UNIVERSIDAD DE MONTERREY

VICERRECTORÍA DE EDUCACIÓN MEDIA SUPERIOR

ACADEMIA DE MATEMÁTICAS
PROGRAMA MULTICULTURAL
CÁLCULO I
Guide 2 – Venn Diagrams
Universal Set
It is important to know what sort of elements are contained in a set.
In other words, in order to properly define a set, we need to define the universal set,
those elements that are under consideration.
The universal set (denoted 𝑈), must be stated to make a set well defined.
The universal set is shown in diagrammatic form as a rectangle: 𝑈
This type of set diagram is called a Venn Diagram. Any set under
consideration is shown as a circle inside the universal set.
Suppose that, as part of a problem, we were considering the months of the year that (in
English) begin with the letter ‘J’. Then the universal set, U, would be {𝐽𝑎𝑛𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑦, 𝐽𝑢𝑛𝑒, 𝐽𝑢𝑙𝑦}.
Set A is defined as the set of all months which end in ‘…uary’.
Representing this on a Venn diagram, set 𝐴 is a subset of 𝑈 and is drawn inside the
rectangle. This is written as 𝐴 ⊆ 𝑈.
Since 𝐽𝑎𝑛𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑦 ∈ 𝐴, it is written inside 𝐴. Since 𝐽𝑢𝑛𝑒, 𝐽𝑢𝑙𝑦 ∉ 𝐴, but 𝐽𝑢𝑛𝑒, 𝐽𝑢𝑙𝑦 ∈ 𝑈, they are
written inside the rectangle (𝑈), but outside the circle (𝐴).

𝐴 𝑈
𝐽𝑢𝑛𝑒
𝐽𝑎𝑛𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑦
𝐽𝑢𝑙𝑦

Subsets
In set theory, a subset is denoted by the symbol ⊆ and read as ‘is a subset of’.
Using this symbol, we can express subsets as follows:
M ⊆ N; which means Set M is a subset of Set N.

𝑈
𝑁
𝑀

Notes:
 A subset can be equal to the set. That is, a subset can contain all the elements that
are present in the set.
 The empty set ∅ is a subset of every set.
 Every set is a subset of itself.
Intersection
The intersection of set 𝑀 and set 𝑁 (denoted 𝑀 ∩ 𝑁) is the set of all elements that are in
both 𝑀 and 𝑁.
𝑀 ∩ 𝑁 is the shaded region on the Venn diagram:

Union
The union of set 𝑀 and set 𝑁 (denoted 𝑀 ∪ 𝑁) is the set of all elements that are in either
𝑀 or 𝑁 or both.
𝑀 ∪ 𝑁 is the shaded region on the Venn diagram:

Complement
The complement of the set 𝑀, denoted as 𝑀′, is the set of all the elements in the universal
set that do not lie in 𝑀.
𝑀′ is the shaded part of this Venn diagram:

Note: the complement of the universal set, 𝑈′,is the empty set, ∅.
We can use Venn diagrams to represent different combinations of set complement,
intersection and union. For example, 𝑀 ∩ 𝑁′ is shown here:

To see this in more detail, look at the separate diagrams of 𝑀 and 𝑁′:
Combining these for the intersection 𝑀 ∩ 𝑁′, gives shading only in the area common to
both diagrams.

This diagram shows the set 𝑀 ∪ 𝑁′. Since it is the region that satisfies either 𝑀 or 𝑁′, it
includes the shading from both diagrams.

Example 1
Let 𝑈 = {𝑚𝑜𝑛𝑡ℎ𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑒𝑛𝑑 (𝑖𝑛 𝐸𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑖𝑠ℎ) 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ ′ … 𝑏𝑒𝑟′}
Let 𝐴 = {𝑚𝑜𝑛𝑡ℎ𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑏𝑒𝑔𝑖𝑛 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑛𝑡}
Let 𝐵 = {𝑚𝑜𝑛𝑡ℎ𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 ℎ𝑎𝑣𝑒 𝑒𝑥𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑙𝑦 30 𝑑𝑎𝑦𝑠}

Draw a Venn diagram to show:

a. Sets 𝑈 and 𝐴

𝐴 𝑈
𝑠𝑒𝑝𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟
𝑜𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑏𝑒𝑟
𝑛𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟
𝑑𝑒𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟

b. Sets 𝑈 and 𝐵

𝐵 𝑈
𝑠𝑒𝑝𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑏𝑒𝑟
𝑛𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟
𝑑𝑒𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟

c. Sets 𝑈, 𝐴 and 𝐵

𝐴 𝑈
𝑠𝑒𝑝𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟
𝑛𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑏𝑒𝑟
𝐵
𝑑𝑒𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟
Example 2
Given the sets:
𝐴 = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
𝐵 = {𝑥|0 < 𝑥 ≤ 5, 𝑥 ∈ ℤ}
𝐶 = {𝑝| 𝑝 𝑖𝑠 𝑎 𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑝𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑓 10}
𝐷 = {4, 5, 6, 7}
𝐸 = {𝑥|𝑥 𝑖𝑠 𝑎 𝑠𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑙𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑛 50}
Write down the sets:
a. 𝐴 ∩ 𝐷
𝐴 ∩ 𝐷 = {4, 5}
b. 𝐴 ∩ 𝐵
𝐴 ∩ 𝐵 = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
c. 𝐷 ∩ 𝐸
𝐷 ∩ 𝐸 = {4}
d. 𝐶 ∩ 𝐷
𝐶∩𝐷 =∅

Example 3
Given the sets:
𝐴 = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
𝐵 = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
𝐶=∅
𝐷 = {4, 5, 6, 7}
𝐸 = {1, 4, 9, 16, 25, 36, 49}
Write down the sets:
a. 𝐴 ∪ 𝐷
𝐴 ∪ 𝐷 = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7}
b. 𝐴 ∪ 𝐵
𝐴 ∪ 𝐵 = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
c. 𝐶 ∪ 𝐷
𝐶 ∪ 𝐷 = {4, 5, 6, 7}
Example 4
𝑈 = {4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10}, 𝐹 = {4, 5, 6, 7}, 𝐺 = {6, 7, 8, 9}.
a. Draw a Venn diagram for 𝐹, 𝐺 and 𝑈.

b. Write down these sets:

1. 𝐹 ′
𝐹 ′ = {8, 9, 10}
2. 𝐹 ∩ 𝐺′
𝐹 ∩ 𝐺 ′ = {4, 5}
3. (𝐹 ∩ 𝐺)′
(𝐹 ∩ 𝐺)′ = {4, 5, 8, 9, 10}

Problem solving using Venn diagrams

A teacher asks her class how many of them study Chemistry. She finds that there are 15.
She then asks how many study Biology and finds that there are 13. Later, she remembers
that there are 26 students in the class.
We can represent this problem on a Venn diagram. Let 𝐵 be the set of students studying
Biology, and 𝐶 be the set of students studying Chemistry.
Then 𝑛(𝐵) = 13, 𝑛(𝐶) = 15 and 𝑛(𝑈) = 26.
The teacher asks another question and finds out that 5 of the students study neither
Biology nor Chemistry, so 𝑛(𝐵′ ∩ 𝐶 ′ ) = 5.
We can put what we know, and what we don’t know on a Venn diagram:
We also know that 𝑛(𝑈) = 26. From the Venn diagram we can write:
(13 − 𝑥) + 𝑥 + (15 − 𝑥) + 5 = 26
33 − 𝑥 = 26
𝑥=7
So now we can substitute for 𝑥 on the Venn diagram, and answer questions like ‘How
students study Chemistry but not Biology?’

Example 5
In a class of 29 students, 19 study German, 14 study Hindi and 5 study both languages.
Work out the number of students that study neither language.
Note: The number of students who study neither language is 𝑛(𝐺 ′ ∩ 𝐻 ′ ).
Draw a Venn diagram:

Thus, 1 student studies neither language.

 UNIVERSIDAD DE MONTERREY
VICERRECTORÍA DE EDUCACIÓN MEDIA SUPERIOR
ACADEMIA DE MATEMÁTICAS
PROGRAMA MULTICULTURAL
CÁLCULO I
Lab 2 – Venn Diagrams
Name: ___________________________________ ID: ___________
I. Consider these sets:
𝑴 = {𝒙|𝟐 ≤ 𝒙 < 𝟓, 𝒙 ∈ ℤ}
𝑵 = {𝒙|𝟎 < 𝒙 ≤ 𝟓, 𝒙 ∈ ℤ}
𝑷 = {𝒙| − 𝟐 ≤ 𝒙 < 𝟔, 𝒙 ∈ ℤ+ }
𝑺 = {(𝒙, 𝒚)|𝒙 + 𝒚 = 𝟓, 𝒙 ∈ ℤ+ , 𝒚 ∈ ℤ+ }
𝑻 = {(𝒙, 𝒚)|𝒙 + 𝒚 = 𝟓, 𝒙 ∈ ℤ, 𝒚 ∈ ℤ}
𝑾 = {𝒙|𝒙 𝒊𝒔 𝒂 𝒇𝒂𝒄𝒕𝒐𝒓 𝒐𝒇 𝟐𝟎}
𝑿 = {𝒙|𝒙 < 𝟐𝟎𝟎, 𝒙 ∈ ℝ}
State whether each statement is true or false:
1. 𝑁 ⊆ 𝑀 2. 𝑃 ⊆ 𝑀

3. 𝑊 ⊆ 𝑋 4. 𝑁 ⊆ 𝑃

5. ∅ ⊆ 𝑊 6. 𝑆 ⊆ 𝑇

II. Shade the region that represents:

7. 𝑃 ∪ 𝑄′ 8. 𝑃 ∩ 𝑄′

9. 𝑃′ ∪ 𝑄′ 10. 𝑃′ ∩ 𝑄′

11. (𝑃 ∪ 𝑄)′ 12. (𝑃 ∩ 𝑄)′

III. 𝑼 is defined as the set of all integers. Consider the following sets:
𝐴 = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
𝐵 = {𝑥|0 < 𝑥 ≤ 5, 𝑥 ∈ ℤ}
𝐶 = {𝑝| 𝑝 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑛 𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟}
𝐷 = {4, 5, 6, 7}
𝐸 = {𝑥|𝑥 𝑖𝑠 𝑎 𝑠𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑙𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑛 50}

Write down the sets:

13. 𝐴 ∩ 𝐵 14. 𝐵 ∩ 𝐸

15. 𝐶 ∩ 𝐷 16. 𝐶 ∩ 𝐸

IV. Use the Venn diagram to list the elements of the indicated set.

17. 𝑈 18. 𝑅

19. 𝑅′ 20. 𝑇

21. 𝑇′

V. Use the Venn diagram to answer these questions:

22. How many students study Biology only? (That is, Biology, but not Chemistry).

23. How many students study exactly one science? (That is, Biology or Chemistry, but
not both.)
 24. How many students study at least one science? (That is, Biology or Chemistry, or
both.)

VI. There are 25 students in a class. 17 study French, 12 study Malay, and 10
study both languages.
25. Show this information on a Venn diagram.

26. Find the number of students who study French only.

27. Find the number of students who study Malay or French or both.

28. Find the number of students that study neither subject.

29. Find the number of students that do not study both subjects.

VII. In a class 20 people take Geography, 17 take History, 10 take both

subjects, and 1 person takes neither subject.

30. Find the number of students that are in the class.

31. Find the number of students that do not study History.

32. Find the number of students that study Geography but not History.

33. Find the number of students that study Geography or History but not both.
VIII. Of the 32 students in a class, 18 play violin, 16 play the piano, and 7 play
neither. Find the number of students who:

34. Play the violin but not the piano

35. Do not play the violin

36. Play the piano but not the violin

37. Play the piano or the violin, but not both.

"This is my own work and was carried out in strict adherence to the honor code;
any text or reference that was not of my authorship is cited, including sources
extracted using artificial intelligence.

I am aware that any academic dishonesty is graded with zero and the protocols
apply according to the Academic Integrity Committee of Prepa UDEM."

Signature:____________________