Biosurf Read
Biosurf Read
Biosurf Read
DOI 10.1007/s00253-012-4641-8
MINI-REVIEW
Biosurfactants in agriculture
Dhara P. Sachdev & Swaranjit S. Cameotra
Received: 2 November 2012 / Revised: 3 December 2012 / Accepted: 5 December 2012 / Published online: 3 January 2013
# The Author(s) 2012. This article is published with open access at Springerlink.com
Abstract Agricultural productivity to meet growing demands biosphere by using advanced methodologies like functional
of human population is a matter of great concern for all metagenomics.
countries. Use of green compounds to achieve the sustainable
agriculture is the present necessity. This review highlights the Keywords Biosurfactants . Sustainable agriculture .
enormous use of harsh surfactants in agricultural soil and Pesticide . Plant pathogen . Remediation . Metagenomics
agrochemical industries. Biosurfactants which are reported to
be produced by bacteria, yeasts, and fungi can serve as green
surfactants. Biosurfactants are considered to be less toxic and Introduction
eco-friendly and thus several types of biosurfactants have the
potential to be commercially produced for extensive applica- Increase in agricultural productivity to meet ever growing
tions in pharmaceutical, cosmetics, and food industries. The food demands of human population is a matter of great
biosurfactants synthesized by environmental isolates also has concern for all countries. United Nation’s Economic and
promising role in the agricultural industry. Many rhizosphere Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (ESCAP) con-
and plant associated microbes produce biosurfactant; these ducted a theme study in April 2009 entitled “Sustainable
biomolecules play vital role in motility, signaling, and biofilm Agriculture and Food Security in Asia and the Pacific” in
formation, indicating that biosurfactant governs plant–microbe which the importance of revitalization of native soil systems
interaction. In agriculture, biosurfactants can be used for plant for improved crop yield was emphasized. Such revitaliza-
pathogen elimination and for increasing the bioavailability of tion processes can be carried out in an eco-friendly manner
nutrient for beneficial plant associated microbes. Biosurfactants using various biological amendments. Many microorgan-
can widely be applied for improving the agricultural soil quality isms found in rhizosphere (the soil under the influence of
by soil remediation. These biomolecules can replace the harsh plant roots) share a mutualistic relationship with plants
surfactant presently being used in million dollar pesticide in- conferring marked beneficial effects on plants. Several
dustries. Thus, exploring biosurfactants from environmental mechanisms are reported by which rhizobacteria help in
isolates for investigating their potential role in plant growth plant growth promotion (Gamalero and Glick 2011; Zahir
promotion and other related agricultural applications warrants et al. 2004; Glick et al. 2007). Hence, rhizosphere biology is
details research. Conventional methods are followed for screen- considered to be the most intensive area of research in
ing the microbial population for production of biosurfactant. agriculture.
However, molecular methods are fewer in reaching biosurfac- Surfactants have several functional properties, well
tants from diverse microbial population and there is need to known, and exploited in many commercial sectors. There
explore novel biosurfactant from uncultured microbes in soil are numerous areas of agriculture which also requires sur-
factants. A review by Deleu and Paquot (2004) enlists the
major area where surfactants are employed. It is reported in
year 2004 that approximately±0.2 milliontons of surfac-
D. P. Sachdev
Institute of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology, University of Pune, tants are used in crop protection and agrochemical formula-
Pune 411007, India tions. Several reports have highlighted the advantages of
green surfactants (biosurfactant derived from microbes)
S. S. Cameotra (*)
over the synthetic surfactant. Since there are fewer reports
Institute of Microbial Technology, Sector 39-A,
Chandigarh 160036, India stating the application of biosurfactants in agriculture, the
e-mail: ssc@imtech.res.in review emphasizes on the significance of biosurfactants and
1006 Appl Microbiol Biotechnol (2013) 97:1005–1016
biosurfactant producing microbes from soil especially rhi- the chemically synthesized surfactants. These biosurfactants
zosphere in agriculture sector. can be widely exploited in areas related to agriculture for
Biosurfactants are low molecular weight surface-active enhancement of biodegradation of pollutants to improve the
compounds widely produced by bacteria, yeast and fungi. quality of agriculture soil, for indirect plant growth promo-
These amphiphilic biomolecules reduce the surface tension tion as these biosurfactants have antimicrobial activity and
at the air/water interfaces and the interfacial tension at oil/ to increase the plant microbe interaction beneficial for plant.
water interfaces (Satpute et al. 2010a; Banat et al. 2010). These biosurfactants can replace the harsh surfactant pres-
There are different types of biosurfactant stated based on ently used in pesticide industries as these natural surfactants
their physico-chemical properties as glycolipids, lipopepti- are found to be utilized as carbon source by soil inhabiting
des, neutral lipids, phospholipids, fatty acids, and polymeric microbes (Scott and Jones 2000; Takenaka et al. 2007; Lima
(Pacwa-Plociniczak et al. 2011; Cameotra et al. 2010; et al. 2011a) and this accounts for the biological removal of
Amaral et al. 2010). Biosurfactants are derived from renew- biosurfactants from the agricultural soil. The following part
able resources and are low or nontoxic, biodegradable, of the review highlights on the reports on role of biosurfac-
demonstrate excellent surface activity, possess high speci- tants and biosurfactant producing microbes in the most
ficity, show effectiveness under extreme conditions, and can important commercial sector viz agriculture (Fig. 1).
be reused through regeneration too as compared to synthetic
surfactants (Koglin et al. 2010; Xu et al. 2011a; Lima et al. Improvement of soil quality
2011b), hence commercially exploited. Biosurfactants have
the potential to be applied in pharmaceutical, cosmetics, The productivity of agriculture land is affected by presence
petroleum, and food industries (Rodrigues et al. 2006; of organic and inorganic pollutants that impart abiotic stress
Nitschke and Costa 2007; Lourith and Kanlayavattanakul on the cultivated crop plant. To increase the quality of such
2009; Banat et al. 2010; Das et al. 2010). A potent lip- soil contaminated by hydrocarbon and heavy metals, pro-
opeptide biosurfactant, “surfactin” is reviewed as a versatile cess of bioremediation is required. Microorganisms produc-
bioactive molecule having ability to inhibit fibrin clot for- ing biosurfactant and and/or biosurfactants can be
mation and is also applied for enhanced oil recovery. In effectively used for removal of hydrocarbons as well as
addition, it has demonstrated antifungal, antiviral, antitu- heavy metals (Sun et al. 2006). As biosurfactants are known
mor, insecticidal, and antimycoplasma activities. Surfactin to enhance bioavailability and carry out biodegradation of
can also be used as bioremediation agent for treatment of hydrophobic compounds, different technologies such as soil
soil and water (Mulligan 2005). These properties of surfac- washing technology and clean up combined technology
tin reflect its potential commercial applications (Sen 2010). employ biosurfactant for effective removal of hydrocarbon
Recently, biosurfactant and biosurfactant producing and metal, respectively (Pacwa-Plociniczak et al. 2011; Liu
microbes are used for production of nanoparticles. The area et al. 2010; Partovinia et al. 2010; Gottfried et al. 2010;
of the biosurfactant mediated process of nanoparticle syn- Coppotelli et al. 2010; Kang et al. 2010; Pei et al. 2009;
thesis is emerging as part of green chemistry (Kiran et al. Camilios Neto et al. 2009; Zhao and Wong 2009; Robles-
2011). Biosurfactants are used for increasing the stability of González 2008; Sheng et al. 2008; Santos et al. 2008; Aşçi
microbubble technology which further has wide scope in et al. 2008; Juwarkar et al. 2007; Hickey et al. 2007; Shin et
molecular imaging, disease diagnosis, in delivery systems al. 2006; Mulligan 2005; Kildisas et al. 2003; Maier et al.
for drugs and genes, cost-effective water purification, and 2001). A very important phenomenon of desorption of hy-
sewage treatment (Zhang et al. 2011b; Xu et al. 2011b). In drophobic pollutants tightly bound to soil particles is accel-
conclusion, these diverse biosurfactants are useful tool for erated by biosurfactants. This is very crucial for
biotechnology and advantageous for the mankind. Several bioremediation process. Biosurfactants can also enhance
patents related to biosurfactant producing microbes mainly the degradation of certain chemical insecticides which are
for Pseudomonas spp., Acinetobacter spp., Bacillus spp., accumulated in the agricultural soil (Zhang et al. 2011a;
and Candida spp., types of biosurfactant, the process for Singh et al. 2009; Sharma et al. 2009; Wattanaphon et al.
production, and industrial application of biosurfactant have 2008; White et al. 2006; Neilson et al. 2003). There are
been issued (Shete et al. 2006), indicating the potential of several reports which suggest role of biosurfactants in im-
these microbe derived biomolecules. proving the health of agriculture soil by the process of soil
remediation. There are reports on pesticide biodegradation
Agriculture related applications of biosurfactants supported by surfactin (Mata-Sandoval et al. 2001) and
degradation of chlorinated hydrocarbon supported by gly-
Taking into account the dual hydrophobic/hydrophilic na- colipids (Awashti et al. 1999). Biosurfactant from
ture of biosurfactant from microbial sources (Singh et al. Lactobacillus pentosus has demonstrated reduction by
2007), these green surfactants have more advantages over 58.6 % to 62.8 % of octane hydrocarbon from soil
Appl Microbiol Biotechnol (2013) 97:1005–1016 1007
Fig. 1 Multifunctional
prospective of biosurfactants in
agriculture
(Moldes et al. 2011) thus exhibiting the biodegradation ac- biodegradation of pesticides (Pacwa-Plociniczak et al. 2011;
celerator property of biosurfactant. It has been observed that a Kassab and Roane 2006). Rhamnolipid biosurfactant produced
biosurfactant producing species of Burkholderia isolated from by species of pseudomonads are reported to remove toxic
oil-contaminated soil may be a potential candidate for biore- metals from soil (Herman et al. 1995). Further, biosurfactant
mediation of variety of pesticide contamination (Wattanaphon such as rhamnolipid and surfactin are known to remove heavy
et al. 2008). Many researchers have observed that the efficien- metals such as Ni, Cd, Mg, Mn, Ca, Ba, Li, Cu, and Zn (ions)
cy of biosurfactant in removal of organic insoluble pollutants from soil with a new method of foaming-surfactant technology
from soil is more as compared to synthetic surfactants (Neilson et al. 2003; Mulligan and Wang 2004; Mulligan et al.
(Cam eotra and Bollag 2003; Urum et al. 2003; 2001).
Vipulanandan and Ren 2000; Schippers et al. 2000; Dean et Augmentation of soil health requires removal of less
al. 2001; Straube et al. 2003). Literature also states the re- water soluble pollutants by use of surfactants. The synthetic
quirement of iron for increased production of biosurfactant by surfactants are also used for removal of nonpolar organic
Pseudomonas sp. and further enhancement of poly aromatic contaminants (NOC) from soil. However, these surfactants
hydrocarbons (PAH’s) bioavailability (Santos et al. 2008). are required at higher concentration and also affect the
Rhamnolipids are found to be useful in removal of poly microbial biodegradation (Colores et al. 2000). Thus, rather
aromatic hydrocarbons (Poggi-Varaldo and Rinderknecht- than use of harmful synthetic surfactants overproducer of
Seijas 2003) and pentachlorophenol (Mulligan and Eftekhari biosurfactants can be the most useful for bioremediation
2003) from soil. Thus biosurfactant can be applied in agricul- (Rosenberg and Ron 1998). Uses of certain supplements
ture soil to enhance soil quality. However, high cost for such as cyclodextrin also appear in literature which can
production of biosurfactant yet restricts the application of enhance the degradation of hydrocarbons by soil microbial
these green surfactants for bioremediation of soil contaminat- population (Bardi et al. 2000).
ed by crude oil and/or petroleum (Moldes et al. 2011). Use of
agro-industrial waste for production of green surfactants Plant pathogen elimination
which can further be used for biodegradation of hydrocarbons
from soil (Benincasa 2007) needs imperative examination. Several biosurfactants from microbes have antimicrobial
Heavy metals are present as pollutant in agriculture soil. activity against plant pathogens and therefore they are con-
The heavy metal pollution originates from excessive use of sidered to a promising biocontrol molecule for achieving
metal salt-based fungicides, sewage, and sludge amend- sustainable agriculture. Biosurfactants produced by rhizo-
ments applied on the agricultural fields. These heavy metals bacteria are known to have antagonist properties
serve as essential micronutrients and are required for various (Nihorimbere et al. 2011). An agricultural application of
important physiological processes in plant metabolism. chemical surfactants and biosurfactants also facilitates bio-
However, it can be detrimental to plant growth at higher control mechanism of plant growth promoting microbes
concentrations causing damage to plant in form of root such as parasitism, antibiosis, competition, induced system-
tissue necrosis and purpling of foliage. A recent review ic resistance, and hypovirulence (Singh et al. 2007). In bulk,
summarizes the role of biosurfactants and biosurfactant the surfactants are used in agriculture to enhance the antag-
producing microorganisms in bioremediation of heavy metals onistic activities of microbes and microbial products (Jazzar
and hydrocarbon pollutants. There are several reports on po- and Hammad 2003; Kim et al. 2004). Several in vitro and in
tential properties of biosurfactants produced by Pseudomonas situ studies have demonstrated the role of surfactants in
sp, Bacillus sp., and Acinetobacter sp. for removal of heavy improving the insecticidal activities of other systems
metals from contaminated soil and even acceleration of (Jazzar and Hammad 2003; Gronwald et al. 2002;
1008 Appl Microbiol Biotechnol (2013) 97:1005–1016
Krishnayya and Grewal 2002). In addition, these surfactants (Debode et al. 2007). Strains of Pseudomonas sp. terminate
are used in combination with fungus (Myrothecium verru- the growth of pathogenic fungi Rhizoctonia solani (causes
caria) to eradicate weed species which affect the land pro- several plant diseases) and Phythium ultimum (causes damp-
ductivity and also the spread of such weed species have ing off and root rot of plants) by production of dual function-
adverse effect on biodiversity (Boyette et al. 2002) and ing compounds tensin, viscosin and viscosinamid. The dual
surfactants are also reported to inhibit the aflatoxin produc- function includes biosurfactant and antifungal activity
tion by Aspergillus sp. which infects crops such as cotton- (Andersen et al. 2003). Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, caus-
seed, peanuts and corn during storage as well as at ative agent for anthracnose on papaya leaves is reported to be
agricultural field (Rodriguez and Mahoney 1994). Thus controlled by biosurfactant producing Bacillus subtilis isolat-
the surfactants (synthetic and biological) play diverse role ed from soil (Kim et al. 2010). A possible plant pathogen
in plant pathogen elimination directly or indirectly and at Pseudomonas aeruginosa was reported to be inhibited by
different processes related to agriculture. biosurfactant produced by Staphylococcus sp., isolated from
The following section states few examples of biosurfac- crude oil-contaminated soil (Eddouaouda et al. 2012). The
tants as an essential component for inhibition of phytopath- above examples prove that the green surfactants are well
ogens. Biosurfactant producing rhizospheric isolates of documented in literature for plant growth promotion by their
Pseudomonas and Bacillus have exhibited biocontrol of soft detrimental effect on pathogens. Hence, these biosurfactants
rot causing Pectobacterium and Dickeya spp. (Krzyzanowska and/or biosurfactant producing microbes are potential substi-
et al. 2012). Rhamnolipids have demonstrated inhibition of tutes for the harsh chemical pesticides and insecticides being
zoospore forming plant pathogens that have acquired resis- currently used in agriculture. Apart from these anti-
tance to commercial chemical pesticides (Sha et al. 2011; Kim phytopathogenic properties, addition of biosurfactant is also
et al. 2011; Hultberg et al. 2008a) and another investigation known to accelerate compositing process by providing favor-
has shown that rhamnolipid can stimulate plant immunity able conditions for microbial growth (Zhang et al. 2011a, b)
which is considered as an alternative strategy to reduce the and thus offers an additional advantage of use of these green
infection by plant pathogens (Vatsa et al. 2010). Recent inves- surfactants., The biosurfactants which have antagonist prop-
tigation has also established rhamnolipid as an insecticidal erties against phytopathogens may also affect the other flora of
compound. Kim and co-workers (2011) have isolated biosur- the system. Thus, to construct a potent green surfactant with
factant from a strain of Pseudomonas, which has demonstrat- specificity against the phytopathogens, the chemical compo-
ed insecticidal activity against green peach aphid (Myzus sition of the biosurfactant may be varied by altering the
persicae). Plant growth-promoting Pseudomonas putida pro- production strategies.
duces biosurfactants that can cause lysis of zoospores of the
oomycete pathogen Phytophthora capsici; causative agent of Asset for beneficial plant microbe interaction
damping-off of cucumber (Kruijt et al. 2009). The lipopeptide
biosurfactant produced by strains of Bacillus exhibits growth To provide beneficial effect to the plants by rhizobacteria, it is
inhibition of phytopathogenic fungi like Fusarium spp., very important for these microbes to interact with the plant
Aspergillus spp., and Biopolaris sorokiniana. Such biosurfac- surfaces such as roots (Nihorimbere et al. 2011). Microbial
tant can be used as biocontrol agent (Velho et al. 2011). factors such as motility, ability to form biofilm on root surface
Brevibacillus brevis strain HOB1 produces surfactin isoform and release of quorum sensing molecules are required to es-
and this lipopeptide biosurfactant has demonstrated strong tablish association with the plant. It is reviewed that quorum
antibacterial and antifungal property which can be exploited sensing molecules such as acyl homoserine lactone (AHL) are
for control of phytopathogens (Haddad 2008). Antifungal required for synthesis of antifungal compounds by the rhizo-
properties of biosurfactant produced by strains of bacteria. Studies also indicate that the concentration of these
Pseudomonas fluorescens is well documented in literature molecules is high in rhizosphere as compared to that to bulk
(Nielsen and Sørensen 2003). Hultberg et al. (2008b)) have soil (soil away from plant roots) suggesting the role of AHL
reported that fluorescent pseudomonad’s with the biosurfac- and AHL-like molecules in rhizosphere competence (ability of
tant producing ability can inhibit the growth of fungal patho- beneficial microorganism to colonize the root surface). These
gens such as Pythium ultimum (causative agent of damping off AHL are also reported to contribute in regulation of exopoly-
and root rot of plants), Fusarium oxysporum (causes wilting in saccharide essential for biofilm formation (Newton and Fray
crop plants), and Phytophthora cryptogea (causes rotting of 2004; Loh et al. 2002). Dusane et al. (2010) have recently
fruits and flowers). Pseudomonas sp. are reported as biocon- reported that the biosurfactant (rhamnolipid) produced by
trol agents against Verticillium microsclerotia; a causative Pseudomonas spp. regulates the process of quorum sensing
agent of Verticillium wilt mainly in potatoes. The biosurfactant (cell to cell communication). It is also reported that biosurfac-
produced by this Pseudomonas sp. is considered to play major tants affect the motility of microorganisms, participate in
role in inhibition of in vitro viability of Verticillium sp. signaling and differentiation as well as in biofilm formation
Appl Microbiol Biotechnol (2013) 97:1005–1016 1009
(Ron and Rosenberg 2011; Berti et al. 2007; Van Hamme et al. Microbes from soil environment as producers
2006; Kearns and Losick 2003). Hence, these green surfac- of biosurfactants
tants are important parameters for microbes to achieve a
beneficial association with the plant roots and improve the Several researchers indicate that variety of environmental
growth of the plant. Further these biosurfactants produced by niches such as soil, water, and leaf surface are explored for
rhizobacteria increase the bioavailability of hydrophobic mol- biosurfactant producing bacteria (Burch et al. 2011). Many
ecules which may serve as nutrients. Biosurfactants produced rhizosphere and plant associated microbes are known to pro-
by soil microbes provide wettability to soil and support proper duce biosurfactant indicating the potential role of biosurfac-
distribution of chemical fertilizers in soil thus assisting plant tant in plant-microbe interaction and further application of
growth promotion. Reviewing the functions of biosurfactant biosurfactant in agriculture (Amani et al. 2010; Singh et al.
indicates the essential role of these green compounds for 2009; Kruijt et al. 2009; Nielsen and Sørensen 2003; Bodour
sustainable agriculture. et al. 2003; Nielsen et al. 2002; Takeyama et al. 2002). The
table 1 summarizes the genera that appear in literature as
Potential of biosurfactants in pesticide industries biosurfactant producers from rhizosphere as well as contam-
inated soil. The literature affirms the prevalence of biosurfac-
Surfactants are must as adjuvant with fungicides, insecti- tant producing bacteria in environment and that biosurfactants
cides, and herbicides. The synthetic surfactant presently also have applications in agriculture and related industries as
used in pesticides industries act as emulsifying, dispersing, they play vital role in soil remediation, plant pathogen elim-
spreading and wetting agent and enhance the efficiency of ination and by increasing the bioavailability of nutrient for
pesticides. In addition, these surfactants are used in insecti- beneficial plant associated microbes.
cides in modern agriculture as these have defensive proper-
ties (Rostas and Blassmann 2009). Different types of Molecular methods for profiling of biosurfactant producing
surfactants such as anionic, cationic, amphoteric, and non- community from agriculture soil
ionic are presently being used at several pesticide manufac-
turing industries (Mulqueen 2003). Thus surfactants are The conventional methods used for screening microbes for
widely used in formulation of pesticides. However, it is biosurfactant production are well complied (Satpute et al.
important to note that the surfactant present in pesticides 2010b; Walter et al. 2010). Ecological niches contaminated
formulations in access becomes accumulated in soil and with hydrocarbon are the most recommended sites for the
affects the texture, color and growth of the plant. These isolation of biosurfactant producing microbes. Techniques
harmful pesticides also become leached from soil to the for purification of biosurfactant includes thin layer chroma-
ground water (Blackwell 2000). Pesticide residues are tography, high pressure liquid chromatography and phase
known to persist for years in soil and spreads in air and separation technology (Baker and Chen 2010; Heyd et al.
water too. These even remain on surface of fruit and vege- 2008) followed is the characterization of the biomolecule by
tables (Street 1969). In addition, the synthetic surfactants are infra red, gas chromatography mass spectrometry, nuclear
considered as potent organic pollutants in soil (Petrovic and magnetic resonance and fast atom bombardment mass spec-
Barcelo 2004). Considering the adverse effect of pesticides trometry (Petrovic and Barcelo 2004; Satpute et al. 2010b).
and surfactants associated with the pesticides, there is need High throughput methods are also developed by automation
to use the environmentally safe biosurfactants to replace and miniaturization for screening of biosurfactant producers
these harmful surfactants in the million dollar pesticide (Walter et al. 2010). Recently, MALDI-TOF mass spectrom-
industries thus preventing the pollutions (Hopkinson et al. etry is reported for detection and separation of biosurfac-
1997). Research related to exploration of soil bacteria which tants (Kurtzman et al. 2010). Along with the traditional
can utilize the chemical surfactant in agriculture soil as methods, molecular techniques are being implemented to
carbon source can be another alternative to this environmen- detect presence of biosurfactant producing bacteria.
tal problem. There is a report on bacteria belonging to Techniques such as PCR, cloning, sequencing, homology
Pseudomonas sp. and Burkholderia sp. from paddy field to analysis, and transposon mutagenesis appear in the litera-
degrade surfactants (Nishio et al. 2002). Agriculture impor- ture. PCR based techniques targeting genes involved either
tant products like pesticides formed with the assistance of in synthesis of biosurfactant (for, e.g., srfA3, sfp, coma,
biosurfactant can be widely used on agricultural fields. The licA3, rhlA, rhlB, rhlC, swrW) or regulation of biosurfactant
need for agrochemical industries is to develop effective production (for ,e.g., rhlR, rhlI, dnaK) have been employed
formulation technology and to achieve this goal; many (Simpson et al. 2011; Neilson et al. 2010; Hommais et al.
companies can employ mixture of biosurfactants in different 2008; Tanikawa et al. 2006; Dubern et al. 2005; Hsieh et al.
combinations with the polymers to make excellent formula- 2004) mainly for Bacillus spp., Pseudomonas spp., and
tions for agricultural applications. Serratia spp. Bioinformatics approach such as “mine” the
1010 Appl Microbiol Biotechnol (2013) 97:1005–1016
Table 1 Recent reports on agri-potential biosurfactant producing microbes from contaminated soil and rhizosphere
genome of are used in few studies which has led to identifi- high throughput studies will accelerate application of biosur-
cation of a nonribosomal peptide biosynthetic gene cluster that factant in agriculture as well as other fields. The following are
codes for proteins involved in the production of structurally the steps that can be employed for molecular characterization
related linear lipopeptides (Berti et al. 2007). The molecular of biosurfactant production in bacteria from selected habitat
approach is concentrated for very few bacterial strains and especially hydrocarbon/crude oil/ heavy metal-contaminated
there is need to explore novel biosurfactant from uncultured agricultural soil:
microbes in soil biosphere by using advanced methodologies
like functional metagenomics. This approach will also append & Total DNA directly can be extracted from soil samples
tremendous knowledge of genes pool related to biosurfactant and subsequently analyzed either by characterizing par-
production; still undiscovered. The data generated from such ticular sequences targeted and amplified by PCR.
Appl Microbiol Biotechnol (2013) 97:1005–1016 1011
Chaudhary P, Sharma R, Singh SB, Nain L (2011) Bioremediation of PAH Gronwald JW, Plaisance KL, Ide DA, Wyse DL (2002) Assessment of
by Streptomyces sp. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 86:268–271 Pseudomonas syringae pv. tagetis as a biocontrol agent for
Chen J, Huang PT, Zhang KY, Ding FR (2012) Isolation of biosurfac- Canada thistle. Weed Sci 50:397–404
tant producers, optimization and properties of biosurfactant pro- Gunther NW IV, Nuñez A, Fett W, Solaiman DKY (2005) Production
duced by Acinetobacter sp. from petroleum-contaminated soil. J of rhamnolipids by Pseudomonas chlororaphis, a non pathogenic
Appl Microbiol 112:660–671 bacteria. Appl Environ Microbiol 71:2288–2293
Chen SY, Lu WB, Wei YH, Chen WM, Chang JS (2007) Improved Haddad NI (2008) Isolation and characterization of a biosurfactant
production of biosurfactant with newly isolated Pseudomonas producing strain, Brevibacilis brevis HOB1. J Ind Microbiol
aeruginosa S2. Biotechnol Prog 23:661–666 Biotechnol 35:1597–1604
Colores GM, Macur RE, Ward DM, Inskeep WP (2000) Molecular Herman DC, Artiola JF, Miller RA (1995) Removal of cadmium, lead
analysis of surfactant driven microbial population shifts in hydro- and zinc from soil by a rhamnolipid biosurfactant. Environ Sci
carbon contaminated soil. Appl Environ Microbiol 66:2959–2964 Technol 29:2280–2285
Coppotelli BM, Ibarrolaza A, Dias RL, Del Panno MT, Berthe-Corti L, Heyd M, Kohnert A, Tan TH, Nusser M, Kirschhöfer F, Brenner-Weiss
Morelli IS (2010) Study of the degradation activity and the strategies G, Franzreb M, Berensmeier S (2008) Development and trends of
to promote the bioavailability of phenanthrene by Sphingomonas biosurfactant analysis and purification using rhamnolipids as an
paucimobilis strain 20006FA. Microb Ecol 59:266–276 example. Anal Bioanal Chem 391:1579–1590
Darvishi P, Ayatollahi S, Mowla D, Niazi A (2011) Biosurfactant Hickey AM, Gordon L, Dobson AD, Kelly CT, Doyle EM (2007) Effect
production under extreme environmental conditions by an effi- of surfactants on fluoranthene degradation by Pseudomonas
cient microbial consortium, ERCPPI-2. Colloids Surf B alcaligenes PA-10. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 74:851–856
Biointerfaces 84:292–300 Hommais F, Oger-Desfeux C, Van Gijsegem F, Castang S, Ligori S,
Das K, Mukherjee AK (2007) Crude petroleum-oil biodegradation Expert D, Reverchon S, Nasser W (2008) PecS is a global regu-
efficiency of Bacillus subtilis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa lator of the symptomatic phase in the phytopathogenic bacterium
strains isolated from a petroleum-oil contaminated soil from Erwinia chrysanthemi 3937. J Bacteriol 190:7508–7522
North-East India. Bioresour Technol 98:1339–1345 Hopkinson MJ, Collins HM, Goss GR (1997) Pesticide formulations
Das P, Mukherjee S, Sivapathasekaran C, Sen R (2010) Microbial and application systems: ASTM Committee E-35 on Pesticides.
surfactants of marine origin: potentials and prospects. Adv Exp ASTM International 17(1328):1–331
Med Biol 672:88–101 Hsieh FC, Li MC, Lin TC, Kao SS (2004) Rapid detection and
de Lima CJ, Ribeiro EJ, Sérvulo EF, Resende MM, Cardoso VL (2009) characterization of surfactin-producing Bacillus subtilis and
Biosurfactant production by Pseudomonas aeruginosa grown in closely related species based on PCR. Curr Microbiol 49:186–191
residual soybean oil. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 152:156–168 Hua F, Wang H (2012) Uptake modes of octadecane by Pseudomonas
Dean SM, Jin Y, Cha DK, Wilson SV, Radosevich M (2001) sp. DG17 and synthesis of biosurfactant. J Appl Microbiol
Phenanthrene degradation in soils co-inoculated with 112:25–37
phenanthrene-degrading and biosurfactant-producing bacteria. J Hultberg M, Bergstrand KJ, Khalil S, Alsanius B (2008a)
Environ Qual 30:1126–1133 Characterization of biosurfactant-producing strains of fluorescent
Debode J, De Maeyer K, Perneel M, Pannecoucque J, De Backer G, pseudomonads in a soilless cultivation system. Antonie Van
Höfte M (2007) Biosurfactants are involved in the biological Leeuwenhoek 94(2):329–334
control of Verticillium microsclerotia by Pseudomonas spp. J Hultberg M, Bergstrand KJ, Khalil S, Alsanius B (2008b) Production
Appl Microbiol 103:1184–1196 of biosurfactants and antibiotics by fluorescent pseudomonads
Deleu M, Paquot M (2004) From renewable vegetables resources isolated from a closed hydroponic system equipped with a slow
to microorganisms: new trends in surfactant. CR Chimie filter. Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek 93:373–380
7:641–646 Jazzar C, Hammad EA (2003) The efficacy of enhanced aqueous
Dubern JF, Lagendijk EL, Lugtenberg BJ, Bloemberg GV (2005) The extracts of melia azedarach leaves and fruits integrated with the
heat shock genes dnaK, dnaJ, and grpE are involved in regulation Camptotylus reuteri releases against the sweet potato whitefly
of putisolvin biosynthesis in Pseudomonas putida PCL1445. J nymphs. Bull Insectol 56:269–275
Bacteriol 187:5967–5976 Juwarkar AA, Nair A, Dubey KV, Singh SK, Devotta S (2007)
Dusane D, Rahman P, Zinjarde S, Venugopalan V, McLean R, Weber Biosurfactant technology for remediation of cadmium and lead
M (2010) Quorum sensing; implication on rhamnolipid biosur- contaminated soils. Chemosphere 68:1996–2002
factant production. Biotech Genetic Eng Rev 27:159–184 Kang SW, Kim YB, Shin JD, Kim EK (2010) Enhanced biodegrada-
Eddouaouda K, Mnif S, Badis A, Younes SB, Cherif S, Ferhat S, Mhiri tion of hydrocarbons in soil by microbial biosurfactant, sophoro-
N, Chamkha M, Sayadi S (2012) Characterization of a novel lipid. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 160:780–790
biosurfactant produced by Staphylococcus sp. strain 1E with Kassab DM, Roane TM (2006) Differential responses of a mine tail-
potential application on hydrocarbon bioremediation. J Basic ings Pseudomonas isolate to cadmium and lead exposures.
Microbiol 52:408–418 Biodegradation 17:379–387
Gamalero E, Glick BR (2011) Mechanisms Used by Plant Growth- Kearns DB, Losick R (2003) Swarming motility in undomesticated
promoting Bacteria Chapter 2. In: Maheshwari DK (ed) Bacteria Bacillus subtilis. Mol Microbiol 49:581–590
in Agrobiology: Plant Nutrient Management. Springer-Verlag, Kildisas V, Levišauskas D, Grigiškis S, Baškys E (2003) Development
Berlin Heidelberg, pp 17–46 of clean-up complex technology of soil contaminated by oil
Gesheva V, Stackebrandt E, Vasileva-Tonkova E (2010) Biosurfactant pollutants based on cleaner production concepts. Environ Res
production by halotolerant Rhodococcus fascians from Casey Eng Manage 25:87–93
Station, Wilkes Land, Antarctica. Curr Microbiol 61:112–117 Kim PI, Bai H, Bai D, Chae H, Chung S, Kim Y, Park R, Chi YT
Glick BR, Todorovic B, Czarny J, Cheng Z, Duan J, McConkey B (2004) Purification and characterization of a lipopeptide produced
(2007) Promotion of plant growth by bacterial ACC deaminase. by Bacillus thuringiensis CMB26. J Appl Microbiol 97:942–949
Crit Rev Plant Sci 26:227–242 Kim PI, Ryu J, Kim YH, Chi YT (2010) Production of biosurfactant
Gottfried A, Singhal N, Elliot R, Swift S (2010) The role of salicylate lipopeptides Iturin A, fengycin and surfactin A from Bacillus
and biosurfactant in inducing phenanthrene degradation in batch subtilis CMB32 for control of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides. J
soil slurries. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 86:1563–1571 Microbiol Biotechnol 20:138–145
1014 Appl Microbiol Biotechnol (2013) 97:1005–1016
Kim SK, Kim YC, Lee S, Kim JC, Yun MY, Kim IS (2011) Insecticidal Mulligan CN, Yong RN, Gibbs BF (2001) Heavy metal removal from
activity of rhamnolipid isolated from Pseudomonas sp. EP-3 sediments by biosurfactants. J Hazard Mater 85:111–125
against green peach aphid (Myzus persicae). J Agric Food Chem Mulligan CN (2005) Environmental applications for biosurfactants.
59:934–938 Environ Pollut 133:183–198
Kiran GS, Selvin J, Manilal A, Sujith S (2011) Biosurfactants as green Mulligan CN, Eftekhari F (2003) Remediation with surfactant foam of
stabilizers for the biological synthesis of nanoparticles. Crit Rev PCP- contaminated soil. Eng Geol 70:269–279
Biotechnol 31:354–364 Mulqueen P (2003) Recent advances in agrochemical formulations.
Koglin A, Doetsch V, Bernhard F (2010) Molecular engineering Adv Colloid Interface Sci 106:83–107
aspects for the production of new and modified biosurfactants. Neilson JW, Artiola JF, Maier RM (2003) Characterization of lead
Adv Exp Med Biol 672:158–169 removal from contaminated soils by non-toxic soil-washing
Krishnayya PV, Grewal PS (2002) Effect of neem and selected fungi- agents. J Environ Qual 32:899–908
cides on viability and virulence of the entomopathogenic nema- Neilson JW, Zhang L, Veres-Schalnat TA, Chandler KB, Neilson
tode steinernema feltiae. Biocontrol Sci Technol 12:259–266 CH, Crispin JD, Pemberton JE, Maier RM (2010) Cadmium
Kruijt M, Tran H, Raaijmakers JM (2009) Functional, genetic and effects on transcriptional expression of rhlB/rhlC genes and
chemical characterization of biosurfactants produced by plant congener distribution of monorhamnolipid and dirhamnolipid
growth-promoting Pseudomonas putida 267. J Appl Microbiol in Pseudomonas aeruginosa IGB83. Appl Microbiol
107:546–556 Biotechnol 88:953–963
Krzyzanowska DM, Potrykus M, Golanowska M, Polonis K, Newton JA, Fray RG (2004) Integration of environmental and host-
Gwizdek-Wisniewska A, Lojkowska E, Jafra S (2012) derived signals with quorum sensing during plant–microbe inter-
Rhizosphere bacteria as potential biocontrol agents against actions. Cell Microbiol 6:213–224
soft rot caused by various Pectobacterium and Dickeya spp. Nie M, Yin X, Ren C, Wang Y, Xu F, Shen Q (2010) Novel rhamno-
strains. J plant pathol 94 lipid biosurfactants produced by a polycyclic aromatic
Kumar CG, Mamidyala SK, Sujitha P, Muluka H, Akkenapally S hydrocarbon-degrading bacterium Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain
(2012) Evaluation of critical nutritional parameters and their NY3. Biotechnol Adv 28:635–643
significance in the production of rhamnolipid biosurfactants from Nielsen TH, Sørensen D, Tobiasen C, Andersen JB, Christophersen C,
Pseudomonas aeruginosa BS-161R. Biotechnol Prog. Givskov M, Sørensen J (2002) Antibiotic and biosurfactant prop-
doi:10.1002/btpr.1634 erties of cyclic lipopeptides produced by fluorescent
Kurtzman CP, Price NP, Ray KJ, Kuo TM (2010) Production of sopho- Pseudomonas spp. from the sugar beet rhizosphere. Appl
rolip biosurfactants by multiple species of the Starmerella (Candida) Environ Microbiol 68:3416–3423
bombicola yeast clade. FEMS Microbiol Lett 311:140–146 Nielsen TH, Sørensen J (2003) Production of cyclic lipopeptides by
Lima TM, Procópio LC, Brandão FD, Leão BA, Tótola MR, Borges AC Pseudomonas fluorescens strains in bulk soil and in the sugar beet
(2011a) Evaluation of bacterial surfactant toxicity towards petroleum rhizosphere. Appl Environ Microbiol 69:861–868
degrading microorganisms. Bioresour Technol 102:2957–2964 Nihorimbere V, Marc Ongena M, Smargiassi M, Thonart P (2011)
Lima TM, Procópio LC, Brandão FD, Carvalho AM, Tótola MR, Beneficial effect of the rhizosphere microbial community for plant
Borges AC (2011b) Biodegradability of bacterial surfactants. growth and health. Biotechnol Agron Soc Environ 15:327–337
Biodegradation 22:585–592 Nishio E, Ichiki Y, Tamura H, Morita S, Watanabe K, Yoshikawa H
Liu WW, Yin R, Lin XG, Zhang J, Chen XM, Li XZ, Yang T (2010) (2002) Isolation of bacterial strains that produce the endocrine
Interaction of biosurfactant-microorganism to enhance phytore- disruptor, octylphenol diethoxylates, in paddy fields. Biosci
mediation of aged polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHS) Biotechnol Biochem 66:1792–1798
contaminated soils with alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.). Huan Jing Nitschke M, Costa S (2007) Biosurfactants in food industry. Trends
Ke Xue 31:1079–1084 Food Sci Technol 18:252–259
Loh J, Pierson EA, Pierson LS 3rd, Stacey G, Chatterjee A (2002) Onwosi CO, Odibo FJ (2012) Effects of carbon and nitrogen sources
Quorum sensing in plant-associated bacteria. Curr Opin Plant Biol on rhamnolipid biosurfactant production by Pseudomonas nitro-
5:1–5 reducens isolated from soil. World J Microbiol Biotechnol
Lourith N, Kanlayavattanakul M (2009) Natural surfactants used in 28:937–942
cosmetics: glycolipids. Int J Cosmet Sci 31:255–261 Pacwa-Plociniczak PGA, Piotrowska-Seget Z, Cameotra SS (2011)
Maier RM, Neilson JW, Artiola JF, Jordan FL, Glenn EP, Descher SM Environmental applications of biosurfactants: recent advances.
(2001) Remediation of metal-contaminated soil and sludge using Int J Mol Sci 12:633–654
biosurfactant technology. Int J Occup Med Environ Health Partovinia A, Naeimpoor F, Hejazi P (2010) Carbon content reduction
14:241–248 in a model reluctant clayey soil: slurry phase n-hexadecane bio-
Mata-Sandoval JC, Karns J, Torrents A (2001) Influence of rhamnoli- remediation. J Hazard Mater 181:133–139
pids and Triton X-100 on the biodegradation of three pesticides in Pei X, Zhan X, Zhou L (2009) Effect of biosurfactant on the sorption of
aqueous and soil slurries. J Agri Food Chem 49:3296–3303 phenanthrene onto original and H2O2 treated soils. J Environ Sci
Menezes Bento F, de Oliveira Camargo FA, Okeke BC, Frankenberger (China) 21:1378–1385
WT Jr (2005) Diversity of biosurfactant producing microorgan- Perneel M, Heyrman J, Adiobo A, De Maeyer K, Raaijmakers JM, De
isms isolated from soils contaminated with diesel oil. Microbiol Vos P, Höfte M (2007) Characterization of CMR5c and CMR12a,
Res 160:249–255 novel fluorescent Pseudomonas strains from the cocoyam rhizo-
Moldes AB, Paradelo R, Rubinos D, Devesa-Rey R, Cruz JM, Barral sphere with the biocontrol activity. J Appl Microbiol 103:1007–
MT (2011) Ex situ treatment of hydrocarbon-contaminated soil 1020
using biosurfactants from Lactobacillus pentosus. J Agric Food Petrovic M, Barcelo D (2004) Analysis and fate of surfactants in
Chem 59:9443–9447 sludge and sludge-amended soil. Trends Analyt Chem 23:10–11
Mulligan CN, Wang S (2004) Remediation of a heavy metal contam- Poggi-Varaldo HM, Rinderknecht-Seijas N (2003) A differential avail-
inated soil by a rhamnolipid foam. In: Thomas HR (ed) Yangt RN. ability enhancement factor for the evaluation of pollutant avail-
Geoenvironmental engineering. Integrated management of ability in soil treatments. Acta Biotechnol 23:271–280
groundwater and contaminated land. London, Thomas Telford, Robles-González IV (2008) A review on slurry bioreactors for biore-
pp 544–551 mediation of soils and sediments. Microb Cell Fact 7:5
Appl Microbiol Biotechnol (2013) 97:1005–1016 1015
Rodrigues L, Banat IM, Teixeira J, Oliveira R (2006) Biosurfactants: Simpson DR, Natraj NR, McInerney MJ, Duncan KE (2011)
potential applications in medicine. J Antimicrob Chemother Biosurfactant-producing Bacillus are present in produced brines
57:609–618 from Oklahoma oil reservoirs with a wide range of salinities. Appl
Rodriguez SB, Mahoney NE (1994) Inhibition of aflatoxin production Microbiol Biotechnol 91:1083–1093
by surfactants. Appl Environ Microbiol 60:106–110 Singh A, Van Hamme JD, Ward OP (2007) Surfactants in microbiol-
Roldán-Carrillo T, Martínez-García X, Zapata-Peñasco I, Castorena- ogy and biotechnology: part 2: application aspects. Biotechnol
Cortés G, Reyes-Avila J, Mayol-Castillo M, Olguín-Lora P (2011) Adv 25:99–121
Evaluation of the effect of nutrient ratios on biosurfactant produc- Singh PB, Sharma S, Saini HS, Chadha BS (2009) Biosurfactant
tion by Serratia marcescens using a Box-Behnken design. production by Pseudomonas sp. and its role in aqueous phase
Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 86:384–389 partitioning and biodegradation of chlorpyrifos. Lett Appl
Ron EZ, Rosenberg E (2011) Natural roles in biosurfactants. Environ Microbiol 49:378–383
Microbiol 3:229–236 Snook ME, Mitchell T, Hinton DM, Bacon CW (2009) Isolation
Rondon MR, August PR, Bettermann AD, Brady SF, Grossman TH, and characterization of leu7-surfactin from the endophytic
Liles MR, Loiacono KA, Lynch BA, MacNeil IA, Minor C, Tiong bacterium Bacillus mojavensis RRC 101, a biocontrol agent
CL, Gilman M, Osburne MS, Clardy J, Handelsman J, Goodman for Fusarium verticillioides. J Agric Food Chem 57:4287–
RM (2000) Cloning the soil metagenome: a strategy for accessing 4292
the genetic and functional diversity of uncultured microorgan- Straube WL, Nestler CC, Hansen LD, Ringleberg D, Pritchard PH,
isms. Appl Environ Microbiol 66:2541–2547 Jones-Meehan J (2003) Remediation of polyaromatic hydrocar-
Rosenberg E, Ron EZ (1998) Surface active polymers from the genus bons (PAHs) through landfarming with biostimulation and bio-
Acinetobacter. In: Kaplan D L., editor. Biopolymers from renew- augmentation. Acta Biotechnol 23:179–196
able resources. Springer, Berlin, pp 281–291 Street JC (1969) Methods of removal of pesticides residues. Canad
Rostas M, Blassmann K (2009) Insects had it first: surfactants as a Med Ass J 100:154–160
defense against predators. Proc R Soc B 276:633–638 Sun X, Wu L, Luo Y (2006) Application of organic agents in remedi-
Santos EC, Jacques RJ, Bento FM, Peralba Mdo C, Selbach PA, Sá EL, ation of heavy metals- contaminated soil. Ying Yong Sheng Tai
Camargo FA (2008) Anthracene biodegradation and surface ac- Xue Bao 17:1123–1128
tivity by an iron-stimulated Pseudomonas sp. Bioresour Technol Takenaka S, Tonoki T, Taira K, Murakami S, Aoki K (2007)
99:2644–2649 Adaptation of Pseudomonas sp. strain 7–6 to quaternary ammo-
Sastoque-Cala L, Cotes-Prado AM, Rodríguez-Vázquez R, Pedroza- nium compounds and their degradation via dual pathways. Appl
Rodríguez AM (2010) Effect of nutrients and conditions of fer- Environ Micro 73:1797–1802
mentation on the production of biosurfactants using rhizobacteria Takeyama H, Wada M, Matsunaga T (2002) Screening of soil bacteria
isolated from fique. Univ Sci 15:251–264 for production of biocleaner. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 98–
Satpute SK, Banpurkar AG, Dhakephalkar PK, Banat IM, Chopade 100:319–326
BA (2010a) Methods for investigating biosurfactants and bioe- Tanikawa T, Nakagawa Y, Matsuyama T (2006) Transcriptional down-
mulsifiers: a review. Crit Rev Biotechnol 30(2):127–144 regulator hexS controlling prodigiosin and serrawettin W1 bio-
Satpute SK, Bhuyan SS, Pardesi KR, Mujumdar SS, Dhakephalkar PK, synthesis in Serratia marcescens. Microbiol Immunol 50:587–
Shete AM, Chopade BA (2010b) Molecular genetics of biosurfac- 596
tant synthesis in microorganisms. Adv Exp Med Biol 672:14–41 Tuleva B, Christova N, Cohen R, Stoev G, Stoineva I (2008)
Schippers C, Gessner K, Müller T, Scheper T (2000) Microbial degra- Production and structural elucidation of trehalose tetraesters
dation of phenanthrene by addition of a sophorolipid mixture. J (biosurfactants) from a novel alkanothrophic Rhodococcus wra-
Biotechnol 83:89–198 tislaviensis strain. J Appl Microbiol 104:1703–1710
Schloss PD, Handelsman J (2003) Biotechnological prospects from Urum K, Pekdemir T, Gopur M (2003) Optimum conditions for wash-
metagenomics. Curr Opin Biotechnol 14:303–310 ing of crude oil-contaminated soil with biosurfactant solutions.
Scott MJ, Jones MN (2000) The biodegradation of surfactants in the Trans Inst Chem Eng 81B:203–209
environment. Biochim Biophys Acta 1508:235–251 Van Hamme JD, Singh A, Ward OP (2006) Physiological aspects. part
Sekhon KK, Khanna S, Cameotra SS (2011) Enhanced biosurfactant 1 in a series of papers devoted to surfactants in microbiology and
production through cloning of three genes and role of esterase in biotechnology. Biotechnol Adv 24:604–620
biosurfactant release. Microb cell Fact 27 10:49 Vasileva-Tonkova E, Gesheva V (2007) Biosurfactant production by
Sen R (2010) Surfactin: biosynthesis, genetics and potential applica- antarctic facultative anaerobe Pantoea sp. during growth on
tions. Adv Exp Med Biol 672:316–323 hydrocarbons. Curr Microbiol 54:136–1341
Sha R, Jiang L, Meng Q, Zhang G, Song Z (2011) Producing cell-free Vatsa P, Sanchez L, Clement C, Baillieul F, Dorey S (2010)
culture broth of rhamnolipids as a cost-effective fungicide against Rhamnolipid biosurfactants as new players in animal and plant
plant pathogens. J Basic Microbiol 52:458–466 defense against microbes. Int J Mol Sci 11:5095–5108
Sharma S, Singh P, Raj M, Chadha BS, Saini HS (2009) Aqueous Velho RV, Medina LF, Segalin J, Brandelli A (2011) Production of
phase partitioning of hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) isomers by lipopeptides among Bacillus strains showing growth inhibi-
biosurfactant produced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa WH-2. J tion of phytopathogenic fungi. Folia Microbiol (Praha)
Hazard Mater 171:1178–1182 56:297–303
Sheng X, He L, Wang Q, Ye H, Jiang C (2008) Effects of inoculation Vipulanandan C, Ren X (2000) Enhanced solubility and biodegrada-
of biosurfactant-producing Bacillus sp. J119 on plant growth and tion of naphthalene with biosurfactant. J Environ Eng 126:629–
cadmium uptake in a cadmium-amended soil. J Hazard Mater 634
155:17–22 Walter V, Syldatk C, Hausmann R (2010) Screening concepts for the
Shete AM, Wadhawa G, Banat IM, Chopade BA (2006) Mapping of isolation of biosurfactant producing microorganisms. Adv Exp
patents on bioemulsifier and biosurfactant: a review. J Sci Indust Med Biol 672:1–13
Res 65:91–115 Wattanaphon HT, Kerdsin A, Thammacharoen C, Sangvanich P,
Shin KH, Kim KW, Ahn Y (2006) Use of biosurfactant to remediate Vangnai AS (2008) A biosurfactant from Burkholderia cenocepa-
phenanthrene-contaminated soil by the combined solubilization- cia BSP3 and its enhancement of pesticide solubilization. J Appl
biodegradation process. J Hazard Mate 137:1831–1837 Microbiol 105:416–423
1016 Appl Microbiol Biotechnol (2013) 97:1005–1016
White JC, Parrish ZD, Gent MP, Iannucci-Berger W, Eitzer BD, Zeinali M, Vossoughi M, Ardestani SK (2007) Characterization of a
Isleyen M, Mattina MI (2006) Soil amendments, plant age, and moderate thermophilic Nocardia species able to grow on polycy-
intercropping impact p, p’-DDE bioavailability to Cucurbita pepo. clic aromatic hydrocarbons. Lett Appl Microbiol 45:622–628
J Environ Qual 35:992–1000 Zhang C, Wang S, Yan Y (2011a) Isomerization and biodegradation of
Xu Q, Nakajima M, Liu Z, Shiina T (2011a) Biosurfactants for micro- beta-cypermethrin by Pseudomonas aeruginosa CH7 with bio-
bubble preparation and application. Int J Mol Sci 12:462–475 surfactant production. Bioresour Technol 102:7139–7146
Xu Q, Nakajima M, Liu Z, Shiina T (2011b) Biosurfactant from Zhang F, Gu W, Xu P, Tang S, Xie K, Huang X, Huang Q (2011b)
microbubble preparation and application. International J of Effects of alkyl polyglycoside (APG) on composting of agricul-
Molecul Sci 12:462–475 tural wastes. Waste Manag 31:1333–1338
Zahir ZA, Arshad M, William T, Frankenberger WT Jr (2004) Plant Zhao Z, Wong JW (2009) Biosurfactants from Acinetobacter calcoa-
growth promoting rhizobacteria: applications and perspectives in ceticus BU03 enhance the solubility and biodegradation of phen-
agriculture. Adv Agron 81:97–168 anthrene. Environ Technol 30:291–299