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Lesson 4 - Main Rotor Dynamics

This document discusses rotorcraft aeromechanics, focusing on main rotor dynamics. It covers the characteristics of helicopter flight, the dynamic behavior of helicopter blades, and the primary motions of flapping and feathering. The forces acting on the rotor are examined, including aerodynamic forces. Different rotor configurations like articulated and hingeless rotors are compared. Coordinate systems used to describe helicopter motion and the external forces acting on a helicopter are also summarized.

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saumya irugalbandara
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54 views54 pages

Lesson 4 - Main Rotor Dynamics

This document discusses rotorcraft aeromechanics, focusing on main rotor dynamics. It covers the characteristics of helicopter flight, the dynamic behavior of helicopter blades, and the primary motions of flapping and feathering. The forces acting on the rotor are examined, including aerodynamic forces. Different rotor configurations like articulated and hingeless rotors are compared. Coordinate systems used to describe helicopter motion and the external forces acting on a helicopter are also summarized.

Uploaded by

saumya irugalbandara
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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MODULE CODE: 3223

ROTORCRAFT AEROMECHANICS

Lecture by:
Wing Commander Niroshan Kiriwella
MSc. Tech (SPPU–Ind), PG Dip Mgt (KDU), BSc. Aero Eng (KDU), MRAeS (UK), AMIE (SL), AMCMET (SL), ptsc (Ind)
LESSON 04

Main Rotor Dynamics

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CHARACTERISTICS OF HELI FLIGHT

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CHARACTERISTICS OF HELI FLIGHT

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CHARACTERISTICS OF HELI FLIGHT

SCAS – Stability and Control Augmentation System


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HELI BLADE DYNAMIC BEHAVIOUR

VR = ꙍr

S = Span
CX = Chord
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HELI BLADE DYNAMIC BEHAVIOUR

Higher bending moments at Root

Loss of lift at Tip area

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HELI BLADE DYNAMIC BEHAVIOUR

Non-twisted blade Twisted blade

The twisting reduces the blade bending moment due to


tangential velocity variation

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SCOPE OF HELI FLIGHT DYNAMICS

9
FORCES ON THE ROTOR

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PRIMARY MOTIONS OF HELI BLADES

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PRIMARY MOTIONS OF HELI BLADES

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PRIMARY MOTIONS OF HELI BLADES

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ARTICULATED ROTOR

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HINGELESS ROTOR

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HINGELESS VS HINGED ROTOR

No Hinge: The blade bending moment is higher at the root

With Hinge: The blade bending moment is distributed


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FEATHERING
 A control action that allows the pilot to change the
pitch angle of the individual rotor blades
 Helicopter rotor typically consists of multiple blades
 Feathering refers to the process of adjusting the pitch
angle of these blades collectively or individually
 Pilot can control the amount of lift and thrust
generated by the rotor system

17
FLAPPING
 “Flapping" refers to the up-and-down motion of the
rotor blades around their individual hinges as they
rotate
 This motion is a natural consequence of the
aerodynamic forces acting on the rotating blades and
is essential for the helicopter's stability and
maneuverability

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FLAPPING

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FLAPPING

Flapping angle

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FLAPPING

Maximum flapping angle for a blade

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FLAPPING

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FLAPPING

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FLAPPING

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EFFECTS OF FLAPPING

 Horizontal bending moment variation in cyclic fashion


 This negative effect can be eliminated with a drag-hinge

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DRAG HINGE

 With the drag hinge blades can oscillate within the


horizontal plane and it is known as the lead-lag
motion of the blades.

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CORIOLIS EFFECT – BLADE FLAPPING
 Also referred to as conservation of angular momentum
 Spinning skaters:
 When they extend their arms, their rotation slows down
because the center of mass moves farther from the axis of
rotation
 When their arms are retracted, the rotation speeds up
because the center of mass moves closer to the axis of
rotation

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CORIOLIS EFFECT – BLADE FLAPPING
 Two-bladed rotor systems are normally subject to
Coriolis Effect to a much lesser degree than are
articulated rotor systems since the blades are generally
“underslung” with respect to the rotor hub, and the
change in the distance of the center of mass from the
axis of rotation is small
 The hunting action is absorbed by the blades through
bending
 If a two-bladed rotor system is not “underslung,” it will
be subject to Coriolis Effect comparable to that of a
fully articulated system

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CORIOLIS EFFECT – BLADE FLAPPING

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FLAPPING AND FEATHERING

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COORDINATE SYSTEM

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COORDINATE SYSTEM
 Gravity Axis System

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COORDINATE SYSTEM
 Body Axis System

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COORDINATE SYSTEM
 Wind Axis System

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COORDINATE SYSTEM
 Hub Axis System

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DEFINITION OF ANGLES

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DEFINITION OF ANGLES

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TRANSFORM GRAVITY AXES TO BODY AXES

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TRANSFORM BODY AXES TO WIND AXES

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COORDINATE SYSTEM DIFFERENCES

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COMPARISON IN PARAMETERS

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COMPARISON IN PARAMETERS

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EXTERNAL FORCES ACTING ON HELI

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AERODYNAMIC FORCES ON HELI

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AERODYNAMIC FORCES ON HELI (TR)

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AERODYNAMIC FORCES ON HELI

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AERODYNAMIC FORCES ON HELI (TR)

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AERODYNAMIC FORCES ON HELI

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AERODYNAMIC FORCES ON HELI

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CONTROL OF HELI WITH MR &TR

50
REVISION
 We have learnt
 Characteristics of Heli Flight
 Heli Blade Dynamic Behaviour
 Scope of Heli Flight Dynamics
 Forces on the Rotor
 Primary Motions of Heli Blades
 Articulated Rotor
 Hingeless Rotor
 Hingeless Vs Hinged Rotor
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REVISION
 We have learnt…cont
 Feathering
 Flapping
 Effects of Flapping
 Drag Hinge
 Coriolis Effect
 Blade Coordinate System

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