Software is Everywhere

Connecting Things

Presentation_ID © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 1
Sections & Objectives
▪ Programming
• Explain the value of computer programs.

▪ The Raspberry Pi Single Board Computer (SBC)

• Use the Raspberry Pi for simple applications.

▪ Building Models of IoT Systems in Packet Tracer

• Use Packet Tracer to model IoT systems.

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 Programming

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Programming
What is Code?
▪ What is a Program
• Code is a set of ordered instructions created to accomplish a specific task.
• A bread recipe can be seen as a program.
• Computer programs can be written in different programming languages.

▪ Programs are Everywhere

• All computers need programs.
• Operating Systems, firmware, and applications are
examples of programs.

▪ Why Learn Code?

• Programmers are valued in the job market.
• Today, programmers may work on firmware, device
drivers, mobile applications, web interfaces, data
analysis, and more.
• Programmers can create their own tools.

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Programming
Code Does the Job!
▪ What Makes Up a Program?
• Programs allow people impart logic to computers and are made out of logic structures.
• IF-THEN, FOR Loops, and WHILE Loops are a few logical structures commonly found in
programs.

▪ Interpreted Vs. Compiled

• Interpreted languages rely on another program to read, parse, and execute the code.
• Compiled languages rely on a compiler, another
program, to turn the human-readable code into a
binary executable code.

▪ Computer Languages
• There are several different computer languages.
• Some computer languages are better than others
at certain types of tasks.
• JavaScript, Python, Blockly, C, and Java are
examples of computer languages.

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Programming
Lending Intelligence
▪ IOT Devices and Data Processing
• A common IoT application uses sensors to collect data.
• Data is often not useful until it has been processed. Collected data is often transported
and stored in the cloud for processing at a later date.

▪ IoT Devices Make Decisions

• Software must be written and uploaded onto IoT devices to allow them to make decisions.
• Decisions can be as simple as triggering an alarm
or as complex as facial recognition.

▪ Software APIs
• Application Program Interface (API) is a set of
routines and software tools that facilitate one
application communicating with another.
• Different types of APIs exist: operating system
APIs, application APIs, website APIs.
• APIs allow applications to communicate, share
data, or ask for specific services from another
application.
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Programming
Lending Intelligence – cont’d
▪ REST API

• REST APIs use HTTP based calls between applications to access and manipulate
information stored on powerful databases.
• Web resources used to be identified using a URL. Now resources can be any entity or
thing that can be addressed: today’s step goal, house temperature setting, glucose
setting.
• A unique Uniform Resource Identifier (URI) can identify an entity. A URI typically begins
with a slash (/steps)
• REST API requests trigger responses in well-defined formats such as XML or JSON

Presentation_ID © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 7
Programming
Lending Intelligence – cont’d
▪ Securing the Code
• Devices should protect themselves from attacks that impair its function or allow it to be
used for unintended purposes without authorization.
• Devices should protect the private authentication credentials and key material from
disclosure to unauthorized parties.
• Devices should protect the information received, transmitted, or stored locally on the
device, from inappropriate disclosure to unauthorized parties.
• Devices should protect themselves from being used as a vector to attack other devices
or hosts on the Internet.

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The Raspberry Pi Single
Board Computer (SBC)

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The Raspberry Pi Single Board Computer (SBC)
Raspberry Pi Hardware
▪ The Raspberry Pi and its Ports
• The Pi is a small and inexpensive computer.
• It has a number of USB ports that can be used to connect various devices including
keyboards, mice, external drives and cameras.
• The Pi includes an 10/100Mbps Ethernet port and 40 GPIO pins, operating at 3.3V.
• Other Pi ports include an audio out, a micro SD card slot, and a micro USB (used for
power) connector.

• The Pi3 also adds:

• 1.2 Ghz 64-bit quad-core ARMv8
CPU
• 802.11n Wireless LAN
• Bluetooth 4.1
• Bluetooth Low Energy (BLF)

• The Pi can run a number of operating

systems, including Linux and Windows.

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The Raspberry Pi Single Board Computer (SBC)
PL-App
▪ The Raspberry Pi can be accessed locally:
• 1. Install an operating system image on the micro SD card.
• 2. Place the card in the micro SD card slot of the RaPi.
• 3. Connect a USB keyboard.
• 4. Connect a monitor or TV using the HDMI port.
• 5. Power the device with a power adapter.

• The Raspberry Pi can be accessed remotely using the PL-App

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The Raspberry Pi Single Board Computer (SBC)
Using the Linux Operating System
▪ Understanding Linux
• Linux is open source, fast, reliable and small and requires very
little hardware resources to run.
• Linux is part of several platforms; from wristwatches to
supercomputers.
• Linux distributions include the Linux kernel, plus a number of
customized tools and software packages.
• Debian, Red Hat, Ubuntu and Slackware are just a few examples
of Linux distributions.
• Raspbian is a Linux distribution based on Debian and created
specifically for the Raspberry Pi.

▪ Accessing the Linux Shell

• The Linux operating system can be divided into kernel and shell.
• The shell is a command interpreter.
• The shell is text based and also called CLI (command line
interface

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The Raspberry Pi Single Board Computer (SBC)
Using the Linux Operating System (Cont.)
▪ Accessing the CLI
• The CLI can be accessed directly through a shell in non-
graphical systems.
• Bourne Shell (sh), Bash (bash), C Shell (csh), improved C Shell
(tcsh), and Z Shell (zsh) are popular shells.
• A terminal emulator application can be used to access the CLI in
graphical environments.
• Popular terminal emulators on Linux are Terminator, eterm,
xterm, console, and gnome-terminal.

▪ Basic Linux Commands

• Linux commands are programs created to perform a specific
task.
• To invoke a command via shell, simply type its name.
• grep, ifconfig, iwconfig, passwd and pwd are a few basic
Linux commands.
• Commands can be piped together, using the output of one as
the input of the other.

Presentation_ID © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 13
The Raspberry Pi Single Board Computer (SBC)
Using the Linux Operating System (Cont.)
▪ Process Managing Commands
• In Linux, a process is any task or command being executed by the system.
• PIDs are unique numbers assigned to processes for identification.
• ps, top and kill are commands used to manage processes.

▪ File Permissions
• In Linux, most everything is treated as a file.
• File Permissions provide a mechanism to define permissions to files.
• Possible permissions rights are Read, Write, and Execute and can be defined for the
user who owns the file, the group, and other system users.
• The root user can override file permissions.

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The Raspberry Pi Single Board Computer (SBC)
Using the Linux Operating System (Cont.)
▪ Package Managers
• Maintaining computer programs and their
library dependencies manually is not scalable
• Package managers facilitate the installation,
removal, and upgrade of computer programs.
• Package managers usually include user tools
and a remote package repository.
• The repository hosts software packages and
their dependencies.
• dpkg and rpm are popular package managers
for Debian Linux and Red Hat Linux,
respectively.
• Raspbian includes dpkg and apt by default.

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The Raspberry Pi Single Board Computer (SBC)
Blockly
▪ Variables and Basic Statements
• Blockly allows the creation of a program without entering any lines of code; it uses colored
blocks.
• Blocks can be connected together by dragging and attaching the appropriate blocks.
• Creating a new variable in Blockly is a simple matter of dragging the variable block and
filling in the value slot.

▪ IF-THEN
• Used to allow the code to make decisions.

▪ FOR Loops
• Used to repeat the execution of a block of
code for a specific number of times.

▪ WHILE Loops
• Used to execute a block of code while a
condition is true.

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The Raspberry Pi Single Board Computer (SBC)
Python on the Raspberry Pi
▪ Using Blocky to Learn Python
• Blockly can be used to enhance Python understanding.
• Beginners can create Blockly programs, convert them to Python and study the result.

▪ The Python Interpreter

• The Python interpreter understands and executes Python code.
• Python code can be created in any text editor and Python interpreters are available for
many operating systems.
• Python developers can create and deploy Python programs in practically any operating
system.
• When called with no arguments, the Python interpreter displays the “>>>” prompt and
waits for commands; this is called interactive mode.

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The Raspberry Pi Single Board Computer (SBC)
Python on the Raspberry Pi (cont’d)
▪ Variables and Basic Statements in Python
• Variables are labeled memory areas used to store runtime program data.
• To assign values to variables in Python, use the = (equal to) sign.
• Python’s interactive mode implements the special variable “_”.

• Useful Functions and Data Types in Python

• Python supports many useful functions and data types such as range(), tuples, lists,
sets, and dictionary

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The Raspberry Pi Single Board Computer (SBC)
Python on the Raspberry Pi (cont’d)
▪ Importing Modules Into Your Code
• Use the import <module> keyword to import pre-written code into your programs.

▪ IF THEN In Python
• Allows the execution a block of code based on the result of an expression.

▪ FOR Loops in Python

• Iterates through the items of any sequence

▪ WHILE Loops in Python

• Executes a block of code while the expression is true
▪ Indentation is important in Python!

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The Raspberry Pi Single Board Computer (SBC)
Python on the Raspberry Pi (cont’d)
▪ Cisco Support for Cybersecurity Professionals
• DevNet
o Cisco provides a beneficial community named DevNet.
o DevNet is available to assist you in learning to code, use software
and programs, and partner with others.
• Webex Teams
o Webex Teams is a cloud service that provides persistent chat,
room-based collaboration, WebRTC video conferencing, and more.
o Developers can create code that can be used to integrate specific
solutions with Webex Teams via the Webex Teams REST API.
o Webex Teams REST API can include automated Webex Teams
messages based on real-world events that occur in a popular
application/program

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The Raspberry Pi Single Board Computer (SBC)
Uses of the Raspberry Pi
▪ Artificial Raspberry Pi Pancreas
• Dana Lewis and her husband used a Raspberry Pi
to build an artificial pancreas.
• It was possible due to the Pi’s small size and low
power requirements.

▪ 4Borg Pi Robot
• PiBorg is an affordable robot kit built around a
Raspberry Pi.
• It is both fun and educational.

• Controlling the Arduino Through the Pi

• While the Pi is powerful, it may not be the best option
for all projects.
• The Pi doesn’t include analog GPIO pins.
• The Pi is not real-time.
• The Pi’s power requirements and size may be too large,
depending on the application.
• To adjust to these limitations, an Arduino may be used.
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Building Models of IoT
Systems in Packet Tracer

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Building Models of IoT Systems in Packet Tracer
A Model of an IoT System
▪ Introducing The Home Automation Model
• PT7.0 supports a wide range of IoT devices, such as sensors, actuators,
microcontrollers, single board computers, and fog computing devices.
• PT7.0 allows the design, configuration, programming, and troubleshooting of
sophisticated models of IoT systems.

▪ The Components of the Systems

• In the Smart Home example, all devices connect to the Home Gateway, which acts as a
concentrator for all devices.
• Sensors monitor the environment while code makes sure
values stay within a pre-defined threshold.
• The code also takes appropriated actions if the monitored
values fall out of the pre-defined threshold.
• The cable modem and splitter pair is what provides
Internet connectivity to the Home Gateway and
consequently, to the entire home.

Presentation_ID © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 23
Building Models of IoT Systems in Packet Tracer
A Model of an IoT System (Cont.)
▪ The SBC Code in Packet Tracer
• PT 7.0 also introduces a single board computer (SBC) and a microcontroller unit (MCU).
• PT SBC simulates an SBC such as a Raspberry Pi.
• PT SBC provides 2 USB ports and 10 digital I/O ports which can be used to connect IoT
sensors and devices.
• PT SBC has a Python interpreter built in, accessible via PT SBC’s Programming tab.
• PT 7.0 also supports an MCU emulator.
• PT MCU can be programmed similarly to real-word MCUs.
• PT MCU has one USB port, six digital I/O ports,
and four analog I/O ports.
• PT MCU can also be programmed with Python.

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Chapter Summary

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Chapter Summary
Summary
▪ Programs (also called code) are used in IoT to provide logic and intelligence to the devices.
A programmer can create code to allow an IoT device to perform tasks such as monitoring,
communicating to others, data processing and more.
▪ The Raspberry Pi, single board computer, is designed to be small and consume very little
power.
▪ The Cisco PL-App allows access to the Raspberry Pi directly from the network without the
need for a monitor, keyboard or mouse to be directly connected to the Pi.
▪ The Raspberry Pi runs Raspbian, a modified version of the open source and wide-spread
Linux operating system.
▪ The Raspberry Pi supports many different programming languages including Blockly, a
visual programming language, designed to help beginners learn how to program. This
course focuses on Python, a popular, simple and powerful programming language.
▪ With added support to Python, Cisco Packet Tracer is a great tool to model, prototype and
test entire IoT systems.

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