“1 oe ae ‘- # Amplitude Modulation (AM) " Itis the PROCESS of ‘CHANGING the AMPLITUDE of a relatively HIGH FREQUENCY CARRIER SIGNAL in PROPORTION with the instantaneous value of the MODULATING SIGNAL (INFORMATION) ‘Amplitude Modulation (AM) Parameters Tl CARRIER “ @ Camteris;a HIGH. FREQUENCY SIGNAL used to CARRY. <& © INFORMATION from source to destination. {5 INFORMATION 1 Als known a8: INTELLIGENCE MODULATING SIGNAL BASEBAND SIGNAL. ional ECE Review www.percde:, Review / Homework Questions. |. itis the’ process that creates a hiigher-freqyency signal containing the original information A. modulation... C. mixing B. oscillation. —__D. heterodyning A type of modulation where the instantaneous value of the carrier amplitude changes in accordance with an amplitude and frequency variation of the modulating signal. AA frequency modulation B. pulse modulation C. phase modulation D. amplitude modulation other modulation system B. compared with other systems it requires less transmitting power ” Cite use avoids receiver complexit D. no other modulation system can provide the necessary bandwidth for high-fidelity |. He'was the first to attempt the transmission of words using spark ‘gap transmitter with @ carbon microphone connected in series with an antenna ‘A. Gugliegmo Marconi B. Reginald Fessenden G. Samuel Morse . Edwin ArmstrongPERCoc RNS — MODULATION ‘Amplitude Modulation Equation =v, snot Ecol, ah cals, echt tm = modulating sighal anguiar teovercy in radisee t= pores n soc m= meauiauon dex ‘Standard AM in Frequency Domain The voltage of either of the sidebands WILL NOT EXCEED half of the voltage of the carrier. ‘Standard AM in Time Domain Modulating Voltage is ALWAYS LESS than the Carrier Voltage. Ifthe Modulating Voltage is, more than the Carrier Voltage, OVERMODULATION will occur. 5, 10. The imaginary line of an amplitude ‘modulated waveform is known 2s, ‘A. upper sideband C. envelope B. bandwidth —_D. sidebands ‘Attuned circt of the oscillator in a simple AM transmitter employs a ‘50-microhenry coil and a 1- ‘nanofarad capacitor. If the oscillator output is modulated by an audio frequencies up to 10 kHz, what is the frequency range occupied by the sidebands? A107 to 717 ke B.705 to 710 kHz C.70210 722 kHz D. 60910 619 KHz ‘An AM signal with a 40V modulating signal and 50V of carrier frequency and a carrier voltage of 50 volts. What is the peak voltage of the upper side frequency? A. 10V C.20V B. 15V D.25v Most of the power in an AM signal is inthe A Carrier B. Upper sideband C. Lower sideband . Modulating signal In a diode modulator, the negative half of the AM wave is supplied by a(n) A. Tuned circuit C. Capacitor B. Transformer D. Inductor ‘Amplitude modulation is the same as A. linear mixing B. analog multiplexing C. signal summation D. multiplexing Beyond Traditional ECE Review www-percdc-comULATION Pe unmodulated power or carrier power Pea= power of a sideband {elther LSB or USB} r= total or modulated power: 11. The ratio of the modulating elgnal voltage to the carrier voltage is called A magibien gocunrey C. deviation ratio D. frequericy deviation 12, Its the term used to describe the amount of amplitude change present in an AM waveform A. sideband 'B. overmodulation . coefficient of modulation D. peak amplitude 13. It is a term used to describe the: amount of amplitude change RSemdert ot moicton, ‘of modulation B. any of these C. depth of modulation D. modulation index .14...\Whien the modulation index in an AM waive Is greater than one it will cause A. any of these _C. overmodulation B. splatter D. buck-shot 15. The ideal value of modulation index AME At ¢.100 BO D. infinity 16. Wher'the amplitude of the information in an AM modulator is ‘equal to zaro, what is the value of the modulation index? Ato C. 100 BO D. infinity PENGDC: Beyond Traditional ECE Review ww percoc coe4_RNS — MODULATION Bandwidth Requirements Modulation By Several Signals Vy = Vit + Va? + Vg 4+ ee P, were fe= modulating signal Pe + Pear Par = Peas + Pooa + Paas + = ren den amt tye + were total madulatea vollage 1 modulated current clive total moduiaticn Standard AM Transmitter Hah! Lowinet retuson Yarn 7 coma Lf ane, | forese_Y sins Soanzh en git Aeifer PERCoc Beyond Traditional 17. The band of frequencies thus generated above the carrier is termed as. ‘A. upper sideband B. bandwidth C. lower sideband 1. harmonies 18. The information frequency input to an AM modulator is from 5 to 10 kHz, what is its bandwidth? ‘A. 20 kHz C. 10 kHz B.5 kHz 0.15 kHz 19. An AM broadcast station operates at its maximum allowed total output of ‘S0kW and at 95% modulation. How much of its transmitted power is intetigence. A.34.5 kW. C.50 kW B.155kW D.19kW 20. The antenna current of an AM transmitter is 124 when unmodulated but increases to 13 ‘when modulated. Calculate the percent modulation. ‘A. 95 percent B. 65 percent C.69 percent D. 59 percent 21. Find the modulation index ita 10V carrier is amplitude-modulated by three diferent frequencies with amplitudes 1V, 2V, and 3V respectively. A.02 c.02 B.0.743 0.0.374 ECE Review www-percdc-corNS. = MODULATION Crystal Oscillator Cyt providds'a STABLE CARRIER FREQUENCY at low power. Buffer Ampifio?” ‘AGiass A RF Amplifier that ISOLATES the crystal oscillator to improve its stabaty. Intermediate Power Aniplifier 'YACtass © RF amplifier that “elses the output of the: Oufer fo: etevel sufficient trdrive the. “modulated RE ample Modulated Power Arlt "I Aclass C RF amplifier that supplies the enwergywhich is required to drive the aritenna system at the rated RF power for High-Level modulation!” Speech Amplifier ‘A.Class A AF preamplifier that raiss the level-of the input AF -ater being subjected to Processing and fering Drive Amplifier Ty ACiass A/BIAB that supplies ~ the'neécessary audio power'to drive the Cass B modulator. Push-Pull Modulator. "A Claus BAF output ampli that varies the plate voltage of the Class:C RF amplifier in: ~f accordance with the frequency and the amplitude of the AF signal PERCae™” 22. 23. 24, 25. In amplitude modulation, when the intetigence is adided at the last “possible point before the transmitting antenna, itistermed as ‘A. high-level modulation ‘B, mediumn-tevel modulation C. low-level modulation . cathode modulation Ina lowdevel AM system, amplifiers {following the modulated stage must be = A linear devices: 'B. class C amplifiers C. harmonic devices. D. non linear devices ‘Amplitude modulation can be B, Having the modulating signal vaty a capacitance . Varying the carrier frequency ). Varying the gain of the amplifier When the modulation takes place prior to'the output element of the final stage of the transmitter, prior to the collector of the output transistor Wis patuipvod waver. tis A igh-ove ‘modulation B. low-level modulation C. zeto-modutation D. constant modulation ‘Amplitude modulators that vary the ‘@anier-ampittude with the. ‘modulating signal by passing it © stfifough an attenuator work on principle of ‘A Reectifaton - C. Variabié resistance B. Resonance. Absorption Sunny unr EEE Enamel Beyond Traditional ECE Review www-percdc-concr grystal. When a SENSITIVE SPOT is found, MORE... CURRENT flows in ONE. DIREGTION than in the opposite thus rectification transistors in place of a diode to PROVIDE RECTIFICATION ZAND AMPLIFICATION at the Az 27; circuit which function is to raise the ainplitude a little thermal noise as possible. power. amplifier B. non-linear amplifier ‘C. buffer amplifier D. preamplifier : Acct that has low-gaia:high- . With high-level transmitters, which af lant not pray B. It serves asia final-amplifier G. It serwesias a frequency up- ‘cofiverter D. It serves as a mixer . A Grcuit that monitors the received signal level and sends.a signal back to the RF and IF amplifiers to adjust their gain automatically.Communi Grid-Ledi Detector Consists of a tuned circuit, @ rectifier and an RC low-pass filter for the recovery of the ‘modulating signal. Ithas better sensitivity than diode detector. Regenerative and Autodyne Detectors Employs a TICKLER Coll which generatés energy from the plate Circuit into the grid circuit of the TRIODE. When the Regenerative Detectors OSCILLATES it becomes an AUTODYNE: detectors. ‘Standard AM Receivers ‘Tuned-Radio Frequency (TRF) SuperHeterodyne Receivers Tuned-Radio Frequency (TRF) ‘The SIMPLEST designed radio RECEIVER available today. qu see | etter | fate Le Disadvantages of TRE The BANDWIDTH IS INCONSISTENT and varies with ‘center frequency when tuned ‘OVER A WIDE RANGE OF FREQUENCIES, S INSTABILITY due to the LARGE NUMBER OF AMPLIFIER all tuned to the center frequency. GAINS are NOT UNIFORM over a wide frequency range. RNS _— MODULATION 7 31. A receiver has a dynamic range of 81 dB. It has 0.55 nW sensitivity. Determine the maximum allowable input signal A.59 mW ©. 79 mw B.69mW D. 88 mw 32. The diode detector is also known as A. envelope detector B. discriminator C. balanced modulator D. lattice demodulator 33. Itis a two-ended slope detectors connected in parallel and fed 180 degrees out of phase. A. balanced slope detector B. quadrature detector C. single-ended slope detector D. Foster-Seeley discriminator 34, The simplest and the most widely used amplitude demodulator. A. balanced modulators. B. diode detector C. discriminator D. mixer 35. A receiver has a poor IF selectivity it will therefore also have poor ‘A. blocking B. diversity reception C. double-spotting D. sensitivity 36. The circuit that demodulates the AM wave and converts it to the original information signal. A. Power amplifier C. Detector B, Local Oscillator. IF section eS Beyond Traditional ECE Review www-percdc-cor " PERCoe8_RNS — nODULATION ‘Components of TRF RF Amplifier Detector AF Amplifier RF Amplifier It Ampliies the weak RF signal Ithas a variable resistor that Controls the RF gain and sensitivity Detector Makes use of Regenerative Detector that provides rectification and detection for modulated signals. AF Amplifier ‘A volume controlled amplifier that raises the power level of the audio (AF) signal to a value sufficient to drive the loudspeaker of the receiver. ‘SuperHeterodyne Receiver Heterodyne means to mix two frequencies together in a non- linear device or to transtate one frequency to another using non- linear mixing. The gain, selectivity and sensitivity of SuperHeterodyne is far more superior than the other receivers. ARHIDAS Ww erat / fio Ferdsstte PERCoc eT rene 37. Itadjusts the gain of the intermediate frequency stages in response to the strength of the received signal, providing for weak signals. AAFC. c.AGc B.APC D.PLL 38. A receiver parameter that is used to measure the ability ofthe receiver to accept a given band of frequencies and reject all others. A. selectivity B. Qfactor C. sensitivity D. bandwidth 39. Itis the minimum RF signal level that can be detected at the input to the receiver and sfill produce a usable demodulated information signal ‘A. selectivity C. Q-factor B. sensi D. bandwidth 40. Receiver sensitivity is also known as A. pinch-off C. compression point B. threshold D. shoot-off point 41. Itis the input power range over Which the receiver is useful. A. dynamic range B. noise figure C. bandwidth efficiency D. bandwidth improvement 42. Itis defined as the difference in decibels between the minimu level necessary to discern the signal and the input level that will overdrive the receiver and produce distortion. ‘A. dynamic range B. noise figure C. bandwidth efficiency D. bandwidth improvement Beyond Traditional ECE Review www-percdce-coi SE ag TTT Local Oscillator Sy A'STABLE CRYSTAL ‘OSCILLATOR whose frequency beats with the incoming signal 46 PRODUCE THE CORRECT INTERMEDIATE FREQUENCY. Mixer ~ © [2 tig the FIRST DETECTOR which operates in a non-linear fashion and provides the action which produces the desired intermediate frequency. ~ 2" Detector ao SS IRDEMODULATES the 455:kH2 IF signals and RECOVERS the ‘original modulating signal or AUDIO SIGNAL. image Fréquency “Ie any frequency other than the” selected radio frequency carrier that, if allowed to enter a receiver an mix with local oscillator will produce a CROSS-PRODUCT FRQUENCY that is EQUAL TO INTERMEDIATE FREQUENCY. where: IF = intermediate frequency in “= He (455-kH2) ERK wana TD Hee numer cal is any frequency other than Selected radio frequency carrier © that, if allowed to enter a receiver ‘and mix it with the local oscillator, ‘produce a cross-product quency that is equal to the intermediate frequency. A. Image frequency B. intermediate frequency ©. aliasing frequency D. ghost 44. Itis equivalent to a second radio frequency that will produce an IF that will interfere with the IF-from the desired radio frequency. A aliasing frequency B. image frequency Ccinterference B. Intertiediate frequency 45. Itis a numerical measure of the ability of the preselector to reject the image frequency. AA. image frequency rejection ratio B. noise figure C. numerical aperture D. signal-to-noise ratio 46. Itis caused by poor frontend selectivity or inadequate image- frequency rejection, ‘A. optimal coupling B. double spotting CC. spurious pointing . urider coupling fo bad, trae MC aeg) MED Of He ality gf o prewledier dee toll WO rare) ] th med. thu Tego fry. phe fr Bw PERCoc Beyond Traditional ECE Review www-percdc:com10_R JUL ATION | DSBSC Equation We Te | Mt) = conlag ~ 4g + costo, rom) a or sideoa! Sccbare | Use) (USB) | Ve= carer gna age nV 8c carrer sna’ arquar 'eauersy radlsee m= a9ulai sigral anguar heavency reaisec t= pores n see m= "re0uaH0 nox DSBSC in Frequency and Time Domain \ Current and Voltage Relationship | PERCoc ene 47. Ifthe carrier of a 100 percent modulated AM wave is suppressed, the percentage power saving will be A.50 c. 150 B. 100 0.66.66 48. A circuit that generates a double- sideband suppressed carrier. A. filter B. mixer . balanced modulator D. local oscillator 49. The simplest system of eliminating a Sideband of a DSB to produce an SSB signal After method B. third method C. phase shift method D. weaver method 50. A transmitter generates an LSB signal with cartier frequency of 8 MHz. What frequency will appear at the output with a single-tone Modulating signal with a frequency of 3.5 kHz? A.7.9965MHz — C. 7.998 MHz B.4.5MHz D.6 MHz 51. R3E modulation is sometimes used to A. allow the receiver to a have a frequency synthesizer B. simplify the frequency stability problem in reception C. reduce the power that must be transmitted D. reduce the bandwidth required for transmission ee Beyond Traditional ECE Review www-percde.conRNS _— novuULATIon_11 Power Relationship P, = Pea] Power Saving for DSBSC Saving fe 3 Pe(arm® | ners Paya? Pe (80) ag ‘AM Prose = total power o! SB-SC Single-Sideband Suppressed Carrier (Ss8sc) ecole] or Jult)= TW, zi cotles.—tak| v Love Seating We. wuere. Ve= cone cg’ eck m= corer signa argsa 9 Sova route SSBSC in Frequency and Time Domain [tA Ae Beyond Traditi 52. Which ofthe following is not an advantage of SSB? A. The spectrum space is just as much as with conventional AM and DSB. B. All the power that was previously devoted to the carrier and other sideband can be channeled into the single sideband. Since SSB signal has less bandwidth than an AM or a DSB =Z___ signal there is loss noise ). SSB experiences less fading than an AM signal. 53. In SSB, the transmitter output power is expressed in terms of ‘A. instantaneous B. peak envelope power C. average D. any of these A filter-type SSB generator uses an ideal bandpass fiter with a center frequency of 5.0 MHz and a bandwidth of 2.7 kHz. What frequency should be used for the carrier oscilator ifthe generator is to produce a USB signal with a baseband frequency response having a lower limit of 280 Hz. ‘A. 4990.37 kHz B. 4996.65 kHz C. 5001.35 kHz D. 5001.63 kHz 55. Ifa voice signal extends from 300 Hz to 3 kHz the bandwidth using SSBis A.B kHz C. 3 kHz B. 27 kHz DL 12 kHz onal ECE Review www-percdc.comit | | | 2 ULATION ‘Current and Voltage Relationship a Ey Power Relationship Povier Saving for SSBSC Pram =Press: 2 490% where, Pu = ta pom «of Slangara * at Presa total oamer of SSB-SC SSBSC Generation . Femedy = ama Qucsh 3 Cryetnl | Bier - erecatton of SB 12 Uses Three Methods: ™ Filter Method ‘im Phase-Shift Method Third or Weaver Method Filter Method, "1. The SIMPLEST method of generating SSB. ‘D Htuses LC, Crystal, Ceramie or Mechanical Filters to eliminate one of the sidebands of the SSB. Phase-Shift Method Makes use of 2 Balanced ~ modulators. and 2 Phase= shifters. ‘TT. Itreduces the buikiness of the filters and its inherent disadvantages. 56. A voice signals produces a 120-V_ ‘peak-to-peak signal across a 50- ‘ohm joad. The peak envelope power then is = A. 42.42, c.60W B.144.W. D.36W 57. The peak voliags is 25 Vis transmitted actass a load of 50 ~_ ohms using SSB what is the peak “envelope power?.= AA25V B.45V 58: With-siigle-sideband ful carrer, 400% modulation would mean a ‘cartier power of how many percent of the totaf transmitted power? A0% C.50%, a ye ha “fete iy Sulton in which one sideband is totally removed and the carrier voltage is reduced to approximately 10% of its unmodulated amplitude. ‘A. Independent sideband 8. SSBFC C.SSBRC D.SSBSC C.05V D:8.25V 60. Its the rms pawer developed at the crest of the modulation envelope of SSBSC. A. Carrier power: B. Total transmitted power . Sideband power D. Peak envelope power PEP > Ve Peat Envchoge Paar Peis por: deveag ty shen sre ost of ACMA Beyond Traditional ECE Review. www-percdc-coi‘Third or *Weaver" Method 1 Retaing'the advantages of the | - Phase-shift method without the disadvantage of the AF phase- shift retwork. ‘Angle Modulation ‘The type of analog modulation in which the ANGLE SINUSOIDAL REFERENCE FUNCTION is varied in 82. ‘accordance with a moddlagan-~ signal. Frequency Modation (FM) " Itisa system in which the AMPLITUDE of the carrier is. KEPT CONSTANZwhile its FREQUENCY. AND RATE OF <=} CHANGE aré'VARIED BY THE MODULATING SIGNAL, rea Duiatitn: angant of change orn Equation where: sk Conyyr yung, psn peablo peat Ve caries signa peak votage in V Vn= modulaong signal peak voliage a V se_= camer signa! angutar requencym radisec a= moaulatng signal anguiar frequency in radisec. = penog in pec frequency deviaton in Ha modulating signal frequency in Hz be gular reg. sroportonalty constart in radisec | =frequgstcy proportonaly constant in Ha cation Suis 23 = + F PERCiC anes KEV + RNS 61. A type of modulation whenever the phase angle of sinusoidal wave is varied with respect to time. ‘A. amplitude modulation B. pulse modulation . digital modulation ‘D-angle modulation MODULATION 13, 62; He developed the first successful FM radio-system ABE! Alpine B.N.S. Kapany C.E.H. Armstrong D. ACS. Van Heel 63, Resufts whenever the phase angle of sinusoidal wave is varied with respect to time, fy fee roaseton Searmoduaton ~ C. amplitude modulation D. pulse modulation 64. In the spectrum of a frequency- modulated wave {A the carer frequency disappears “when the modulation index is large B. the amplitude of any sideband depends on the modulation index: ‘©-'the total number of sidebands = depends on the modutation index - ~ Dethg carrier frequency cannot disappear TT Beyond Traditional ECE Review www-percdc-com34_RNS - MODULATION FM in Frequency and Time Domai ea warty, cheney akU of anne Frequehcy Deviation’ The AMOUNT OF CHANGE IN CARRIER FREQUENCY Produced by the modulating — bel) Signal, Yas 6 = atv,,] “ero re dhl Hn. of slams Modulation'index and Deviation Ratio MODULATION INDEX is the RATIO OF DEVIATION and the MODULATION SIGNAL. DEVIATION RATIO is the RATIO OF THE MAXIMUM DEVIATION over the MAXIMUM MODULATING FREQUENCY [> — Bmax _| Worst case ‘ae Moalatior tndep Percentage Modulation Me ye ‘The percentage value of the ACTUAL and MAXIMUM FREQUENCY DEVIATION. 8 n= Ete tuys ashi 65. A type of angle modulation where the instantaneous frequency of the carrier is caused to vary by an ‘amount proportional to the modulating signal amplitude. ‘A. phase modulation B. pulse modulation C. amplitude modulation D. frequency modulation 66. The relative displacement of the carrier frequency in respect to its unmodulated value is called A. frequency deviation B. amplitude modulation C. phase deviation D. deviation ratio lyebr The peak-to-peak frequency deviation is sometimes called A frequency deviation B. carrier swing C. phase deviation . deviation sensitivity 68. An FM broadcast-band signal has a carrier swing of 100 kHz, what is its Percent modulation? A.75% C..80% B. 67% D. 50% 69. Determine the deviation ratio for the ‘worst-case modulation index for an FM broadcast band transmitter with ‘a maximum frequency deviation of 75 kHz and a maximum modulating signal frequency of 15 kz AS C.2 Ba DS Beyond Traditional ECE Review wuw.percdecomRNS — nopuLaTroN_15 Bandwidth Requirement Carson's Rule BW = 2(m+ fn BW = 25+ fa) gw: nfm) | Bandwidth Requirement NBFM and 7 WBFM Bw [BW = anf, FM Generation i Direct Methods = WO Anh Indirect Methods iis Reactance Modulator A reece fobe'thal presents elther inductive or capacitive is ‘connected to the tank circuit of the oscillator The variation of the reactance would cause the oscillator frequency to vary in accordance with the modulating signal thereby creating a direct generation of FM. Varactor Diode Modulator yin FM generator utilizing a “x voltage-variable capacitor diode. Ge VCOs are FM circuits in which continuous variable changes in frequency are provided by the varactor diode —— RN, Ge, to CH Ctg tye & | PERGDO t+ i%eBeyond Traditional 70. What is the bandwidth of a frequency modulated signal with a frequency deviation of 150 kHz and ‘@ modulating signal frequency of 30 kHz using Carson's rule? A. 420 kHz C. 180 kHz B. 300 kHz D. 360 kHz 71. An FM broadcast transmitter operates at its maximum deviation of 75 kHz. Find the modulation index for a sinusoidal modulating signal with frequency of 50 Hz. AS ©.20 yt 8.1500 D. 2500 72, An FM signal has a deviation of 3 kHz and a modulating frequency of kHz. What is the approximate bandwidth using Carson's rule? ALT kHz C.4 kHz B. 16 kHz D.8kHz 73. An FM signal has a frequency deviation of 5 kHz and a modulating frequency of 1kHz. The signal-to- noise ratio at the input to the receiver detector is 20 dB. Calculate the approximate signal-to-noise ratio at the detector output. A 1408 C. 16 dB B.50dB D.34qB 74, An FM detector produces a peak-to- peak output voltage of 1.2 V from an FM signal that is modulated to 10 kHz deviation by a sine wave. What is the detector sensitivity? A.40 uViHz C. 80 uviHz B. 60 uviHz D. 70 uviHz ee ECE Review wuw-percde.confed to a circuit that is tuned to receive the signal in the slope of i the response curve. ‘The FM signal is CONVERTED | ~ sonverted from.its AM form from, Hi Forma eqelane eect i Feats ne tele [1 AnFM detector using TWO ‘slope detectors. He "peReDe into AM, the modulating dignat is *T 78, Oscillators whose frequencies are ‘contiplied »xtermial input vaupees Son fon refeted 0 a8 77, Aspecial circuits allowing the unwanted amplitude variations to be removed in an.FM system, . A limiter attenuator B. quieting D. capturing 78. The improvement in the signal-to- noise ratio is called AFM thresholding B, FM capture effect C. FM quieting D. any of these, 78..1n a ratio detector. ‘A-the linearity is worse than in a “from the similar phase discriminator Beyond Traditional ECE Review www-percdc-ccoe ENS — MODULATION. 17 [3 The'output's taken from across ‘tié Series combination of the {Wo 10808, s0 that itis the sum of the two outputs, Foster-Seeley Discriminator. ‘2 Changes in the magnitude of the input signal will give rise to ‘thé amplitude chiénges in the resulting*output voltage. 52 Also known as thee ‘Variation of the Faster-Seeley: discriminator which includes an- amplitude limiter. ‘Quadiature Detector” es 53. Also called COINCIDENCE DETECTOR x 7 Extracts the original information ‘signal from the composite IF ‘waveform by mutipiying two quadrature signal. Phase-Locked Loop 3 The SIMPLEST and the EASIEST to understand FM The ‘Fequires no tuned cirouits and automatically compensates for <<. changes in the cartier frequency +" due to instability in the transmit oscillator. PERGDC :trequeri¢y demodulator 80. Another name for Voltage Variable Capacitor is A.PIN diode B. Varactor-diode C. Snap diode D. Hot cartier diode 81. Which of the following is the simplest form of tuned-circuit frequency discriminator? A. Foster-Seeley discriminator B. Ratio detector C. Slope detector D. PLL detector 82. It is simply two single-ended slope detectors connected n paral! and 180 dagreas aut of phase. A. Foster-Seeley discriminator B. Quadrature detector C. Balanced slope generator D. PLL detector 3. The frequency change in crystal ‘oscillator produced by a varactor diode is A. zero B. small C. medium D-targe 84. Which of the following tuned-circuit frequency discriminator is relatively immine to émplitude variations in its input signal? A. ratio detector B. slope detector C. balanced slope detector D. quadrature detector <-stenemeiiesnnaS «Beyond Traditional ECE Review www-percdc.comc er 18_RNS — MODULATION. eS PLL Functional Blocks nee ruroe — prase [2°] tsop [seta Sana “Line Phase ‘Detector Loop Filter Voltage Controlled-Oscillator Phase Detector ‘A non-linear device with two input signals; an externally generated frequency and the VCO output frequency. The output of the phase comparator is the sum and difference frequencies of the input and the VCO output. Loop Filter Ithelps establish the proper transient response and the required filtering. Voltage-Controlled Oscillator An oscillator with a stable frequency of oscillation that depends on the external bias voltage. PLLs Key Parameter ‘Lock Range Capture Range Beyond Traditiona 85. The small frequency change produced by a phase modulator can be increased by using a(n) ‘A. amplifier B. mixer . frequenicy multiplier D. frequency divider 86, In FM receivers, limiters produce a constant-amplitude output ofall signals above a prescribed minimum input level called A. threshold level C. quieting level B. capture level D. any of these 87. The inherent ability of FM to diminish the effects of interfering signals is called A. capture effect B. noise suppression C. adjacent channel rejection D. amplitude limiting A.crystal oscillator whose frequency can be changed by an input voltage is called a(n) A.VCO B. VxO C.VFO D. VHF 89. of an FM receiver is the minimum dB difference signal strength between two received signals necessary for the capture effect to suppress the weaker signal A. capture effect. C. capture ratio B. capture gain _D. capture loss TT 1 ECE Review www-percdc-cPREGUENCES Wee ny of reece NATURAL “FREQUENCY over which the, f PLL. can MAINTAIN AERA ° an input signal: ‘Capture Range yh ‘this defined as the BANDE. FREQUENCIES in the?dieinity of the natural frequency where the. seca oe pregmohgtle’ oe oe cA precttnaels is Phase Modulation: a TF" It isreeystem which the PHASE “OF THE*GARRIER fe VARIED in ACCORDANCE wir the INSTANTANEOUS ae of the, ING SIGNAL. ENS, = JODULAT: ‘The band of frequencies over which PLL will acquire or recognize an ‘input signal is called the ‘A. Circuit bandwidth B. Capture range C. Band of acceptance *B, Lock range 91. Decreasing the input frequency to be locked PLL will cause the VCO D.Lock range Over a narrow range of frequencies, ‘The output of a PLL frequency demodulator ig taken from the LT “Beyondetraditional ECE Review wuw-percac-com20__RNS ~ MODULATION Phase Modulation Equation ve /, cos|ogt + 6608 Ont] Ve= came? signal peak votage in V ‘Vm= Moguiating signa’ peak voltage in V fac= carrer signal anguar fecuency * radlsec m= Modulating signal angular frequency m radisoe t=peres in see o= phase adviaton ‘Ag = phase propartionaity constant PM in Frequency and Time Domain - Phase Deviation and Modulation Index “ m= AGVin a ee a Lading- Auerease of frequurey Ge mataas pag Zero PERCoc 95. Both FM and PM are types of what kind of modulation? ‘A. amplitude C. angle B. phase D. duty cycle ‘What circuit compensates for higher phase shift and frequency deviation at the higher modulating frequencies to produce indirect FM? A. high-pass filter B. limiter C. low-pass fiter D. phase shifter 97. The relative angular displacement of the carrier phase in radians with respect to the reference phase is called ‘A. phase deviation B. carrier deviation C. frequency deviation D. information deviation 98. Itis the instantaneous change in phase of the carrier at a given instant of time and indicates how much phase of the carrier changing with respect to its reference phase. ‘A. instantaneous frequency B. instantaneous frequency deviation. C. instantaneous phase D. instantaneous phase deviation 99, Maximum frequency deviation of a PM signal occurs at ‘A. zeto-crossing points, B. peak positive amplitudes C. peak negative amplitude D. Peak positive and negative amplitude END Beyond Traditional ECE Review wuw.percdc-ct