SOLUTIONS MANUAL FOR
Design of Structural
Elements,
3rd edition
By
Chanakya Arya
CRC Press
Taylor & Francis Group
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Version Date: 20130124
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- ii -
This manual has been prepared for use in conjunction with the textbook
Design of Structural Elements, Third edition, covering the problems in
chapters 2-6, particularly for use by course instructors.
Chapter 2 ............................................................................................................ 1
Chapter 3 ............................................................................................................ 6
Chapter 4 .......................................................................................................... 12
Chapter 5 .......................................................................................................... 17
Chapter 6 .......................................................................................................... 20
- iii -
CHAPTER 2
Question 1
50 kN
Beam 1 20 kNm-1
3m
21.25 kNm
48.75 kNm
37.5 kNm
Beam 1: (a) bending moment
(a) and (b) shear force diagrams
32.5
A B
-17.5
-47.5 kN
(b)
50 kN 50 kN 50 kN 50 kN
Beam 2
3m
25 kNm
50 kNm
(a)
Beam 2: (a) bending moment
and (b) shear force diagrams
50 kN
A B
-50 kN
(b)
1
30 kN 30 kN
Beam 3 10 kNm-1
5m 2.5 m
-106.25 kNm
-56.25 kNm
-16.25 kNm
A Beam 3: (a)
B bending moment
(a)
55 kN and (b) shear
force diagrams
30 kN
A
B
-30 kN
-55 kN
(b)
100 kN 100 kN
20 kNm-1 20 kNm-1
Beam 4
x A B
2m 4m 2m
-200 kNm
-40 kNm
Beam 4: (a) bending
moment and (b) shear
(a) force diagrams
100 kN
20 kN
B
-40 kN
-80 kN -120 kN
(b)
2
Question 2
Dead, gk = 20 kNm-1
Imposed load, qk = 10 kNm-1
A
ℓ1 = 6 m ℓ2 = 2 m
Load Case 1
ωmax =1.4gk + 1.6qk
x
88 kNm
A C
156.4 kNm (x = 2.666 m)
(a)
Load case 1: (a) bending moment
and (b) shear force diagrams
Vx=0 =117.3 kN
Vx=6 = 88 kN
A
(b) Vx=6 = –146.7 kN
3
Load Case 2
ωmin = 1.0gk
1.4gk + 1.6qk
RA RB
40 kNm
A C
B
Load case 2: (a) bending moment
and (b) shear force diagrams
178.4 kNm (x = 2.848m)
125.3 kN (a)
40 kN
A
(b)
-138.7 kN
Load Case 3
1.0gk 1.4gk + 1.6qk
88 kNm
B
C
(a) Load case 3: (a) bending moment
51.3 kNm (x = 2.26665m ) and (b) shear force diagrams
45.3 kN 88 kN
B
-74.7 kN
(b)
By inspection,
design sagging moment = 178.4 kNm (Load Case 2)
design hogging moment = 88.0 kNm (Load Cases 1 & 3)
design shear force at A = 125.3 kN (Load Case 2)
design shear force at B (towards A) = 146.7 kN (Load Case 1)
design shear force at B (towards C) = 88 kN (Load Cases 1 & 3)
4
Question 3
B = 170 mm
T = 12 mm
x x
D = 360 mm
t = 7 mm
(a) Cross-sectional area, A = 6432 mm2
Moment of inertia about major axis, Ixx = 14 570 × 106 mm4
Elastic section modulus about major axis, Zxx = 808 459 mm3
Plastic section modulus about major axis, Sxx = 907 488 mm3
Radius of gyration about major axis, rx = 150.5 mm
(b) Working load, ωwl = 49.4 kNm-1
Collapse load, ωcl = 55.5 kNm-1
Question 5
Gk, Qk
Wk 1.2 m
Load Case 1
Gk = 200 kN, Qk = 100 kN
Wk = 50 kN
5m Load Case 2
Gk = 200 kN, Qk = 100 kN
Wk = 75 kN
Leg L
2m
Leg R
Load Case 1 - Maximum tensile force (in leg L) = 96 kN
Maximum compression force (in leg R) = 348 kN
Load Case 2 - Maximum tensile force (in leg L) = 194 kN
Maximum compressive force (in leg R) = 434 kN
5
CHAPTER 3
Question 2
(a) Bending reinforcement
b = 400 mm
fcu = 40 Nmm-2
d = 650 mm fy = 500 Nmm-2
As
Area of bending reinforcement required, A s,req = 2845 mm2. Provide 4H32 (A s,prov =
3220 mm2)
(b) New moment capacity
d' = 50 mm
2H25
d = 650 mm
4H32
New moment capacity = 822.9 kNm
Question 3 (b)
gk = 20 kNm-1
qk = 10 kNm-1
ℓ=7m
Bending reinforcement
Area of bending reinforcement required, A s,req = 1431 mm2. Provide 3H25 (A s,prov =
1470 mm2).
6
Shear reinforcement
Asv
= 0.552 . Hence provide R10@275 (A sv /s v = 0.571)
sv
Question 5
b = 900 mm
hf = 200 mm
d = 600 mm
2H25
bw = 300 mm
(a)(i) Factors influencing the shear resistance of concrete beams
• Tensile strength of concrete.
• Longitudinal reinforcement ratio.
• Concrete in the compression zone.
• Aggregate interlock across flexural cracks.
Shear resistance of concrete
Design concrete shear resistance, ν c = 0.54 N mm-2
(ii) Shear reinforcement
Asv
= 0.276 . Hence provide H8@300 (A sv /s v = 0.335)
sv
(b) Deflection
Permissible span/effective depth ratio = 23.7 > actual span/effective depth ratio = 11.7
Hence deflection is not a problem.
7
Question 6
150 mm
4.5 m
Summary of Output
• Nominal cover
From Table A4 of BS8500-1 (Table 3.6, p39 of Design of Structural Elements),
cover to all reinforcement = 25 mm
• Depth of slab
Overall depth, h = 170 mm
• Bending reinforcement
Required area of main steel, A s,req = 1085 mm2 m-1. Provide R16@150 (As,prov =
1340 mm2m-1)
Required area of secondary steel = R10@150 (As = 523 mm2m-1 > minimum
area of reinforcement, A s,min = 408 mm2m-1)
• Shear reinforcement
None required.
Comment on Output
Areas of both the main and secondary steel are greater but the thickness of slab is
smaller using mild steel reinforcement.
Question 7
(b) Axial load capacity and shear reinforcement
Ultimate axial load capacity of column, N = 4305.7 kN
A possible arrangement of links is shown in the column section below. Note that the
inner bars are more than 150 mm from the corner bars.
H8-240
H8-240
8
Question 8
(a) Column classification
ex ey 4500
= = = 15
h b 300
Hence column is “slender”. However it can be treated as “short” for design purposes
as its slenderness ratio is at the short/slender interface.
(b) Longitudinal and shear reinforcement
Assuming diameter of longitudinal bars = 32 mm and diameter of shear reinforcement
is 8 mm, d = 300 – 32/2 – 8 – 35 = 241 mm and d/h = 241/300 = 0.8. Using the
procedure outlined in Example 3.19 construct a column design chart assuming the
longitudinal steel is symmetrically placed at a d/h ratio of 0.8, f cu = 40 Nmm-2 and f y
= 500 Nmm-2 (see below).
(i) N = 500 kN and M = 200 kNm
Longitudinal reinforcement
% Asc 4.3 × 300 × 300
From design chart = 4.3 ⇒ Asc = = 3870 mm 2
bh 100
Provide 4H32 + 2H25 (A sc = 3220 + 1260 = 4480 mm2)
Shear reinforcement
Provide H8 links at 300 mm centres.
2H32 + 1H25
H8@300
2H32 + 1H25
Cross-section through column showing the arrangement of longitudinal and shear
reinforcement
9
Column design chart: d/h = 0.8, f cu = 40 Nmm-2, f y = 500 Nmm-2
N/bh (N/mm2)
60
100Asc/bh = 5
100Asc/bh = 2
40
20
M/bh2 (N/mm2)
(ii) N = 800 kN, M x = 75 kNm and M y = 50 kNm
Longitudinal reinforcement
% As 1.7 × 300 × 300
From design chart = 1.7 ⇒ As = = 1530 mm 2
bh 100
Provide 4H25 (A s = 1960 mm2)
Shear reinforcement
Provide H8 links at 300 mm centres.
Cross-section through column showing the arrangement of longitudinal and shear
reinforcement.
2H25
H8@300
2H25
10
Question 9
Cross-section
300 × 300 mm column section is suitable.
Longitudinal reinforcement
Provide 4H32 (A sc = 3220 mm2).
Shear reinforcement
Provide H8 links at 300 mm centers.
2H32
300 mm H8-300
2H32
300 mm
11
CHAPTER 4
Question 1
Gk = 200 kN
Qk = 100 kN
8m
(a) 610 × 229 × 125 UB in S275 steel
(b) 533 × 210 × 82 UB in S460 steel
Question 2
Gk = 20 kNm-1
Qk = 10 kNm-1
8m
(a) 406 × 178 × 67 UB in S275 steel
(b) 533 × 210 × 82 UB in S460 steel
Question 3
Qk = 12 kN Qk = 12 kN
gk = 40 kNm-1
qk = 32 kNm-1
8m 2m
610 × 229 × 125 UB in S275 steel
12
Question 4
356 × 406 × 235 UB in S275 steel
Question 5
356 × 368 × 177 UB in S275 steel
Question 6
The calculations assume that Beams 1- 4 are fully laterally restrained and there is
notional torsional restraint at supports.
Beam 1
50 kN
20 kN/m
A B
3m
203 × 133 × 30 UB in S275 steel
Beam 2
50 kN 50 kN 50 kN 50 kN
A 3m
B
254 × 102 × 25 UB in S275 steel
Beam 3
30 kN 30 kN
10 kN/m
5m 2.5 m
356 × 127 × 39 UB in S275 steel
13
Beam 4
100 kN 100 kN
20 kN/m 20 kN/m
2m 4m 2m
356 × 171 × 67 UB in S275 steel
Question 7
(a) Floor systems for use in conjunction with steel framed structures:
• steel plates
• precast, prestressed concrete slab
• cast in-situ concrete slab
• composite metal deck floor
(b)
gk = 1.2 kNm-2
120 mm qk = 4.0 kNm-2
ℓ=8m
4m 4m 4m
(i) 457 × 152 × 60 UB in S355 steel
(ii) 305 × 127 × 37 UB in S355 steel
Question 8
(a) Factors influencing the load carrying capacity of steel columns include
• Strength of the material
• Length of column
• End restraint conditions
• Radius of gyration
• Moment capacity of section
• Buckling resistance of section
(b) The proposed 254 × 254 × 132 UC section is suitable.
14
Question 9
(a) Section is plastic in both cases.
(b) Squash load, P c = 4637.5 kN
(c) Plastic moment of resistance, M c = 609.5 kNm
(d) When axial load is 800 kN, moment capacity of column is 504 kNm
(e) Column is suitable.
Question 10
356 × 368 × 153 UC in S275 steel
Question 11
356 × 368 × 202 UC in S275 steel
Question 12
580
Flange cover
plate
40 70 70 70 80 70 70 70 40
250 × 20 × 580,
S275 steel
40 70 70 70 70 70 70 70 40
2 × 10 mm
thick web
cover plates,
S275 steel
570
80
160
All bolts are general grade M24 HSFG (parallel shank) bolts in standard
clearance holes.
15
Question 13 (b)
500 kN
250 mm 175 mm
10 mm
350 mm fillet
welds
Proposed welding scheme is adequate.
16
CHAPTER 5
Question 1(b)
326.5 326.5
102.5 102.5
50
102.5 3000
Design strength, N R = 111.6 kN m-1 run of wall
Question 2(b)
3.4 m
6m 6m
Internal wall
Required characteristic compressive strength of masonry, f k ≥ 4.5 N mm-2
390 × 190 × 100 solid concrete blocks of compressive strength ≥ 5.2 N mm-2 laid in
mortar designation (iii) would be suitable.
Cavity wall
Inner leaf: Required characteristic compressive strength of masonry, f k ≥ 1.9 N mm-2
390 × 190 × 100 solid concrete blocks of compressive strength ≥ 2.9 N
mm-2 laid in mortar designation (iv) would be suitable.
Outer leaf: The bricks and mortar for the outer leaf would be selected on the basis
of appearance and durability.
17
Question 3(b)
102.5 mm
3.4 m
102.5 mm
Required characteristic compressive strength of masonry, f k ≥ 5.1 N mm-2
Standard format brick of compressive strength ≥ 30 N mm-2 laid in mortar designation
(iv) would be suitable.
Question 4(b)
2.5 m
4.6 m 4.6 m
(A) (B)
(A) Required characteristic flexural strength of masonry with the plane of failure
perpendicular to bed joint, f kx perp ≥ 1.6 N mm-2
Clay bricks having a water absorption content < 7% laid in mortar designation (i)
would be suitable.
(B) Required characteristic flexural strength of masonry with the plane of failure
perpendicular to bed joint, f kx perp ≥ 1.0 N mm-2
Either clay bricks having a water absorption content < 12% laid in mortar designation
(iii) or clay bricks having a water absorption content of >12 % laid in mortar
designation (i) would be suitable.
18
Question 5(b)
2.8 m
5.3 m
Maximum wind resistance of outer leaf is 198 N m-2
Maximum wind resistance of inner leaf is 118 N m-2
Total wind resistance of cavity wall is 316 N m-2
19
CHAPTER 6
Question 1
W = 11 kN
5m
A 100 × 300 mm deep section would be suitable.
Question 2
Use 47 × 175 mm joists.
Question 3
50 mm thick
woodwool Bitumen + felt
Timber boarding
50 × 225
timber joists Plasterboard +
skim
600 600
The maximum imposed load the roof can support is 0.84 kN m-2
Question 4
(i) A 100 mm square section of strength class C27 or a 100 × 150 mm
rectangular section of strength class C16 would be suitable.
(ii) Assuming the moment acts about x-x, a 100 × 150 mm rectangular section of
strength class C16 would be suitable.
x x
20
Question 5
Provide studs 1.9 m
at 600 mm
centres
Provide
nogging
pieces at 1.9 m
mid-height
4.2 m
Studs
Use 47 × 125 mm strength class C16 studs.
Sole and top plates
Use 75 × 125 mm strength class C16 sections.
Noggings
Use 47 × 125 mm strength class C16 sections.
Covering
Use plasterboard and skim.
21
