lOMoARcPSD|30371407

Psychological Testing and Assessment

General Psychology (Ateneo de Davao University)

Studocu is not sponsored or endorsed by any college or university

Downloaded by Cashmere Gray ([email protected])
 lOMoARcPSD|30371407

Psychological Testing and Assessment

Psychological Assessment  gathering and integration of psychology-related data for the purpose of
making a psychological evaluation that is accomplished through the use
of tools.
Psychological Testing  This is the process of measuring psychology-related variables by means of
devices or procedures designed to obtain a sample behavior
Educational Assessment  Broadly refers to the use of tests and other tools to evaluate skills and
abilities relevant to success or failure in a school or pre-school context
Retrospective Assessment  The use of evaluative tools to draw conclusions about psychological
aspects of a person as they existed at some point in time prior to
assessment
Remote Assessment  The use of tools of psychological evaluation to gather data and draw
conclusions about a subject who is not in physical proximity to the person
or people conducting the evaluation.
Ecological Momentary Assessment  It is at the moment that a specific problem and related cognitive and
behavioral variables are evaluated at the time and place in which they
occur.
Collaborative Psychological Assessment  The assessor and the assessor can operate as partners from initial
communication to final input.
Therapeutic Psychological Assessment  This approach promotes therapeutic self-discovery and new
understandings in the evaluation process.
Dynamic Assessment  It refers to an immersive approach to psychological assessment that
tends to follow a paradigm of assessment, intervention of some kind and
evaluation.
Test  It is a type of measuring device or procedure.
Psychological Test  A device or procedure designed to measure variables related to
psychology
Format  Form, plan, structure, arrangement, and layout of test items as well as
related considerations such as time limits
Score  A code or summary statement, usually not necessarily numerical in
nature, that reflects an evaluation of performance on a test, task,
interview, or some other sample of behavior
Scoring  Process of assigning evaluative codes or statements to performance on
tests, tasks, interviews, or other behavioral samples
Cut Score  A reference point, usually numerical, derived by judgment and used to
divide a set of data into two or more classifications
Psychometric Soundness  Technical quality of tests
Psychometrics  The science of psychological measurement
Psychometrist/Psychometrician  A professional who uses, analyzes, and interprets psychological test data.
Utility  Usefulness or practical value of a test / Other tool of assessment has for a
particular purpose
Interview  It is a method of collecting information through direct contact involving a
mutual sharing of information.
Panel Interview/Board Interview  It is more than one interviewer is participating in the evaluation.

Downloaded by Cashmere Gray ([email protected])

 lOMoARcPSD|30371407

Motivational Interviewing  Described as a therapeutic conversation that integrates human-centered

listening abilities, like openness and empathy, with the use of cognition-
altering strategies intended to positively impact motivation and effect
therapeutic improvement.
Portfolio  It's where the records of their research results are stored.
Case History Data  It is a data wherein it contains information documents that are preserve
archival details that are important to the assessee.
Case Study  Report or illustrative account concerning a person or an event that was
compiled on the basis of case history data.
Groupthink  Arises as a result of the varied forces that drive decision-makers to reach
a consensus.
Behavioral Observation  Monitoring of actions of others or oneself by visual or electronic means
while recording quantitative and/or qualitative information regarding
those actions.
Naturalistic Observation  Observing behavior of humans in a natural setting
Role Play  Acting in an improvised or partially improvised part in a stimulated
situation
Role-Play Test  It is an assessment tool in which the evaluators are directed to act as if
they were in a particular situation.
Local Processing  This type of process may be done on-site.
Central Processing  This type of process is conducted at some central location.
Teleprocessing  This type of process is done by telephone lines, mail, or courier.
Simple Scoring Report  A testtaker’s output account may vary from a mere listing of points or
scores.
Extended Scoring Report  Includes statistical analysis of the performance of the tester.
Interpretive Report  Distinguished by its inclusion of numerical or narrative interpretive
statements in the report
Consultative Report  High end report, usually written in language appropriate for
communication between assessment professionals, may provide expert
opinion concerning analysis of the data
Computer-Assisted Psychological  This technology allows test users to administer tests by means of two
Assessment(CAPA) iPads connected by blue tooth. An example is the Q Interactive of
Pearson Assessments
Computer Adaptive Testing(CAT)  Reference to the computer’s ability to tailor the test to the testtaker’s
ability or test-taking pattern.
Psychological Autopsy  A reconstruction of a deceased individual’s psychological profile on the
basis of archival records, artifacts, and interviews previously conducted
with the deceased assessee or the people who knew him or her.
Achievement Test  Evaluates accomplishment or the degree of learning that has taken place
Diagnosis  Description or conclusion reached mostly on based on evidence and
viewpoint.
Diagnostic Test  Reference is made to the assessment tool used to help narrow and
highlight problems of deficit to be targeted for intervention.
Informal Evaluation  As a typically non-systematic assessment that results in the formation of
a viewpoint or personality.
Quality of Life  Evaluations are factors linked to perceived tension, isolation, sources of
happiness, personal values, quality of life, and the quality of friendships

Downloaded by Cashmere Gray ([email protected])

 lOMoARcPSD|30371407

and other social support.

Dementia  It is a lack of cognitive function that develops as a result of brain cell
injury or loss.
Pseudodementia  Cognitive functioning that mimics dementia
Scalogram Analysis  Refers to the form or sheet or booklet on which a set testtaker’s
responses are entered
Rapport  A working relationship between examiner and examinee
Alternate Assessment  Evaluative or diagnostic procedure or process that varies from the usual,
customary, or standardized way a measurement is derived either by
virtue of some special accommodation made to the assessee or by means
of alternative methods designed to measure the same variable

ASSESSMENT

o The objective is typically to answer a referral question, solve a problem, or arrive at a

decision through the use of evaluation.
o This typically requires an educated selection of tools of evaluation, skill in evaluation,
and thoughtful organization and integration of data.
o The assessor is the key to the process.
o The focus is on how an individual processes rather than simply the results of that
processing.
o Entails logical problem-solving approach that uses different sources of data.
o The process is done individually.

TESTING

o The tester is not the key to the process.

o Typically, the process yields a test score or a series of test scores.
o It may be done individually or in groups.
o One tester may be substituted for another.

Types of assessment method:

TYPE OF ASSESSMENT METHOD WHAT IT IS THE PROS THE CONS

Test It is a type of
measuring device or It allows measurement of Some answers may not be that
procedure. one’s skills and cognitive accurate and fake it.
capabilities.
Interview It is a method of
collecting information It is used by psychologists Some patients may fake the
through direct contact in various specialty areas interview by answering some
involving a mutual to help make diagnostic, questions dishonestly.
sharing of treatment, selection, or
information. other decisions. May add some information that are
not true and irrelevant.

Downloaded by Cashmere Gray ([email protected])

 lOMoARcPSD|30371407

By using interview to help

shed light on questions
related to the extent of
damage to the brain that
was caused by the injury.

It is used to help
professionals in human
resources to make more
informed
recommendations about
the hiring, firing, and
advancement of
personnel.
Portfolio It's where the records
of their research It is a tool used for Some data might get lost or
results are stored. evaluation. misplaced.

Best evaluation of a
student’s writing skills can
be accomplished not by
the administration of a
test, but by asking the
student to compile a
selection of writing
samples.

Most useful to those who

must make hiring
decisions
Case History Data It is a data wherein it
contains information A useful tool in a wide Since case history data is a private
documents that are variety of assessment information that isn’t allowed to let
preserve archival contexts. anyone be read rather than the
details that are researchers, some may get curious
important to the can shed light on an about the history data of and read
assessee. individual’s past and without permission.
current adjustment as
well as on the events and
circumstances that may
have contributed to any
changes in adjustment.

useful in making

Downloaded by Cashmere Gray ([email protected])

 lOMoARcPSD|30371407

judgments concerning
future class placements.
Behavioral Observation Monitoring of actions
of others or oneself used for purposes of Must observe every aspect and
by visual or electronic selection or placement in viewpoint of the patient.
means while corporate or
recording quantitative organizational settings
and/or qualitative
information regarding used as an aid in
those actions. identifying personnel who
best demonstrate the
abilities required to
perform a particular task
or job.

useful in institutional
settings such as schools,
hospitals, prisons, and
group homes.

used most frequently by

researchers in settings
such as classrooms,
clinics, prisons, and other
types of facilities where
observers have ready
access to assessees.
Role-Play Tests It is an assessment
tool in which the useful in evaluating not be as useful as “the real thing”
evaluators are various skills. in all situations
directed to act as if
they were in a used in various clinical quite extensively, especially in
particular situation. context situations where it is too time-
consuming, too expensive, or
simply too inconvenient to assess in
a real situation.

Types of scoring report

Simple scoring report  A formal or official computer-generated test results summary, usually
described numerically; the two variations are a basic score report and the
extended score report compares with the interpretive report and the
integrative report.
Extended scoring report  A type of scoring report that provides not only a listing of scores but

Downloaded by Cashmere Gray ([email protected])

 lOMoARcPSD|30371407

statistical data as well,

Interpretive report  A structured or official computer-generated description of the test
performance delivered in numerical and narrative form, with an
interpretation of the findings; the three types of the interpretive report are
informative, scanning and consultative; the distinction between the score
report and the integrative report.
Consultative report  A type of interpretive report designed to provide expert and detailed
analysis of test data that mimics the work of an expert consultant,
Integrative report  A type of interpretive psychological evaluation report, typically computer-
generated, in which data from mental, medical, administrative and/or other
sources are integrated; in contrast to the score report and the interpretive
report;

Who, What, Why, How, and Where of the assessment enterprise

WHO WHAT WHY HOW WHERE

The test developer Educational settings Achievement test The Wide World of Test Manuals
Measurement
The test User Clinical settings Diagnostic Test Professional Books
Less-Than-Optimalal
The testtaker Counselling settings Testing Conditions Reference Volumes

Society at large Geriatric settings Journal Articles

Assessment of people
Business and military with disabilities Online Databases
settings
Other sources
Governmental and
organizational Test Catalogues
credentialing

Academic research
settings

Other settings

Historical, Cultural, and Legal/Ethical Considerations

Persons Contribution
Person Major Contribution
Christian Von Wolf He had anticipated psychology as a science and psychological
measurement as a specialty within science.
Charles Darwin The publication On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural
Selection advances the then-radical notion that humans
descended from apes.
Song Dynasty The Imperial examination the state-sponsored examinations

Downloaded by Cashmere Gray ([email protected])

 lOMoARcPSD|30371407

for official positions.

Francis Galton He published the Hereditary Genius.
Karl Pearson Developed the product-moment correlation technique.
Wilhelm Max Wundt Founded the first experimental psychology clinic in Leipzig,
Germany; psychology is a science in its own right, not simply a
branch of philosophy.
James McKeen Cattell He is credited with coining the term “mental test” and
completed a doctoral dissertation that dealt with individual
differences—specifically, individual differences in reaction
time.
Edward Boring He wrote the physical dimensions of consciousness, sensation,
and the perception in the history of experimental psychology.
Emil Kraepelin Published research that employed a word association test.
Victor Henri Frenchman who would collaborate with Alfred Binet on
papers suggesting how mental tests could be used to measure
higher mental processes
E.B. Titchener He created his own version of psychology that described the
structure of the mind into structuralism.
Stanley Hall He was the first ever president of the American Psychological
Association (APA).
Lightner Witmer He established the first psychological clinic in the United
States.
Alfred Binet Published a 30-item “measuring scale of intelligence”
designed to help identify developmentally disabled Paris
schoolchildren.
David Wechsler Introduced the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) test
designed to measure adult intelligence.
Robert S. Woodworth Developed a personality test for civilian use that was based on
the Personal Data Sheet. He called it the Woodworth
Psychoneurotic Inventory this instrument was the first widely
used self-report measure of personality.
Hermann Rorschach Papers on how analysis of patients’ artwork can provide
insights into personality. In 1921 his now-famous monograph,
Psychodiagnostics, would evolve into a test that has become
an icon for psychological tests in the public eye: the Rorschach
Inkblot test.
Henry A. Murray He collaborated with Christiana D. Morgan on what was
originally called the Morgan-Murray Thematic Apperception
Test.
Christiana D. Morgan She collaborated with Henry A. Murray collaborate on what
was originally called the Morgan-Murray Thematic
Apperception Test.

Key Term Definition

Affirmative Action Voluntary and mandatory efforts undertaken by federal, state,
and local governments, private employers, and schools to

Downloaded by Cashmere Gray ([email protected])

 lOMoARcPSD|30371407

combat discrimination and to promote equal opportunity for all

in education and employment.
Code of Professional Ethics Recognized and accepted by members of a profession, it defines
the standard of care expected of members of that profession.
Collectivist Culture A culture in which value is placed on traits such as conformity,
cooperation, and striving toward group goals,
Confidentiality The ethical obligation of professionals to keep confidential all
communications made or entrusted to them in confidence.
Culture The socially transmitted behavior patterns, beliefs, and
products of work of a particular population, community, or
group of people.
Culture-Specific Tests Tests designed for use with people from one culture but not
another.
Discrimination Practice of making distinctions in hiring, promotion, or other
selection decisions that tend to systematically favor members of
a majority group regardless of actual qualifications for
positions.
Disparate Impact The consequence of an employer’s hiring or promotion practice
that unintentionally resulted in a discriminatory result or
outcome; contrast with disparate treatment
Disparate Treatment The consequence of an employer’s hiring or promotion practice
that was intentionally devised to yield some discriminatory
result or outcome; contrast with disparate impact.
Ethics It is the body of principles of right, proper, or good conduct.
Eugenics The science of improving the qualities of a breed through
intervention with factors related to heredity.
Individualist Culture A culture in which value is placed on traits such as autonomy,
self-reliance, independence, uniqueness, and competitiveness,
Informed Consent Right to know why they are being evaluated, how the test data
will be used, and what (if any) information will be released to
whom.
Laws Body of principles of right, proper, or good conduct.
Litigation Rules governing citizens’ behavior stem not only from
legislatures but also from interpretations of existing law in the
form of decisions handed down by courts.
Privacy Right Recognizes the freedom of the individual to pick and choose for
himself the time, circumstances, and particularly the extent to
which he wishes to share or withhold from others his attitudes,
beliefs, behavior, and opinions.
Privileged Information To parties who communicate with each other in the context of
certain relationships, including the lawyer–client relationship,
the doctor–patient relationship, the priest–penitent
relationship, and the husband–wife relationship.
Projective Test One in which an individual is assumed to “project” into some
ambiguous stimulus his/her own unique needs, fears, hopes,
and motivation
Psychoanalysis A theory of personality and psychological treatment originally

Downloaded by Cashmere Gray ([email protected])

 lOMoARcPSD|30371407

developed by Sigmund Freud.

Quota System Selection procedure whereby a fixed number or percentage of
applicants from certain backgrounds were selected.
Reverse Discrimination Practice of making distinctions in hiring, promotion, or other
selection decisions that systematically tend to favor members of
a minority group regardless of actual qualifications for
positions.
Self-Report A process whereby assesses themselves apply assessment-
related information by responding to questions, keeping a diary,
or self-monitoring thoughts and behaviors.
Standard of Care The level at which the average, reasonable, and prudent
professional would provide diagnostic or therapeutic services
under the same or similar conditions.

COMPARING AND CONTRASTING VERBAL AND NONVERBAL FORMS OF COMMUNICATION

DIMENSION VERBAL NONVERBAL

Definition Language, the means by which Humans communicate not only through
information is communicated, is a verbal means but also through nonverbal
key yet sometimes overlooked means.
variable in the assessment
process.
Examples Test is in written form and A person who is slouching, moving slowly,
includes written instructions, then and exhibiting a sad facial expression may
the testtaker must be able to read be depressed.
and comprehend what is written. A person who’s always fidgeting, unable to
The examiner and the examinee sit in one position and is always moving
must speak the same language might be nervous or anxious.
and another is the assessment is
conducted is not the assessee’s
primary language, he or she may
not fully comprehend the
instructions or the test items.
Cultural Diferences In the use of certain words and There are different kinds of actions and
signs which has different meaning behavior to each culture that may mean
to each culture. differently to their culture and to other
may mean nothing.
Language It’s a face-to-face type of In the observations of the body language
communication and by speaking of the subject through facial expressions,
the same language wherein both finger and hand signs, and shifts in one’s
can understand it. position in space may all convey
messages.

THE RIGHTS OF TESTTAKERS

Downloaded by Cashmere Gray ([email protected])

 lOMoARcPSD|30371407

Rights of Testtakers Explanation Action of psychologist for it

The right of informed consent Testtakers have a right to know why they Psychologists must inform the testtaker with
are being evaluated, how the test data full knowledge of such information about the
will be used, and what (if any) test that the subject would be participating
information will be released to whom. in.

The right to be informed of test Testtakers have a right to be informed, in Psychologist must tell the testtaker on what
findings language they can understand, of the the findings they are trying to gather and
nature of the findings with respect to a how the process would go.
test they have taken. They are also
entitled to know what recommendations
are being made as a consequence of the
test data.

The right to privacy and Recognizes the freedom of the individual Professionals such as psychologists who are
confidentiality to pick and choose for himself the time, parties to such special relationships have a
circumstances, and particularly the extent legal and ethical duty to keep their clients’
to which he wishes to share or withhold communications confidential.
from others his attitudes, beliefs,
behavior, and opinions.

The right to the least stigmatizing The Standards advise that the least Psychologists must act professional about
label stigmatizing labels should always be the report and data he/she concluded when
assigned when reporting test results. discussing with other authorities.

 Psychologists would have difficulty explaining the assessment result since the client might not
digest the result well and might take it negatively. When explaining it to the client’s parents and
relatives, they might not accept and take it offensively about the result. Thus, psychologists
should explain the result calmly and ensure that the one listening can cope up and understand
well with the information taken.

Statistics Refresher
Key Term Definition
Inference Logical deductions about events that cannot be observed
directly.
Descriptive Statistics Methods used to provide a concise description of a collection
of quantitative information
Inferential Statistics Methods used to make inferences from observations of a
small group of people to a larger group of individuals
Measurement The application of rules for assigning numbers to objects.
Scale A set of numbers whose properties model empirical
properties of the objects to which the numbers are assigned.
Error Collective influence of all the factors on a test score or

Downloaded by Cashmere Gray ([email protected])

 lOMoARcPSD|30371407

measurement beyond those specifically measured by the test

measurement
Magnitude The property of moreness; the ability to compare
Equal Intervals It is a property of scale, that has a difference between two
points at any points on a scale that has the same number of
scale units.
Absolute Zero It is when there is no any variables existing in the
measurement scale of zero point.
Nominal Scales It is a type of measurement that is the simplest form and is
measured by categories or categorical form or label.

Ordinal Scale It is a type of measurement that permits classification, still is

measured by categories and could be ranking.
Interval Scale A type of measurement that is specific and has equal intervals.
Ratio Scale A scale that has all three properties
Distribution A set of test scores arrayed for recording or study
Raw Score Straightforward, unmodified accounting of performance that
is usually numerical
Frequency Distribution Displays scores on a variable or a measure to reflect how
frequently each value was obtained. X axis would contain the
frequency of the scores while the Y axis would contain the
score.
Histogram A graph with vertical lines drawn at the true limits of each test
score, forming a series of contiguous rectangles.
Percentile Rank What percent of the scores fall below a particular score?
Arithmetic Mean Specific scores or points within a distribution; divide the total
frequency for a set of observations into hundredths.
Mean Arithmetic average score in a distribution
Standard Deviation It is a measure of variability to know the square root of the
average squared deviation around the mean.
Variance It is a measure of variability equal to the arithmetic mean of
the squares’ differences between the scores in a distribution
and it’s mean.
Z Score It is a standard score calculated by the difference between raw
score and mean, then divide it by the standard deviation.
Symmetrical Binomial Probability Distribution When the possible outcomes are two then there is
distribution.

McCall’s T/T Score It is a standard score that is composed of a scale that ranges
from the 5 standard deviations below and above the mean.
Quartiles Points that divide the frequency distribution into equal fourths
Norm The 50th percentile
Median The most frequently occurring score in a distribution scores
Interquartile Range Bounded by a range of scores that represents the middle 50%
of the distribution
Deciles Similar to quartiles except that they use points that mark 10%

Downloaded by Cashmere Gray ([email protected])

 lOMoARcPSD|30371407

Skewness An indication of how the measurements is a distribution are

distributed.
Kurtosis In the center it is the steepness of a distribution.
Stanine System It is a system of scaling test scores that came from a scale with
a mean of 5 and standard deviation of 2.
Coefficient of correlation It is a number that gives an index of strength of relationship
between two things.
Correlation It is an expression of a degree and direction of similarity
between two things.
Scatterplot It is a simple graphing of the coordinated points of X and Y
variables in the X and Y axis.
Meta-analysis It is a family technique used to combine data/information
among other studies in order to create a single estimate of the
data under study.
Scatter Diagram It shows a picture of the two variables’ relationship or score in
a diagram.
Correlation Coefficient It shows the direction and magnitude of a relationship
through a mathematical index.
Correlation It correspondence between two things.
Positive Correlation Two variables have a relation/corresponding to each other like
Y is high then X is also high and vice versa.
Negative Correlation Two variables have no relation/corresponding to the other like
Y is high then X is low.
Regression Line In a scatter diagram it is a straight line through a set of points.
Regression of the coefficient Slope of the regression line
Intercept Value of Y when X is 0
Residual The difference between the observed and the predicted score.
Pearson r It is used in statistic in acquiring an index of the relationship
between two variables.
Spearman’s rho Method of correlation for finding the association between two
sets of ranks.
Scatterplot In the diagram it is a simple graph of the points from X and Y
variables.
True Dichotomous They naturally form two categories (male & female, heads &
tails)
Artificially dichotomous variables When a variable is forced to be a dichotomy and reflect an
underlying continuous scale. (pass & fail, rich & poor)
Biserial Correlation The correlation between continuous variable and artificial
dichotomous variable.
Tetrachoric r It is a special correlation coefficient used when both
dichotomous variables are artificial.
Phi It is the golden ratio.
Standard Error of Estimate When the measurement of the accuracy of the prediction is
small and the prediction becomes less accurate as it grows
larger.
Coefficient of Determination Known as correlation coefficient squared

Downloaded by Cashmere Gray ([email protected])

 lOMoARcPSD|30371407

Coefficient of Alienation Between two variable it is the measure of the nonassociation.

Shrinkage The amount of decrease observed when a regression equation
is created for one population and then applied to another.
Cross Validation Ensuring that proper references are being made through the
use of the regression equation to predict performance in a
group of subjects other than the ones to which the equation
was applied and obtaining a standard error of estimated for
the relationship between the values predicted by the equation
and the values actually observed

Properties of scales

Properties of Scales Definition/Description Examples other than what is in the book

Magnitude It is a property of moreness and The Nature’s Spring water, it comes with
the ability to compare. different sizes is the 350mL, 500mL, 1L, 1.5L,
4L, 6.6L, and 10L from smallest to largest.
Equal Intervals Between two points that the A new married couple has already been
difference is still the is a planning the age gap if they would bear kids,
property of equal intervals. and they planned of having four years of an
age gap for each child.
Absolute Zero When the property being Running out of gas in the road, so the car
measured is nothing. stops since it doesn’t have fuel already.

Scales of measurement

Scales of Measurement Magnitude, Equal Interval, Recommended measures of What operations can you do with
Absolute Zero central tendency this scale of measurement; what
type of statistical analysis can you
(Just indicate M, EI, or AZ) make?

Nominal None Mode Chi-square tests

Ordinal M Mode & Median Spearman’s Rank

Interval M, EI Mean, Median, Mode Pearson correlation coefficient

Ratio M,EI,AZ Mean, Median, Mode T-test

Skewness

Downloaded by Cashmere Gray ([email protected])

 lOMoARcPSD|30371407

Skewness

Read Positive Skew Negative Skew

Explain It is a positive skew since the graph shows The graph shows a negative skew since the end of the
that the end of the tail is on the X-axis's tail is on the X-axis's left side.
right side.

Kurtosis

Kurtosis

A = Mesokurtic B = Leptokurtic C = Platykurtic

It is mesokurtic; it shows a normal It is leptokurtic since it shows a It is a lower kurtosis since it shows a rounded
distribution with a positive and negative high peak and fatter tails, which peak and thinner tails , and it indicates a
value, which indicates a lower kurtosis. indicates that the distribution is lower kurtosis.
a high kurtosis.

Perfect Positive Correlation Strong Positive Correlation Weak Positive Correlation

0 = Non linear correlation

-0.5 = Weak negative correlation

Downloaded by Cashmere Gray ([email protected])

 lOMoARcPSD|30371407

-0.9= Moderate negative correlation

-1= Strong negative correlation

Assumptions about psychological testing and assessment

Key Term Definition

Trait Any distinguishable, relatively enduring way in which one
individual varies from another
States Also distinguish one person from another but are less
relatively enduring
Construct An informed, scientific concept developed or constructed to
describe or explain behavior
Overt Behavior An observable action or the product of an observable action,
including test- or assessment-related responses
Relatively Enduring It is not expected to be manifested in behavior 100% of the
time
Cumulative Scoring It is a method of scoring wherein the scores gathered on the
individual items are tailed and the higher the total sum is then
the higher the individual is assumed that the ability, trait,
characteristics being measured.
Domain Sampling It is a sample from all the possible behaviors that could be
indicative of a particular construct.
Classical Test Theory (CTT)/True Score Theory It is a system of assumptions of measurements that includes
the notion that a test score is composed of a relatively stable
component.

Norm-referenced testing and assessment It is a method of evaluation wherein the individual testtaker’s
score is evaluated and compared to scores of another group of
testtaker’s.
Norms It is the data of the test performance of the testtaker’s group.
Normative Sample Group of people whose performance on a particular test is
analyzed for reference in evaluating the performance of
individual test-takers
Norming The process of deriving norms
Race Norming Norming on the basis of race or ethnic background
User Norms/Program Norms Consist of descriptive statistics based on a group of test-takers
in a given period of time rather than norms obtained by
formal sampling methods
Standardization/Test Standardization Process of administering a test to a representative sample of
test-takers for the purpose of establishing norms
Standardized Test Measure/test that has already been undergone
standardization.
Standard Error of Measurement It is a statistic designed to estimate to the extent wherein an

Downloaded by Cashmere Gray ([email protected])

 lOMoARcPSD|30371407

observed score deviates from a true score.

Standard Error of Estimate The measure of the accuracy of prediction.
Standard Error of the Mean The measure of a sampling error.
Standard Error of the Diference It is a statistic designed to help in determining how big the
difference between two scores before it could be considered
to be statistically significant.

Sample A portion of the universe of people deemed to be

representative of the whole population.
Sampling The process of selecting the portion of the universe deemed
to be representative of the whole population
Stratified Sampling Proportionately representing subgroups within a defined
populated in the sample
Stratified Random Sampling Ensuring that the proportionate representation of the sample
were random. Every member of the population has a chance
of being chosen
Purposive Sampling Arbitrary selection of some people because we believe it to be
representative of the population
Incidental/Convenience Sample It is convenient to use or it is the free/available that can be
used.
Age-Equivalent Scores/Age Norms It indicates the average performance of different testtaker’s
who were at various ages when the test was administered.
Grade Norms It is specifically designed as a guide in the context of the grade
of the testtaker who achieved a particular score.
Developmental Norms It is derived on the basis of any trait, ability, skill, other
characteristics that is presumed to develop or it could be
affected by the chronological age or stage life.
National Norms It is derived from a standardization sample that was nationally
representative of the population.
National Anchor Norms An equivalency table on two tests

Equipercentile Method The equivalency of test scores on different tests that is

calculated with reference to corresponding percentile scores
Subgroup Norms Normative sample segmented by any of the criteria initially
used in selecting the subjects for the sample
Local Norms Provide normative information with respect to the local
population’s performance on some test
Fixed Reference Group Scoring System A type of aid in providing a context for interpretation where
the distribution of scores on the test from one group of test-
takers is used as the basis for the calculation of test scores for
future administrations of the test.
Criterion A standard on which a judgment or decision may be based
Criterion-Referenced Testing & Assessment A method of evaluation and a way of deriving meaning from

Downloaded by Cashmere Gray ([email protected])

 lOMoARcPSD|30371407

test scores by evaluating an individual’s score with reference

to a set standard

FAMILIARIZING YOURSELF WITH THE 7 ASSUMPTIONS ABOUT TESTS AND TESTING:

# Assumption Explanation
1 Psychological Traits and States The psychological traits and states are not observable, instead they can
Exist only be observed in the apparent actions of a person.
2 Psychological Traits and States The psychological traits and states should be observed since after being
Can Be Quantified and observed the construct are being quantified and measured as well.
Measured
3 Test-Related Behavior Predicts The non-test related behavior couldn’t be predicted all the time by the test
Non-Test Related Behavior related behavior since there are circumstances that some results are
impossible for answers.
4 Tests and Other Measurement There are times when the tests have its own lapses it is important that the
Techniques have Strengths and test users should assess it well, since it is also part of their work to
Weaknesses recognize it right away.
5 Various Sources of Error Are An error may always be faced in an assessment we can never predict that
Part of the Assessment Process no such error can happen. Instead, the assessors must know what and
where the error is in order to correct it.
6 Testing and Assessment Can Be The test developers tests and tools in assessing information is fairly and in
Conducted in a Fair and an unbiased way. Like for example when being assessed the assessor must
Unbiased Manner not be giving clues on what he/she wants to know about you.
7 Testing and Assessment Benefit It benefits the society in a way that it can be used as a tool for individuals
Society in making decisions in their everyday lives.
DISTINGUISHING AMONG THE DIFFERENT SAMPLING PROCEDURES:

Sampling method Probabilit Explain, Advantage & Disadvantage

y

Downloaded by Cashmere Gray ([email protected])

 lOMoARcPSD|30371407

Simple Random Probability  Choosing randomly from the participants in the population.
Sampling  A: Everyone has a chance to participate since it doesn’t need any
qualifications to participate.
 D: Time consuming since participants are chosen randomly then their
characteristics are different.
Systematic Sampling Probability  Choosing participants in an interval way in the population.
 A: It is easy to conduct and understand.
 D: Hard time in knowing the population in the community cannot
systematically know where to start or do the interval.
Stratified Sampling Probability  The researcher would pick participants from two different groups with
the given characteristics.
 A: It focuses on the important subpopulations and ignore the irrelevant
ones.
 D: It requires an accurate information on proportions.
Cluster Sampling Probability  From the population the researcher would form a group with different
characteristics to be their participant.
 A: It is convenient when the population is large.
 D: When one of them has an opinion then other people in the cluster
would also have the same opinion.
Convenience Sampling Non  The researcher would pick participants who’s willing to participate or
Probability people who’s just right there and convenient for the researcher for less
hassle.
 A: Not time consuming and most convenient.
 D: Not representative of the population and cannot be used to infer
about the population.
Voluntary Response Non  Participants who voluntaries or is willing to participate in the study
sampling Probability without getting forced to join will come to you with no hesitation.
 A: Participants are motivated to participate since they were willing to
participate.
 D: Participants may have the same characteristics or personality since
they were eager to participate in the study.
Purposive Sampling Non  Researcher has a standard for its participant and will go to you to
Probability formally ask if you can participate in their study since you acquire the
qualifications of being their participant.
 A: Wouldn’t have a hard time in gathering your data for your study
since you have your standards in choosing your participants.
 D: Time consuming in finding the participant that would qualify in your
standard.
Snowball Sampling Non  It is like a networking type of sampling method wherein you ask some
Probability people for referrals to participate in your study.
 A: Not time consuming since you asked people to refer you to
participate in your study.
 D: Participants that were referred may not be guaranteed.

Downloaded by Cashmere Gray ([email protected])

 lOMoARcPSD|30371407

NORM-REFERENCED

 The Board Licensure Examination for Psychometricians and Psychologists.

 Your grade for the Senior’s In-Service Training
 You want to compare your score with your peers taking the same test.

CRITERION-REFERENCED TESTS

 A test to learn about a student’s progress at school

 Your school wants to know your standing compared to the rest of the students your age in
the country

Norm-Referenced Tests Criterion-Referenced Tests

It is when an individual is compared to the other examinees. Each individual is compared with standards like knowledge
and skills.
Measures broad skills which make up designated curriculum. Each skill is expressed as an instructional objective.
Determine competitions in test-taking. Focuses only on the evaluation purposes
Items are being selected that determine between high and Items in a test which any given skill are parallel in difficulty.
low achieves.
Intramurals Driving Test

CHARACTERISTICS OF CULTURALLY-INFORMED ASSESSMENT

Culturally Informed Assessment Violations Culturally-Informed Assessment Compliance

“One-size-fits-all” view of assessment when it comes to
Being aware of the cultural assumptions on where the test is
evaluation of individuals from various cultural and linguistic
based.
populations.
Should be knowledgeable on the alternative
Assumes that a test has been translated into another language
tests/measurement procedures that may be used in the
is automatically equivalent in every way to the original.
assessment objectives.
Should consider on consulting with the members on the Taking the test for granted because the test is based on the
culture of the community about the assessment. assumptions that can affect all the groups.
Taking the members of the community that is in a culture for
Being aware of the equivalence issues between the cultures,
granted, will automatically consider particular techniques,
including the language used and the constructs measured.
tests, items appropriate for the use.
By striving to incorporate assessment methods that
By selecting tests/tools of assessment that is appropriate for
complements the culture of the assesses who came from a
the assesses.
culture and linguistic population.

Reliability

Downloaded by Cashmere Gray ([email protected])

 lOMoARcPSD|30371407

Key Term Definition

Reliability Coefficient It is the index of reliability and a proportion that specifies the ratio between true score variance
and the total variance.
Variance It is a measure of variability and the standard deviation squared.
True Variance It is the true difference of the variance.
Error Variance It is the outside and random sources of the variance.
Reliability The proportion of the total variance that is assigned to true conflict.
Measurement Error Refers to collectively all of the factors associated with the process of measuring some variable
other than the variable being measured.
Random Error Source of error in measuring a targeted variable caused by unpredictable fluctuations and
inconsistencies of other variables in the measurement process
Systematic Error Refers to a source of error in measuring a variable that is typically constant or proportionate to
what is presumed to be the true value of the variable being measured
Item Sampling/Content Terms that refer to variation among items within a test as well as to variation among items
Sampling between tests
Test-Retest Reliability Estimate of reliability obtained by correlating pairs of scores from the same people on two
different administrations of the same test
Coefficient of Stability When the estimation of test-retest reliability is when the interval between testing is more than
six months.
Coefficient of The degree of correlation between various forms of a test can be evaluated utilizing alternate-
Equivalence forms /parallel-forms coefficient of reliability.
Parallel Forms In a test, it is the means, and variances of observed test scores are equal.
Parallel Forms Reliability The item sampling and other errors affected the test scores on versions of the same test when
each form of the test and the means and variances of observed test scores are equal.
Alternate Forms It is the opposite version of a test that has been constructed to be parallel.
Alternate Forms Refers to an estimate of how these different forms of the same test have been affected by an
Reliability item sampling error, or other error.
Split Half Reliability Obtained by correlating two pairs of scores from equivalent halves of a single test administered
once
Odd-Even Reliability Splitting a test by assigning odd-numbered items to one test and even-numbered items on
another test
Spearman-Brown Allows a test developer or user to estimate internal consistency reliability from a correlation of
Formula two halves of a test
Inter Item Consistency Refers to the degree of correlation among all the items on a scale
Test Homogeneity The test contains items that measure a single trait, and items are unifactorial.
Test Heterogeneity The test measures different factors, variables, and more than one trait.
Kuder-Richardson Test items are mostly homogeneous, and it is the statistic of choice for determining the inter-item
Formula 20/KR-20 consistency of dichotomous items and can be scored as right or wrong.
Coefficient Alpha The mean of all possible split-half correlations is the preferred statistic for acquiring an estimate
of internal consistency reliability.
Average Proportional The measure used to evaluate the internal consistency of a test focuses on the degree of
Distance Method difference between the item scores.
Inter-Scorer Reliability Degree of agreement or consistency between two or more scorers about a particular measure
Coefficient of Inter- The correlation coefficient used when determining the degree of consistency among scorers in

Downloaded by Cashmere Gray ([email protected])

 lOMoARcPSD|30371407

Scorer Reliability the scoring of a test

Dynamic Characteristic Trait, state, or ability presumed to change as a function of situational or cognitive experiences
Static Characteristic Trait, state, or ability that is relatively unchanging
Power Test A test whose time limit is long enough to allow testtakers to attempt all items, and if some items
are so difficult that no testtaker can obtain a perfect score
Speed Test A test wherein the items are of the same level of difficulty so that, when given to testtakers, they
could finish the test correctly when given ample time limits.
Criterion-Referenced It indicates where a testtaker stands concerning other variables or criteria, such as educational or
Tests vocational objectives.
Classical Test Theory Also known as the true score model of measurement, and is widely used because of its simplicity
(easier to understand).
True Score It is a value that genuinely reflects an individual's ability level as measured in a test.
Domain Sampling Theory It estimates the specific sources of variation under defined conditions that contribute to the test
score.
Generalizability Theory Based on the idea that a person's test scores vary from testing to testing because of variables in
the testing situation
Universe Details of a particular test situation
Facets Includes things like number of items in the test, amount of training of test scorers, purpose of
test administration
Universe Score Analogous to a true score in the true score model
Item Response Theory Procedures of this theory provide a way to model the probability that a person with x ability will
(ITM) be able to perform at a level of Y.
Latent-Trait Theory Synonym for ITM in the academic literature; when the behavior being measured is physically
unobservable, then maybe the trait is being measured.
Discrimination A degree wherein the items show the difference among people who have capabilities and not.
Dichotomous Test Items Test item questions can be answered by two alternative responses only.
Polytomous Test Items Test item questions can be answered by three or more alternative responses wherein there is
only one answer.
Rasch Model A specific assumption about the underlying distribution of the IRT model.

DISTINGUISHING BETWEEN PARALLEL AND ALTERNATE FORMS

Parallel and Alternate Forms Similarities Differences

Parallel Forms: The scores acquired in the It requires two test Parallel forms exist only on a test when the
parallel tests correlate with the correct score administrations with the same means and variances of observed test scores
equally. group. are equal.
Parallel Forms: Observed score must have the The test scores may be Alternate forms do not meet the
same mean and variance. affected by motivation, requirements for the legitimate designation
fatigue, intervening events like "parallel."
practice, learning, or therapy.
Alternate Forms: It is typically designed to be Alternate forms are different versions of a
equivalent concerning variables such as test that a parallel has constructed.

Downloaded by Cashmere Gray ([email protected])

 lOMoARcPSD|30371407

content and level of difficulty.

Alternate forms of the test are time-
consuming and expensive.

SOURCES OF ERROR VARIANCE

Test Construction Test Administration Test Scoring Test Interpretation

Content Sampling Examiner Related Variables Essay Test Subjective Test
Item Sampling Testtaker Variables Tests of Creativity Assessment Purposes
THE COEFFICIENT ALPHA, THE AVERAGE PROPORTIONAL DISTANCE, AND THE KR-20

Coefficient Alpha Average Proportional Distance Kuder-Richardson 20

It is the mean of all possible split-half APD index is not connected to It is the statistic of choice for determining
correlations. the number of items on a the inter-item consistency of dichotomous
measure. items.
In a non-dichotomous test, coefficient alpha It focuses on the degree of the In a dichotomous test, Kuder-Richardson 20
is relevant to use. difference that exists between is relevant to use.
the item scores.
Coefficient alpha requires administration of It is a measure for evaluating Test items are mostly homogeneous.
the test only, and because of this, it is widely the internal consistency.
used as a measure of reliability.
It is preferred to obtain an estimate of It is a measure for evaluating There is a variant in the KR-20 formula that is
internal consistency reliability. the internal consistency. used in the coefficient alpha.

NATURE OF TESTS

Characteristic Reliability Coefficient

Homogeneous Internal Consistency
Heterogeneous Test-retest Reliability
Dynamic Trait Internal Consistency
Static Trait Parallel Forms, Alternate Forms, Test-retest Reliability

Restricted Range Internal Consistency

Inflated Range Internal Consistency
Criterion Referenced Inter-scorer Consistency
Norm Referenced Parallel Forms
Power-Tests Test-retest Reliability
Speed-Tests Alternate Forms, Test-retest Reliability, Split-Half Reliability

Downloaded by Cashmere Gray ([email protected])

 lOMoARcPSD|30371407

COMPARING THEORIES

Classical Test Theory Domain Sampling Generalizability Theory Item Response Theory
Theory
The test is the unit of analysis. It seeks to estimate It is based on the idea Items are the unit of analysis.
specific sources of that individual test
variation under defined scores vary from
conditions that are testing-testing because
contributing to the test of the variables testing
score. situation.
All of the items in the test measure Since it was developed It is given the same The items on a measure may have
must have the same response. now with many conditions to all the different responses.
modified forms, it is facets in the universe;
now known as the therefore, the same
Generalizability theory. scores should be
obtained.
It is a mostly used model because of The test reliability is It is a framework of It refers to a family of theories and
its simplicity. conceived as an factorial design and the methods to distinguish specific
objective measure of analysis of variance. approaches.
how precise the test
score assesses the test
draw samples.
Easier to understand than IRT. It rebels against the It defines the reliability There are different numbers that
concept of an actual of generalizations that IRT models exist to handle data
score existing came from the resulting from the administration of
concerning the individual's observed tests with various characteristics
measurement of score on a test. and various formats.
psychological
constructs.

Validity
Key Term Definition
Validity In a test it is the judgement or estimation on how good the test measures claims and measure in a
particular context.
Inference It is a logical result or deduction.
Validation Gathering and evaluating evidence on validity.
Validation Studies Test users conduct this together with their testtakers.
Content Validity A category of validity basing on evaluation of the subjects, topics, content covered in the test.
Criterion-Related Validity Measure of validity obtained by evaluating the relationship of scores obtained on the test to scores
on other tests or measures
Construct Validity Measurement of validity arrived at by executing a comprehensive analysis of (1) how scores on the
test related to other tests scores and measures and (2) how scores on a test can be understood

Downloaded by Cashmere Gray ([email protected])

 lOMoARcPSD|30371407

within some theoretical framework for understanding the construct

Trinitarian View Construct as the umbrella validity while the others fall under it; all three types of validity evidence
contribute to a unified picture of a test’s validity
Ecological Validity Refers to a judgment regarding how well a test measures what it purports to measure at the time
and place the variable is being measured
Face Validity Relates more to what a test appears to measure to the person being tested than to what the test
measures.
Content Validity It describes the judgement as how test samples behavior of the universe of behavior that the test
was designed to sample.
Test Blueprint It is the structure of the evaluation also it is a plan on how the types of information to be covered
by the items.
Criterion-related validity It is a judgment on how suitable a test score would be used to infer an individual’s probability
standing on the criterion.
Concurrent Validity The index of a degree to which a test score is related to some criterion measure acquired at the
same time.
Predictive Validity The index of a degree in which test scores predict some criterion measure.
Criterion The standard against which a test or a test score is evaluated.
Criterion Contamination The term applied to a criterion measure that has been based, at least in part, on predictor
measures
Base Rate The extent to which a particular trait, behavior, characteristic, or attribute exists in the population
Hit Rate The proportion of people a test accurately identifies as processing or exhibiting a particular trait,
behavior, characteristic, or attribute
Miss Rate The proportion of people the test fails to identify as having, or not having, a particular
characteristic or attribute
False Positive When the result showed that the test-taker did possess what is being measured wherein fact the
test-taker did not.
False Negative When the result showed that the test-taker missed what is being measured wherein fact the test-
taker possessed it.
Validity Coefficient It is a correlation coefficient that gives the measure of the correlation between test scores and the
scores on criterion measure.
Incremental Validity It is the degree to which an additional predictor explains something about the criterion measure
that is not properly explained by predictors already in use.
Construct Validity It is a judgment of how appropriate the inferences drawn from test scores as to the individual
standing on a construct.
Construct Informed, scientific idea developed or hypothesized to describe or explain behavior
Homogeneity How uniform a test is in measuring a single concept
Evidence from Distinct Demonstrating that scores on the test vary in a predictable way as a function of membership in
Groups/Method of some group
Contrasted Groups
Convergent evidence It shows that tests the constructs having similarities or the same should be highly correlated.
Discriminant Evidence When it shows that the measures of construct theoretically shouldn’t have relation to each other
but shows a little correlation between test scores and variables.
Multitrait-Multimethod Used for examining both convergent and discriminant evidence.
Matrix
Factor Analysis It is designed to identify factors or specific variables that are typically attributes, characteristics, the

Downloaded by Cashmere Gray ([email protected])

 lOMoARcPSD|30371407

dimension on which people may differ.

Exploratory Factor It is by reducing some factors to reduce the data to smaller summary and rotating factors to an
Analysis interpretable one.
Confirmatory Factor Test of the degree to which a hypothetical model (which includes factors) fits the actual data
Analysis
Factor Loading Conveys information about the extent to which the factor determines the test score or scores
Bias Factor inherent in a test that systematically prevents accurate, impartial measurement
Rating Numerical or verbal judgment or both that places a person or an attribute along a continuum
identified by a scale of numerical or word descriptors
Rating scale It identifies the numerical scale or word descriptors.
Rating Error With the result of the misuse of a rating scale either intentional or unintentional, it is then judged.
Leniency/Generosity When an error in the rating stands up from the tendency of the part of the rater to be lenient in
Error scoring.
Severity Error It is an error in evaluation for the tendency of the rater’s exaggerated critics.
Central Tendency Error The raters assign the scores to the subjects that are on average regardless of the differences in the
performance of the subjects.
Rankings It is ordering an individual’s score in an ordinal way.
Restriction of Range It is a phenomenon related to the reliability wherein it estimates the variance of a variable in a
Rating Errors correlational analysis that is restricted by the sampling procedure used.
Halo Efect Describes the fact that, for some raters, some rates can do no wrong; Tendency to give a particular
rate a higher rating than he or she objectively deserves because the rater failed to discriminate
among conceptually distinct and potentially independent aspects of a ratee’s behavior.
Fairness The extent to which a test is used in an impartial, just, and equitable way

CATEGORIES OF VALIDITY

Type of Validity Description

It is a judgment as to how appropriately the test samples behavior
Content Validity representative of the universe of behavior as to how the test was
designed to be.
It is a judgment on how suitable a test score would be used to infer an
Criterion-Related Validity
individual’s probability standing on a criterion.
It is a judgment of how appropriate the inferences drawn from test
Construct Validity
scores as to the individual standing on a construct.

Content Validity Predictive Validity

Criterion-Related Validity
Concurrent Validity

Construct Validity

Face Validity
Downloaded by Cashmere Gray ([email protected])
 lOMoARcPSD|30371407

Validity

CHARACTERISTICS OF A CRITERION

Characteristics Discussion
1. Relevant Criterion When the criterion is relevant and applies to the matter at hand. Like for example you base an
individual’s behavior on his/her mother and validate it through using the behavior of the
individual’s mother as a criterion.
2. Valid Criterion When a criterion is significant then the measure must also be valid for the purpose for which
it is being used for. An example of this is when you use specific data as a criterion to validate
another data then the result would appear valid.
3. Uncontaminated Criterion When the criterion measure that has been base, at least in a part on predictor measures. This
kind of criterion results when the validation of the study cannot be taken seriously because it
was not the subject’s information taken instead from another subject’s opinion.

EVIDENCE OF CONSTRUCT VALIDITY

Evidence How it is Used to Establish Validity

Homogeneity It is used to assure that the items on the test would measure the same thing to establish validity.
Changes with age Since some construct changes over time then when a test score shows that it can change over time then
it can be predicted that there would be progress over time to establish validity.
Pretest-Posttest When the result of the test score changes from the result of some instances between the pretest and
Changes posttest then it can be used to establish evidence of the construct validity.
Distinct Groups To demonstrate that test scores may vary in a predictable way as a function of membership in some
group to establish validity.
Utility

Key Term Definition

Utility It is useful or practical value in testing to enhance efficiency.
Psychometric Soundness When a test is acceptably high due to the reliability and validity coefficients.
Cost It is the disadvantages, losses, expenses in economic and non-economic terms.
Benefits It is the advantages, profits, gains and viewed both economic and non-economic terms.
Utility Analysis Also called as the umbrella term in covering various possible methods, that requires different
kinds of data to be inputted and yielding in different kinds of outputs.
Taylor-Russell tables It improves a selection in a particular test through providing an estimate.
Naylor-Shine tables It shows the difference between the means of the selected & unselected groups to derive an
index of what the test will be adding to establish procedures.
Cut Score It is a numerical reference point that is obtained for the result of judgment and used to divide
sets of data into two or more classifications.
Relative Cut Score A reference point in a distribution of test scores used to divide a set of data into two or more
classifications that is set based on norm-related considerations rather than on the relationship

Downloaded by Cashmere Gray ([email protected])

 lOMoARcPSD|30371407

of a test scores to a criterion

Norm-Referenced Cut A type of cut score set with reference to the performance of a group (or some target segment
Score of a group)
Fixed Cut Score A reference point in a distribution of test scores used to divide a set of data into two or more
classifications typically set with reference to a judgment concerning a minimum level of
proficiency required to be included in a particular classification
Multiple Cut Scores The use of two or more cut scores with reference to one predictor for the purpose of
categorizing testtakers
Multiple Hurdle A cut score is in place for each predictor used. Each cut score is designed to ensure that each
applicant possesses some minimum level of a specific attribute or skill
Compensatory Model of It is based on the assumption that a high score on one characteristic can balance out low scores
Selection on another characteristic.
Angof Method It is a method wherein cut scores are fixed and can be applied to personnel selection task.
Known Groups Method Also known as "method of contrasting groups" it is the collection of data on the predictor of
interest from groups that are known to posses & not to posses a trait, attribute, or ability of
interest.
Item-Mapping Method It is a technique used to find application in setting cut scores for licensing an examination.
Bookmark Method This technique is used in training for experts with minimal knowledge, skills, abilities that
testtakers should have in order to succeed.
Method of Predictive Yield It is a technique used for setting cut scores which took in account the number of positions to be
filled, projections regarding the likelihood of an offer of acceptance, and the distribution of
applicant scores.
Discriminant Shed light on the relationship between identified variables and two naturally occurring groups
Analysis/Discriminant
Function Analysis

PSYCHOMETRIC SOUNDNESS

Coefficient Description
Index of Reliability It shows how consistent a test measures what it measures.
Index of Validity It shows how a test measures what it claims to measure.
Index of Utility It shows how the practical value of the information acquires from the test scores.

ECONOMIC VS. NONECONOMIC COSTS IN TESTING

Economic Costs Non-economic Costs

When the professional personnel and staff are associated with test There are risks for individuals.
administration, scoring, and interpretation, they are paid.
When their test facility is used, they would still pay since the facility Harm or injure individuals.
has rentals and mortgages.
Insurance, legal, accounting, licensing, and other routines that cost There are instances wherein individuals lose their life.

Downloaded by Cashmere Gray ([email protected])

 lOMoARcPSD|30371407

of doing business.
In private clinics, testtakers pays the fee for the costs that may be Physical abuse to an individual without detection.
offset by revenue.
In a research organization, the costs would be coming from the test Inaccurate evaluation of the test.
user's funds for private donations or government grants.

ECONOMIC VS. NONECONOMIC BENEFITS IN TESTING

Economic Benefits Non-economic Benefits

In the tools of assessment using, making decisions about the involuntary Increase in the quality of workers' performance.
hospitalization of psychiatric clients benefits society.
In the administering test, the cost can be minuscule compared to the Increase in the quantity of workers' performance.
economic benefits or financial returns in dollars or cents that a successful
testing program can yield.
Inventing tools that testing programs could earn. A decrease in the time needed to train the
workers.
When many clients come to have a session or take psychological testing, Reduction in the number of accidents.
it can contribute to the economy because clients pay.
When a new tool is confirmed to be high quality in testing, it can benefit Reduction in worker turnover.
the economy.

COMPARING GENERAL APPROACHES TO UTILITY TESTING

Approach Description
Expectancy Data  Individuals who score within the given range on the predictor will perform successfully on the
criterion.
Taylor-Russell Tables  An increase in the base rate of a successful performance is associated with a particular level of
criterion-related validity.
 It provides an estimate of how inclusions of a particular test in the selection system will
improve selection.
Naylor-Shine Tables  An increase in criterion performance results from using a particular test and provides the
selection ratio needed to achieve a specific rise in criterion performance.
 It shows the difference between the means of the selected & unselected groups to derive an
index of what the test will be adding to establish procedures.

METHOD OF SETTING CUT SCORES

Method Description example

Angoff Method It is a method that uses a group of experts to judge In selecting personnel, experts in this
how hard the test is to determine the cut score. area provide estimates regarding how
testtakers who have at least minimal

Downloaded by Cashmere Gray ([email protected])

 lOMoARcPSD|30371407

competence for the position and could

answer the test correctly.
Known Groups Method Also known as the "method of contrasting groups," it The cut score would be set on the test on
is the collection of data on the predictor of interest differentiating the test performance of
from groups known to possess & not to have a trait, two groups.
attribute, or ability of interest.
Item-Mapping method It is a technique used to find application in setting cut Judges who have licensure are presented
scores for licensing an examination. with sample items from each column and
are asked whether a minimally
competent licensed individual could
answer it at a half time so that the cut
score would be set on the difficulty level.
Bookmark Method This technique is used in training for experts with Experts used bookmarked as the cut
minimal knowledge, skills, and abilities that testtakers score and placed between two pages
should have to succeed. considered to separate the testtakers who
obtain minimal knowledge from those
who have not.

PRACTICAL CONSIDERATIONS IN TESTING

Consideration Why it matters in testing

The Pool of Job Applicants It matters in testing since specific jobs have some qualifications like skills, ready to take risks,
and everyone who applied a few will only be selected and those who acquire the capabilities.
The Complexity of the Job It matters in testing since the more difficult the job is, the more people would compare how
they did the job like they have a hard time.
The Cut Score in Use Cut score matters in testing since this is a reference point used to divide a set of data into two
or more classifications.

Test Development
Key Term Definition
Test Development an umbrella term for all that goes into the process of creating a test
Test Conceptualization The beginnings of any published test can probably be traced to thoughts—self-talk, in
behavioral terms
Test Construction A stage in the process of test development that entails writing test items (or re-writing or
revising existing items), as well as formatting items, setting scoring rules, and otherwise
designing and building a test
Test Tryout Once a preliminary form of the test has been developed, it is administered to a representative
sample of testtakers under conditions that simulate the conditions that the final version of the
test will be administered
Test Revision Refers to action taken to modify a test’s content or format for the purpose of improving the
test’s effectiveness as a tool of measurement
Pilot work Preliminary research surrounding the creation of a prototype of the test

Downloaded by Cashmere Gray ([email protected])

 lOMoARcPSD|30371407

Scaling The process of setting rules for assigning numbers in measurement

Rating Scale A grouping of words, statements, or symbols on which judgments of the strength of a
particular trait, attitude, or emotion are indicated by the testtaker
Summative Scale A test whose final score is obtained by summing the ratings across all the items
Likert Scale Each item presents the testtaker with five alternative responses, usually on an agree-disagree
or approve-disapprove continuum
Method of Paired Comparisons Testtakers are presented with pairs of stimuli (two photographs, two objects, two statements),
which they are asked to compare
Comparative Scaling Entails judgments of a stimulus in comparison with every other stimulus on the scale
Categorical Scaling Stimuli are placed into one of two or more alternative categories that differ quantitatively with
respect to some continuum
Guttman Scale Scaling method that yields ordinal-level measures
Scalogram Analysis An item-analysis procedure and approach to test development that involves a graphic
mapping of a testtaker’s responses
Item Pool Reservoir or well from which items will or will not be drawn for the final version of the test
Item Format Include the format, plan, structure, arrangement, and layout of individual test items
Selected-response format Require testtakers to select a response from a set of alternative responses
Constructed-response format Require testtakers to supply or to create the correct answer, not merely to select it
Multiple-choice format Contains a stem, a correct alternative or option, and several incorrect alternatives or options
Distractors/Foils It is a standardized behavioral samples and reliable assessment instruments. Also, theory-
linked measures.
Matching item The testtaker is presented with two columns: premises on the left and responses on the right
Binary Choice Item A multiple-choice item that contains only two possible responses
Completion Item requires the examinee to provide a word or phrase that completes a sentence
Short-Answer Item It is desirable for completion or short-answer items to be written clearly enough that the
testtaker can respond succinctly—that is, with a short answer.
Essay Item A test item that requires the testtaker to respond to a question by writing a composition,
typically one that demonstrates recall of facts, understanding, analysis, and/or interpretation
Item Bank A relatively large and easily accessible collection of test questions
Computerized adaptive testing Refers to an interactive, computer administered test-taking process wherein items presented
(CAT) to the testtaker are presented in part on the testtaker’s performance on previous items
Floor efect Diminished utility of an assessment tool for distinguishing testtakers at the low end of the
ability, trait, or other attribute being measured
Ceiling efect Diminished utility of an assessment tool for distinguishing testtakers at the high end of the
ability, trait, or other attribute being measured
Item branching Ability of the computer to tailor the content and order of presentation of test items on the
basis of responses to previous items
Class scoring/category scoring Testtaker responses earn credit toward placement in a particular class or category with other
testtakers whose pattern of responses is presumably similar in some way
Ipsative Scoring Comparing a testtaker’s score on one scale within a test to another scale within that same test
Item Analysis Statistical procedures used to analyze items may become quite complex, and our treatment of
this subject should be viewed as only introductory
Item Difficulty Index/Item An index of the difficulty of the average test item for a particular test can be calculated by
Endorsement Index averaging the item-difficulty indices for all the test’s items
Item Reliability Index provides an indication of the internal consistency of a test (Figure 8–4); the higher this index,

Downloaded by Cashmere Gray ([email protected])

 lOMoARcPSD|30371407

the greater the test’s internal consistency

Item Validity Index A statistic designed to provide an indication of the degree to which a test is measuring what it
purports to measure
Item-discrimination index Measure of item discrimination which compares performance on a particular item with
performance in the upper and lower regions of a distribution of continuous test scores; “d”
Item fairness The degree, if any, a test item is biased
Biased test item An item that favors one particular group of examinees in relation to another when differences
in group ability are controlled
Qualitative methods Techniques of data generation and analysis that rely primarily on verbal rather than
mathematical or statistical procedures
Qualitative item analysis General term for various nonstatistical procedures designed to explore how individual test
items work
Think Aloud Test A qualitative research tool designed to shed light on the testtaker’s thought processes during
Administration the administration of a test
Expert Panels Provide qualitative analyses of test items
Sensitivity Review A study of test items, typically conducted during the test development process, in which items
are examined for fairness to all prospective testtakers and for the presence of offensive
language, stereotypes, or situations
Anchor Protocol A test protocol scored by a highly authoritative scorer that is designed as a model for scoring
and a mechanism for resolving scoring discrepancies
Scoring drif A discrepancy between scoring in an anchor protocol and the scoring of another protocol
STAGES OF TEST DEVELOPMENT

Test It is where we often think about the idea or conceive it for a test.
Conceptua
lization

It is where the drafting of the items for a test happens including the
formatting of the items, setting scoring rules, and otherwise designing
Test
Construction and building a said test.

First draft of the test is administered to a group of sample testtakers.

Test Tryout

A statistical procedures used to determine the testtaker's performance on

Test Analysis
the test as a whole and each item analyzed.

It is where the improvision happens including the effectiveness of a test's

Test Revision
tool measurement. It is where a test's content or format modified.

Downloaded by Cashmere Gray ([email protected])

 lOMoARcPSD|30371407

ITEM DEVELOPMENT ISSUES FOR NORM-REFERENCED VS. CRITERION-REFERENCED TESTS

Norm-Referenced Tests Criterion Referenced Tests

Good item is an item for which high scores of the test Good item addresses the issue of whether the testtaker has
responds correctly met a certain criteria
Comparisons typically are insufficient and inappropriate when Addresses the issue of whether the testtaker has met certain
knowledge of mastery is what the test user requires. criteria
Instruments derives from a conceptualization of the Commonly employed in licensing contexts, be it a license to
knowledge or skills to be mastered. practice medicine or to drive a car.
Procedure may entail exploratory work with at least two Also employed in educational contexts in which mastery of
groups of testtakers. particular material must be demonstrated before the
students’ moves on to advanced material that conceptually
builds on the existing base of knowledge, skills, or both.
COMPARING THE IRT AND CTT

Theory Advantages Disadvantages

Classical Test CTT utilizes relatively simple mathematical Item statistics and overall psychometric properties of a test
Theory models. are dependent on the samples which have been
administered the test.

Assumptions underlying CTT are “weak” Tests developed using CTT may be longer (or, require more
allowing CTT wide applicability. items) than tests developed using IRT.

Most researchers are familiar with this basic One often violated assumption is that each item of a test
approach to test development. contributes equally to the total test score.

Item Response Item statistics are independent of the Sample sizes need to be relatively large to properly test IRT
Theory samples which have been administered the models (200 or more is a good rule-of-thumb).
test.
Test items can be matched to ability levels Assumptions for use of IRT are characterized as “hard” or
(as in computerized adaptive testing) thus “strong” making IRT inappropriate for use in many
resulting in relatively short tests that are still applications.
reliable and valid.
IRT models facilitate advanced psychometric As compared to CTT-based statistics-related software, there
tools and methods, holding out the promise are much fewer IRT-based packages currently available.
of greater precision in measurement under
certain circumstances.

Intelligence and its Measurement

Downloaded by Cashmere Gray ([email protected])

 lOMoARcPSD|30371407

Intelligence is a multifaceted capacity that manifests itself in different ways across the life span

Psychologist Definition
Spearman Was the one who discovered that intelligence measures tended to correlate to various degrees with each
other. He formalized these observations into an influential theory of general intelligence that postulated a
general intellectual ability partially tapped by all other mental abilities.
Binet He discussed the components in terms of reasoning, judgment, memory, and abstraction. He argued that
when one solves a particular problem, their abilities cannot be separated because they interact to produce
the solution.
Wechsler The aggregate or global capacity of the individual to act purposefully, reason, and deal effectively with his
environment. It is aggregate or global because it is composed of elements or abilities which, though not
entirely independent, are qualitatively differentiable. By measurement of these abilities, we ultimately
evaluate intelligence. However, intelligence is not identical with the mere sum of these abilities, however
inclusive… The only way we can evaluate it quantitatively is by measuring the various aspects of these
abilities.
Piaget It may be conceived of as a kind of evolving biological adaptation to the outside world. As cognitive skills are
gained, adaptation (at a symbolic level) increases, and mental trial and error replace physical trial and error.
Freeman It is an “adjustment or adaptation of the individual to his total environment,” “the ability to learn,” and “the
ability to carry on abstract thinking”.
Das It is the ability to plan and structure one’s behavior with an end in view.
H. Gardner Within terms of the ability to resolve genuine problems or difficulties as they are encountered.
Sternberg Within the terms of mental activities involved in purposive adaptation to, shaping of, and selection of real-
world environments relevant to one’s life.
Anderson It is two-dimensional and based on individual differences in information-processing speed and executive
functioning influenced primarily by inhibitory processes.
T.R Taylor It has identified three independent research traditions that have been employed to study the nature of human
intelligence: psychometric, information-processing, and cognitive approaches.

Terms Definition
Interactionism refers to the complex concept by which heredity and environment are presumed to
interact and influence the development of one’s intelligence. As we will see, other theorists
have focused on other aspects of intelligence
Factor-analytic theories the focus is squarely on identifying the ability or groups of abilities deemed to constitute
intelligence.
Information-processing theories the focus is on identifying the specific mental processes that constitute intelligence.
Two-factor theory of intelligence g: representing the portion of the variance that all intelligence tests have in common and
the remaining portions of the variance being accounted for by specific components.
s: the error components
Group Factors Existence of an intermediate class of factors common to a group of activities but no to all;
Neither as general as g nor as specific as s.
Interpersonal Intelligence Ability to understand other people
Crystallized Intelligence Correlative ability, turned inward; able to use veridical model of oneself to operate

Downloaded by Cashmere Gray ([email protected])

 lOMoARcPSD|30371407

effectively in life.
Fluid Intelligence Include acquired skills and knowledge that are dependent on exposure to a particular
culture as well as on formal and informal education.
Maintained Abilities Nonverbal, relatively culture-free, and independent of specific instruction.
Vulnerable abilities A decline with age and tend not to return to preinjury levels following brain damage.
Maintained abilities Tend not to decline with age and may return to preinjury levels following brain damage.
Three-stratum theory of Influential multiple-intelligences model based on factor-analytic studies and classified by
cognitive abilities three levels or strata, with g at the broadest level followed by eight abilities or processes at
the second level and a few more narrowly defined abilities and processes at the third level.
Hierarchical Model All the abilities listed in a stratum are subsumed by or incorporated in the strata above.
CHC Model The Cattell-Horn and Carroll models are similar in several respects, among them the
designation of broad abilities (second-stratum level in Carroll’s theory) that subsume
several narrow abilities (first-stratum level in Carroll’s theory)
Psychoeducational Assessment Designed to improve the practice of assessment by identifying tests from different
batteries that could be used to provide a comprehensive assessment of a student’s ability
Cross-Battery Assessment Assessment that employs tests from different test batteries and entails interpretation of
data from specified subtests to provide a comprehensive assessment.
Simultaneous/Parallel Processing Information is integrated all at one time.
Successive/Sequential Processing Each bit of information is individually processes in sequence.
PASS model Planning refers to strategy development for problem-solving; attention refers to receptivity
to information; simultaneous and successive refers to the type of information processing
employed.
Cognitive style Psychological dimension that characterizes the consistency with which one acquires and
processes information.
Convergent thinking Deductive reasoning entails recall and consideration of facts as well as a series of logical
judgments to narrow down solutions and eventually arrive at one solution.
Divergent thinking Reasoning process in which thought is free to move in many different directions, making
several solutions possible.

TEST USED TO MEASURE INTELLIGENCE 1:

The Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale: Fifh Edition (SB5)

Terms Definition
Alternate Item A test item to be administered only under certain conditions to replace the administration of
an existing item on the test.
Mental Age The age level at which an individual appears to be functioning intellectually as indicated by the
level of items responded to correctly.
IQ Intelligence Quotient
Ratio IQ Ratio of the test-taker’s mental age divided by his or her chronological age, multiplied by 100
to eliminate decimals.
Deviation IQ A comparison of the performance of the individual with the performance of others of the
same age in the standardization sample.
Age scale Various items were grouped by age and the test.

Downloaded by Cashmere Gray ([email protected])

 lOMoARcPSD|30371407

Point scale Test organized into subtests by category of item, not by age at which most testtakers are
presumed capable of responding in the way that is keyed as correct.
Test Composite Test score or index derived from the combination of, or a mathematical transformation of, one
or more subtest scores.
Routing Test Task used to direct or route the examinee to a particular level of questions. A purpose of the
routing test, then, is to direct an examinee to test items that have a high probability of being
at an optimal level of difficulty
Floor Lowest level of the items on a subtest.
Ceiling Highest level item of the subset.
Basal Level A base-level criterion that must be met for testing on the subtest to continue.
Ceiling Level A stage in a test achieved by a testtaker because of meeting some preset criterion to
discontinue testing-for example, responding incorrectly to two consecutive items on an ability
test that contains increasingly difficult items may establish a presumed “ceiling” on the
testtaker’s ability.
Extra-test behavior Observations made by an examiner regarding what the examinee does and how the examinee
reacts during the course of testing.

CHC AND CORRESPONDING SB5 FACTORS

CFC Factor Name SB5 Factor Name Brief Definition Sample SB5 Subtest
Fluid intelligence (Gf) Fluid Reasoning Novel problem solving; Object Series/Matrices (nonverbal)
(FR) understanding of relationships that Verbal Analogies (verbal)
are not culturally bound.
Crystalized Knowledge (Gc) Knowledge Skills and knowledge acquired by Picture Absurdities (nonverbal)
(KN) formal and informal education. Vocabulary (verbal)
Quantitative Knowledge Quantitative Knowledge of mathematical thinking Verbal Quantitative Reasoning
(Gq) Reasoning (QR) including number concepts, (verbal) Nonverbal Quantitative
estimation, problem solving, and Reasoning (nonverbal)
measurement.
Visual Processing (Gv) Visual-Spatial Ability to see patterns and Position and Direction (verbal) Form
Processing (VS) relationships and spatial orientation Board (nonverbal)
as well as the gestalt among diverse
visual stimuli.
Short-Term Memory (Gsm) Working Memory Cognitive process of temporarily Memory for Sentences (verbal)
(WM) storing and then transforming or Delayed Response (nonverbal)
sorting information in memory.
TEST USED TO MEASURE INTELLIGENCE 2:

CONCEPTS

Term Definition
Point scale It is a test organized into subtests by category of item, not by age, at which most

Downloaded by Cashmere Gray ([email protected])

 lOMoARcPSD|30371407

testtakers are presumed capable of responding in the way that is keyed as correct.
Performance scale It evaluates performance based on the criteria developed by experts from the domain of
study tapped by those tasks.
Core Subtest One of a test’s subtests that is routinely administered during any administration of the
test; contrast with supplemental or optional subtest.
Supplemental subtest It is used for purposes such as providing additional clinical information or extending the
(Optional subtest) number of abilities or processes sampled.
Short form It refers to a test that has been abbreviated in length, typically to reduce the time needed
for test administration, scoring, and interpretation.
Army Alpha Beta Test Administered to Army recruits who could read; contained general information questions,
analogies, and scrambled sentences to reassemble.
Army Beta Test Administered to foreign-born recruits with poor knowledge of English or to illiterate
recruits; contained mazes, coding, and picture completion.
Screening Tool Instrument or procedure used to identify a particular trait or constellation of traits at a
gross of imprecise level.
Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale One evaluates relatively large differences between subtest scaled scores.
(WAIS)

ISSUES IN THE ASSESSMENT OF INTELLIGENCE

Cultural Loading How to reduce?

Written Response Oral Recite
Printed Instructions Oral Instructions
Reading Required Purely Pictorial

 Flynn effect is a shorthand reference to the progressive rise in intelligence test scores, to be
expected to occur on a normed test intelligence from the date when the test has been done first.
It is essential in testing since intelligence, when measured by various tests, changes over time,
and IQ scores are not immutable in an individual or across populations.

Assessment of Personality
Terms Definition
Common Core State Standard (CCSS) The program, which currently sets standards for learning in English and math
with standards for more subject areas in development
Response to Intervention Model A multilevel prevention framwork applied in educational settings that is
designed to maximize stduent achievement through the use of data that
identifies students at risk for poor learning outcomes combined with
evidence-based intervention and teaching that is adjusted on the basis of
student responsiveness
Problem-Solving Model Use of interventions tailored to students’ individual needs that are selected

Downloaded by Cashmere Gray ([email protected])

 lOMoARcPSD|30371407

by a multidisciplinary team of school professionals.

Integrative Assessment Used to describe a multidisciplinary approach to evaluation that assimilates
input from relevant sources
Dynamic Assessment It is an approach to assessment that departs from reliance on, and can be
contrasted to, fixed (so-called “static”) tests.
Zone of proximal development The distance between the actual developmental level as determined by
individual problem-solving, and the level of potential development as
determined through problem-solving under adult guidance or in
collaboration with more capable peers.
Achievement Tests Achievement tests are designed to measure accomplishment
Locator tests Pretests administered to determine the level of the actual test most
appropriate for administration.
Curriculum-based Assessment (CBA) Assessment of information acquired from teachings at school.
Curriculum-Based Measurement (CBM) A type of CBA that is characterized by the use of standardized measurement
procedures to derive local norms to be used in the evaluation of student
performance.
Aptitude Tests Test that tend to focus more on informal learning or life experiences.
Readiness Tests Presumably refers to the physical factor, personality facotrs, and other
factors that are judged necessary for a child to b eread to learn.
Checklist A questionnaire on which marks are made to indicate the presenece or
absence of a specified behavior, thought, event, or circumstance.
Rating scale A form completed by an evaluator (a rater, judge, or examiner) to make a
judgment of relative standing regarding a specified variable or list of
variables.
Apgar Number The sum of what might be characterized as “everybody’s first test,”
Informal Evaluation Typically, nonsystematic, relatively brief, and “off-the-record” assessment
leading to the formation of an opinion
At risk Children who have documented difficulties in one or more psychological,
social, or academic areas and for whom intervention is or may be required
The Metropolitian Readiness Tests (MRT6) A test battery that assesses the development of the reading and
mathematics skills important in the early stages of formal school learning.
Miller Analogies Test (MAT) This is a 100-item, multiple-choice analogy test that draws not only on the
examinee’s ability to perceive relationships but also on general intelligence,
vocabulary, and academic learning
Evaluative Information Test or test data that are used to make judgments.
Diagnostic Information In educational contexts, it refers to the test or test data used to pinpoint a
student’s difficulty, usually for remedical purposes.
Diagnostic Test A tool used to identify areas of deficit to be targeted for intervention.
Psychoeducational Test Batteries Test kits that generally contain two types of tests: 1) measure abilities
related to academic success, 2) measure educational acheivement in areas
such as reading and arithmetic.

UNDERSTAND THE RtL (Response to Intervention) MODE

A multilevel prevention framework applied in educational settings that is designed to maximize student achievement using data

Downloaded by Cashmere Gray ([email protected])

 lOMoARcPSD|30371407

that identifies students at risk for poor learning outcomes combined with evidence-based intervention and teaching that is
adjusted based on student responsiveness.
Student learning of that instruction is regularly evaluated.
If required, the intervention occurs in some form of appropriate adjustment in the instruction.
Reevaluation of learning takes place, and intervention and reassessment occur as need.

OTHER TOOLS OF ASSESSMENT IN EDUCATIONAL SETTINGS

Assessment Description
Performance Assessment An evaluation of performance tasks according to criteria developed by experts from the domain of
study tapped by those tasks.

Portfolio Assessment The evaluation of one’s work samples.

Authentic Assessment Also known as performance-based assessment, evaluation on relevant, meaningful tasks that may
be conducted to examine learning of academic subject matter but that demonstrates the student’s
transfer of that study to real-world activities,

Peer Appraisal A method of obtaining evaluation-related information about an individual by polling that
individual’s friends, classmates, work colleagues, or other peers.

Assessment of personality
Terms Definition
Personality Individual’s unique constellation of psychological traits that is relatively stable over time.
Personality Assessment The measurement and evaluation of psychological traits, states, values, interests,
attitudes, worldview, acculturation, sense of humor, cognitive and behavioral styles,
and/or related individual characteristics.
Personality Traits Any distinguishable, relatively enduring way in which one individual varies from another.
Personality Type A constellation of traits that is similar in pattern to one identified category of personality
within a taxonomy of personalities.
Self-Directed Search test (SDS) A self-administered, self-scored, and self-interpreted aid used to type people according to
this system and to offer vocational guidance.
Type A personality Categorized personality by Meyer Friedman and Ray Rosenman which characterized by
competitiveness, haste, restlessness, impatience, feeling of being time-pressured, and
strong needs for achievement and dominance.
Type B personality Opposite of the Type A’s traits: mellow or laid-back.
Profile A narrative description, graph, table, or other representation of the extent to which a
person has demonstrated certain targeted characteristics because of the administration
or application of tools of assessment.
Personality Profile The targeted characteristics are typically traits, states, or types.
Profile Analysis Refers to the interpretation of patterns of scores on a test or test battery; used to
generate diagnostic hypotheses from intelligence test data.

Downloaded by Cashmere Gray ([email protected])

 lOMoARcPSD|30371407

Personality states An inferred psychodynamic disposition designed to convey the dynamic quality of id, ego,
and superego in perpetual conflict.
Self-report A process wherein information about assessees is supplied by the assessees themselves.
Self-concept As one’s attitudes, beliefs, opinions, and related thoughts about oneself.
Self-concept measure An instrument designed to yield information relevant to how an individual sees him- or
herself regarding selected psychological variables.
Self-concept diferentiation The degree to which a person has different self-concepts in different roles
Leniency Error Rater’s bias that occurs because of the rater rating an individual too positively.
Severity Error Rater’s bias that occurred because of the rater’s tendency to be too strict or negative
thus to give underserved low scores.
Error of Central Tendency General tendency to rate everyone near the midpoint of a rating scale
Halo Efect Occurred when a particular set of circumstances may create a certain bias; variety of
favorable response bias.
Criterion A standard on which a judgement or decision can be made.
Criterion Group Reference group of testtakers who share specific characteristics and whose responses to
test items serve as a standard according to which items will be included in or discarded
from the final version of a scale.
Empirical criterion keying Process of using criterion groups to develop test items.
Acculturation An ongoing process by which an individual’s thoughts, behaviors, values, worldview, and
identity develop in relation to the general thinking, behavior, customs, and values of a
particular cultural group.
Instrumental values Guiding principles to help one attain some objective.
Terminal values Guiding principles and a mode of behavior that is an endpoint objective.

Response Style Explanation: A tendency to …

Socially Desirable Responding Present oneself in a favorable (socially acceptable or desirable) light.
Acquiescence Agree with whatever is presented.
Nonacquiescence Disagree with whatever is presented.
Deviance Make unusual or uncommon responses.
Extreme Make extreme, as opposed to middle, ratings on a rating scale.
Gambling/Cautiousness Guess—or not guess—when in doubt.
Overly Positive Claim extreme virtue through self-presentation in a superlative manner.
Terms Definition
1) Locus of control A person’s perception about the source of things that happen to him or her.

2) Structured interview Questions posed from a guide with little if any leeway to deviate from the guide.

2) Graphology Such instructions might be used if the assessor was attempting to learn something about the
assessee by handwriting analysis.

3) Frame of reference Aspects of the focus of exploration such as the time frame (the past, the present, or the future) as
well as other contextual issues that involve people, places, and events.

Downloaded by Cashmere Gray ([email protected])

 lOMoARcPSD|30371407

3) Q-sort technique An assessment technique in which the task is to sort a group of statements, usually in perceived
rank order ranging from most descriptive to least descriptive.

4) Nomothetic approach Characterized by efforts to learn how a limited number of personality traits can be applied to all
people.
4) Idiographic approach Characterized by efforts to learn about everyone’s unique constellation of personality traits, with
no attempt to characterize each person according to any set of traits.

Personality Assessment Methods

Terms Definition
Objective method of personality assessment Contain short-answer items for which the assessee’s task is to select one
response from the two or more provided
Projective hypothesis An individual supplies structure to unstructured stimuli in a manner consistent
with the individual’s unique pattern of conscious and unconscious needs,
fears, desires, impulses, conflicts, and ways of perceiving and responding
Projective method A technique of personality assessment in which some judgment of the
assessee’s personality is made based on performance on a task that involves
supplying some structure to unstructured or incomplete stimuli
Inquiry The examiner attempts to determine what features of the inkblot played a
role in formulating the testtaker’s percept
Percept Perception of an image
Testing the Limits Third components of the administration; enables to restructure the situation
by asking specific questions that provide additional information concerning
personality functioning.
Comprehensive System Test’s administration, scoring, and interpretation.
Apperceive To perceive in terms of past perceptions.
Need Determinants of behavior arising from within the individual
Press Determinants of behavior arising from within the environment
Thema A unit of interaction between needs and press
Implicit motive A nonconscious influence on behavior typically acquired based on experience
Word association A task that may be used in personality assessment in which an assessee
verbalizes the first word that comes to mind in response to a stimulus word
Word association test Is a semistructured, individually administered, projective technique of
personality assessment that involves the presentation of a list of stimulus
words, to each of which an assessee responds verbally or in writing with
whatever comes immediately to mind first upon first exposure to the stimulus
word
Free Association Technique of having subjects related all their thoughts as they are occuring
and in most frequently used in psychoanalysis.
Sentence Completion Test A task in which the assessee is asked to finish an incomplete sentence or
phrase.

Downloaded by Cashmere Gray ([email protected])

 lOMoARcPSD|30371407

Figure Drawing Test A semisturctured projective technique of personality assessment that involves
the presentation of a list of words that begin a sentence and the assessee’s
task is to respond by finishing each sentence with whatever word or words
come to mind.
Sentence completion stems A semistructured projective technique of personality assessment involves
presenting a list of words that begin a sentence, and the assessee’s task is to
respond by finishing each sentence with whatever word or words come to
mind.
Figure drawing test As a projective method of personality assessment whereby the assessee
produces a drawing that is analyzed based on its content and related variables
Behavior assessment What a person does in situations rather than on inferences about what
attributes he has more globally
Implicit Motive A nonconscious influence on behavior typically acquired based on experience
Reactivity Possible change in an assessee’s behavior, thinking, or performance that may
arise in response to being observed, assessed, or evaluated.
Analogue Behavioral Observation Observation in an environment designed to increase the chance that the
assessor can observe targeted behavior.
Leaderless Group technique A situational assessment procedure wherein several people are organized into
a group to carry out a task as an observe records information related to
individual group members’ initiative, cooperation, leadership, and related
variables
Biofeedback A generic term that refers to psychophysiological assessment techniques
designed to gauge, display, and record continuous monitoring of selected
biological processes such as pulse and blood pressure
Plethysmograph An instrument that records changes in the volume of a part of the body arising
from variations in blood supply

BEHAVIOR ASSESSMENT

“Behavior” is the focus of behavior assessment – not traits, states, or other constructs.
Assessee An individual who is being assessed.
Who? Licensed or professional individuals/assistant trained who assess’ the assessee to
Assessor
conduct a thorough assessment.
What is the measured in behavior assessment?
What?
-Behavior targeted for assessment will vary as a function of the objectives of the assessment.
When is an assessment of bahavior made?
Timeline followback
It is used in the context of a clinical interview to assess alcohol abuse.
When? methodology
Ecological momentary
It is used to analyze the immediate antecedents of cigarette smoking.
assessment
Behavioral assessment may take place just about anywhere—preferably in the environment where the targeted
Where?
behavior is most likely to occur naturally.

Downloaded by Cashmere Gray ([email protected])

 lOMoARcPSD|30371407

Why conduct beahvioral assessment?

Why?
Data derived from behavioral assessment have several advantages over data derived by other means.
How is behavioral assessment conducted?
Watching the activities of targeted clients or research subjects and, typically,
Behavioral obsevation
maintaining a record of those activities
The act of systematically observing and recording aspects of one’s behavior and
Slef-monitoring events related to that behavior.

A research investigation in which one or more variables are similar or analogous

Analogue studies
to the actual variable that the investigator wishes to examine
Situational performance A procedure that allows for observation and evaluation of an individual under a
How?
measure standard set of circumstances
Acting an improvised or partially improvised part in a simulated situation can be
Role play used in teaching, therapy, and assessment.

Techniques for monitoring physiological changes known to be influenced by

Psychophysiological method psychological factors, such as heart rate and blood pressure.

A type of measure that does not necessarily require the presence or cooperation
Unobtrusive measure
of respondents, often a telling physical trace or record.

Clinical and Counseling Assessment

Terms Definition
Clinical Psychology The branch of psychology that has as its primary focus the prevention, diagnosis, and
treatment of abnormal behavior.
Counseling Psychology A branch of psychology that is concerned with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatement of
abnormal behavior, with emphasis on "everyday" types of concerns and problems such as
those related to marriage, family, academics, and career.
Premorbid functioning It is a level of psychological and physical performance before developing a disorder, an
illness, or a disability.
Incidence It is the rate of the annual, monthly, weekly, daily, or other of the recent occurrences of a
particular disorder or condition in a particular population.
Prevalence It is the approximate proportion of individuals in a given population at a given point (or
range) in time who have been diagnosed or otherwise labeled with a particular disorder or
condition.
Evolutionary view of mental The view that attribution of a mental disorder requires a scientific judgment (from an
disorder evolutionary perspective) that theorists fail to function as a value judgment (from the
perspective of social values) that the failure is harmful to the individual.
Biopsychosocial Assessment It is a multidisciplinary approach to assessment that includes exploration of relevant
biological, psychological, social, cultural, and environmental variables to evaluate how such
variables may have contributed to the development and maintenance of a presenting
problem.

Downloaded by Cashmere Gray ([email protected])

 lOMoARcPSD|30371407

Fatalism The belief that what happens in life is largely beyond a person's control.
Self-Efficacy Confidence in one's own ability to accomplish a task.
Social Support Expression of understanidng, acceptance, empathy, love, advice, guidence, care, concern, or
trust from friends, family, community caregivers, or other in one's social environment.
Therapeutic Contract An agreement between client and therapist setting forth goals, expectations, and mutual
obligation with regard to a course of therapy.
Mental status examination It is a specialized interview and observation used to screen for intellectual, emotional, and
neurological deficits by touching on areas such as the interviewee's appearance, behavior,
memory, affect, mood, judgment, personality, thought content, thought processes, and state
of consciousness.
Orientation It is questions that are assessed by straightforward questions such as "What is your name?"
"Where are you now?" and "What is today's date?"
Oriented times 3 (Oriented x 3) If the patient is indeed oriented to person, place, and time, the assessor may note in the
record of the assessment "Oriented × 3."
Test battery It is a group of tests administered together to gather information about an individual from
various instruments.
Standard battery The type of battery referred to is left unspecified, or if the clinician refers to a battery of
tests.
Culturally Informed An approach to evaluation that is kneely perceptive of and responsive to issues of
Psychological Assessment acculturation, values, identity, worldview, language, and other culture-related variables as
they may impact the evluation process or the interpretation of resulting data.
Shifing Cultural Sense A subcomponent of both the "foundation in culutural issues in assessment" and the
"supervised training and experience" components of the curriculum.
Addressing An easy to remember acronym that may help the assessor recall various sources of cultural
influence when assessing clients.
(Age, Disability, Religion, Ethinicity, Social status, Sexual orientation, Indivenous heritage,
National origin, and Gender)
Forensic Psychological The theory and application of psychological evaluation and measurement in a legal context.
Assessmment
Duty to warn The duty overrides the privileged communication between psychologist and client.
Competency It protects an individual's right to choose and assist counsel, the right to act as a witness on
one's behalf, and the right to confront opposing witnesses.
Competence to stand trial This has to do mainly with a defendant's ability to understand the charges against him and
assist in his defense.
Insanity A legal term denoting an inability to tell right from wrong, a lack of control, or a state of
other mental incompetence or disorder sufficient to prevent that person from standing trial,
being judged guilty, or entering into a contract or other legal relationship.
M'Naghten standard It is also referred to as the right or wrong test.
Durham standard If his unlawful act was the product of a mental disease or defect.
ALI standard A person is not responsible for criminal conduct, or, [is] insane if, at the time of such
conduct, as a result of mental disease or defect, he lacks substantial capacity either to
appreciate the criminality (wrongfulness) of his conduct or to conform his conduct to the
requirements of the law.
Emotional Injury Psychological harm or damage; term that used synonymously with mental suffering, pain
and suffering, and emotional harm.

Downloaded by Cashmere Gray ([email protected])

 lOMoARcPSD|30371407

Profiling A crime-solving process that draws upon psychological and criminological expertise applied
to the study of crime scene evidence.
Custody Evaluation A psychological assessment of parents or guardiances and their parental capacity and/or of
children and their parental needs and perferences.
Abuse Creation of conditions that may give rise to abuse of a child by an adult responsible for the
care of that person.
Neglect A failure on the part of an adult responsible for the care of a child to exercise a minimum
degree of care in providing the child with food, clothing, shelter, education, medical care,
and supervision.
Anatomically detailed Dolls These are dolls with accurately represented genitalia. Sexually abused children may, on
average, engage ADDs in more sexually-oriented activities than other children, but
differences between groups of abused and nonabused children tend not to be significant.
Psychological report An archival document describing findings as a result of psychological testing or assessment.
Barnum efect It is finding that people tend to accept vague personality descriptions as accurate
descriptions of themselves
Actuarial Assessment Application of empirically demonstrated statistical rules and probabilities as a determining
factor in clinical judgment and actions.
Clinical Prediction Application of a clinician's own training and clinical experience as a determining factor in
clinical judgment and actions.
Mechanical Prediction Applicant of empirically demonstrated statistical rules and probabilities to the computer
generation of finding and recommendations.

STNADARD QUESTIONS

Standard Queries Examples of specific questions

Demographic data What is the client's name?
Reason for referral Why was the client referred for a psychological assessment?
Past medical history What events in the past of the client's medical history are significant?
Present medical condition What are the present medical conditions of the client?
Family medical history What is the past medical history of the client's family?
Past psychological history In the past what are the significant psychological history of the client that he/she
suffered from?
Past history with medical or psychological Did the client had any history of an assessment coming from a medical or
professionals psychological professional?
Current psychological conditions What are the current psychological conditions as of the moment?

Neuropsychological Assessment
Terms

Definition

Downloaded by Cashmere Gray ([email protected])

 lOMoARcPSD|30371407

Neurology

Branch of medicine that focuses on the nervous system and its disorder

Neuropsychology

Branch of psychology that focuses on the relationship between brain functioning and behavior.

Neuropsychological Assessment

Evaluation of brain and nervous system functioning as it relates to behavior.

Behavioral Neurology

A subspecialty within the medical specialty of neurology that also focuses on brain-behavior
relationships.

Neurotology

It is a branch of medicine that focuses on problems that are related to hearing, balance, and facial
nerves.

Nervous system

It is composed of various kinds of neurons (nerve cells) and can be divided into the central nervous
system (consisting of the brain and the spinal cord) and the peripheral nervous system (consisting of the
neurons that convey messages to and from the rest of the body).

Contralateral control

It is two cerebral hemispheres receive sensory information from the opposite side of the body and
controls motor responses on the opposite side of the body.

Neurological damage

Inside the brain or any other sites within the central or peripheral nervous system that is in the form of a
lesion.

Lesion

It is a pathological alteration of tissue, such as that which could result from injury or infection.

Brain Damage

A general reference to any physical or functional impairment in the central nervous system that results in
sensory, motor, cognitive, emotional, or related deficit.

Hard Sign

An indicator of definite neurological deficit.

Sof Sign

An indicator that is merely suggestive of neurological deficit.

Downloaded by Cashmere Gray ([email protected])

 lOMoARcPSD|30371407

Functional Deficit

Deficit that is psychological or without a known physical or structural cause.

Organic Deficit

Deficit known to have a structural or physical origin.

Development milestones

The particularly critical part of the history-taking the process when examining young children.

Noninvasive procedure

A procedure wherein neurologists perform as part of their neurological examination.

Reflexes

These are involuntary motor responses to stimuli.

Parkinson's disease (PD)

A disease that is a progressive, neurological illness that may also have several nonmotor symptoms
associated with it (ranging from depression to dementia).

Substantia Nigra

Responsible for producing dopamine, a neurotransmitter essential for normal movement.

Idiopathic

Medical jargon of unknown origin that include the vast majority of diagnoses of PD.

Rapid Eye Movement Sleep Behavior Disorder

It is a condition characterized by an "acting out" of dreams with vocalizations or gestures.

Dyskinesias

It is an involuntary, jerking-type movement that may result from some of these medications' long-term
use.

Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS)

Neurosurgical treatment for use with patients who have advanced PD; the procedure entails the surgical
implantation of electrodes at specific sites in the brain.

Lewy Bodies

Clusters of stuck-together proteins that have the effect of depleting available dopamine and other brain
substances such as acetylcholine that is critical for normal functioning.

Lewy Body Dementia

Downloaded by Cashmere Gray ([email protected])

 lOMoARcPSD|30371407

Result from the formation of a number of Lewy bodies in the brain stem and cerebral cortex that cause
Pakinsonian-like symptoms, Alzheimer-like symptoms, and other symptoms of dementia.

DaTscan

It entails the use of high-tech imaging equipment to visualize the substantia nigra and gauge the amount
of dopamine present.

Pattern analysis

It is a study of the pattern of test scores.

Executive function

The organizing, planning, cognitive flexibility, and inhibition of impulses and related activities associated
with the frontal and prefrontal lobes of the brain

Trail-Making Item

Connecting the circles in a logical way; tap many abilities such as visuo-perceptual skills, working
memory, and the ability to switch between tasks.

Field-Of-Search Item

After being shown a sample stimulus, the test-taker's task is to locate a match as quickly as possible.

Confrontation Meaning

A task that involves what is known as confrontation naming.

Picture Absurdity Item

The test-taker answers questions such as "what's wrong or silly about this picture?"

Perceptual test

It is used to evaluate varied aspects of sensory functioning, including aspects of sight, hearing, smell,
touch, taste, and balance.

Motor test

It is used to evaluate varied aspects of one's ability and mobility, including the ability to move limbs,
eyes, or other parts of the body.

Perceptual-motor test

It is used to evaluate the integration or coordination of perceptual and motor abilities.

Aphasia

The loss of ability to express oneself or to understand spoken or written language because of some
neurological deficit.

Downloaded by Cashmere Gray ([email protected])

 lOMoARcPSD|30371407

Procedural memory

Type of memory for things like driving a car, making entries on a keyboard, or riding a bicycle

Declarative memory

Type of memory of factual material—such as the differences between procedural and declarative
memory.

Semantic memory

Type of memory for facts.

Episodic memory

Type of memory for facts in a particular context or situation.

Implicit memory

It is only accessible by indirect measures and not by conscious recollection has been referred to as
"unconscious memory.".

Fixed Battery

Neuropsychologists utilize a set of test which have been individually validated and validated in
relationship to each other to assess cause, location, natural and extent of brain function on brain
impaired individuals.

Flexible Battery

Consisting of an assortment of instruments hand-picked for some purpose relevant to the unique
aspects of the patients and the presenting problem.

Halstead-Reitan Neuropsychological Battery

Classic neuropsychological test battery among the many available for use by researchers and clinicians
that requires highly trained examiner conversant with procedure for administering the various subtests.

fMRI

It is an apparatus that creates real-time moving images of internal functioning.

Dementia

It is a neurological disorder characterized by deficits in memory, judgment, ability to concentrate, and

other cognitive abilities, with associated changes in personality due to damage to, or disease of brain
neurons.

NEUROPSYCHLOGICAL ASSESSMENT TECHNIQUES

Techniques Explanation
Cerebral angiogram A tracer element that is injected into the bloodstream before the cerebral area

Downloaded by Cashmere Gray ([email protected])

 lOMoARcPSD|30371407

is to be X-rayed.
CAT (computerized axial tomography) scan The CAT scan is superior to traditional X-rays because the structures in the brain
may be represented in a systematic series of three-dimensional views, a feature
that is extremely important in assessing conditions such as spinal anomalies.
PET (positron emission tomography) scan It is a tool of nuclear medicine handy in diagnosing biochemical lesions in the
brain
SPECT (single photon emission computer A technology that records the course of a radioactive tracer fluid (iodine) and
tomography) produces evident photographs of organs and tissues.
Brain scan A procedure that involves the introduction of radioactive material into the brain
through an injection. The cranial surface is then scanned with a special camera
to track the flow of the material. Alterations in blood supply to the brain are
noted, including alterations that may be associated with diseases such as
tumors.
Electroencephalograph (EEG) A machine that measures the electrical activity of the brain through electrodes
pasted to the scalp. EEG activity will vary as a function of age, level of arousal
(awake, drowsy, asleep), and other factors, in addition to varying as a function
of brain abnormalities.
Electromyograph (EMG) A machine that records the electrical activity of muscles through an electrode
inserted directly into the muscle. Abnormalities found in the EMG can be used
with other clinical and historical data as an aid in making a final diagnosis.
Echoencephalograph A machine that transforms electric energy into sound (sonic) energy. The sonic
energy ("echoes") transversing the tissue area under study is then converted
back into electric energy and displayed as a printout. This printout is used as an
adjunct to other procedures in helping the diagnostician determine the nature
and location of certaintypes of lesions in the brain.
Assessment, Career, and Business
Terms Definition
Insert Measure An instrument designed to evaluate test-takers' likes, dislikes, leisure activities,
curiosities, and involvements in various pursuits for the purpose of comparison with
groups of members of various occupations and professions.
General Aptitude Test Battery Consists of 12 timed tests that measure 9 aptitudes, which in turn can be divided into
three composite aptitudes (Cognitive - GVN, psychomotor - KFM, perceptual - SPQ).
SATB (Special Aptitude Test Battery) The version of the test was used to measure aptitudes for a specific line of work
selectively.
Integrity Test Specifically designed to predict employee theft, honesty, adherence to established
procedure, and/or potential for violence.
Second-Order Meta-Analysis A meta-analysis that summarizes other meta-analyses; high conscientiousness scores
were correlated with good work performance, and high neuroticism scores were
correlated with poor work performance.
Screening refers to a relatively simple process of evaluation based on certain minimum
standards, criteria, or requirements.
Selection Refers to a process whereby each person evaluated for a position will be either
accepted or rejected for that position.
Classification This does not imply acceptance or rejection but rather a rating, categorization, or

Downloaded by Cashmere Gray ([email protected])

 lOMoARcPSD|30371407

"pigeonholing" for two or more criteria.

Placement Is a disposition, transfer, or assignment to a group or category that may be made
based on one criterion.
Leaderless Group Technique Commonly used performance test in the assessment of business leadership ability;
communication skills, problem-solving ability, the ability to cope with stress, and other
skills can also be assessed economically by a group exercise in which the participant's
task is to work together in the solution of some problem or the achievement of some
goal.
In-basket Technique Stimulates the way a manager or an executive deal with an in-basket filled with mail,
memos, announcements, and various other notices and directives.
Assessment Center An organizationally standardized procedure for evaluation involving multiple
assessment techniques such as paper-and-pencil tests and situational performance
tests.
Physical Test Measurement that entails evaluation of one's somatic health and intactness, and
observable sensory and motor abilities.
Drug Test An evaluation undertaken to determine the presence, if any, of alcohol or other
psychotropic substances, by means of laboratory analysis of blood, urine, hair, or
other biological specimens.
False positive An individual tests positive for drug use when in the reality, there has been no drug
use.
False negative An individual tests negatively for drug use when there has been drug use.
Productivity defined simply as output or value yielded relative to work effort made.
Forced distribution technique This procedure involves distributing a predetermined number or percentage of
assessees into various categories that describe performance.
Critical incident technique involves the supervisor recording positive and negative employee behaviors
Intrinsic Motivation The primary driving force stems from things such as the individual's involvement in
work or satisfaction with work products.
Extrinsic Motivation The primary driving force stems from rewards, such as salary and bonuses, or from
constraints, such as job loss.
Burnout A psychological syndrome of emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, and reduced
personal accomplishment that can occur among individuals who work with other
people in some capacity
Attitude A presumably learned disposition to react in some characteristic manner to a
particular stimulus.
Job Satisfaction A pleasurable or positive state resulting from the appraisal of one's job or job
experiences.
Organizational commitment The strength of an individual's identification with and involvement in a particular
organization
Organizational culture The totality of socially transmitted behavior patterns characteristic of an organization
or company, including the structure of the organization and the roles within it, the
leadership style, the overall values, norms, sanctions, and support mechanisms as well
as the traditions and folklore, methods of enculturation, and distinct ways of
interacting with people and institutions outside the culture.
Implicit attitude A nonconscious, automatic association in memory produces a disposition to react in
some characteristic manner to a particular stimulus.

Downloaded by Cashmere Gray ([email protected])

 lOMoARcPSD|30371407

Survey In consumer psychology, a fixed list of questions administered to a selected sample of

persons, typically to learn about consumers' attitudes, beliefs, opinions, and behavior
regarding targeted products, services, or advertising
Poll A type of survey used to record votes,usually containing questions that can be
answered with a "yes-no" or "for- against" response.
Consumer Panel A sample of respondents, seelcted by demographic and other criteria, who have
contracted with a marcketing research firm to respond on a periodic basis to survey
reagrding various products, services, and advertising or other promotional efforts.
Diary Panel Special type of panel; respondents on such a panel must keep detailed records of the
behavior.
Semantic diferential technique An item format characterized by bipolar adjectives separated by a seven-point rating
scale on which respondents select one point to indicate their response.
Focus group group of respondents who typically have been screened to qualify for participation.
Dimensional qualitative research an approach to qualitative research that seeks to ensure a study is comprehensive and
systematic from a psychological perspective by guiding the study design and proposed
questions for discussion based on "BASIC ID" dimensions
Doing house chores without getting told because you want Doing house chores without getting told for your parents to
your house to be clean and neat. allow you to go out.
Dancing because it helps you release stress and your passion. Dancing because you want to teach other people and make
money.

OTHER TOOLS OF ASSESSMENT FOR BUSINESS APPLICATION

Tools of assessment Definition/Explanation

Consumer psychology branch of social psychology that deals primarily with the
development, advertising, and marketing of products and
services
Measuring implicit attitude Implicit attitude measurement has been demonstrated to
have the intriguing potential for applications in consumer
psychology and consumer preferences.
Survey a fixed list of questions administered to a selected sample of
persons to learn about consumers' attitudes, beliefs,
opinions, and/or behavior about the targeted products,
services, or advertising.
Motivation Research methods Include individual interviews and focus groups. These two
qualitative research methods are used to examine, in-depth,
the reactions of consumers who are representative of the
group of people who use a particular product or service.
Dimensional Qualitative research An approach to qualitative research seeks to ensure a study
is comprehensive and systematic from a psychological
perspective by guiding the study design and proposed
questions for discussion based on "BASIC ID" dimensions.

Downloaded by Cashmere Gray ([email protected])