PE Fundamentals of Engineering Examination CE202 Steel and Composite Structures Eurocodes’ Version 2015 JY Richard Liew Professor PhD, FSEng, PE, CEng, ACPE, StEr, FSSSS, FHKSCI National University of Singapore Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering Tel:+65-65162154 E-MAIL: [email protected] Dr Richard Liew is 2 Professor with the Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering at the National University of Singapore. He is a Chartered Engineer in UK, a Professional Engineer in Singapore, and a Chartered Professional Engineer of the Assaciation of Southeast Asian Nations. He is a Fellow of the Academy of Engineering Singapore, an Honorary Fellow and the Past President of Singapore Structural Steel Society and Honorary Fellow of Hong Kong Institute of Steel Construction. He has been involved in research and practice in steel concrete composite structures covering a wide spectrum of interests, including light-weight and high strength materials and advanced analysis of structures subject to blast and fire, including novel structural systems for offshore, defense and civil infrastructural works, He serves on the editorial boards of 10 international and regional journals, He interacts with the industry in the Asia Pacific region serving a5 an expert and technical advisor and has been involved in numerous iconic steel projects in Singapore Including the award winning projects such as OUB Plaza Il and Gardens by the Bays Singapore. He chairs numerous international and national committees related to standards and specifications of steel and composite structures. He is a key person responsible for the development of Singapore's codes for the design and steel and composite structures. He Is currently @ member of SPRING, Singapore’s Technical Committee on Building Structure and wherein he also serves as a convenor on the adoption of Eurocode 3 and Eurocode 4 in Singapore ‘and chaired several workgroups for Eurocodes 3 and 4 subcommittees,CE 202 Steel and Composite Structures Eurocodes’ Version 2015 Steel Design + Limit state design. Material properties and structural + responses. Local buckling and section classifications. Design + of fully restrained beams. Shear buckling and design of plate + girder. Web bearing and buckling. Design of web stiffeners. + Lateral-torsional buckling and design of laterally unrestrained + beams. Tension and compression members. Axially loaded + members with end moments. Design of steel connections. + Plastic design of portal frames. Continuous multi-storey + frames. Composite (Steel-Concrete) Design Structural modeling and design concepts. Moment capacity and shear resistance, full and partial connection of composite beams. Design of composite slab. Design of composite columns, Contents L1 Introduction to Eurocodes 12 Local Buckling and Section Classification L3 Tension L4 Compression Member L5 Restrained beams L6 Unrestrained Beams and Lateral Torsional Buckling L7 Beam Columns & Simple Frames L8 Multi-storey Frames L9 Plate Girder 110 Bolts and Bolted Connections 111 Structural Welding and welded Connections 112 Composite ConstructionINTRODUCTION TO EUROCODE 3 JY Richard Liew Professor PhD, FSEng, PE, MiSturcté, CEng, ACPE, Str National University of Singapore Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering ‘Tel:+65-65162154 E-MAIL: [email protected] Standards relating to SS EN 1993 and SS EN 1994Eurocode 3- Design of Steel Structures (20 Parts) : General rules Structural fire design Cold formed thin gauge members and sheeting Structures in stainless steel : Strength and stability of planar plated structures General rules without transverse loading and parts EN1993-1-6: Strength and stability of shell structures EN1993-1.7; Strength of planar plated structures loaded transversally EN1993-1-8: Design of joints EN1993-1-9: Fatigue strength } EN1993-1-10: Fracture toughness assessment i EN1993-1-11: Use of high strength cables EN1993-1-12 Use of high strength steel up to 700MPa 1 1 EN1993-2: Bridges 1 EN1993-3: Buildings EN1993-4-1: Silos, tanks and pipelines — silos 1 a EN1993-4-2: Silos, tanks and pipelines ~ tanks | A pplication’ 5441993.4.3: Silos, tanks and pipelines ~ pipelines parts ; EN1993-6: Crane supporting structures ] EN1993. ‘Towers, masts and chimneys ~ towers and masts — EN1993- ‘Towers, masts and chimneys - chimneys i 1} J : i Conventions ] Property Symbol Subscript | Definition i area A k__[ characteristic | section modulus W d__ [design i radius of gyration i E__|effect 1 second moment of areal R,__ | design resistance 1 el __|elastic Loads Symbol pi__| plastic ; Permanent action G i Variable action Q ; Member axes i Accidental action A y fy zz Minoraxis y-y Major axis i x-x — Longitudinal axis 1Material Properties & Notation (EC3) SSEN 1993-1-1 Clause 3.2.6 Modulus of elasticity: £ =210 GPa Shear Modulus G=81 GPa Poisson's ratio: v=03 Coefficient of thermal expansion: @=12x10° /"C Zz Coy y- y Xx axis: along Mechanical Properties of Steel Stress f [+1,=ultimate stress SS 7 = yield stress shy + E= Young's modulus ultimate strain le yield strain } longation measured in percentage _| [fi /Bestc Strain INecking | Plastic hardening ‘and failure fi teste ee en a > Strain © by eo Elongation at failure, ¢ at least 15%European Standard for Structural Steel EN 10025-2:2004 Technical delivery conditions for non-alloy structural steels. EN 10025-3:2004 Technical delivery conditions for normalized/normalized rolled weldable fine grain structural steels. EN 10025-4:2004 Technical delivery conditions for thermomechanical rolled weldable fine grain structural steels. EN 10025-5:2004 — Technical delivery conditions for structural steels with improved atmospheric corrosion resistance. EN 10025-6:2004 Technical delivery conditions for flat products of high yield strength structural steels in the quenched and tempered condition. Specifying Steel Grade BS EN 10025-S 275 Replace BS4360 A steel to \ the standard Minimum yield of 275 N/mm? 275 S for “structural” 355 E for “engineering” 460Standardised steel grade system European standard number for hot-finished hollow section H=hollow section BS EN 10210 $ 355 J2H- vA \ Suffix for test S = Structural steel \ Temperature For Impact Grade designation test . based on yield Anal ie Strength t<16mm -20°C J2 “3000 KD Nominal values of yield strength f, & ultimate strength ff; for non-alloy structural steel EN 10025-2:2004 Nominal 8235 S275 $355 $450 rene enti dan ante al ait ant anlctanon ae [rom] (wPa] | {MPa} | MPa] | (MPa} | (MPa | (MPaj | wea] | {MPa} ts16 235 360 275 410 355 470 450 550 16 ERE ODL + 1.4WL (or NHL) | 1.0DL + LaWL (or NHL) | ODL + LSWL > ENF EF = Eauivalent Horizontal Force to account for the effects of impeection es s11gjcPss NHL = 1 5te(unfacored DL) feet NHL = 0.S%6(factored OL + factored IL) "NHL = L056 (factored OL) tur sana Suenzerecton appli Ina he load combinations i applicable for al bultings types (Le. of concrete, ro be mel ommposte constuction), Ta load combinations wire wind oad Is concaeied the miniaare easel should be at lease 1.896(unfactored DL) in according to SSENIOOLExample 1 ‘beam of span 9 mis simply supported at its ends. It is loaded by two concentrated loads at its third-points. Calculate the moment and shear forces required for beam design. The dead and imposed loads are given as follows: DL Distributed load 3 kN/m Concentrated load 40 KN IL Concentrated load 60 kN Design loads S4KN+90KN 54 KN-+90KN { 4.05 KN 162 kN 102K Design loads: DL Distributed load 3 x 1.35 = 4.05 kN/m Concentrated load 40 x 1.35 = 54 kN IL Concentrated load 60 x 1.5 = 90 kN }Load resultants/effects S4KN+90KN S4KN +90 kN sosixin | { 3m 3m 3m 162 KN 162 KN Maximum bending moment occurs at mid-span: Meg = 162%4.5 — 4.05%4.5x4,512 — (54+90)x1.5 = 472 kNm. Maximum shear force occurs at the supports: Veq = 162 KN, Load combinations — Example 2 A gantry structure experiences the following loads. Evaluate the load combinations that need to be considered in the ultimate limit state design of the legs. Permanent action G GO =3,35 Self-weight of beam = 3kN W~ | Self-weight of each column = 2kN Imposed action Q = 3.5kN Wind load W = SKNMaximum compression at support A GQ 1.35x3 | 15x35 Unfavorable — increases Ry, Favorable — reduces Ry, Gand Qare unfavorable while W= Ois favorable. ”™) fy s5x2 Use equilibrium of moments about right support to calculate Ry: RyX4 + 0x5x7 = 1.35x2x4 + 1,35X3x2 + 1.5x3.5x2 => R= 7.35 KN. ( Maximum tension at support A 6,0 1.03 | 0x35 We ae + Unfavorable — increases Rs. + Favorable - reduces Ry. + Wis unfavorable while G and @ are favorable. ft.ox2 + Use equilibrium of moments about right support + to calculate Ry + RyX4 + 1.02x4 + 1.0X3x2 + 0X3.5x2 += 4.5x5x7 R, must be designed for both + => Ry=9.63 KN, compression and tension.Maximum compression at support B 1.35x3 i 5x35 + Unfavorable ~ increases Rp. PONSHO5x + Favorable ~ reduces Re, + G, Qand Ware unfavorable. 1.35x2 + Use equilibrium of moments about left support + to calculate Re’ + Imposed load as leading variable action: Re + Rex * = 1.35x2x4 + 1.35x3x2 + 1.5x3,5x2 + (1.5x0.5)x5x7 * => Rg =13.9 KN. Reduction factor for wind load Maximum compression at support B 1.35x3, t 5x 0.7x 3.5 Unfavorable — increases Ry. Favorable ~ reduces Rs. G, Q and Ware unfavorable. Use equilibrium of moments about left support to calculate R, Wind load as leading variable action: Rex4 = 1,35X2x4 + 1.35x3x2 + (1,5X0.7)x3.5x2 + 1.5x5x7 => Ry= 19.7 kN. Wind load as leading variable action is the critical case for maximum R, in compression,Maximum tension at support B 1.0x3 iy x3.5 Unfavorable — increases Ro. Wa OxS Favorable — reduces Rp. G, Qand Ware favorable. a 4.0%2 Use equilibrium of moments about left support to calculate Ry! Pax + 1.0%2x4 + 1,0%3%2 + 0X3.5x2 + 0X5X7 Re = R, only needs to be designed = Re=-3.50 KN. for compression. Summary Reaction at support A: Support A must be designed for both compression and tension. Maximum compression = 7.35 kN. Maximum tension = 9.63 KN. Reaction at support B: Support B only needs to be designed for compression Maximum compression = 19.7 kN. Summary: Since wind loads can act in reverse direction, the design forces for the supports are: Compression = 19.7 KN Tension: 9.63 kNEurocodes Steel Design Where can I find help? * Certified structural steel supervisor and engineer courses run by BCA/SSSS - www_ssss.org.sq * Short courses on by BCA/SSSS ~ 1) structural steel design to EC3-1-1, ~ 2) connection design to EC3-1-8 and — 3) steel-concrete composite design to EC4 1-1 * Non-Contradictory Complementary Information (NCCI) — www.Steel-NCCl.co.uk + www.access-steel.com worked examples ~ Case studies — Harmonised guidance on steel design Electronic Blue Book download ~ www. corusconstruction. com/bluebook ea ae + ECCS Steel member calculator for IPad, Search ECCS from apply store. ANNOUNCING vg OF ECCS C3 STEEL MEMBER CALCULATOR Ince the pou iden the Calor” ection fhe App = IPE ‘oles the rc peor decyl. the ec ‘bow intraton of the spark povde ih pose Wen td ‘act autsratay the wert the Supp? sen Download now! etpeltunecaple conteooo ee ee ee eeLocal Buckling & Section Classification So Introduction Steel members are generally composed of thin elements for structural efficiency, The slender elements are prone to local instabilities under compressive stress, even before the yield strength is reached. The effects of local buckling are accounted for in EC3 by classifying the cross-section into Classes 1, 2, 3 or 4, Cross-section classification is made by comparing actual width-to- thickness ratios of the plate elements with a set of limiting values. The classification of the overall cross-section is taken as the least favourable of the constituent elements,Local Buckling When the section is not standard section but fabricated from thin elements, the section element may buckle locally before f, is reached due to slenderness Upward Buckling of compression Downward bulge flange inTbeam C bulge 7 levee ue vents ae een : 1 Local Buckling and Section Classification } Factors Influencing Local Buckling ds) 7 we [ty | l fi, =k - ae 12(l-v*) Lb a ; ft i > — Boundary conditions, k internal elements or outstands = Local Slendemess + dit- internal element (eg. web) + b/T — outstand (eg. flange) = Young's modulus = Yield strength — Stress distribution — Strain (deformation) requirement — Residual stressesElements to be classified as Internal element 3 v Flange t Web Cy e ~p tke ” canleyee fee Universal Beam “le Hot finished RHS. © = (b-2r- t,,)/2 6 = b-2(t,tr) Cy=h-2(t, + r) Cy=h-2(t + r) Classes of Cross-SectionsWhy classify ? Lal Neutral as Class! —Class2.Class3 Class 4 ending stress dstbutons at maximum moment capacity Rotational capacity oe 4 i q Classes of Cross-Sections i ross sections wih both plastic moment capacity and plastic hinge rotation _ . Class 1 Coron, Mona = SW! tuo ‘ Cross-sectons with plastic moment capacy Bulimied plate hinge = ) Class 2 rotation capaci Mapa = LM pi! to i Cross-section in which the sess nthe enreme compression Tre can Class 3. reach the yield strength, but only the elastic moment capacity can be My pa = fWer!Yu0 : developed. ‘Cross-sections in which local buckling will occur before the attainment of = : Class 4 veld sess. Mena = 5 Meg! tuo ' i wy asst : My 1] E| [ \cesss } ed Rotational capacity, Rotation, @ A iMaximum Width to Thickness Ratios Max Width-to-Thickness Ratios for Internal Compression Parts EN 1993-1-1 (Table 5.2) intemal Compression Web— Blemonis c= [235 Intemal “FS = VA Flange Tf I clas [Part subject an subject to [Part subject to Stress dsribuon Hobending [compression [bending and compression __(compresion sve} Bending + compression when e > 08: of < 2062 L 1 leiest2e Jerre Bei 4 Ng ld fp-NeglA whence <0.5: eft< 3E PY -l-f : fy a lbs ibe 4 f bene > 08: c/s HE, -panata | 2 felts |oissee fe % ; when S05: e/t < Compression | Bending Iwheny >—1: e/t< fe cltst2he | elt e420 O87 +038y lwheny <1: ef <82e(t—p) y=Consider the case of | or H section subjected to compression and major axis bending, where the neutral axis lies within the web. ‘The ratio of the compressed width to the total wicth ‘The ratio of the tensile stress to the compressive stress of the element, a can be calculated as follows: atthe extreme fibers, ys can be calculated as follows: r ja . + a Lee ic lh tw ae ws, Nery Af, ial compression force for uniform compression, ie. 4 for pure bending, i.e, Neg lea = AN Max Width-to-Thickness Ratios for Outstand Compression Parts ! oy 1 s. EN 1993-1-1 (Table 5.2) t I Oulstand COMPRESSION ae | | ? iF l" Elements lange | SE art subject to bending and compression Pan subjectto Stress dstibuti css oa alt ‘Sress distribution] Tip in ‘Stress distribution [compression (compression +9) ct (compression -ve)| tension __(compression +ve 1 Jessa 2 |eitstoe 3 |citstte Determination of = Buckling Factor k, = EN 1993-1-5 (Table 4.2) ee CO =] Te [oe oar fous fosr-aztyeoste] [_& _[oslosroiyeasaltmo.7 over. DL tee [4Max Width-to-Thickness Ratios for Compression Parts EN 1993-1-1 (Table 5.2) Angles {rot in continuous contact with other components) =O} Tubular Sections - ciss| Section in compression ciess | Secon n bending andor compression 1 | A/ts9e 1 | d/t<50e* 2 |hitst0e 2 | d/ts70«* 3 [hits 182, 3 | d/t<90e? : Effective Cross-Section for Class 4 SectionsEffective Cross-Section for Class 4 Sections SSEN 1993-1-5 Clause 4.4 ‘The effective arca Aug should be deteroined assuoning thatthe eras section is subject only to uniform axial compression. The afecive section modulus Wey shouldbe determined aouming the eros seton is subject onky to bending ooment For bizcial bending, effective section moduli should be determined aboxt both main axes. where 4, and b, are respectively the area of the section and the width of the element in compression. Steps in determining the reduction factor for plate buckling p © Determine the stress distribution Additional rules for elements of | section and Box Girder For flange elements use the gross orass-sectional area to determine the stress distribution. For web elements, use the effective area of the compression flange and the gross area of the web to determine the stress distribution. @ Determine stress ratio y=) /c, and buckling factor k, This depends on whether it is internal or ecternal compression element Stress ratio yand buckling factor k,, Internal Compression Elements y ky Common values of y flim , lime, P= emer Pe Te [ e i781 -6.29y+ 9782 [he | 40 [781 12 yz-3| 5.98(1 — yj? y-olo; «a = +oin compression Outstand Compression Elements Tip under larger compressive stress v ky___Common values of y . oe, |-—al qe y2-slosr-o2ty+oory? [wv] 1 [0 [+ i, | 03 [0.57 5 Tip under smaller compressive stress v rs Common values of v . 7 tey20| osra(y+os [wv] |e a dsyat] 17-syeiriy® [te [ose 0 239=— b for internal flange elements (except RHS) > 28.4e,/k. ~3¢ for flanges of RHS ¢ _foroutstand flanges [a forangles o Bre ft for webs ® Calculate v=o lo, Internal compression elements p=10 for 7, 505+ (0085-0065 4,-| B+y > p= ABW) 4.9 for J, >05+ J0085—0.055y 4 Outstand compression elements palo for 7, <0.748 _7,~0.488 510 for 7 >0748 Implications for Design Class 1. Plastic — must be used in plastic, design, can sustain high strain. Can be used without restriction in “normal” design * Class 2 Compact -can be used with the plastic modulus in bending. Only elastic analysis allowed. * Class3_ Semi-compact — when in bending the elastic modulus or an effective plastic modulus must be used * Class 4 Slender — Effective section properties must be usedSection and Design Tables Steel building design: Design data, Publication P363, The Stee! Construction Institute and the British Constructional Steelwork Association UK, 2009. > og a “eS Du Rain Pores AXIAL FORCE & BENDING $275 /Advance275 Sea “tones Ota Based on Stee! building design: Design data nlimit = Neg! Nps San DaigOS and Unit Ressances (0. Tal “foe Téx87 [OR] Nase Class 3 limiy Class 2 limit 1 |Summary of design procedure 1 Select, from experience, a suitable section based on the factored load effects 2 Determine the section classification 3 If necessary calculate effective plastic modulus for Class 3 (semi-compact) sections 4 If necessary calculate effective section properties for class 4(slender sections) 5 Proceed with design procedures suitable for the section classification ExamplesExample SC-1: Section classification for combined bending and compression ‘A member is to be designed to carry combined bending and axial load. In the presence of a major axis (y-y) bending moment and an axial compression of 300KN, determine the cross- section classification of a 406x178x54UB in grade S278 steel b ] : ‘s a} le \ it Pd yh Lt ¢ Deensons Saas eR | eR S| TE | Sra | onwan |r| | 2 posts| tomn| wenn] ten When etn Wa] Fae] "| Faw [rca] ee | eo) | one va Tl ele enon] eye von | om | om | wn oom | om | om sox | a rl | a cmon | St Pe Pore ea Poo fone ase e Loe [ea [va Pas Design Strength 1,=7.mm, 4/2 10.9mm. Maximum thickness = 10.9mm < 16mm (EN 10025-2) For $275 steel, f, = 275Nimm? Section Classification First, classify the cross-section under the mast severe loading condition of pure compression to determine whether anything is to be gained by more precise calculations, Cross-section classification under pure compression Classification of Flange = (298 / f)95= 0.92 = 6.85 < 9¢ = 9*0.92 = 8.52 t => Flange is Class 1 Classification of Web 46.8 > 42e = 42*0.92 = 38.8 = Web is Class 4. Under pure compression, the overall cross-section is therefore Class 4 Material efficiency are therefore to be gained by using a more precise approach.Cross-section classification under combined loading Flange classification remains the same as Class 1. Classification of Web : -,o0}et 1_(402.8 , 1 300000 =e to9+102))<1 anil 2 *a77 26 4 +02) =070 4562 __456*0.92 4566 * fs = = $2.33 5: celts Tai” 73*070-1 tea e 4565 - = S468 =523 t a-1 = Web is Class 2 Under combined loadin, the overall cross-section is therefore Class 2 Based on Steel building design: Design data = 300/1900= 0.16<0.217 Section is Class 2 “soputTeserTo.pa2]Naras] 2550 | 050] 2580 | 2060] Z3s0 | He | aa10 | Zam | a0 | De [awe | aoes Nap = 2350, Neane} 2200 | 2180] se00 | ra10f 10 | 1300 | 1x80 ass | exa | ass |: seo | aoe | 21 0422] Mars sz7 | sor | ote | 2ae | 274 | ass | 200 | ane | 129 | ast | 223 | 110 | soe okra} Maa |-s70 | vo. | 990 | s25'| sot | arr | 25e J one |osee [ise [ase | azn | ae “aooxtTanea[OPT7|Navms| a100 | aon Zoo | 2100 sa] soeo] Boro | same | sooo Toms aT Wee Pe Ns 2100, Nase] 2060 | 020 J17a0 | ican | 430 | 1240 | 1060 750 | sea | ae | ser | arr | azo Wlaq=262 — Jatrr] the | 262 | 292 | 200 J 261 | 200 | 224 | 207 | ars | 149 | 20 | a42 | ove | 20g SWacears — Jogtel Shae] ssa | a0 | a10 | 208 | ass | 243 | 220 | sas | ss.f das | rie | ica | ons “aOoxs Tania 7} 0744f aves] 1000 | ato | Te00| 7900 TeRa | wae p Taso | esa Tose Pea ae Peo N= 1600, iene 1800 | 1720} as20 1430] 1260] s020| oro | ose | aa0 | S00 | cer | 221-{ 100 Mtay=2e3\Jorsel fine | 250 | as6 | 24a | 2ar | aca | 120 | are | ser | sae | aoe | on 24 fWaa=s18 oat tis| 200 | 200 | 271 | 250 | 220 | 200 | a0 | 255 | 120 | avo | ove uo NyExample SC-2: Effective area of a Class 4 compression member ‘Awelded member shown below, is to be designed to resist axial compression. Classify the cross-section and determine the effective area for this section which is joined by welds of leg length s = 8mm and the plates are made of $355, steel. 0 _}y - 412 424 Design Strength 2.0mm. 42.0mm < 16mm (EN 1025-2) For S355 steel, f, = 355N/mm* Section Classification Classification of Flange (outstand compression element) © = (235 /f)9* = 0.814 Pr at56> me at40it=114 = Flange is Class 4 Classification of Web (internal compression element) ath) SA 84> de 42" 0814 = 942 Upset) ete 1, 10 => Web is Class 4. Under compression, the overall cross-section is therefore Class 4,Effective Flange Area k,, 20.43 wv Bey o [+ eas c, It, 487/12 &, |ieglos7 [08s Bag y= 7108 > 0.748 "24s Jk, 284*0814" JOA to oC ae 1.03? Aag.g =4p Cty +2t,(t, +2s) =4° 0.795" 187° 12-42"12* (10+2"8) = 775mm Effective Web Area fea = 40 ee ey 9 | A DAE Jk,, 284°0814* Va0 7811239) Since 7,,, =0.83> 05+ (0085-00857 =0673, 140) 7 1 4 Aagye = Pe, +2t,8 =1.00"384"10+2"10°8= 400mm? 424 10 Total Effective Area Ay = Ay y+ Ayg,, = 7756+ 4000 = 11756mm? Compression resistance Nrg= Aer fy 11756 x 355 x 103 4173 kN "Example SC-3: Section with Class 3 web and Class 1 flange Determine the section modulus of a welded | section of grade $275 steel, which is made of two 200x16mm flanges and a 600x6mm web, The leg length of the weld s is 6.0mm. | Design Strength : 1,2 6.0mm, 1,= 160mm, } Maximum thickness = 46mm < 16mm (EN 10025-2) For S278 steel, f, = 275Nimm? 1 a A } 4 ‘aaa ? ] i Section Classification 05" (200-6 -2°6) _ 5 69 < 96 =8: : = 569.< 9 =8.32 = Flange is Class 1. Classification of Web ‘ (50-28) 697 <1240=1148 = Web is Class 3, Under pure bending, the flange is Class 1 and the web is Class 3. Section Modulus We can classify the overall cross-section as Class 3 and compute the elastic section modulus tion vy, = io = [200° (650-+2 16)" (200 8)" S80°12 _ > 95» 40h ram? rd) (0.5* (650+2" 16) 2We can also classify the overall cross-section as effective Class 2 and compute the effective plastic section modulus Effective Class 2 cross-section The depth measured from the top of the section to the plastic neutral axis of the effective section is h, +t, -s—(d0et,) 550-+16-6—(40*0.92* 6) = 339.2mm Ni [fs W, siya = bth, +t,)-+6, (2081, +s)fh, —(20et, +3)] +t, (20er,)(208t,) = 200*16* (550+ 16) +6* (20° 0.92* 6 +6)" [550—(20* 0.92" 6 + 6))+6"(20" 0.92" 6)? = 2.19*40°mm? For the chosen section, the use of effective Class 2 plastic properties results in an increase in section modulus of approximately 3%, Moment Resistance Mpg = Way f ely 'y or Mea = Woty.ett fyExample SC4 | $275 steel 457x152x52 UB Grade $275 | A) Subject to bending about | it’s major axis B) Subject to 800KN axial load and bending about it’s major 1 axis i } l >| ©) Subject to 1500KN axial } load and bending about it’s : major axis j ® | } j Lo AxIALFORGE BENDING s76/Adonz7s fare UNIVERSAL BEANS 1 anaes | Based on Steel building ? darter tg eect design: Design data } a Sy Serer Page C-147 vasyaeae? os : Nana® 1830 itcyezer [oso ] Class 2 if n < 0.169 or Blame] | Nea < 0.169 x 1830 ~ 309KN : | | Class 3 ifn < 0.586 or ; [cS ]8] [F< 0.586 x 1830 = 1073 kN ) ae 4 36 } ia) Pure bending about it’s major axis $275 steel 457x152x52 UB Grade $275 A) Subject to bending about it’s major axis n= 0, therefore class 2 ] Now Rd =fA [Maura = £,Woy, LO’ pLRd “y "* phRd B) Subject to 800KN axial load and bending about it’s major axis n= 800/1830 = 0.437 > 0.169 class 3 ha Nowra =fyA Mora = fyWorra C) Subject to 1500KN axial load and bending about it’s major axis, n= 1500/1830 = 0.82>0.586 class 4 Nena =f, fy Acer \M, Rd = War 37 Design Options For optimum design of welded section, the designer has the following choices 1. Avoid local buckling by ensuring width-to- thickness ratio is sufficiently small 2. If higher width-to-thickness is used, use stiffeners to reduce plate width 3. Determine section capacity allowing for local bucklingProvide stiffeners to reduce the width of compression elements [7 ! (a) 4 1 | i | ie } wp ; | } ' Questions ‘ } Q1 What happen when the limiting plate slenderness ratios : are exceeded? ( Full cross section strength cannot be fully developed, ie., cross section strength is governed by local buckling instead of yielding. Q2 How can local buckling of a plate component be prevented? Ensure that b/t ratio is compact. Provide plate stiffener so that b/t is less than the limiting b/tQ3 What effect does a slender and unstiffened element has on the strength of compression member as opposed to that of a non-slender element? Slender element reduces the compression resistance of the compression member because of local buckling effect Q4 Which of the followings are considered | to be an internal elements? 1. leg of an angle 2. flange of a channel | : Web of a | section Wall of HSS LEI OSummary Structural sections may be considered as an assembly of individual plate elements. Plate elements may be internal or outstand When loaded in compression these plates may buckle locally Local buckling may limit the load carrying capacity of the section by preventing the attainment of yield strength Premature failure due to local buckling may be avoided by limiting the width to thickness ratio - or slenderness - of individual elements within the cross section. This is the basis of the section classification approach. EC3 defines four classes of cross-section. The class into which a particular cross-section falls depends upon the slenderness of each element and the compressive stress distributionTension Members IL Temporary Platform for VehiclesIndustrial building Gable bracing Wind bracing iN Ultimate bay bracing Direction of Wind load Outline Introduction Section Properties Gross Area Net Area Non-staggered arrangement of fastener holes Staggered arrangement of fastener holes Tension Capacity Symmetrically connected members Angles connected by one leg and other unsymmetrically connected members Unequal angles connected by one leg Slenderness Limit Examples Example TM-1(a) (Splicing of flat bars with non-staggered bolt arrangement) Example TM-1(b) (Splicing of flat bars with staggered bolt arrangement) Example TM-2(a) (Unequal angle bolted to its longer leg) Example TM-2(b) (Unequal angle bolted to its shorter leg)Introduction Design of tension member is essentially to provide sufficient cross- sectional area to resist the applied load. Connection of tension members is a very important consideration and will usually govern the design of the member. The types of connections can be grouped under welds or bolts. This chapter only covers the determination of the tension resistance of the member while the design of the connection is covered in the chapter "Connections". Section PropertiesSection Properties EN 1993-1-1 Clause 6.2.2.1 Gross Area The gross area 4 of a cross-section should be determined using the nominal dimensions. Holes for fasteners need not be deducted. EN 1993-1-1 Clause 6.2.2.2 Net Area The net area A,,, of a cross-section should be taken as its gross area less appropriate deductions for ail holes and other openings. Non-Stagaered Arrangement of Fastener Holes When the fastener holes are not staggered, the total area to be deducted for fastener holes should be the maximum sum of the sectional areas of the holes in any cross-section perpendicular to the member axis. a =~ |Staggered Arrangement of Fastener Holes When fastener holes are staggered, the total area to be deducted for fasteners should be the greater of: 1) the maximum sum of the section areas of the holes —Pate thiiness¢ on any line (2-a) perpendicular to the member axis 5 | 7 2) (mde kL “a 1s the number of holes extending progressively across the section ‘measured on any zig-zag line (a-b) EN 1993-1-1 Clause 6.2.2.2(5) For angles or other members with holes in more than one plane, the spacing p should be measured along the centre of thickness of the material P=(p,-t-r)+(p,-t=r) +0527 +0.51) Standard dimensions for holes for non-preloaded bolts Nominal | Standard] Oversize hole® diameter of | clearance bolt hole | Diameter Diameter cry 13 16 | 16 18 20 20 22 2% 24 27 26 [30 ld +3 id+8 NOTE dis the nominal Gameter othe bolt Ga mm)Example: Calculate the net areas for the tensile failure lines For 20mm plate as shown, minimum Ang, Corresponds to the tensile failure line should pass through as many bolt holes as possible but using the minimum length of diagonal lines. The three most probably failure lines: pets = 7200 — 3x2220 = 880 mm?. Aneiz = 7200 — 4x22x20 + 2x20%452/(4x60) = 578 min’, 7200 — 5x22x20 + 2x20%452/(4x60) + 2x20%452/(4x60) 1675 mm? <— control i Anise mm Tension CapacityTension Capacity EN 1993-1-1 Clause 6.2.3 Symmetrically connected members The design value of the tension force, at each cross section shall satis ee ‘The design tension resistance 1, ., should be taken as smaller of the yielding ofthe gross section or rupture of the net secton: 7 Naa smaller of (Ny py oF N, py): a) the design plastic resistance of the gross cross-section JO) wa to Ss EN 1993-1-1: 2009 b) the design ultimate resistance of the net cross-section at holes for fasteners = ultimate strength. The 0.9 factor is a reduction coefficient to take into account of unavoidable eccentricities, stress concentrations ete. When connection is by welding, N, gy = Mechanical Properties of Stee! Stress f timate stress ield stress Elastic PlasticNominal values of yield strength f, & ultimate strength f, for non-alloy structural steel EN 10025-2:2004 Nominal $235 S275 $355 $450 Thickness [f, | f Pi le | ty ff I [mm] mPa) | (mPa) | MPa} | (MPa) | MPa] | (MPa} | (MPa) | [MPa] ts 16 235 | 360 | 275 | 410 | 355 | 470 | 450 | 580 | aectsa | 25 | 360 | 285 | 410 | 345 | 470 | 430 | 580 w p Welded bracing connections Goincigent Lines of ferce' tho eccentricity) eG (6No. bolts) X-Bracing (back to back or single angle)Tension Capacity of Angles EN 1993-1-8 Clause 3.10.3 gives particular rules for Angles connected by one leg & other unsymmetrically connected members Asingle angle in tension connected by a single row of bolts in one leg may be treated as concentrically loaded over an effective net section for which the design ultimate resistance should be determined as follows: with 1 ott Niu 2.0(¢, -0.5d) tf, Yur with 2 bolts: Aes fu with 3 of more bots: NV, gy = 22 fae Le Yur For & B P,S 25d) 04 05 2dy < pS 5.0dg| 0.14 0.12(p,/dy)] 0.3 + 0.08(p,/ do) P12 5.0dy 07 oT Unequal angles connected by one leg For unequalleg angle connected by its long leg, the effective cross-sectional area can be taken as the gross area of the angle Effective Section r cece | For unequal-ieg angle connected by its short leg, the effective cross-sectional area should be taken as the gross area of an equivalent angle of leg size equal to that of the short leg. Effective Section AQuestions 1. How does the tensile capacity of an angle member connected through a single leg using bolt connection differs from another identical member connected using weld connection? 2. For an unequal-leg angle connected by its smaller leg, the effective (net) area should be taken as equal to the gross/net cross-sectional area of an equivalent equal-leg angle of the leg size equal to that of the smaller leg. Why? ss =n Eccentrically Connected Member But Design as Concentrated Loaded Member Example: Angle member connected on one legExample TM-2(a): Unequal angle bolted to its longer leg Determine the tensile strength a 126x75x10 unequal angle that is bolted to its longer leg by @ row of 3 M20 bolts in 22mm diameter holes as shown below. The steel used is Grade $355. TI sos ° ° ° ice eel 0 cia Gross area: A= 110mm? Net area: 4, = 1910-22" 10 = 1690mm* Thickness ¢= 10mm < 16mm (EN 1025-2). For $365 steel, f, = S55Nimm?, f, Design plas resistance: Nyy = 2 ee 678KN Tuo k Reduction factor for angles boted on one eg: , =0:3+008-5+ =0. 3+0.06 = 0.684 € a 490° ) Design utimate resistance: Ny = AiAul 0.664" 1690° 470 «19-3 _ gay i ays 740 Design tensile resistance: NY, p, = min(678,479) = 479KN . l 7 i : ; ' Example TM-2(b): Unequal angle bolted to its shorter leg i Determine the tensile strength a 125x75x10 unequal angle thatis bolted to its shorter leg by @ 1 row of 3 M20 bolts as shown below. The steel used is Grade S366. i co 4 ° ° ot oT 400 Effective area: Ay, ~(75* 10-+ (75-10) * 10) = 140mm? 1400-22" 10 = 1180mm? Ash, uo Design plastic resistance: Ny, = 100 Reduction actor for angles boted on oneleg: f, =03+0.082+=03+0.08 02 (with 3 or more bot’) 4 fe Design utimate resistance: NV, py = P4aaa se 0 9 = 395KN 664 Yer Design tensile resistance: 1,4, =min(497,336) = 335kNo-ooCompression Members Outline Introduction Resistance of Cross-Sections Sections not prone to local buckling Sections prone to local buckling Buckling Resistance of Members Sections not prone to local bt Sections prone to local buckling Reduction Factor for Buckling Resistance Elastic Critical Force & Buckling Length Non-Dimensional Slenderness for Flexural Bu Buckling Curve of Perfect Column Buckling Curves of Imperfect Columns Selection of Buckling Curve and Imperfection Factor ing ling Design Procedure Examples Example CM-1 (UC with intermediate restraint under compression) Example CM-2 (CHS under compression)Introduction Compression members are structural components that are subject to axial compression loads only. These generally refer to compressed pin-ended struts found in trusses, lattice girders or bracing members. 4 Most real columns are subjected to significant bending moments in addition to the axial loads, due to the eccentricities of axial load and the presence of transverse forces. They are referred to as beam-columns and are covered in a separate chapter. + Compression members must be checked for — resistance of cross-sections —> buckling resistance of members Resistance of Cross-SectionResistance of Cross-Sections EN 1993-1-1 Clause 6.2.4 (1) The design value of the compression force Nat each cross-section shall satisfy: colts Aas utstand element EN 1993-1-1 Clause 6.2.4 (2) cltst4e Sections NOT PRONE to local buckling Sections PRONE to local buckling Class 1, 2 and 3 cross-sections are Class 4 sections suffers from local buckling Unaffected by local buckling. Which prevents the attainment of squash load. Design resistance of cross-section NV, gy Design resistance of cross-section NV ., equals the plastic resistance NV, 2 limited to local buckling resistance eee flats section unsymmetrical thas tobe fies 00} designed asbeamvealumn de othe atonal moment arsng fom ecrenty othe centroldl a Buckling Resistance of MemberElastic Buckling of Columns | Euler Buckling Load Ne= ZEL apa ie 2 i = radius of gyration Buckling stress N. WE f.=-%= oA 3d fi), Buckling Curve of Perfect Column Failure by Cross section yielding Euler elastic buckling Failure by elastic bucklingFactors Influence the Buckling of Columns Nin GA) Euler buckling curve 08 1. Effective length of Column 2. Residual Stresses tele 3. Member initial out-of-straightness 4. Types of cross section aa 5. Local buckling of component plate 04 02 Elastic bucking Practi¢al Region inelastic buckling 0.0 $$ $j i 0 1 i: ae 4 Factors that affect overall buckling of columns 1-125 Winn ¢ | +55 mm? +260 Nim ® a Ic 6. T = 71000 Rolled Section c c Initial out of straightness c [| © c : r Web Distribution Welded sectionBuckling Resistance of Members EN 1993-1-1 Clause 6.3.1.1 (1) “The design value of the compression force NV, Shall be checked against the design buckling resistance: EN 1993-1-1 Clause 6.3.1.1 (2) Sections NOT PRONE to local buckling Sections PRONE to local buckling Design bucking resistance NV, ,y should be Design buckling resistance NY, Should be taken as: taken as: l ‘ } caren If Class 4 section is unsymmetrical, it has to be i Ware 100: designed as beam-column. \ Holes for fasteners at the column ends need NOT 4 to be taken into account in determining A and Aq : a | i ae eee } Reduction Factor y for Buckling Resistance where ®=05[1+a(2 -0.2)+/°] ‘ar imperfection factor (refer to Table 6.1 & 6.2) a, N, A. ea for Class 4 cross-sections non-dimensional slenderness. 2 = for Class 1,2and3.cross- sectionsBuckling length L,, = effective length in BS5950 — No guidance given in EC3 NCCI — Use same factors as BS5950 — Applied to system length, L Elastic Critical Force & Buckling Length El ‘where I~ Second moment of area which is determined based on the N, =o gross cross sectional properties fr al classes of cross-sections, Ly L,, ~ Buckling length in the buckling plane considered, Nominal buckling lengths L., _ for compression members ‘Non-sway mode Sway mode Paral freon feeb | Pond Phned | poslion —rahedion Free a7 ost tsef 200 | [ | & eke ot : a eeesoars Non-Dimensional Slenderness for Flexural Buckling For Class 7, 2 and 3 cross-sections, |e as N, \@EI/L) Le é miNE For Class 4cross-sections, | Ash “Y@ErE) = yale [Ao tae AVE sos Buckling Curves of Imperfect Columns Euler bucking curveSelection of Buckling Curve and Imperfection Factor Teable 6.2: Selection of bucking curve fora cross-section “Table 6.1: Imperfection factors for buckling curves maefeey | — [Buckinzenve |» [=e] o[e] a ae Be ies pele imperfection factor | 0.13 {021 | 0.36 | 049] 076 Imperfections can be attributed to the following: © initial out-of straightness @® eccentricity of applied loads @ material variations ® residual stresses “Typical residual stress profile in ahotolled Isection Residual compressive stess SET : Rescues Fi ae af ey : 3 | Be j a fode Design Procedure Determine design axial force Nz». Select a trial section such that Ng, Limiting slendemess 4, ‘> non-dimensional slenderness 2 ‘> appropriate strut curve (ap, a, b,c or d) from Table 6.2 > imperfection factor crfrom Table 6.1 > buckling reduction factor Use the smaller value of to determine buckling resistance NY, @Check if, n> Neg Else, repeat steps @-@Example CM-1: Universal column with intermediate restraint under compression Determine the maximum compression load that can be taken by a Sm column using 203x203x60UC in $278 steel. Both ends of the column are pin supported about both y-y and 2-2 axes, Alateral restraint, that is aligned to the y-y axis, is provided at mic-height. 1 2.5m = f ae | A A i 4—lz | Section A-A FS 26m Cy ! 4 N ) . } ] i ; oe este Fd (eal Nero aerioael rl i C7 Yield Strength i 4,2 94mm, t= 14.2mm, Maximum thickness = 14.2mm < 16mm (EN 1025-2) ] For $276 steel, f, = 275Nimm? Section Classification ] & = (2861p) = 0.92 Classification of flange } c,/t, =6.20<9¢ =9*0.92=8.2 3 = Flange is Class 1 (Plastic, ) Classification of web i Cyt, =17.15 396 = 33" 0.92= 304 : i => Web is Class 1 (Plast). Section is Class 1 (PLASTIC).Resistance of Cross-Section Af, _ (18.4* 10°)(275)" 10-8 Nua =N, = = 2101kN ome Na = 10 Flexural Buckling about y-y axis Lay = 500m = See ma ST OY =e Parle ae eee] 4,=2JB/ f, = nJ2Q000TS = 86.8 = Peter lal= = z sod ( m0 aS iets Saree 7 i, A (896) 868. mane_| on |salnles)@ lal wlelor [eel se | 2 le : FE =102<12 & 1, =142nm a= 0.34 (aii esas i | = =e Ei ©, =05[t+a%, -0.2)+2]=0.782 bef A i. are = % nprcia tare [0 0, + Jor : a Niyae = 1, = 086s O40) 218 v9 5 _sr4pq Flexural Buckling about z-z axis . 250) 4 = =(20 = 0.554 AT (les) 442 & 1, <100mm b Use buckling curve ¢ => a= 0.49 ©, = 0.5[1+a(%-0.2)+27]=0.740 1 = 0812 0,4 Joe Being ca heat a perfection Factor (78.4" 10°)" 275 9 _ spony Buckling Resistance of Member Nang = MINN g nes Nong) = 17O7KNese anataae COMPRESSION ‘82751 Advance275 UNIVERSAL COLUMNS z ‘Advance UKC y-tey oa SR RT Pagec-t3 | noe FE a see eee paa pn] 203x203x60UC in sears pe] 3] wo fae mm | | a0 a Por Bar| san [Sle | ua | $275 steel om] et at 3 | | Soo anatase || 26 32 ||ao | 2m ref 8 Et Se [fo |e sin 2 Bt] ae [30 | 58 eas |fein| Stn | soe |e [sn | 20 ad asm | 2180 [738] sn 30 Son | re [se | Bel we fe oa] aoe 0 sn bee soano— |iein| deo i | pos | ce Paes ‘eo | ° = = i pasa Pe fe [ ie | a stl ae te | S|] Lay =5m ‘joao || 18 = ale ET Nag = 1710KN sk ee {is | sno | at | ar mal tee | fe |e ie Example CM-2; Circular hollow section under compression circular hollow section (CHS) member is to be used in a 4m long column which is pinned at both ends. The design axial compression, Nz, is 2400KN. Assess the suitability of a hot-rolled 244.5x10 CHS in grade 356 steel for this application. am | em | tom | ort et | cm | ot | ot | ot | ot | wt | ot wee [ae | mr | ae | se | oe me |e | aw | a | one | os Yield Strength 1 10.0mm < 16mm (EN 10025-2) For $358 steel, f, = 355N/mm? Section Classification 35/f )08 = 0.814 dt = 244.5/10.0 = 24.5 $502 = 33.1 Section is Class 1,Resistance of Cross-Section _(73.7* 107)(355)* 107 1 Buckling Resistance of Member Le, = 4000m A,=a,JETf, = 2210000855 ~ 76.4 Ln 1_ (400) 4 Fat (M001) _ 994 a4 (és0\ ea] O68 Use buckling curve a => or=0.21 -2616KN > 2400kN © =05[1+ af -02)+7]=0.744 “40° agg 73710") +355 Yur 4.0 The chosen cross-section, 244.5x10 CHS, in grade $355 steel isnot acceptable. Try 244 8x12.5 CHS, in grade $355 N, "40" = 2230kN < 2400kN orezao COMPRESSION $355 / Colsius® 355 HOT-FINISHED CIRCULAR HOLLOW SECTIONS Celslus® CHS Sasa T TET omer] | ner er i om | mm | tom es | eur tre | tes | so | oo-lvr ee [oe | oe | ot ss ‘ete | sets en | Se a | or | | at 3a tetas oes | | er | |r| Se te ae vase ee pate Pare ar tee | me Bn] 6 | | som |e | oe | we | | 5 a 351 Fee | re | ne | ow | tom |e | se |e 483 | 32a 30 | faa | se | Bo | ee | ao | ro | an | #20 | smo | as | oie sos | || S| 5 | 3 | | rm |S | Yon | 8 | | 0 | 9 Nis 2400KN Page D-15 hot-hrolled 244.5x10 CHS in grade 355 L=4m Neg = 2300KN <2400kN Not adequate Select eel tae ae | 22 | | hotvrolled 244.5x12.5, CHS in grade 355 Nex = 2830KN >2400kN adequateaor we model foctor 7 ko | 10 Effective length of ' column in frame / hd Ly =KL + t “|. 20 Neale 07 rE V 10 Effective length factor for continuous columns based on stability analysis coun ‘rome 0 Jox]o2]as}o«]os]os]o7]os[oa]10] on a Tk j 10 rarf.2e|r4ofrss}.r4)ras}zref2sil2solazo} cA af fle a Tae Jo ‘4 i i 20|207}2.15}220]2-27|2.34|2.41|248}255|2.62]270) U/L ‘Mle 1" lo70}oz72)024Jo27|o79}0sx/oselas7fest}oss| 1.0] t/t ale (Projects to Illustrate the Concept of Steel Design Prof. Richard Liew Dept of Civil & Environmental National University of Singapore Members with intermediate lateral restraints Major Axis Buckling Minor Axis Buckling <— Inlermectate lateral restraint —_> iny-y direction to reduce Docking length about 2-2 axis =A”L Ler sy Lex: inthis ilustrationAdequate Bracing during Construction giap Sy BSFully Restrained Beam The compression flange of the beam is adequately restrained to prevent lateral movement . This can be achieved by: 1) Floor slab which is connected to the flange of the beam 2) stee! plate floor which is welded or bolted to the flange at closely spaced intervals 3) provision of closely spaced secondary members which are connected laterally to the beam. Compression flange he M-= Applied Moment Lateral restraints a0 s Tension flangeme Outline Introduction Shear Resistance Plastic Shear Resistance Shear Area Shear Buckling Resistance Moment Resistance Moment Resistance with High Shear Serviceability Beam Deflections Examples Example RB-1 (Section resistance and deflection of UB) Beams — bending and shear « Members which resist transverse load through bending and shear.ansross Shear Resistance snaps Shear Resistance Shear Check EN 1993-1-1 (Cl 6.2.6) The design shear force, Vy should satisty V8 the design shear resistance, which may be calculated based on a plastic or an elastic distribution of shear stress, The usual approach isto use the plastic shear resistance, Py Plastic Shear Resistance The design plastic shear resistance is given by: Tun =1.0 (Toor to NA to 8S) where 4, is the shear areaspas Shear Area, A, = Rolled land H sections, “ly load parallel to web A= A-2bt, +b, +2, 2 gy 7 =1.0 (referto NA to SS) SS 1 hg I} Welded 1, H & box sections, load parallel to web A= hy 1 =1.0 (tefertoNA to SS) 4 F; Rolled !and H sections, * Tt oad parallel to flange woe 4, I ——— h, rates + Welded |, H & box sections, load parallel to flange A= A-1Y iby ansross Shear Area, A, 4 Rectangular hollow sections, load parallel to depth A, = Ahi +h) ee 7, Rolled channel sections, T Joad parallel to web te A, = A~2bt, +(t, +7); Circular hollow sections A,=2Al a t le Rectangular hollow sections, load parallel to width A= AbIb+) Rolled T sections, load parallel to web A, =0.9(4-bt,) .——I é ] janeposs Shear Buckling EN 1993-1-5 (Cl 6.2.6(6)) The shear buckling resistance for webs should be checked if Ig ap : PT) 10 (eterouawss) Shear buckling is unlikely to affect rolled sections Itaffects plate girder, which will be discussed in later part of the lecture. nts Moment Resistanceansaois Moment Resistance Moment Check EN 1993-1-1 (CI 6.2.6) The design bending moment, Mj.» should satisfy the following cross-section check: The bending moment resistance, .M, p, about a principal axis depends on the class of the section: Class 3 sections ee =| anstoss Moment Resistance with High Shear EN 1993-1-1 (Cl 6.2.8) ‘When the design value of the shear force is less than 50% of the design plastic shear resistance, Le. Vz <0.5 Vp.pq its effect on the moment resistance may be neglected. When the design value of the shear force exceeds 50% ofthe design plastic shear resistance ie, Vg, 0.5 Vga the yield strength ofthe shear area , should be reduced by (1 ~ p)in the determination of the moment resistance, M, x2 ae ‘) un) stow 0-( Class 1 & 2 I-sections with equal flanges and bending about major axis ‘An atemative approach is available to determine the reduced design plastic resistance moment forcass 1 and 2 |sections. rayne 025 pA lt,)f, Wee Wyss 025K MG | yy eu where A, = lib sae eee eee ceeanspoas Serviceability 7 Deflection Check EN 1993-1-1 (CI 7.2) Excessive deflection at service load may impair the function of a structure. Deflection check should be carried using the unfactored variable actions Qe Maximum Deflection due to unfactored imposed load Cantlevers Lengihvi80 Internal beams carrying plaster or other brittle finish Span/360 or 40mm. Other beams (except purlins and sheeting rails) Span/200 or 40mm Edge beam| ‘Span/300 to span/500 or 20mm Vertical deflection due to static vertical wheel loads fom overhead traveling cranes Span/s0o Horizontal deflection (calculated on the top flange properties alone) due to horizontal crane loads ‘Span/500ansrs Beam Deflections Examples of simple beam and cantilever forces asnos Examplesfan: Dros setts ew 5 Drag Example RB-1: Section resistance and deflection of UB beam of span 10 m is simply supported at is ends and fully restrained along its length, It Suppor a uniformly distributed load across the entire span and a point load at its mid-span, Check and verify if section UB 533%210%101 in $355 steel is suitable for this beam, Assume that the beam carried plaster finish, Unfactored load values: Dead Load UDL. SkNim Imposed Load = UDL. 10 KNim_ Pointload 50 kN Point load 100 kN pee i. +) Sree _ 5044 ' 6 Bebe ate ~ ee 5m 5m cmon Pepe |e em ep eee eS See eae € fat l ot mr | Tae Ra Fa spss Ultimate Limit State Design Loads Dead Load — Distributed load 5 x 1.35 = 6.75 kNim Point load 50 x 1.35 = 67.5 kN Imposed Load Distributed load 10 x 1.5= 15 kNim Point load 100 x 1.5 = 150 kN 67.5 KN + 150 KN 6.75 kNim +15 kNim i fe 217.5 kN 2175 kM Design Moment Maximum bending moment at mid-span: M-, = (6.75+15)"102 + (67.5#150)"10/4 = 816 kNm. Design Shear Maximum shear force at the supports: Vy = 217.5 KN.ansnoss Yield Strength 1, =10,8mm, = 174mm. Maximum thickness = 17.4mm < 40mm (EN 10025-2) For $355 steel, f, = 345mm? Section Classification = (235/6)P5= (2851345) = 0.83 Classification of flange jl y= 501 $9e=9'0.83=7.47 = Flanges Class 1 Classification of web Section is Class 1 Cylty = 444 $72e=720.83= 59.8 => Webis Class 1 ! i ross Shear Resistance ‘Shear Area Ay =A-2bt, +(t, + 2rMty 2 tht ‘gly = 1 (Ut Diy = 1.0°(636.7 ~ 2°17.4)"10.8 = 5421 mm. A= A~Dbtgt (by # 2 12900 ~ 2210.0°17.4 + (10.8 + 2°12.7)°17 4 = 6222 mm, <— Plastic Shear Resistance AW, [95) _ 6222 (345-18) 49-3 193040 10 pid = Yue Since Vgg= 217.5 KN < Voy a Shear resistance is adequate. Shear Buckling Tally = (598.7 ~ 217 A)MO.B = 48.5 < 726 In = (72°0.83)11.0 = 59.8. => Shear bucking check is not necessary.