Review

Mass. It is the amount of matter contained in a given body.

Weight. It is the amount of pull, which the earth exerts upon a given body

Momentum: It is the total motion possessed by a body. Mathematically, Momentum = Mass ×

Velocity

Force: It is an important factor in the field of Engineering-science, which may be defined as

an agent, which produces or tends to produce, destroy or tends to destroy motion, Force =
mass x linear acceleration.

Moment of a Force
It is the turning effect produced by a force, on the body, on which it acts. The moment of a
force is equal to the product of the force and the perpendicular distance of the point about
which the moment is required, and the line of action of the force. Mathematically, Moment of
a force = F × l

Centripetal and Centrifugal Force

Consider a particle of mass m moving with a linear velocity v in a circular path of radius r. the
centripetal acceleration, ac = v2/r = ω2.r
and Force = Mass × Acceleration, Centripetal force = Mass × Centripetal acceleration or F c =
m.v2/r = m.ω2.r
Mass Moment of Inertia

Consider a body of total mass m. Let it is composed of small particles of masses m 1, m2, m3,
m4 etc. If k1, k2, k3, k4 are the distances of these masses from a fixed line, as shown in Figure,
then the mass moment of inertia of the whole body is given
By I = m1 (k1)2 + m2(k2)2 + m3 (k3)2 + m4 (k4)2 +.... = I = m.k2

Moment of inertia about a parallel axis : Ip = IG + m.h2

A flywheel is an inertial energy-storage device. It absorbs mechanical energy and serves

as a reservoir, storing energy during the period when the supply of energy is more than
the requirement and releases it during the period when the requirement of energy is
more than the supply.

Angular Momentum or Moment of Momentum

The angular momentum or the moment of momentum is the product of mass moment of
inertia ( I ) and the angular velocity (ω) of the body.
Torque
It may be defined as the product of force and the perpendicular distance of its line of
action from the given point or axis. A little consideration will show that the torque is
equivalent to a couple acting upon a body
T = d(I x ω)/ dt = I d ω/dt = I α

Work
Whenever a force acts on a body and the body undergoes a displacement in the
direction of the force, then work is said to be done. For example, if a force F acting on a
body causes a displacement x of the body in the direction of the force, then Work done =
Force × Displacement = F × x
When a couple or torque (T) acting on a body causes the angular displacement (θ) about
an axis perpendicular to the plane of the couple, then Work done = Torque × Angular
displacement = T.θ

Power
It may be defined as the rate of doing work or work done per unit time.
Mathematically, ,Power = Work done / Time taken

Note 1: If T is the torque transmitted in N-m or J and ω is the angular speed in rad/s,
then Power, P = T.ω = T × 2 π N/60 watts, where N is the speed in r.p.m.
Note 2: The ratio of power output to power input is known as efficiency of a machine. It
is always less than unity and is represented as percentage. It is denoted by a Greek
letter eta (η). Mathematically,
Efficiency, = Power output /Power input

Energy
It may be defined as the capacity to do work. The energy exists in many forms e.g.
mechanical, electrical, chemical, heat, light etc. But we are mainly concerned with
mechanical energy. The mechanical energy is equal to the work done on a body in
altering either its position or its velocity. The following three types of mechanical energies
are important from the subject point of view.
1. Potential energy : It is the energy possessed by a body for doing work, by virtue
of its position. For example, a body raised to some height above the ground level
possesses potential energy because it can do some work by falling on earth’s
surface. P.E. = W.h = m.g.h.
2. Kinetic energy : It is the energy possessed by a body, for doing work, by virtue of
its mass and velocity of motion. If a body of mass m attains a velocity v from rest
in time t, under the influence of a force F and moves a distance s, then Work done
= F.s = m.a.s = m V2 / 2
3. Strain energy: It is the potential energy stored by an elastic body when
deformed. A compressed spring possesses this type of energy, because it can do
some work in recovering its original shape. Thus if a compressed spring of
stiffness s newton per unit deformation (i.e. extension or compression) is
deformed through a distance x by a load W, then
Strain energy = W x /2 = s x2 / 2
In case of a torsional spring of stiffness q N-m per unit angular deformation when
twisted through as angle θ radians, then Strain energy = q θ2 / 2
 Flywheel

1- Introduction
A flywheel is an inertial energy-storage device. It absorbs mechanical energy and serves
as a reservoir, storing energy during the period when the supply of energy is more than
the requirement and releases it during the period when the requirement of energy is
more than the supply. Flywheels have a significant moment of inertia

Flywheel

2- Flywheels-Function need and Operation

The main function of a flywheel is to smoothen out variations in the speed of a shaft
caused by torque fluctuations. If the source of the driving torque or load torque is
fluctuating in nature, then a flywheel is usually called for. Many machines have load
patterns that cause the torque time function to vary over the cycle. Internal combustion
engines with one or two cylinders are a typical example.
Flywheel absorbs mechanical energy by increasing its angular velocity and delivers the
stored energy by decreasing its velocity
 Tailor’s manual sewing machine

3- Design Approach

There are two stages to the design of a flywheel. First, the amount of energy required for
the desired degree of smoothening must be found and the (mass) moment of inertia
needed to absorb that energy determined. Then flywheel geometry must be defined that
caters the required moment of inertia in a reasonably sized package and is safe against
failure at the designed speeds of operation.

4- Design Parameters
Flywheel inertia (size) needed directly depends upon the acceptable changes in the
speed.

5- Coefficient of speed fluctuation

The difference between the maximum and minimum speeds during a cycle is called the
maximum fluctuation of speed. The ratio of the maximum fluctuation of speed to the
 ωmax +ωmin
mean speed¿ ) is called the coefficient of fluctuation of speed and is equal to
2
ωmax −ω min
Cf =
ω
The coefficient of fluctuation of speed is a limiting factor in the design of flywheel. It
varies depending upon the nature of service to which the flywheel is employed. The
reciprocal of the coefficient of fluctuation of speed is known as coefficient of steadiness
and is denoted by m. m = 1/Cf
The coefficient Cf is a design parameter to be chosen by the designer. It is typically set to
a value between 0.01 to 0.05 for precision machinery and as high as 0.20 for
applications like crusher hammering machinery.

6- Energy Stored in a Flywheel

1 2
The mean kinetic energy of the flywheel: E= I ω
2
As the speed of the flywheel changes from ωmin to ωmax, the maximum fluctuation of
1 2 1 2 2
energy, ΔE = Maximum K.E. – Minimum K.E. = I ω max − I ω min=I ω ( ω max−ωmin )=I ω C f
2 2

Thus the mass moment of inertia I needed in the entire rotating system in order to obtain
ΔE
selected coefficient of speed fluctuation is determined using the relation: I = 2
ω Cf
The above equation can be used to obtain appropriate flywheel inertia I corresponding to
the known energy change ΔE for a specific value coefficient of speed fluctuation Cf

7- Torque Time Relation without and with flywheel

A typical torque time relation of a punching press without a flywheel is shown in the
figure. In the absence of flywheel surplus or positive energy is available initially and
intermediate and energy absorption or negative energy during punching and stripping
operations. A large magnitude of speed fluctuation can be noted.
 Torque Time Relation without flywheel

To smoothen out the speed fluctuation flywheel is to be added

Torque Time Relation with flywheel

 8- Maximum Fluctuation of Energy
A turning moment diagram for a multi-cylinder engine is shown:

Let the energy in the flywheel at A = E,

then from Figure, we have Energy at B = E + a1
Energy at C = E + a1– a2
Energy at D = E + a1 – a2 + a3
Energy at E = E + a1 – a2 + a3 – a4
Energy at F = E + a1 – a2 + a3 – a4 + a5
Energy at G = E + a1 – a2 + a3 – a4 + a5 – a6 = Energy at A (i.e. cycle repeats after G)

Let us now suppose that the greatest of these energies is at B and least at E. Therefore,
Maximum energy in flywheel = E + a1
Minimum energy in the flywheel = E + a1 – a2 + a3 – a4

Maximum fluctuation of energy, Δ E = Maximum energy – Minimum energy = (E + a1) –

(E + a1 – a2 + a3 – a4) = a2 – a3 + a4

9- Coefficient of Fluctuation of Energy

It may be defined as the ratio of the maximum fluctuation of energy to the work done per
cycle. Mathematically, coefficient of fluctuation of energy,
CE = ΔE / Work
With Work= Tmean X θ; θ is the angle turned (in radians), in one revolution = 2π (in case of
steam engine) and 4π (in case of four stroke internal combustion engines)