MODULE 2

ACADEMIC LANGUAGE

 The language needed by students to do work in school

 Is the underpinning of learning. It is through the use of academic language that students read, write, listen, and
speak about the topics

SOCIAL LANGUAGE

Here are some of the differences between social and academic language includes:

CHARACTERISTICS OF ACADEMIC LANGUAGE

1. Formal- it should not sound conversational or casual. Colloquial, idiomatic, slang or journalistic expressions should
particularly be avoided.

Examples:
Use… Instead…
Consider, monitor Look at
Revise, review Go over
Solve, repair, amend Fix

2. Objective- this means it is unbiased. It should be based on facts and evidence and are not influenced by personal
feelings.
3. Impersonal- this involves avoiding the personal pronouns ‘I’ and ‘we’. For example, instead of writing ‘I will show’, you
might write ‘this report will show’. The second person, ‘you’, is also to be avoided.
TEXT STRUCTURE
 Text structure refers to how the information within a written text is organized.
 This strategy helps you understand that a text might present a main idea and details; a cause and then its effects;
and/or different views of a topic among others.
 Knowing to recognize common text structures can help you monitor your comprehension.
TWO COMMON ACADEMIC TEXT STRUCTURE
A. 3 Part Essay Structure
- This is the basis of all formal writing.
1. Introduction- states the issue or topic, reason or purpose, and structure or the manner in which the writer wants the
readers to get the information of the paper.
2. Body Paragraph-elaboration or explanation of the topic. It is in the body that comprehensive discussion of the topic is
done by citing evidences that support the writer’s perspectives on the topic being discussed through examples,
definitions, etc.
3. Conclusion-summary of the ideas presented in the paper and explains briefly how these ideas are connected to one
another. This connection of ideas is generally known as the general statement.

B. IMRad Text Structure

-This is commonly used in writing scientific articles or reports.
1. Introduction-states the status of a current phenomenon. It includes what the author knows and what he/she wanted
to know about It is also in the introduction where the writer states his/her thesis statement, hypothesis or research
question
2. Methods- explains the process on an author reach the results of his/her study or investigation. “How did you conduct
the study?”
3. Results and Discussion -explains the findings of the study or investigation. Here, the author can compare the result of
his/her work with other existing studies or investigations and posts his/her recommendation/s based on his/her findings.

TYPES OF TEXT STRUCTURES

1. DEFINITION
-This type of text structure features a detailed description of something to give the reader a mental picture.

Guiding Questions
 What are the most important characteristics? - how is it being described (what does it look like, how does it
work, etc.)?
 What is important to remember about it?

2. CAUSE AND EFFECT

-This structure presents the Effect causal relationship between a specific event, idea, or concept and the events,
ideas, or concept that follow.
Guiding Questions:
 What happened?
 Why did it happen?
 What caused it to happen?

3. COMPARISON AND CONTRAST

-This type of text examines the similarities and differences between two persons, ideas or concepts.

Guiding Questions
 What items are being compared?
 In what ways are they similar? Different?
 What conclusion does the author reach about these items?

4. ORDER / SEQUENCE
-This text structure gives readers a chronological of events or a list of steps in a procedure.

5. PROBLEM SOLUTION
-This type of structure sets up a problem or problems, explains the solution, and then discusses the effects of
the solution language.

Guiding Questions:
 What is the problem?
 Why is this a problem?
 Is anything being done to try to solve the problem?
 What can be done to solve the problem?
ACITIVITY 1
Directions: Match the informal vocabulary in the list below with the more appropriate formal options from the box.
Revise, review
Commence, initiate, undertake
Solve, repair, amend
Confirm, determine
Satisfactorily, positive, favorable
Consider, monitor, analyze
Somewhat, fairly
Demonstrate, indicate, illustrate
A great deal of, many
Reasonable

1. Go over - _____________ 6. A lot of -_____________

2. Show - ______________ 7. A bit - ______________
3. Begin -_______________ 8. Fix - _______________
4. Good - _______________ 9. Make sure - __________
5. Look at -______________ 10. Quite good -_________

ACITIVITY 2
A. Identify the text structure based on the given statement. Write your answers on a separate sheet.
_________1. This text structure is “how are things in the text similar or different.”
_________2. The text structure that discusses what is specifically being described.
_________3. The text structure that is written in a style that tells what happened ang why it happens.
_________4. This text structure tells what the conflict is, or problem, and how it was solved.
_________5. The text structure that shows events taking place over time or gives steps is…
_________6. “Similar, same, alike, both, on the other hand, instead” are signal words for…
_________7. Before putting the model car together, we gathered our supplies. Then we were able to read and follow the directions.
Before long, our car was done.
_________8. Which type of text structure answers the question of what happened and why?
_________9. Which type of text structure shows how two or more things are alike and different?
_________10. The sentence structure that narrates a story.
B. Read the passages and determine what sentence structure is used. Choose your answer from the list of words below. Write only
the letter of your choice. You may use a separate sheet in writing your answers.

a. Narrative b. Chronological/Sequence
c. Cause-Effect d. Descriptive
e. Problem-Solution f. Compare-Contrast

______1. There are two popular sports played at Milton, basketball, and volleyball. Both take place inside of the gym at Milton.
Also, each sport has two teams of people. In basketball, however, the ball can be played off of the floor, and in volleyball, the ball
cannot touch the floor, or it is out of play. Basketball and volleyball are popular sports at Milton. What text structure is this?
_____2. Lots of students fail classes. Some students fail because the work is too hard for them. Other times they may fail because
they are lazy, and don’t do any work. Another reason why students may fail is if they don’t go to school. If you’re not in class, you
may miss a lot. Many students fail classes every quarter. What text structure is this?
_____3. Dr. Knapp doesn’t want people to sit back and let the toad vanish. He believes that everyone is responsible for restoring
the toad species. Dr. Knapp thinks we could help restore the toad population if we stop mowing parts of our lawns and let the grass
grow wild to reserve space for the toad. He also believes we need to stop using pesticides and fertilizers. The chemicals kill the
insects that toads eat. If we preserve some spaces in our lawns and stop using fertilizers, Dr. Knapp believes we can save the toads.
What text structure is this?
_____4. Devers experienced the highlight of any sprinter’s career, as she stood on the huge platform in the giant stadium and
received an Olympic gold medal. Eighteen months earlier she wasn’t thinking about running. She was hoping that she would be
able to walk again. Just four years earlier, in the summer of 1988, as Devers was training for the Olympic Games, to be held in
Seoul, South Korea, she began to feel very tired all the time and failed to make the Olympic finals. What text structure is this?
_____5 The Eiffel Tower is divided into three sections. I. The lowest section of the tower contains the entrance, a gift shop, and a
restaurant. II. The middle section of the tower consists of stairs and elevators that lead to the top. III. The top section of the tower
includes an observation deck with a spectacular view of Paris.