbols can be set up to represent elements such as reservoir, gobi, and residential
land, etc.
Click [Select] in Annotation group, select the arrow to be modified, and then
double-click on the arrow. The Properties dialog appears.
(1) Symbol
Figure 3-221 Symbol property of arrow annotation
Fill Color: Set the fill color of polygon annotation.
Outline Color: Set the outline color of arrow annotation.
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Outline Width: Set the outline width of arrow annotation.
Change Symbol: Click [Change Symbol] button to open Symbol Selector
dialog, and then select the symbol of arrow annotation.
After the property parameters are set:
Click [Apply] button, the data property modification is completed and displayed.
Click [OK] button, the data property modification is completed and displayed,
and the Properties dialog is closed.
Click [Cancel] button to cancel the data property modification and close the
Properties dialog.
3.6.1.3.6 Properties of Text annotations
Properties dialog of Text annotation: Click [Select] button in Annotation group,
select the text to be modified, and then double-click on the text. The Properties
dialog appears.
(1) Symbol
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Figure 3-222 Text property of text annotation
Text: Edit the information of text annotation.
Font: Set the font of text annotation.
Color: Set the font color of text annotation.
Size: Set the font size of text annotation.
(2) Size and Position
Click [Size and Location] button in the Properties dialog to switch to the Size
and Position dialog.
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Figure 3-223 Size and Position property of text annotation
Position: Display the position of selected anchor point.
Size: Display the width and height of text annotation. If Width and Height
value are modified, the size of text annotation will change accordingly. You can
change the width and height by percentage and preserve its aspect ratio.
Element Name: Enter the name of text annotation.
After the property parameters are set:
Click [Apply] button, the data property modification is completed and displayed.
Click [OK] button, the data property modification is completed and displayed,
and the Properties dialog is closed.
Click [Cancel] button to cancel the data property modification and close the
Properties dialog.
3.6.1.3.7 Properties of Picture annotation
Properties dialog of Picture annotation: Click [Select] button in the Annotation
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group, select the picture to be modified, and then double-click on the picture. The
Properties dialog appears.
(1) Picture
Figure 3-224 Picture tab of picture annotation properties dialog
File path is displayed. Click [Open] to add a new picture. If you want to save the
image as part of document, click the checkbox Save Image as Part of Document.
(2) Area
Click [Area] button in the Properties dialog to switch to the Area dialog.
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Figure 3-225 Area tab of picture annotation properties dialog
Area: Display the area of the picture annotation.
Perimeter: Display the perimeter of the picture annotation.
Center: Display the center position of the picture annotation in the view.
Click [Apply] button to save the properties.
Click [OK] button to close the Properties dialog.
Click [Cancel] button to cancel the data property modification and close the
Properties dialog.
(3) Size and Position
Click [Size and Location] button in the Properties dialog to switch to the Size
and Position dialog.
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Figure 3-226 Size and Position property of picture annotation
Position: Display the position of selected anchor point.
Size: Display the width and height of picture annotation. If Width and
Height value are modified, the size of picture annotation will change accordingly.
You can change the width and height by percentage and preserve its aspect ratio.
Element Name: Enter the name of picture annotation.
After the property parameters are set:
Click [Apply] button, the data property modification is completed and displayed.
Click [OK] button, the data property modification is completed and displayed,
and the Properties dialog is closed.
Click [Cancel] button to cancel the data property modification and close the
Properties dialog.
Information Extraction
The Information Extraction module provides four functions: MagicWand,
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Reshape, ClipElement and Vector Generation. The three functions of Reshape, Clip
Element and Vector Generation are performed based on the result of Magic Wand
extraction.
Figure 3-2 The Information Extraction menu
3.6.2.1 Magic Wand
The magic wand function extracts the pixel area according to the average RGB
values of image pixels, but not extract according to image’s spectral information.
When the image is stretched differently, the extraction result may be different.
Threshold setting: according to the center point of the current mark, continuously
search for the mark to the periphery, and calculate the difference between the RGB
mean of the center point and the RGB mean of the surrounding pixels, when the
difference is less than or equal to the threshold, it will be extracted, otherwise no
marking.
Open the raster image to be processed in the view. Select [Annotation]
[Information Extraction] [MagicWand], then click on the extracted area of raster
image in the view to obtain the pixel region of interest. As shown below:
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Figure 3-3 Magic wand extract objects
Right-click in the view to pop up the right-click menu to perform the threshold
setting operation.
Threshold setting: Set the threshold when using magic wand to extract. Users can
adjust it according to the pixel characteristics and extraction results of the image. The
larger the threshold is setting, the larger the radius of the selected area.
Figure 3-4 Magic Wand Threshold Setting dialog
Original image Extraction result
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Figure 3-5 Extraction results of magic wand in debris flow area
3.6.2.2 ReShape
In the region of interest extracted by the magic wand, click [ReShape] button to
mark the cutting line, and hide the smaller part according to the cutting line. When
there is a hole in the extracted area, the slide line operation can be performed. Press
and hold the left mouse button along the hole boundary to fill the hole and merge it
into the region of interest.
3.6.2.3 Clip Element
Clip Element can cut the region of interest extracted by magic wand according to
the drawn cut line. The attribute value of the polygon after cutting is the copy of the
attribute value before cutting.
Click [Clip Element] button to draw a crop line in the region of interest extracted
by the magic wand. The clip line intersects any two sides of the original polygon. The
original polygon feature is divided into two polygons according to the drawn clip line.
End drawing clip line.
3.6.2.4 Vector Generation
The vector generation tool saves the region of interest extracted from the magic
wand as a vector polygon file. When you Click [Vector Generation] button, the
Export to shapefile dialog appears. Set the output path and file name, and save the
file as Shapefile (.shp) format.
Font
The Font group includes the color, size and font of the text annotation, also
includes the color of point annotation, line annotation and polygon annotation
functions.
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Figure 3-227 Font
Font: Set the font of the selected text annotation.
Size: Set the font size of the text annotation between 5 and 72.
: Switch the bold display and normal display status of the font.
: Switch the font's italic display and normal display status.
: Switch the underlined display and the normal display status of the font.
: Change the font color.
: Change the fill color of the polygon annotation.
: Change the color of the line annotation.
: Change the color of the point annotation.
3.7 Vector Process
The Vector Process group includes Create Layer, Vector Editor, Tools,
Snapping, Convert Data and Vector Analysis functions.
Figure 3-228 Vector Process module
Create Layer
When a vector element is created, its element type needs to be defined. The PIE
element type mainly includes point vector, line vector and polygon vector. Once the
vector is completed, its type cannot be modified.
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a. From the menu bar, select [Vector Process] [Vector Editor] [New layer].
The Create Layer dialog appears.
Figure 3-229 Create Layer dialog
b. Output File: Set the path and file name for output shape file.
c. Coordinate System: Set the coordinate system of the shape file.
d. Feature Type: Select a vector layer type from the drop-down list. PIE is able
to create new point layer, new polyline layer and new polygon layer.
e. Edit the attribute field of the shape file. Click [Add] button to add a field.
Then you can edit the information of the field. Click [Delete] button to delete a field
from the field list.
f. After all the parameters are set, click [OK] button to create a new vector
layer and load it into the layer list automatically.
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Vector Editor
The VectorEditor group includes Editor (start, save, stop), Move, Add, Delete,
Edit, Rotate, Edit Attributes, Undo and Redo functions.
Figure 3-230 Edit
3.7.2.1 Editor
Figure 3-231 Editor
Start: In the map list, select the shape you want to edit and then click [Start]
button to begin editing.
Save: After the vector editing is completed, click [Save] button to save the
current editing results and exits the editing status.
Stop: After finishing editing. You can click [stop] button under the Editor
tab. If you have made any modifications, click [Yes] to save them. Otherwise, click
[No] to discard the edit.
3.7.2.2 Move
Select the vector element you want to move, and then click [Move] to drag it to
the desired location.
3.7.2.3 Add
You can add point element, polyline element or polygon element. Click [Add]
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button to open the Add Feature dialog, and then select the layer and feature tool.
Add point element: Select the point shape file and the point feature tool to
add point element.
Figure 3-232 Add point element dialog
Add polyline element: Select the polyline shape file and the polyline feature
tool to add polyline element.
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Figure 3-233 Add polyline element dialog
Add polygon element: Select the polygon shape file. Polygon feature tool
includes Polygon, Rectangle, Ellipse and Circle to add polygon element.
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Figure 3-234 Add polygon element dialog
3.7.2.4 Delete
Select the vector element you want to delete, and then click [Delete] to delete it
from the layer.
3.7.2.5 Edit
Select the vector element you want to edit, and then click [Edit]. Both line and
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polygon elements are composed of several nodes. In data editing operation, nodes can
be added, deleted and moved to change the local shape of elements.
Add node: Right-click and select [Add node] in the position where the new
node is to be added.
Delete node: Right-click and select [Delete node] in the position where the
node is to be deleted.
Move: Dragging the node and move it to manually change the elements’
shape
Figure 3-235 Edit Vertices
Tip: You can only edit the polyline vertices or polygon vertices.
3.7.2.6 Rotate
Select the line element or polygon element. Click [Rotate Element] button, then a
cross will appear in the element’s center. The cross is the center of rotation. Hold the
left mouse button to rotate the element. Release the mouse, and the element will be
rotated.
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Figure 3-236 Rotate
3.7.2.7 Edit Attributes
Ensure that the layer is in editable status. Select the elements to be edited, and
then click [Edit Attribute]. The Attributes dialog appears. Use it to edit the selected
elements’ attribute information.
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Figure 3-237 Attributes dialog
3.7.2.8 Batch Edit Attributes
Ensure the layer is in editable status. Select the elements to be edited, and then
click [Batch Edit Attribute]. The Batch Edit Attributes dialog appears. Check the
attributes field to be modified, input new elements value, and Click [OK] button to
modify attribute information of the selected elements.
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3.7.2.9 Undo
Click [Undo] button to cancel the previous editing operation in the reverse order.
3.7.2.10 Redo
Click [Redo] button to re-apply the editing operations that you have just
cancelled. The [Redo] button is enabled only after you have removed one or more
previous editing operations by clicking [Undo] button.
Tools
The Tools group includes Select, Clear Select, Split, Merge, Explode, Reshape
and ExtractBySplit functions.
Figure 3-238 Tools
3.7.3.1 Select
Click [Select] button. Select one object by clicking the left mouse button and
select multiple objects by holding down the Ctrl key while clicking objects or by
dragging a select box around the objects while holding left mouse button. The
selected object is highlighted on the map. You can move the selected object by
clicking the left mouse button or delete the selected object by clicking the Delete key
on the keyboard.
3.7.3.2 Clear Select
Click [Clear Select] button to cancel the selection of currently selected features.
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3.7.3.3 Split
PIE element cutting tool can be divided into line element cut and polygon element
cut. The line element can be arbitrarily cut at one point, and the cut polyline element’s
attribute is a copy of the uncut polyline. The polygon element is cut according to the
drawn cut line, and the cut polygon element attribute is a copy of the uncut polygon.
Line element cut: Select the line elements to be cut. Click [Split] button, and
then draw any line on the line elements. The selected elements will be cut by the
cutting line into two sections. Click [Select] button to view the separate Line objects.
Polygon element cut: Select the polygon elements to be cut. Click [Split]
button to draw the cut line. The cut line intersects any two sides of the original
polygon. The original polygon object will be divided into two polygons by the cut
line.
3.7.3.4 Merge
Merge combines selected objects of the same layer into one. The object must be
from either a line or a polygon layer. Select at least two objects. Whether adjacent or
separated, the objects you selected can be merged into a new element. Once the new
element is generated, the original objects will be automatically deleted.
Click [Select] button to select the objects to be merged. Click [Merge] button to
open the Merge dialog, and choose the objects. Click [OK] to apply. Then the
selected features will be merged into a multi-part layer.
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Figure 3-239 Merge dialog
3.7.3.5 Explode
Select a multi-part object, and then Click [Explode] button. The multi-part
objects will be separated into individual component objects.
Figure 3-240 Explode
3.7.3.6 Reshape
Select an element in the vector layer, and click [Reshape] button. Draw cut line
on the element. The element will hide the smaller part according to the cut line.
3.7.3.7 Extract by Split
a. From the menu bar, select [Vector Process] [Tools] [Extract by Split].
The Split dialog appears.
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Figure 3-241 Extract by Split
b. Click the Input Features dropdown arrow to select the input objects.
c. Click the Split Features dropdown arrow to select the split objects. The split
objects must be polygons.
d. Click the Split Field dropdown arrow to select the split field. The split field
data type must be character. Its unique values will become the names of output object
classes.
e. Set the target directory.
f. Click [OK].
Snapping
Snapping allows you to create objects that connect to each other so that your
editing become more accurate and concise. With snapping turned on, your pointer will
snap to edges, vertices, or other geometric elements when your pointer is near them. .
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Figure 3-242 Snapping
3.7.4.1 Point
Snap to point objects. Click [Point] button to active it. When the mouse is on the
point, the layer name and the point’s information will be captured and displayed on
the interface. The [Point] button can only capture point elements’ information.
Figure 3-243 Point Snapping
3.7.4.2 Node
Snap to the vertices of lines or polygons. Click [Node] button to active it. When
mouse is on the node, the layer name and the selected element’s information will be
captured and displayed on the interface. The [Node] button can only capture the
information of line or polygon elements.
Figure 3-244 Node snapping of line
Figure 3-245 Node snapping of polygon
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3.7.4.3 Edge
Snap to lines or polygon boundaries. Click [Line] button to active it. When
mouse is on the point, the layer name and the selected element’s information will be
captured and displayed on the interface. The [Edge] button can only capture the
information of line elements or polygon elements.
Figure 3-246 Edge snapping of line
Figure 3-247 Edge snapping of polygon
3.7.4.4 Track
Based on topology algorithm, track vector elements’ edge to make line match the
edge. Click [Track] button to activate the breakpoint. Add new elements in the view.
Put mouse on the starting point to capture the starting point or inflection point
information of the selected elements, and display it on the interface. Click the starting
point or inflection point to make the newly added elements coincide with the original
elements.
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Figure 3-248 Track
Convert Data
The Convert Data group includes Raster To Vector and Vector To Raster
functions.
Figure 3-249 Convert Data
3.7.5.1 Raster To Vector
The Raster To Vector function is mainly used to output each selected class in
the classification file to a separate vector layer or to output all classes to a single
vector layer.
a. From the menu bar, select [Vector Process] [Convert Data] [Raster To
Vector]. The Raster To Vector dialog appears.
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Figure 3-250 Raster to Vector dialog
Input File: You can only select a classification image.
Selection category: Set the classification categories to be vectorized.
Select output type:
Single File: All classes will be saved in one vector file.
Multi-File: Each class will be saved as a separate vector file. Then
multiple files will generate.
Number of Classes Selected: Show the classes number to be output.
[Clear]: Clear all the selected classes.
b. Set the path and file name for output vector file.
c. Click [OK].
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3.7.5.2 Vector to Raster
Vector to Raster is mainly used to convert any vector data containing point, line
or polygon elements into raster data. The input field’s type determines the type of
output raster. If the field is integer, the output raster will be integer; if the field is float,
the output raster will be float. After inputting a vector file, the default field will be the
first valid available field.
a. From the menu bar, select [Vector Process] [Convert Data] [Vector To
Raster]. The Vector To Raster dialog appears.
Figure 3-251 Vector To Raster dialog
b. Select an input vector file.
c. Select the fields to be rasterized.
d. Set the size of the raster, enter columns and rows in the X and Y text, or select the
standard image file.
e. Set the path and file name for output file.
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f. Click [OK].
Vector Analysis
Figure 3-252 Vector Analysis
Buffer analysis refers to the information analysis method that automatically
expands the buffered polygon entities around the input vector elements at a certain
distance to realize the spatial data expansion in the horizontal direction. This polygon
covers all points whose distance is less than or equal to the buffer distance. Buffer
analysis is mainly used to analyze the impact of things on the environment. It is one
of the important and basic spatial operation functions of GIS system.
Buffer analysis includes the analysis of point object, line object, and polygon
object. According to the distance and units of the buffer, point’s buffer is a circle
centered on the point and with distance as its radius; Line’s buffer is a polygon with
distance as its radius; Polygon’s buffer is a polygon with distance as its radius. The
buffer of the polygon is divided into positive buffer and negative buffer. The outside
zone of the polygon is called positive zone and the internal zone of the polygon is
called negative zone.
a. From the menu bar, select [Vector Process] [Vector Analysis] [Buffer].
The Analyse Buffer dialog appears.
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Figure 3-253 Analyse Buffer dialog
b. Select the layer to apply buffer.
c. Set the buffer distance.
d. Click [OK].
3.8 Monitor Analysis
The Monitoring and Analysis module is generally for four-band (blue, green,
red and near-infrared) data similar to GF1. This group includes Land, Hydro and
Forestry functions.
Figure 3-254 Monitor Analysis
Land
Land use change detection function is mainly used to realize the dynamic
detection of land use change with two-phase remote sensing images.
From the menu bar, select [Land] [Monitoring Analysis] [Land Use
Change Detection]. The Land Use Change Detection dialog appears.
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Figure 3-255 Land Use Change Detection dialog
Detected image file: Input image data of the latter phase.
Reference image file: Input image data of the previous phase.
The output file: Set save path and file name for the detection result.
After all the parameters are set, click [OK] button to perform land use change
detection processing.
Tip: Ensure the detected image and the reference image have been orthorectified,
and their projection information is consistent.
Reference image Detected image
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Result image
Figure 3-256 Result of land use change detection
Hydro
The automatic monitoring method of water area adopted by PIE is to segment the
image automatically by histogram threshold (peak or trough), and is to extract
interested water accurately.
From the menu bar, select [Monitoring Analysis] [Hydro] [Water Extra].
The Water Extra dialog appears.
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Figure 3-257 Water Extra dialog
Select Files: Select the image to do water extraction.
Region Shp: Input the vector file of the area to do water extraction, which is
usually the result of buffer analysis of the previous year’s water census vector results.
Output File: Enter the save path and file name for detection result.
After all the parameters are set, click [OK] button to perform water extraction
processing.
Tip: At present, PIE water extraction is available for 4-band (blue, green, red,
near-infrared) image such as GF1, GF2, ZY3, HJ CCD data. The input image must be
orthorectified.
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Original data Water extraction result
Figure 3-258 Result of water extraction
Forestry
The Forestry group includes Image Feature Statistic Info, Field Identify,
Forest Extraction and Change Detection functions.
Figure 3-259 Forestry
3.8.3.1 Image Feature Statistic Info
Use image feature statistic info to extract image’s feature information or the
region of interest.
From the menu bar, select [Monitoring Analysis] [Forestry] [Image Feature
Statistic Info]. The Image Feature Information Statistic dialog appears.
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Figure 3-260 Image Feature Information Statistic dialog
Image file: Input remote sensing image to be monitored.
Vector file: Input the vector file of the region of interest to be monitored, and
its projection must be consistent with the image.
Feature type: Select statistical type, including two types: NDVI and hue.
Result file: Set the path and file name for output file.
After all the parameters are set, click [OK] button to perform image feature
statistic info processing.
3.8.3.2 Field Identify
Using NDVI and hue features of remote sensing image and treating engineering
land block as the smallest unit, classify and recognize the afforestation engineering
map.
Before performing field identify, it is necessary to make statistics for image’s
NDVI and hue information. According to the statistical information, fill in the
parameter settings of the forest extraction.
From the menu bar, select [Monitoring Analysis] [Forestry] [Field
Identify]. The Field Identify dialog appears.
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Figure 3-261 Field Identify dialog
Input file:
Engineering Graphics: Input the afforestation project vector file to be
monitored. The vector’s attributes must include subcompartment number
and ObjectID two fields with assigned values. Otherwise it will prompt
“type judgment does not meet the requirements”.
Image: Input the remote sensing image to be monitored, and its
projection must be consistent with the engineering vector.
Parameter setting: Set the parameter information related to the field
identify:
Set NDVI’s mean and variance value of forest area, which is the result of
statistics.
Set hue’s mean and variance value of forest area, which is the result of
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statistics.
Minimum Value of NDVI: The default value is 0.2.
Output File:
Result File: Set the path and file name for output file.
After all the parameters are set, click [OK] button to perform field identify
processing.
3.8.3.3 Forest Extraction
Forest extraction is used to classify and identify forest based on the
characteristics such as NDVI and hue characteristics of remote sensing images.
Before performing the forest extraction, it is necessary to perform feature information
statistics on the image, including NDVI and hue. According to the statistical
information, fill in the parameter settings of the forest extraction.
From the menu bar, select [Monitoring Analysis] [Forestry] [Monitor
Analysis]. The Forest Extraction dialog appears.
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Figure 3-2623 Forest Extraction dialog
Input File:
Engineering Graphics: Input the forestry engineering vector file to be
monitored. The attributes of the vector file must include subcompartment
number and ObjectID with assigned values. Otherwise, it will prompt
“type judgment does not meet the requirements”.
Image: Input the remote sensing image to be monitored. Its projection
must be consistent with the engineering vector.
Parameter settings:
Set the mean and variance value of NDVI, which is the result of
statistics.
Set the mean and variance value of the hue, which is the result of
statistics.
Minimum Value of NDVI: The default value is 0.2.
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Output File:
The result file: Set the path and file name for output file.
After all the parameters are set, click [OK] button to perform field identify
processing.
Tip: Forest extraction is not to detect the change of forest area, but to extract
forest within the vector range and divide it into different classes, without
distinguishing tree species.
3.8.3.4 Change Detection
Change detection uses two superimposed images parts of the same region of
different time phases to calculate, and compares the classification of the previous
phase with the classification of the latter phase. Obtain change detection information
according to the setting of parameters. Currently, change detection can only process
GF1 and GF2 images.
From the menu bar, select [Monitoring Analysis] [Forestry] [Change
Detection]. The Change Detection dialog appears.
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Figure 3-2634 Forest Change Detection dialog
Input File:
Early RS Image: Input image of previous phase.
Post RS Image: Input image of latter phase.
Parameter Settings: Set the Min Area of Landscape Engineering, that is,
the minimum extraction area. The default value is 667.0 m2.
Output File:
Result File: Set the path and file name for output file.
After all the parameters are set, click [OK] button to perform vegetation change
detection processing.
Tip: Ensure the input images are two stage images having been orthorectified
and their projection type is consistent. Min Area of Landscape Engineering means
the minimum patch of filtration. If the changed area is bigger than or equal to the set
value, it will be monitored and extracted, otherwise it will be filtered out.
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3.9 Thematic Mapping
Thematic mapping of PIE is the process of generating a map product. You can
quickly add scale, title, and north arrow to the image to produce an exportable map.
After all the parameters are set, you can save the settings as a quick template or export
it as a picture. Click [Page] button in the lower left corner of the view to switch to
thematic mapping interface.
The Thematic Mapping group includes Data View Tools, Layout View Tools,
Data Frame，Map Elements，Align，Order，Distribute，Thematic Template and
Thematic Export functions.
Figure 3-264 Thematic Mapping
Data View Tools
Data View Tools are working with the contents within the data frame, for
example, to pan and zoom in or out your map.
Figure 3-265 Data View Tools
Zoom In: In Layout view, click [Zoom In] button to zoom in the image by
clicking on a point or dragging a select box.
Zoom Out: In Layout view, Click [Zoom Out] button to zoom out the image
by clicking on a point or dragging a select box.
Pan: In Layout view, click [Pan] button to pan the image.
Full Extent: In Layout view, click [Full Extent] button to zoom the image to
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full extent of the frame.
1: 1: In Layout view, click [1: 1] button to reset the image zoom factor to
1.0.
Previous: Click [Previous] button to withdraw the previous operation and
return to the status before the operation. You can go back to the initial view
if you continue to press the button.
Next: Click [Next] button to revisit the sequence of view you have made for
the map. You can go forward to the last view when you continue to press the button.
Layout View Tools
When you are working with a page layout, you are working in page units (for
example, inches or centimeters). The layout view tools are available in Layout view.
Figure 3-266 Layout View Tools
Zoom In: Click [Zoom In] button to zoom in data frame by clicking a point
or dragging a select box.
Zoom Out: Click [Zoom Out] button to zoom out data frame by clicking a
point or dragging a select box.
Pan: Click [Pan] button to pan the data frame.
Full: Click [Full] button to zoom data frame to full extent.
1: 1: Click [1: 1] button to zoom data frame to 1: 1 scale.
Previous: Click [Previous] button to withdraw the previous operation and
return to the status before the operation. You can go back to the initial view if you
continue to press the button.
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Next: Click [Next] button to revisit the sequence of view you have made for
data frame. You can go forward to the last view if you continue to press this button.
Data Frame
The Data Frame group includes The Data Frame, Lock and Unlock functions.
Figure 3-267 Data Frame
Data Frame is to organize a series of layers that need to be displayed together.
There is at least one data frame on each map. You can add additional data frames to
the map to compare two adjacent regions and display a full or detailed view. In the
Layout view, you can see all the data frames on the map. You can also modify data
frame’s shape and position on the page, and add other map elements such as scale and
legend.
In the Layout view，click [The Data Frame] button to add a data frame in the
view. Use Delete key to delete data frame. Click [Select] button and double-click on
the data frame to bring up the Properties dialog to change data frame’s style.
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Figure 3-268 The Properties dialog of the data frame
(1) Size and Position:
Position: Display the selected anchor’s position parameter;
Size: The width and height of the data frame are displayed. If the width and
height values are adjusted, the size of the data frame in the view will change
accordingly. The width and height values can be expressed in absolute value or
percentage. Check the At Percentage box and switch the length and width values to
the percentage display.
Element name: The name of the data frame.
After all settings are completed, click [OK] button. The size and position of the
data frame will be set successfully.
(2) Frame:
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Figure 3-269 The Properties dialog of the data Frame
Border: Set border information of the data frame, including display symbols,
rounded corners, spacing, etc. It can preview border information in real time.
Background: Set the background's attribute information of the data frame,
including display symbols, fillets, spacing, etc.
Shadow: Set the drop shadow’s attribute information of data frame,
including display symbols, fillets, spacing, etc. It can preview the set drop shadow
information in real time.
After all settings are completed, click [OK] button and the data frame will be set
successfully.
(3) Grids:
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Figure 3-270 The Properties dialog of the data Frame
Graticule: Click [Graticule] to add the graticule to the left list box. Click
[OK] or [Apply] button, and then the graticule will be displayed.
MeasuredGrid: Click [MeasuredGrid] to add MeasuredGrid to the left list
box. Click [OK] or [Apply] button, and then Measured Grid will be displayed.
Properties: From the left list, select the grid and click [Properties] button.
The Properties dialog appears, which can be used to set the parameters of the axis,
label and interval of the grid.
Remove Grid: From the left list, select the grid and click [Remove Grid]
button to remove the grid from the list. If you have added a grid to the data frame,
select the corresponding grid in the list. Click [Remove Grid] button, and click [OK]
to delete the grid in the data frame.
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Tip: From the menu bar, select [Thematic Map] [Data Frame] [Lock]. All
data frames in the view are locked and will be not editable. Click [Unlock] button.
The locked data frame will be unlocked and you can edit it.
Map Elements
Use Map Elements function to add various map elements on the layer, such as
point, polyline, polygon, text, picture, north arrow, scale bar, legend and grid.
Figure 3-271 Map Elements
3.9.4.1 Point
Insert a point in Layout view.
3.9.4.2 Polyline
Insert a polyline, curve or free line in Layout view.
3.9.4.3 Polygon
Insert a polygon, rectangle, ellipse or circle in Layout view.
3.9.4.4 Text
Insert a text string, annotation, current date or current time in Layout view.
Figure 3-272 Text
3.9.4.5 Picture
Insert a picture in Layout view.
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3.9.4.6 North Arrow
The north arrow refers to the symbol used to indicate the north direction on
thematic map. When data frame is rotated, the north arrow element will rotate
automatically.
a. From the menu bar, select [Thematic Mapping] [Map Elements] [North
Arrow]. The Symbol Selector dialog appears.
Figure 3-273 North Arrow dialog
b. Choose the style of north arrow. Enter the size and angle of the arrow.
c. Click [OK] to insert a north arrow in Layout view.
d. Double-click on the north arrow to open its Properties dialog.
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Figure 3-274 North Arrow properties dialog
e. North Arrow: Set the size, angle, style and symbol of the north arrow.
f. Frame: Set the symbol, angle, border width, background and shadow of the
north arrow.
g. Size and Position: Set the position, size, anchor point and element name of
the north arrow.
h. Click [OK].
3.9.4.7 Scale Bar
Scale bar is a symbol that a map must have, providing readers with distance
information for ground features. It represents the ratio of real distance and map
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distance. The distance identified by a lattice is the actual ground distance represented
by the same distance on the map.
a. From the menu bar, select [Thematic Mapping] [Map Elements] [Scale
Bar] to insert a scale bar in Layout view.
b. Double-click on the scale bar to open its Properties dialog.
Figure 3-275 Scale bar Properties dialog
c. Set the scale and units, format, frame, size and position of the scale bar.
d. Scale and Units: Set the text, scale and unite of the scale bar.
e. Format: Set the marks, bar and style of the scale bar.
f. Frame: Set the symbol, angle and distance of the border, background and
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shadow of the scale bar.
g. Size and Position: Set the position, size, anchor point and element name of
the scale bar.
h. Click [OK].
3.9.4.8 Legend
The symbol used on the map to represent the various elements of the
geographical environment, such as mountains, rivers, cities, railways, etc., is called
legend. A legend tells user the meaning of map features symbols. When you use only
one symbol for the features in a layer, layer's name will be displayed in the legend.
When you use multiple symbols to represent features in a single layer, features name
will become a label in the legend, and each category is labeled with its name.
Legends have patches that show examples of the map symbols. By default, the
legend patches are points, straight lines, or rectangles that match the map symbols.
You can customize the legend patches, for example, areas with patches of curve or
rivers are shown with a curve rather than a straight line.
a. From the menu bar, select [Thematic Mapping] [Map Elements]
[Legend] to insert a legend element in Layout view.
b. Double-click on the legend to open the Legend dialog.
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Figure 3-276 Legend properties dialog
c. General: Set the title and the style of the legend, specify legend items and set
map connection.
d. Item: Set the style, font, item columns of the selected item(s).
e. Layout: Set the margin and default patch. The margin group includes title
margin, item margin, column margin, layer name margin, group margin, heading
margin, vertical path margin and path margin.
f. Frame: Set the symbol, angle and border width, background and shadow of
the legend.
g. Size and Position: Set the position, size, anchor point and element name of
the legend.
h. Click [OK].
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Figure 3-277 Example of map elements
3.9.4.9 Grid
PIE provides longitude-latitude grid and square grid for thematic map. You can
directly add grid line on map. The default option is longitude-latitude grid. If you
want to modify grid style and size, select [Select] and then double-click on the grid in
the main view. The Properties dialog appears.
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Figure 3-278 Grid Properties dialog
Size And Position and Frame are for date frame. Please see Section 3.9.3
for more instructions.
Grids
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Figure 3-279 Grids tab of Properties dialog
Graticule: Add longitude-latitude grid to the left list. Select the grid in
list and Click [OK] or [Apply] to show the grid line in the main view.
MeasureGrid: Add square grid to the left list. Select the grid in the list
and click [OK] or [Apply] to show the grid line in the main view.
Properties: Select one item in the left list and click [Properties]. The
Properties dialog appears. You can set Axes, Labels and Intervals.
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Figure 3-280 Properties dialog of Grids tab
Remove Grid: Select item(s) in the left list and click [Remove Grid] to
delete it/them from the list. If a grid has been added into the data frame,
select the corresponding item in the list and click [Remove Grid] and
[OK] to remove it from the data frame.
Align
The group of Align includes Align Left, Align Right, Align Top, Align Bottom,
Align Vertical Center, Align Center and Align To Margins functions.
Figure 3-281 Align
a. Click the [Select] button in the Layout View Tools and click the image you
want to align.
b. Click an option in the Align group and arrange or group the image.
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Table 3-8 Alignment tools
Button Name Function
Align Left Align the selected element(s) to the left.
Align Right Align the selected element(s) to the right.
Align Top Align the selected element(s) to the top.
Align Bottom Align the selected element(s) to the bottom.
Align Vertical Center Align the selected element(s) to the vertical center.
Align Center Align the selected element(s) to the horizontal center.
Toggle whether alignment is to page margins or elements in the
Align To Margins
selection.
Order
Use Order to sort the order of map elements in the layer. The Order group
includes Bring to Front, Send to Back, Bring Forward and Send Backward
functions.
Figure 3-282 Order
Table 3-9 Order tools
Button Name Function
Bring to Front Move the selected element(s) to the front.
Send to Back Move the selected element(s) to the back.
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Bring Forward Move the selected element(s) to forward.
Send Backward Move the selected element(s) to backward.
Distribute
The Distribute group includes Distribute Horizontally, Distribute Vertically,
Make Same Size Elements, Make Same Width Elements, Make Same Height
Elements, Fit to Margins Elements, Fit Width to Margins Elements, Fit Height to
Margins Elements functions.
Figure 3-283 Distribute
Distribute Horizontally: Select more than 3 elements to achieve the same
distance in the horizontal direction of the elements.
Distribute Vertically: Select more than 3 elements to achieve the same
vertical spacing of features.
Make Same Size Elements: Implementing the same size for more than two
elements.
Make Same Width Elements: Implementing the same width for more than
two elements.
Make Same Height Elements: Implementing the same height for more than
two elements.
Fit to Margins Elements: For more than one element, in the cartographic
view interface, select the feature to achieve the same height and width of the page.
Fit Width to Margins Elements: For more than one element, in the
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cartographic view interface, select the feature to achieve the same width as the width
of the page.
Fit Height to Margins Elements: For more than one element, select the
feature in the cartographic view interface, and realize the feature's height is the same
as the page height.
Thematic Template
A map template is a map document (.template) from which new documents can
be created with similar layout. Templates may contain base map layers or a variety of
commonly used page layouts. Map templates make it easy to reuse or standardize a
layout for a series of maps. Using a template can save your time because you don't
have to manually reproduce the similar parts of the maps. Templates can be shared
within an organization to increase productivity and standardize the produced map
layouts.
Use Change Page to change the layout by selecting a predefined template.
a. From the menu bar, select [Thematic Mapping] [Thematic Template]
[Change Page] to open the Open dialog.
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Figure 3-284 Open dialog
b. Select a predefined template (*.pmd).
c. Click [Open] to add the template.
d. After all the settings are completed, click [OK] button to export the thematic
map.
Thematic Export
The Thematic Export group includes Page Setup and Export as a Map
functions.
Figure 3-285 Thematic Export
3.9.9.1 Page Setup
Page Setup function allows you to set your printer's page size. By default, when
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you create a new map in PIE, the layout page dimensions are set as your default
printer's page size.
(1) Map Page Size
a. From the menu bar, select [Thematic Mapping] [Thematic Export]
[Page Setup] to open the Page Settings dialog.
Figure 3-286 Page Settings dialog
b. Select the paper size, then the page width and height will update
automatically. To set your own page size, choose the Customize button to set.
c. Select the orientation either as Portrait or Landscape.
d. Click [OK].
(2) Frame
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Figure 3-287 Frame Settings dialog
Border: Set border’s attribute information, including display symbols,
rounded corners, spacing, etc., and preview the border information in real time.
Background: Set the data frame background information, including display
symbols, fillets, spacing, etc.
Shadow: Set drop shadow’s attribute information, including display symbols,
fillets, spacing, etc., and preview the set drop shadow information in real time.
After all the settings are completed, Click [OK] button to complete the page
setup of the thematic map.
3.9.9.2 Export as a map
You can export maps to several raster graphics file formats: BMP, JPEG, PNG,
and TIFF.
a. In Layout view, from the menu bar, select [Thematic Mapping] [Thematic
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Export] [Export as a map] to open the Export Map dialog.
Figure 3-288 Export Map dialog
b. Set the path and file name for output file.
c. Set DPI, width, height of the output file.
d. After all the settings are completed, Click [OK] button to export the thematic
map.
3.10 View
View menu provides View Management and Option functions.
Figure 3-289 View menu
View Management
From the menu bar, select [View] [View Management] [Layer
Management] to display or hide layer list in interface.
Option
In this part, you can set the whole window interface style according to your
preference. Click the drop-down box of Style button and set color for different styles.
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The default style is Office 2016 in white.
Figure 3-290 PIE style setting menu.
3.11 Help
Help menu provides Process Monitor, Help, About, Update, License and
Common Shortcuts functions.
Figure 3-291 Help menu
Process Monitor
When the software is carrying out task, select [Help] [Process Monitor]
[Process Watcher]. The Process Watcher dialog appears, showing the process of
task(s).
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Figure 3-292 Progress watcher dialog
Identifier shows the running function name. Before the task is done, Cancel
option is available and appears as button. You can click this button to cancel
the corresponding task. Please note that this operation is not recoverable, which
means the task cannot resume execution.
To examine the detailed information of each process, click [Details] button .
The Algo Info dialog appears and shows log information.
Figure 3-293 Algorithm information dialog
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Help
From the menu bar, select [Help] [Help] to open PIE user’s guide document.
About
From the menu bar, select [Help] [About] to open the About PIE dialog. You
can check the software’s version, build date, copyright, company website, support
email and company contact information.
Figure 3-294 About PIE dialog
Update
This function is in process.
License
From the menu bar, select [Help] [License] to check the software name,
version and authorization end date and so on. To update the license or to be
re-authorized, click [Update License] button. The Update License dialog appears and
shows machine number which can be used by authorized person to generate the
unique authorization number (registration number). Copy the registration number into
text box and click [OK]. The authorization process successes.
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Figure 3-295 License dialog
Figure 3-296 Updata License dialog
Shortcuts
From the menu bar, select [Help] [View Shortcuts] to browse common
shortcuts.
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Figure 3-297 Shortcuts list
270
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