This chapter discusses motion along a straight line or one-dimensional motion. It introduces concepts such as position, displacement, average velocity, average speed, instantaneous velocity, acceleration, and free fall acceleration. Examples are provided to demonstrate calculating displacement, average velocity, and acceleration in situations involving constant acceleration. The key difference between average velocity and average speed is that average velocity includes direction while average speed does not.
This chapter discusses motion along a straight line or one-dimensional motion. It introduces concepts such as position, displacement, average velocity, average speed, instantaneous velocity, acceleration, and free fall acceleration. Examples are provided to demonstrate calculating displacement, average velocity, and acceleration in situations involving constant acceleration. The key difference between average velocity and average speed is that average velocity includes direction while average speed does not.
This chapter discusses motion along a straight line or one-dimensional motion. It introduces concepts such as position, displacement, average velocity, average speed, instantaneous velocity, acceleration, and free fall acceleration. Examples are provided to demonstrate calculating displacement, average velocity, and acceleration in situations involving constant acceleration. The key difference between average velocity and average speed is that average velocity includes direction while average speed does not.
This chapter discusses motion along a straight line or one-dimensional motion. It introduces concepts such as position, displacement, average velocity, average speed, instantaneous velocity, acceleration, and free fall acceleration. Examples are provided to demonstrate calculating displacement, average velocity, and acceleration in situations involving constant acceleration. The key difference between average velocity and average speed is that average velocity includes direction while average speed does not.
One purpose of physics is to study the motion of objects how fast they move how far they move in a given amount of time...
In This Chapter: we study the basic physics of motion where
the object moves along a single axis. (one-dimensional motion) Motion • The classification and comparison of motions: kinematics • What exactly do you measure, and how do you compare? Position and Displacement • To locate an object = to find its position relative to some reference point (origin).
• A change from position x1 to position
x2 is called a displacement Δx: Δ (delta): change in quantity
• Displacement is a vector quantity (has both a
direction and a magnitude). CHECKPOINT Here are three pairs of initial and final positions, respectively, along an x axis. Which pairs give a negative displacement: (a) 3 m, 5 m (b) 3 m, 7 m (c) 7 m, 3 m How Fast? Average Velocity • How to describe position? Plot x as a function of t : graph of x(t) • Ex: Straight-line motion of an animal: How fast does this animal move? Average Velocity:
Unit: m/s Vavg has both magnitude and direction (it is another vector quantity) Vavg : The slope of the straight line that connects two particular points on the x(t) curve. Average Velocity Calculation of the average velocity between t =1s and t =4s as the slope of the line that connects the points.
Start How Fast? Average Speed Q: What is the difference btw Ave velocity ans Ave speed? A: Average velocity involves the particle’s displacement x, the average speed involves the total distance covered independent of direction!
Because average speed does not include direction, it lacks any
algebraic sign! Sample Problem 1 • You drive a truck along a straight road for 8.4 km at 70 km/h, at which point the truck runs out of gasoline and stops. • Over the next 30 min, you walk another 2.0 km farther along the road to a gasoline station. (a) What is your overall displacement from the beginning to your arrival at the station? (b) What is the time interval t from the beginning of your drive to your arrival at the station? (c) What is your average velocity vavg from the beginning of your drive to your arrival at the station? Find it both numerically and graphically. (d) Suppose that to pump the gasoline, pay for it, and walk back to the truck takes you another 45 min. What is your average speed from the beginning of your drive to your return to the truck with the gasoline? Instantaneous Velocity and Speed • “how fast” more commonly refers to how fast a particle is moving at a given instant
• v: the rate at which position x is changing with time
at a given instant (the slope of the position–time curve at the point representing that instant)
Speed is the magnitude of velocity
(velocity that has been stripped of any indication of direction) Example, instantaneous velocity: Average and Instant Accelerations Average acceleration is the change of velocity over the change of time.
Instantaneous acceleration is the rate at which its
velocityis changing at that instant.
In terms of the position function,
the acceleration can be defined as:
The SI units for acceleration are m/s2.
Acceleration has both magnitude and direction (vector quantity).
Accelaration (cont.) Colonel J. P. Stapp in a rocket sled, which undergoes sudden change in velocities.
• If a particle has the same sign for velocity and
acceleration, then that particle is speeding up.
• Conversely, if a particle has opposite signs for the
velocity and acceleration, then the particle is slowing down.
• Our bodies often react to accelerations but not to
velocities. A fast car often does not bother the rider, but a sudden brake is felt strongly by the rider. This is common in amusement car rides, where the rides change velocities quickly to thrill the riders.
• The magnitude of acceleration falling near the
Earth’s surface is 9.8 m/s2, and is often referred to as g. Example, acceleration: Constant acceleration When the acceleration is constant, its average and instantaneous acceleration values are the same.
Here, velocity at t=0 is vo.
finally leading to
Eliminating t from the Equations (1) and (2):
Constant acceleration (cont.)
Integrating constant acceleration graph for a fixed time duration yields values for velocity graph during that time.
Similarly, integrating velocity graph will yield values for position graph. Example, constant acceleration: Free-fall Acceleration In this case objects close to the Earth’s surface fall towards the Earth’s surface with no external forces acting on them except for their weight. Use the constant acceleration model with “a” replaced by “-g”, where g = 9.8 m/s2 for motion close to the Earth’s surface. In vacuum, a feather and an apple will fall at the same rate. Sample problem
