ADDIS COLLEGE

ARCHITECTURE AND URBAN PLANNING

CORDINATE DESIGN III

YARED BEZUWORK – 098/11

INS. LEWI
SUB DATE - DEC 1/2022
What Was the Industrial Revolution?
The Industrial Revolution was a period of major mechanization and innovation that
began in Great Britain during the mid-18th century and early 19th century and later
spread throughout much of the world. The British Industrial Revolution was dominated
by the exploitation of coal and iron.
The American Industrial Revolution, sometimes referred to as the Second Industrial
Revolution, began in the 1870s and continued through World War II. The era saw the
mechanization of agriculture and manufacturing and the introduction of new modes of
transportation including steamships, the automobile, and airplanes.
Industrial park
Industrial parks are a portion of the city that is specifically reserved for
industrial use. These zones are not for the use of commercial or residential
needs. Industrial parks generally include ports, oil refineries, distribution
centers, warehouses, and factories.
Importance
Industrial parks may be designed such that it gets together supporting
features and services that are going to benefit the organizations that are going
to occupy the facilities there. Ports offer access for commodities and
manufactured products that are to be brought to the major hubs of the
industries for the purpose of distribution.
Advantage of industrial park
Industrial parks create more job opportunities and increase labor mobility.
Since many of the units are labor intensive, there are opportunities for both
skilled and unskilled workers Disadvantages of Industrial Parks
Pollution Island: industrial parks concentrate pollution produced by several
industries in a specific area of the city. ...
Increased traffic: parks often result in increased traffic in the industrial area
and on nearby highways.
Purpose of industrial parks
Industrial parks help overcome business infrastructure constraints and
barriers to firm entry into the markets. Industrial parks have the capacity to
generate high productivity, stimulate innovation, promote investment and
foster social inclusion and environmental protection.
Industrial bldg.
Industrial parks may include warehouses, distribution supply hubs, and other
factories. An industrial park may also be called a trading estate or industrial
estate.
Considered of industrial area
Industrial Area means any area occupied by land uses whose primary
operation involves manufacturing, assembling, processing, or otherwise
treating raw materials, semi-finished products, or finished products, for
packaging and distribution to either wholesale or retail markets.
FARM
A farm is a plot of land that is used to grow
crops and raise livestock, as in on our farm;
we raise sheep and sell their wool. The word
farm is also used as a verb to mean to work
land to grow crops or to raise animals.

Types of industry
There are four types of industry. These are primary, secondary, tertiary and
quaternary.
Primary industry involves getting raw materials e.g. mining, farming and fishing.
Secondary industry involves manufacturing e.g. making cars and steel.
Tertiary industries provide a service e.g. teaching and nursing.
Quaternary industry involves research and development industries e.g. IT.
Types of farming

Green house Vertical farming

Hydroponics Aquaponics
industrial building material
The majority of industrial buildings superstructures are framed in structural
steel, although a small percentage are in precast concrete. Steel is used primarily
for its large strength-to-weight ratio, enabling it to span large distances
economically. Steelwork is easily modified, which provides for a degree of
adaptability not always available from concrete structures.
Ground slab and foundations are invariably reinforced concrete, though some
ground bearing slabs are constructed with no reinforcement. Industrial buildings
for containment of toxic of other processes may require construction primarily
from reinforced concrete.
STANDARDS
Key Elements of Industrial Architecture
Industrial architecture takes many forms, but some common features include:
• Combination of functionality and design
• Large, open floor plans
• High ceilings
• Use of raw rough materials such as concrete, brick, metal
• Lack of ornamentation on building façade
• Distressed and worn finishes from years of heavy use
• Exposed brick, ductwork and piping that otherwise would be smoothed over
in residential construction
• Large metal-grid windows

REFERENCE
1 https://maps.planningportal.nsw.gov.au/Terms 2
www.planning.nsw.gov.au/exemptandcomplying 3
www.planning.nsw.gov.au/exemptandcomplyingoverview
 Factory & Industrial Building Dimensions
Height
The maximum height of a road truck is 4.5m, so there is usually no
point in higher doors
(Except waste transfer buildings, aggregate stores and the like
which need to cater for
Tipping trucks up to 11m high - and of course Aircraft Hangars).
Fork lift truck masts
May be higher, dictating a 6m eaves height. 5.6m is the minimum
height in which
2 stores of office can reasonably be built.
If your operation needs less height, say manual assembly, restrict
the height to 3m,

Length
Any length is possible, up to 1km or so. Unless there is a
specific
Requirement let us optimize the frame spacing for the
required length.
Width
We can do any clear span up to, reasonably, about 200m! The most
economic spans, for the building costs in isolation, are about 15 to
20m. At 30m the cost is creeping up, and it continues to rise as the
span increases. Factory with 2 rows of props
Large clear span (no props)

Suspended Floors
Economy is usually around 5.8m x 5.8m column
spans. But all other
Spans are feasible. The price starts to rise above
7m spans in either
Direction.
How is Industrial Waste Managed?
Industrial waste management includes:-
segregation
land application (composting)
landfill, and
recycling of waste.
Let’s break those terms down:
• Segregation involves separating the waste by type for effective disposal.
• Land application or composting is when the waste is treated
through biodegradation and added to the soil, which improves the soil by
adding more organic material.
• Landfill is the burying of waste that you cannot recycle or compost - this is
the least preferred method of waste management because it results in the
direct release of waste into the environment.
• Recycling is reusing or repurposing waste materials to reduce the amount
of waste that is produced. All these processes also utilize various waste
management technologies that are available within waste management
facilities.
 Dairy farm
dairying, also called dairy farming, branch of agriculture that encompasses the
breeding, raising, and utilization of dairy animals, primarily cows, for the
production of milk and the various dairy products processed from it.
 Types of dairy farm
A farmer’s first priority in selecting a type of dairy farm is always cow
comfort. Dairy farmers know comfortable and content cows are the most
productive cows. In the Dairy MAX region, there are three common popular
farm styles: freestall, drylot and pasture-based.

Freestall dairies Drylot dairies Pasture-based dairies

No matter which farm type a dairy farmer selects, the cows’ needs are always the top
consideration. Dairies are designed to best suit the individual environment and to ensure
dairy cows are always as comfortable as possible while producing the milk we love.
· Product Milk Plant
Here, there is the production of products like cheese, butter, ice-creams, etc. which do not
require daily
distribution to the consumers. So the plant should be located near the producing areas. The
difference in the
location areas of both plants results in the minimized transportation cost.
Milk plants can be classified based on its capacity also :
· Small Capacity Milk Plants
These are usually below 10,000 LPD and may need to load milk in road tankers and send to
larger dairies. Very
limited local sales of liquid milk could be possible, as these are essentially located in small
towns.
· Medium Capacity Milk Plants
The capacity of the medium sized dairy plant ranges from 20,000 lit to 1,00,000 litres of
milk handling per day.
Layout for products like market milk, butter & ghee and cheeses can be designed. Each
room should be planned
separately and arranged with forward flow of product as per requirement.
· Large Capacity Milk Plants
Here, the plant building may have few floors having multi-product manufacture, where the
reception is done at
the ground floor and should have both milk treatment and tank storage on the first floor. If
products like milk
powder are to be manufactured, then the powder plant should placed in different building.
 Types of dairy product
There are several different types of dairy products on the market, which are defined as
foods made from the milk of animals. The most popular made from cow’s milk are :-
- pasteurized or raw milk
- cheese, and butter
- Yogurt and ice cream are also considered to be popular dairy products.
Types of machine

Pasteurization
This technique heats milk to 72°C for no
less than 15 seconds, then cooled
immediately to destroy any harmful
bacteria and micro-organisms. This also
extends the shelf life.

Homogenization

Milk is put under pressure through fine

nozzles, which evenly disperses fat
globules. This stops the cream separating
and rising to the top, allowing a more
consistent texture and taste. Some
manufacturers produce unhomogenised
milk for people who prefer the cream to
separate and rise to the top of the bottle.
Refrigerator
The bulk milk chiller is a modular milk chilling
system with the efficiency to cool milk from
35-degree C to 4-degree C. Its capacity may
vary from one bulk milk chiller manufacturer to
another. Depending on the capacity of your
dairy unit, you can choose the quantity of milk
in the tank.

Milk tanker
provides a practical operation on milk
transport. Thus reducing the workmanship in
transport. Milk transfer tanks are specially
insulated for milk transfer and made of
stainless steel. The tank capacity can range
from 100 liters to 20000 liters.
Centrifugal separation
This removes some or all of the c
ream to make reduced-fat, low-fat
or skim milk. Skim milk solids can
be added back to improve the test
and texture, and increase
nutrients like protein and calcium.

Ultrafiltration
This moves milk across a membrane
under moderate pressure, which holds
back protein, fat globules, and a large
amount of calcium complexes.
Water and lactose (the sugar in milk)
pass through, leaving behind a very
protein and calcium-rich product.
The fat content can be adjusted to suit
consumer preference.
Spray drying

This removes water from milk in

order to make powdered milk
products. Milk’s nutritional value
remains the same.

Filling
Wide spectrum of Vertical Pastpak machines
are designed to pack dairy.
1. Raw milk
2. Test foe raw milk quality
3. Storage in tank
4. Standrdisation (separator)
5. Pasteurisation
6. Homogenisation
7. Storage in tank(Refrigerator)
Milk tanker separator
8. Packing
9. Cold store
10. Quality of product in test

Homogenisation
Pasteurisation

Refrigerator
Packing
Or
filling
 Dairy farm machine and cow shed standard

Machine name Capacity Dimension (mm)L*W*H

Milk tanker 2000L 3950×1550×1750
Separator 2000L 1100*1050*1200
pasteurizer 1000L 2200*1350*2050mm
Homogenisation 1000L 4200*3500*3800
Refrigerator 2000L 2950*1600*1680
packing or filling 4600*1800*2650

Dairy farm electric

energy consumption
Lighting
Appropriate lighting can improve productivity and safety on dairy farm. There are 3
types of lighting system on dairy industry
1. incident lamp
2.florusent light
3.high intensity discharge lamp
Ventilation
Proper ventilation is needed in dairy barns throughout the year to help maintain animal
health and productivity, the barn’s structural integrity, milk quality and a comfortable
work environment for the laborers
Types of ventilation
There are two types of ventilation:
1.natural
2.mechanical
Natural ventilation uses the least amount of energy and requires the exchange of air, the
ability to control ventilation rates, flexibility to provide the cows a comfortable
environment throughout the year and good barn construction.
Mechanically ventilated barns require air inlets and exhaust fans opposite one another.
Exhaust fans are powered by an electric motor and contain hoods, protective screens and
louvers or shutters. Each fan targets a certain area to provide uniform control of moisture
and gases.
Impacts of dairy processing
As for many other food processing operations, the main environmental impacts associated
with all dairy processing activities are the high consumption of water, the discharge of
effluent with high organic loads and the consumption of energy. Noise, odor and solid
wastes may also be concerns for some plants.

Water consumption dairy processing characteristically requires very large quantities of

fresh water. Water is used primarily for cleaning process equipment and work areas to
maintain hygiene standards.

Effluent discharge dairy processing characteristically requires very large quantities of fresh
water. Water is used primarily for cleaning process equipment and work areas to maintain
hygiene standards.

Solid wastes Dairy products such as milk, cream and yogurt are typically packed in plastic-
lined paperboard cartons, plastic bottles and cups, plastic bags or reusable glass bottles.
Other products, such as butter and cheese, are wrapped in foil, plastic film or small plastic
containers

Hazardous waste Hazardous wastes consist of oily sludge from gearboxes of moving
machines, laboratory waste, cooling agents, oily paper filters, batteries, paint cans etc.
Dairy Farm Lay-out Principles
The optimal lay-out of a dairy farm takes into account the following principles: Principles
• a. One central entry and exit point
• b. One central square
• c. Central view on the farm/central square
• d. Straight and short lines for all traffic (people and vehicles)
• e. The premises are fenced f. The route to pasture and arable land is separate from the
central entry and exit point.
effective dairy barn or cow house design
Is based on the following principles
• a) Cow comfort
• b) Labor efficiency, safety and comfort
• c) Simple, robust, flexible and expandable
• d) Durable, cheap
• e) Straight lines
• f) Concentration of labor
• g) Optimizing and separating flows
The following function in the cow house design also need consideration
1. cow handling and treatment area
2. Milking parlour
3. Milk- and machine room
4. Office and sanitation room
Next to the cow house and utility buildings, the dairy farm has a number of
other buildings and structures of which the most common are
1. Feed storage/handling area
2. Cattle dip/spray area
3. Drinking water storage tank
4. Electricity supply and power back-up unit
5. Manure collection and storage bunker(dung)

The entire program on my site

1. Admin building
2. Industrial zone
3. Dairy farm
4. Water treatment place
5. Biogas production place
6. Service building
7. Parking
8. Play ground
9. Green area
 1.2m

2.1m

3.0m

0.8m
Milk production and cow type
• Cow type – Holstein
• Milk production per day – 30Li
• Milking - 2times per a day
• Drink - 60 up to 100 liter water per a day
• Food - 10 up to 15 kilo
• Care – 1person to 10cow
• Production per day – 6000Li

I will breed them by artificial insemination (AI).

The benefits of this are as follows - to minimize transmitted disease.
-to get better bread
-to minimize cost
-To protect the safety of the cow
 Biogas production process with flow chart
• Collect the dung in to under ground pool.
• Mixing chambers with ratio of 1:1 with water .
• Biodigester
• Sudge chamber – hold the liquid slurry coming out from the digester after
fermentation.
• Any moisture accumulation in the biogas is removed periodically with the help of
moisture traps.
• Desulfurized for the removal of sulphur in the form of hydrogen sulphide before biogas
generators.
• The generated power is then supplied to a main supply boards from where the
electricity is distributed for several dairy farms needs.
Cow dung Cooking
under ground Digester gas
store and
produce
biogas
Electric
supply
Desulfurizer
generator (purifying
Cow dung – 1000kg
Electricity – 54kw/day biogas)
Cooking gas – 4m2
Fertilize – 150kg/day
 Water treatment process with flowchart
 On the average a cow drink 40li of water per a day
 Cleaning and sterilization of equipment are also necessary in dairy farming
 In the summer water become integral part of the colling system.

Waste Settling Sedimentat

Bar screen
water tank ion tank

Sedimentat Aeration Chlorine or

ion tank tank ozone
Grit
chambers
Chlorine or
ozone