Name of the Student: __________________________ Grade Level: ___________________

Learning Area: Pre-Calculus Date: ________________________

Learner’s Packet 3: Sine and Cosine Functions

I. Learning Skills from the MELC

At the end of the lesson, you will be able to:
a. illustrate the domain and range of sine and cosine functions
(STEM_PC11T-IIc-1);
b. graph the sine and cosine functions (a) amplitude, (b) period, and (c)
phase shift (STEM_PC11T-IIc-d-1); and
c. solve situational problems involving sine and cosine functions
(STEM_PC11T-IId-2).

II. Introductory Concept

Recall that, for a real number 𝑥, 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 or 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 for an
angle 𝜃 with measure 𝑥 radians, and that 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 is the first coordinate
and 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 is the second coordinate of the point 𝑃(𝜃) on the unit circle.
Since each 𝑥 corresponds to an angle 𝜃, we can say that both sine and
cosine of an angle can take on the same set of values over and over
again as the independent variable 𝑥 changes.

III. Activities

Let Us Study!

Our discussion focuses on sine and cosine functions, their graphs and
applications in real life situations.
A. Graphs of Sine and Cosine Functions
A function 𝑓(𝑥) is periodic if there is a real number 𝑝 such that 𝑓 (𝑥 + 𝑝) = 𝑓(𝑥) for
all 𝑥 in the domain. Period is defined as the distance required for the function to
complete its full cycle.
The sine and cosine functions are known as periodic functions with period 2𝜋.
Their amplitude or distance from its axis to a high point or low point is half the sum
of the absolute values of its minimum and maximum values, or the greatest
numerical value of the ordinate of the function.
The domain and range values also describe the behavior of the graph. The
domain is defined as the set of all possible values of 𝑥 (abscissa) while the range is
the set of all possible values of 𝑦 (ordinate).

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 Now, let us investigate the values and variation of the sine of an angle as it
moves from 0 to 2𝜋. Take note also of the domain and range. Consider the table
below.
𝜋 3𝜋
𝑥 (arc length) 0 𝜋 2𝜋
2 2
𝑦 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 0 1 0 -1 0

Using the arc length as key points, the graph of the sine function can be
drawn. Plot the ordinates on the vertical axis (𝑦) and arc lengths on the horizontal
axis (𝑥) to represent the graph of the sine function, 𝑦 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥.

y
maximum point
intercept

amplitude
x

period
minimum point

Domain: ℜ Range: [−1,1]

𝜋
The graph above associates multiples of 2
with points on the unit circle.
Distances are indicated on the 𝑦 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 and the position on the 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠.
The amplitude of the curve defined by 𝑦 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 is 1, with period of 2𝜋, the
period of the function is the interval from 0 to 2𝜋 where 𝑥 moves such that the graph
𝜋
completes one cycle of value. Over the interval [0,2𝜋], the maximum point is ( 2 , 1)
3𝜋
while the minimum point is ( 2 , −1) and, the graph crosses the 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 at (0,0), (𝜋, 0)
and (2𝜋, 0). The remainder of the graph consists of repetition of this portion of the
graph.
This time, let us construct the graph of the cosine function 𝑦 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 in similar
manner as the sine function 𝑦 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥. That is, plot on the vertical axis, the abscissa
of the points, and on the horizontal axis, the ordinate of the points.
The table below shows the values of the cosine of an angle as it moves from 0
to 2𝜋.
𝜋 3𝜋
x 0 𝜋 2𝜋
2 2
𝑦 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 1 0 -1 0 1

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The graph of the cosine function can be illustrated as:

maximum
points
intercepts
amplitude
x

period
minimum point

Domain: ℜ Range: [−1,1]

The amplitude of the function 𝑦 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 is 1, with a period of 2𝜋. Over the
interval [0,2𝜋], the minimum point is (𝜋, −1) while the maximum points are (0,1) and
𝜋 3𝜋
(2𝜋, 1), and the graph crosses the 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 at ( 2 , 0) and ( 2 , 0).

The remainder of the graph consists of repetition of the graph.

Let us summarize the properties of the graphs of 𝑦 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 and 𝑦 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥.

Characteristics 𝑦 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑦 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
Amplitude 1 1
Period 2𝜋 2𝜋
Zeroes/x-intercepts 𝑘𝜋 where 𝑘 is any 𝑘𝜋
where 𝑘 is any odd
2
integer
integer
Domain {x|x ∈ ℜ} {x|x ∈ ℜ}
Range [−1,1] [−1,1]

Next, let us consider some other graphs on sine and cosine functions. Study the
following discussions.
B. The Graphs of 𝒚 = 𝒂𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙 and 𝒚 = 𝒂𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒙
Observe the following graphs. Compare the graphs of 𝑦 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 with the graphs of
𝑦 = 𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 where 𝑎 is any real number. Study their properties presented in the table.

𝒚 = 𝟑𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙

𝒚 = 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙
𝟏
𝒚= 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙
𝟑

𝒚 = −𝟑𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙

Figure 1
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 Function Amplitude Period Domain Range

1. 𝑦 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 1 2𝜋 {x|x ∈ ℜ} [−1,1]

2. 𝑦 = 2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 3 2𝜋 {x|x ∈ ℜ} [−3,3]

3. 𝑦 = −2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
3 2𝜋 {x|x ∈ ℜ} [−3,3]
1 1 1 1
4. 𝑦 = 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 2𝜋 {x|x ∈ ℜ} [− , ]
2 2 2

Given the following graphs, compare 𝑦 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 with 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 where 𝑎 is any real
number. Take note of their properties as reflected in the table.

𝒚 = 𝟐𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒙

𝒚 = 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒙
𝟏
𝒚= 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒙
𝟐

𝒚 = −𝟐𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒙

Figure 2

Function Amplitude Period Domain Range

1. 𝑦 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 1 2𝜋 {x|x ∈ ℜ} [−1,1]

2. 𝑦 = 2𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 3 2𝜋 {x|x ∈ ℜ} [−3,3]

3. 𝑦 = −2𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
3 2𝜋 {x|x ∈ ℜ} [−3,3]
1 1 1 1
4. 𝑦 = 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 2𝜋 {x|x ∈ ℜ} [− , ]
2 2 2

Based on the discussions above, the properties of 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 and 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 can be
summarized as follows:

In general, the graphs of 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 and 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 with 𝑎 > 0 have the same
shape as the graphs of 𝑦 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 and 𝑦 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥, respectively. If 𝑎 < 0, there is a
reflection across the 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠. In the graphs of 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 and = 𝑎𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 , the number
|a| is called its amplitude. It dictates the height of the curve. When |a| < 1, the
graph shrunk vertically, and when |a| > 1, the graph stretched vertically. The
domain is {x|x ∈ ℜ} and its range is [−𝑎, 𝑎].

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C. The Graphs of 𝒚 = 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒃𝒙 and 𝒚 = 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒃𝒙

Let us graph the following functions and compare them to the graph of 𝑦 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥.
1
a. 𝑦 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥 b. 𝑦 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥
2

𝒚=𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐𝒙
𝒚 = 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙
𝟏
𝒚 = 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒙
𝟐

1
The figure below shows the graphs of 𝑦 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥 and 𝑦 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥 as compared to the
graph of 𝑦 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥.

𝟏
𝒚 = 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒙
𝟐
𝒚 = 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒙
𝒚 = 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐𝒙

The following properties may be drawn based from the graphs.

Function Amplitude Period Domain Range

1. 𝑦 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 and 𝑦 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 1 2𝜋 {x|x ∈ ℜ} [−1,1]

2. 𝑦 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥 and 𝑦 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥 1 𝜋 {x|x ∈ ℜ} [−1,1]

1 1
3. 𝑦 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 𝑥 and 𝑦 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥 1 4𝜋 {x|x ∈ ℜ} [−1,1]

Take Note:
2𝜋
If b ≠ 0, then 𝑦 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑏𝑥 and 𝑦 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑏𝑥 has period given by |𝑏|
. If 0 < |b| < 1, the
graph stretched horizontally, and if |b| > 1, the graph shrunk horizontally.

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D. The Graphs of 𝒚 = 𝒂𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒃𝒙 and 𝒚 = 𝒂𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒃𝒙
To sketch the graphs of 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑏𝑥 and 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑏𝑥, a, 𝑏 ≠ 0, we may proceed with the
following steps:
2𝜋
1. Determine the amplitude |a|, and find the period |𝑏|
. To draw one cycle of
the graph (that is, one complete graph for one period), we just need to
2𝜋
complete the graph from 0 to |𝑏|
.
2. Divide the interval into four equal parts, and get five division points: 𝑥1 = 0,
2𝜋
𝑥2 , 𝑥3 , 𝑥4 , and 𝑥5 = |𝑏|, where 𝑥3 is the midpoint between 𝑥1 and 𝑥5 (that is,
1
(𝑥1 + 𝑥5 ) = 𝑥3 ), 𝑥2 is the midpoint between 𝑥3 and 𝑥5 .
2
3. Evaluate the function at each of the five x-values identified in Step 2. The
points will correspond to the highest point, lowest point, and x-intercepts of
the graph.
4. Plot the points found in Step 3, and join them with a smooth curve similar to
the graph of the basic sine curve.
5. Extend the graph to the right and to the left, as needed.

Let us use these steps in the following examples.

Example 1: Sketch the graph of one cycle 𝑦 = 2𝑠𝑖𝑛4𝑥. Determine its domain and
range.
Solution:
2𝜋 𝜋
1) The period is 4
= 2, and the amplitude is 2.
𝜋
2) Dividing the interval [0, 2 ] into 4 equal parts, we get the following x-
𝜋 𝜋 3𝜋 𝜋
coordinates: 0, , , and .
8 4 8 2
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
3) When 𝑥 = 0, 4 and 2 , we get 𝑦 = 0. On the other hand, when 𝑥 = 8, we have 𝑦 =
3𝜋
2 (the amplitude), and 𝑦 = −2 when 𝑥 = 8 .
4) Draw a smooth curve by connecting the points. There is no need to proceed to
Step 5 because the problem only asks for one cycle.

Based on the graph, the

domain and range of the
function are {𝑥|𝑥 ∈ ℜ} and
[−2,2] respectively.

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 𝑥
Example 2: Sketch the graph of 𝑦 = −3𝑐𝑜𝑠 2. Determine its domain and range.

Solution:
2𝜋
1) The amplitude is |−3| = 3, and the period is 1 = 4𝜋.
2
2) We divide the interval [0,4𝜋] into four equal parts, and we get the following x-
values: 0, 𝜋, 2𝜋, 3𝜋, and 4𝜋.
3) We have 𝑦 = 0 when 𝑥 = 𝜋 and 3𝜋, 𝑦 = −3 when 𝑥 = 0 and 4𝜋, and 𝑦 = 3 when
𝑥 = 2𝜋.
4) We trace the points in Step 3 by a smooth curve.
5) We extend the pattern in Step 4 to the left and to the right.

𝑥
𝑦 = −3𝑐𝑜𝑠
2

The domain of the function is {𝑥|𝑥 ∈ ℜ} and the range is [−3,3].

E. The graphs of 𝒚 = 𝒂 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒃(𝒙 − 𝒄) + 𝒅 and 𝒚 = 𝒂 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒃(𝒙 − 𝒄) + 𝒅

Let us observe the graphs of the following functions in (a) and (b) and compare them
to the graphs of 𝑦 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 and 𝑦 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 respectively.
𝜋
a. 𝑦 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑥 − ) and 𝑦 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 + 2
2

𝒚 = 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙 + 𝟐

𝒚 = 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙

𝝅
𝒚 = 𝒔𝒊𝒏(𝒙 − )
𝟐

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 𝜋
b. 𝑦 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑥 − 2 ) and 𝑦 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 + 2

𝒚 = 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒙 + 𝟐

𝒚 = 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒙
𝝅
𝒚 = 𝒄𝒐𝒔(𝒙 − )
𝟐

Take Note:
The graph of 𝑦 = 𝑎 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑏(𝑥 − 𝑐) has the same shape as 𝑦 = 𝑎 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑏𝑥, but shifted c
units to the right when 𝑐 > 0 and shifted |𝑐| units to the left if 𝑐 < 0. The number
c is called the phase shift of the sine or cosine graph.
While the effect of c in 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑏(𝑥 − 𝑐) is horizontal shift from the graph of 𝑦 =
𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑏𝑥, the effect of d in the equation 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑏 (𝑥 − 𝑐) + 𝑑 is a vertical shift. That is,
the graph of 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑏(𝑥 − 𝑐) + 𝑑 has the same amplitude, period, and phase shift
as that of 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑏(𝑥 − 𝑐), but shifted d units upward when 𝑑 > 0 and |𝑑| units
downward when 𝑑 < 0.

Example 3: In the same Cartesian plane, sketch one cycle of the graphs of 𝑦 = 3𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
𝜋
and 𝑦 = 3𝑠𝑖𝑛 (𝑥 + 4 ). State the domain and range of the functions.

Solution:
We have sketch the graph of 𝑦 = 3𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 earlier at the start of the lesson. We consider
𝜋
𝑦 = 3𝑠𝑖𝑛 (𝑥 + 4 ). We expect that is has the same shape as that of 𝑦 = 3𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥, but
shifted some units.
𝜋
Here, we have 𝑎 = 3, 𝑏 = 1, and 𝑐 = − 4 . From these constants we get the
𝜋
amplitude, the period, and the phase shift, and these are 3, 2𝜋 and − 4 ,
respectively.
𝜋 𝜋 7𝜋
One cycle starts at 𝑥 = − 4 and ends at 𝑥 = − 4 + 2𝜋 = 4 . We now compute
the important values of x.
𝜋 7𝜋 6𝜋 𝜋 3𝜋 3𝜋 7𝜋
−4+ 4 3𝜋 −4+ 4 𝜋 +4 5𝜋
= 4
= , = , 4
=
2 2 4 2 4 2 4
𝜋 𝜋 3𝜋 5𝜋 7𝜋
x −
4 4 4 4 4
𝜋
𝑦 = 3𝑠𝑖𝑛 (𝑥 + ) 0 3 0 -3 0
4

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 Based from the
graphs, the domain
and range of both
functions are
{𝑥|𝑥 ∈ ℜ} and [−3,3]
respectively.

𝜋
Example 4: Sketch the graph of 𝑦 = −2𝑐𝑜𝑠2 (𝑥 − ) − 3. What is the domain and range
6
of the function?
Solution:
𝜋
Here 𝑎 = −2, 𝑏 = 2, 𝑐 = 6 , and 𝑑 = −3. We first sketch one cycle of the graph of
𝜋
𝑦 = −2𝑐𝑜𝑠2 (𝑥 − 6 ), and then extend this graph to the left and to the right, and then
move the resulting graph 3 units downward.
𝜋
The graph of 𝑦 = −2𝑐𝑜𝑠2 (𝑥 − 6 ) has an amplitude of 2, period 𝜋, and phase
𝜋
shift .
6
𝜋 𝜋 7𝜋
Start of one cycle: 6
; End of the cycle: 6
+𝜋 = 6
𝜋 7𝜋 𝜋 2𝜋 2𝜋 7𝜋
+ 2𝜋 + 5𝜋 +6 11𝜋
6 6
= , 6 3
= , 3
=
2 3 2 12 2 12

𝜋 5𝜋 2𝜋 11𝜋 7𝜋
X −
6 12 3 12 6
𝜋
𝑦 = −2𝑐𝑜𝑠2 (𝑥 − ) -2 0 2 0 -2
6
𝜋
𝑦 = −2𝑐𝑜𝑠2 (𝑥 − ) − 3 -5 -3 -1 -3 -5
6

Thus, the domain and range

𝜋
of 𝑦 = −2𝑐𝑜𝑠2 (𝑥 − 6 ) − 3
are {𝑥|𝑥 ∈ ℜ} and [−5, −1]
respectively.

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Let us have the following observations.

Different Equations, The Same Graph

1. The graphs of 𝑦 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 and 𝑦 = sin(𝑥 + 2𝜋𝑘), 𝑘 is any integer, are the same.
𝜋 𝜋
2. The graphs of 𝑦 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥, 𝑦 = −sin(𝑥 + 𝜋), 𝑦 = cos (𝑥 − 2 ), and 𝑦 = −𝑐𝑜𝑠 (𝑥 + 2 ) are
the same.
3. In general, the graphs of
𝑦 = 𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑏(𝑥 − 𝑐) + 𝑑,
𝑦 = −𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑛[𝑏(𝑥 − 𝑐) + 𝜋 + 2𝜋𝑘] + 𝑑,
𝜋
𝑦 = 𝑎𝑐𝑜𝑠 [𝑏(𝑥 − 𝑐) − 2 + 2𝜋𝑘] + 𝑑,
and
𝜋
𝑦 = −𝑎𝑐𝑜𝑠 [𝑏(𝑥 − 𝑐) + 2 + 2𝜋𝑘] + 𝑑,
where 𝑘 is any integer, are all the same. Similar observations are true for cosine.

F. Situational Problems Involving Sine and Cosine Functions

Harmonic Motion
Repetitive or periodic behavior is common in nature. As an example, the time
telling device known as sundial is a result of the predictable rising and setting of the
sun everyday. It consists of a flat plate and a gnomon. As the sun moves across the
sky, the gnomon casts a shadow on the plate, which is calibrated to tell the time of
the day.

Periodic motions are usually modeled by either sine or cosine function, and are called
simple harmonic motions. Unimpeded movements of objects like oscillation,
vibration, rotation, and motion due to water waves are real-life occurrences that
behave in simple harmonic motion.

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 Equations of Simple Harmonic Motion
The displacement y (directed height or length) of an object behaving in a simple harmonic
motion with respect to time t is given by one of the following equations:
𝑦 = 𝑎 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑏(𝑡 − 𝑐) + 𝑑
or
𝑦 = 𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑏(𝑡 − 𝑐) + 𝑑.
In both equations, we have the following information:
1
• amplitude = |𝑎| = (𝑀 − 𝑚) - the maximum displacement above and below the rest
2
position or central position or equilibrium, where 𝑀 is the maximum height and m is the
minimum height;
2𝜋
• period = |𝑏| - the time required to complete one cycle (from one highest or lowest point
to the next);
|𝑏|
• frequency = - the number of cycles per unit of time;
2𝜋
• 𝑐 - responsible for the horizontal shift in time; and
• 𝑑 - responsible for the vertical shift in displacement.

Let us have the following examples:

Example 5: A weight is suspended from a spring and is moving up and down in a
simple harmonic motion. At it starts, the weight is pulled down 5 cm below the
resting position, and then released. After 8 seconds, the weight reaches its highest
location for the first time. Find the equation of the motion.
Solution:

We are given that the weight is located at its lowest position at 𝑡 = 0; that is, 𝑦 =
−5 when 𝑡 = 0. Therefore, the equation is 𝑦 = −5𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑏𝑡.
Because it took the weight 8 seconds from the lowest point to its immediate
highest point, half the period is 8 seconds.
1 2𝜋 𝜋 𝜋𝑡
2
• 𝑏
=8 ⇒ 𝑏= 8
⇒ 𝑦 = −5𝑐𝑜𝑠 8

Example 6: Suppose you ride a Ferris wheel. The lowest point of the wheel is 3
meters off the ground, and its diameter is 20 m. After it started, the Ferris wheel
revolves at a constant speed, and it takes 32 seconds to bring you back again to the
riding point. After riding for 150 seconds, find your approximate height above the
ground.
Solution:
We ignore first the fixed value of 3 m off the ground and assume that the
central position passes through the center of the wheel and is parallel to the ground.

Let 𝑡 be the time (in seconds) elapsed that you have been riding the Ferris
wheel, and y is he directed distance of your location with respect to the assumed
central position at time t. Because 𝑦 = −10 when 𝑡 = 0, the appropriate model is
𝑦 = −10𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑏𝑡 for 𝑡 ≥ 0.

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 Given that the Ferris wheel takes 32 seconds to move from the lowest point to
the next, the period is 32.
2𝜋 𝜋 𝜋𝑡
𝑏
= 32 ⇒ 𝑏 = 16 ⇒ 𝑦 = −10𝑐𝑜𝑠 16
150𝜋
When 𝑡 = 150, we get 𝑦 = 10𝑐𝑜𝑠 16
≈ 3.83.

Bringing back the original condition given in the problem that the riding point
is 3 m off the ground, after riding for 150 seconds, you are approximately located
3.83 + 13 = 16.83 m off the ground.

Example 7: A signal buoy in Laguna Bay bobs up and down with the height ℎ of its
transmitter (in feet) above sea level modeled by ℎ(𝑡) = 𝑎 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑏𝑡 + 𝑑 at time 𝑡 (in
seconds). During a small squall, its height varies from 1 ft to 9 ft above sea level, and
it takes 3.5 seconds from one 9-ft height to the next. Find the values of the constants
𝑎, 𝑏, and 𝑑.
Solution:

We solve the constants step by step.

 The minimum and maximum values of ℎ(𝑡) are 1 ft and 9 ft, respectively.
1 1
Thus, the amplitude is 𝑎 = 2 (𝑀 − 𝑚 ) = 2 (9 − 1) = 4.
 Because it takes 3.5 seconds from one 9-ft height to the next, the period is
2𝜋 4𝜋
3.5. Thus, we have = 3.5, which gives𝑏 = .
𝑏 7
 Because the lowest point is 1 ft above the sea level and the amplitude is 4, it
follows that 𝑑 = 5.

Now, it’s your turn to perform the following.

A. Sketch the graph of the following functions. Indicate the amplitude,

period, phase shift, domain and range for each function. You may use
Geogebra/Desmos to check your graph.
Let’s Practice!

Activity 1
1. 𝑦 = 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑥
𝑥
2. 𝑦 = −2𝑐𝑜𝑠 (− 2)
𝑥
3. 𝑦 = 3𝑠𝑖𝑛 (− 3)
𝜋
4. 𝑦 = 3𝑐𝑜𝑠 (𝑥 + 3 ) − 1
𝜋
5. 𝑦 = 2𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( − 𝑥) − 3
2

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 B. Solve the following problems. Show your solutions.
1. The distance from the ground in meters of a person on a ferris wheel 𝑥
𝜋 𝜋
seconds after the ride started is given by 𝑓 (𝑥) = 1.3 + 0.85𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( 𝑥 − ). What
6 4
are the highest and lowest points of the ferris wheel, and how many
seconds will it take the passenger to reach the highest and lowest point?
2. In Luzon, the number of hours of daylight varies roughly between 11 and
13 hours. The longest day is during the summer solstice, which typically
occurs on June 21. Define sine function 𝑓 where 𝑓(𝑡) is the number of
daylight hours at time 𝑡 and 𝑡 = 0 that corresponds to January 1.

Evaluation
Directions: Write the letter of the correct answer on your answer
sheet.

1. Which of the following illustrates the domain of the sine and cosine functions?
A. {𝑥|𝑥 ∈ ℜ} C. {𝑥|𝑥 ∈ ℤ}
B. {𝑥|𝑥 ∈ ℜ, −1 < 𝑥 < 1} D. {𝑥|𝑥 ∈ ℜ, 𝑥 ≠ 0}

2. Which graph shows 𝑦 = 2𝑠𝑖𝑛4𝑥?

A. C.

B. D.

𝜋
3. Which of the following is not true about 𝑦 = 3sin (𝑥 + 4 ) − 2?
𝜋
A. The range is [−3,3]. C. The phase shift is − .
4
B. The period is equal to 2𝜋. D. The domain is an element of real numbers.

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1
4. Which of the following equation
represents the graph at the right
side?
A. 𝑦 = 3𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑥 + 𝜋)
B. 𝑦 = 3𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑥 − 𝜋)
C. 𝑦 = 3𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑥 − 𝜋)
D. 𝑦 = 3𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑥 + 𝜋)

5. A weight is suspended from a spring and is moving up and down in a simple

harmonic motion. At it starts, the weight is pulled down 5 cm below the resting
position, and then released. After 8 seconds, the weight reaches its highest location
for the first time. What is the equation of the motion?
𝜋 𝜋
A. 𝑦 = −5𝑐𝑜𝑠 8
𝑡 C. 𝑦 = 5𝑐𝑜𝑠 8
𝑡
𝜋 𝜋
B. 𝑦 = −5𝑠𝑖𝑛 8
𝑡 D. 𝑦 = 5𝑠𝑖𝑛 8
𝑡

IV. Rubrics For Scoring

RUBRICS FOR SCORING SITUATIONAL PROBLEMS INVOLVING CIRCULAR FUNCTIONS

A. COMPLETENESS OF OUTPUT

10 8 6 4 3
All the procedures 3 out of 4 2 out of 4 1 out of 4 Only the
identified had been of the parts of the parts of the parts situations
followed with all its had been had been had been are
parts: followed followed followed provided
 Situations
 Given/Solutions
 Formula used
 Final answer

B. ACCURACY OF THE OUTPUT

10 8 6 4 3
All the procedures 3 out of 4 2 out of 4 1 out of 4 Only the
identified are correct of the of the of the situations
and accurate: parts are parts are parts had provided
 Situations accurate accurate been are
 Given/Solutions and and followed correct
 Formula used correct correct
 Final answer

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1
 1
RO_Pre-Calculus_SHS_Q2_LP3
15
A.
Solutions:
𝑥
𝑦 = 3𝑠𝑖𝑛 (− )
3.Function 3 Phase
Amplitude Period Domain Range
Shift
1
𝑦 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑥 1 2𝜋 1 1
2 0 {𝑥|𝑥 ∈ ℜ} [− , ]
2 3 2 2
𝑥
𝑦 = −2𝑐𝑜𝑠 (− ) 2 4𝜋 0 {𝑥|𝑥 ∈ ℜ} [−2,2]
2
𝑥
𝑦 = 3𝑠𝑖𝑛 (− )
3 3 6𝜋 0 {𝑥|𝑥 ∈ ℜ} [−3,3]
𝜋
𝑦 = 3𝑐𝑜𝑠 (𝑥 + ) − 1 𝜋
3 3 2𝜋 − {𝑥|𝑥 ∈ ℜ} [−4,2]
3
𝜋
𝑦 = 2𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( − 𝑥) − 3 𝜋
2 𝜋 2𝜋 {𝑥|𝑥 ∈ ℜ} [−5, −1]
4. 𝑦 = 3𝑐𝑜𝑠 (𝑥 + 3 ) − 1 2 2
Graphs:
1
1. 𝑦 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑥
2
𝜋
5. 𝑦 = 2𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( 2 − 𝑥) − 3
𝑥
2. 𝑦 = −2𝑐𝑜𝑠 (− 2)
Let’s Practice
Answer Key V.
 1
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16
Know
What I Learned What I Want to What I Know
in the lesson.
Direction: Fill out the KWL chart below based on the discussion
Reflection VI.
Evaluation:
1. A 2. D 3. A 4. B 5. A
B.
1. Solution:
𝜋 𝜋
The amplitude of the function 𝑦 = 0.85𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( 6 𝑥 − 4 ) is 0.85. This function
attains a highest value of 0.85 and a lowest value of -0.85. Thus, the highest
value of the function 𝑓(𝑥) is 1.3 + 0.85 = 2.15 meters and the lowest value is 1.3 −
0.85 = 0.45 meters.
𝜋 𝜋
The amplitude of the function 𝑦 = 0.85𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( 6 𝑥 − 4 ) = 1 𝑜𝑟 − 1, respectively.
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
The highest value occurs when 6 𝑥 − 4 = 2 , or when 𝑥 = 4.5 seconds. The lowest
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
value is attained when 6 𝑥 − 4 = − 2 or when 𝑥 = −1.5 seconds. Since a negative
𝜋
value for time is not possible, we move to the next possible value when 𝑐𝑜𝑠 6 𝑥 −
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 3𝜋
4
= −1. This is when 6 𝑥 − 4 = 2
or 𝑥 = 10.5 seconds.
2𝜋
2. 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (𝑡 − 79.75) + 12
365
VII. References

2009. In Advanced algebra, Trigonometry and Statistics, by Julieta G. Dilao,

Soledad G. Orines, Fernando B. Bernabe, 180-182. Quezon City: SD Publications,
Inc.
2016. In Pre-Calculus, by Versosa, Debbie Marie B., Eden, Richard B. and Garces,
Ian June L. Araneta Ave., Quezon City, Philippines, Vibal Group, Inc.
2016. Philippines. Department of Education (Bureau of Learning Resources). Pre–
Calculus Learner’s Material. Lexicon Press Inc.
2016. Philippines. Department of Education (Bureau of Learning Resources). Pre-
Calculus Teacher’s Guide. Lexicon Press Inc.
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